gigno

Latin

Alternative forms

genō

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *gignō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵíǵn̥h₁eti, the reduplicated present stem of *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, beget”).^[1] The perfect form genuī may derive from a Proto-Italic aorist stem *gena-, itself perhaps from an original root aorist *ǵénh₁t.^[1]^[2] De Vaan suggests that the perfect participle form genitus may have replaced earlier *gnātos on the model of the aoristic form genuī. The original perfect participle may be continued by prōgnātus and nātus.^[1]^[3]

Cognate to Ancient Greek γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “to come into being, to be born, to take place”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɡɪŋ.noː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈd͡ʒiɲ.ɲo]

Verb

gignō (present infinitive gignere, perfect active genuī, supine genitum); third conjugation

to bring forth as a fruit of oneself: to bear, to beget, to engender, to give birth to
Synonyms: genō, prōcreō, suscipiō, prōdō, pario, creō, enitor, cōnītor, ēdō, efficiō

Antonyms: necō, interimō, caedō, obtruncō
- c. 347 CE – 420 CE, Hieronymus, Vulgate Proverbs.17.25:
  Īra patris fīlius stultus: et dolor mātris quae genuit eum.
  A foolish son is the anger of the father: and the sorrow of the mother that bore him.
  (Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.: 1752 CE)
to produce, to cause, to yield
(passive voice) to be born, to be begotten, to be engendered, to be produced, etc.

Conjugation

Conjugation of gignō (third conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	gignō	gignis		gignit	gignimus	gignitis		gignunt
	imperfect	gignēbam	gignēbās		gignēbat	gignēbāmus	gignēbātis		gignēbant
	future	gignam	gignēs		gignet	gignēmus	gignētis		gignent
	perfect	genuī	genuistī		genuit	genuimus	genuistis		genuērunt, genuēre
	pluperfect	genueram	genuerās		genuerat	genuerāmus	genuerātis		genuerant
	future perfect	genuerō	genueris		genuerit	genuerimus	genueritis		genuerint
passive	present	gignor	gigneris, gignere		gignitur	gignimur	gigniminī		gignuntur
	imperfect	gignēbar	gignēbāris, gignēbāre		gignēbātur	gignēbāmur	gignēbāminī		gignēbantur
	future	gignar	gignēris, gignēre		gignētur	gignēmur	gignēminī		gignentur
	perfect	genitus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	genitus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	genitus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	gignam	gignās		gignat	gignāmus	gignātis		gignant
	imperfect	gignerem	gignerēs		gigneret	gignerēmus	gignerētis		gignerent
	perfect	genuerim	genuerīs		genuerit	genuerīmus	genuerītis		genuerint
	pluperfect	genuissem	genuissēs		genuisset	genuissēmus	genuissētis		genuissent
passive	present	gignar	gignāris, gignāre		gignātur	gignāmur	gignāminī		gignantur
	imperfect	gignerer	gignerēris, gignerēre		gignerētur	gignerēmur	gignerēminī		gignerentur
	perfect	genitus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	genitus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	gigne		—	—	gignite		—
active	future	—	gignitō		gignitō	—	gignitōte		gignuntō
passive	present	—	gignere		—	—	gigniminī		—
passive	future	—	gignitor		gignitor	—	—		gignuntor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		gignere		gignī		gignēns		—
future		genitūrum esse		genitum īrī		genitūrus		gignendus, gignundus
perfect		genuisse		genitum esse		—		genitus
future perfect		—		genitum fore		—		—
perfect potential		genitūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		gignendī	gignendō		gignendum	gignendō	genitum		genitū

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

⇒ Old French: genoir, genuir (from the perfect active form genuī)
- ⇒ Middle French: congénuir, engénoïr

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “gignō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 260-1
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑enh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 163
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 624