Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2014 Mar 19;281(1782):20132528.
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2528. Print 2014 May 7.

Multiple transgressions of Wallace's Line explain diversity of flightless Trigonopterus weevils on Bali

Rene Tänzler  1 , Emmanuel F A Toussaint, Yayuk R Suhardjono, Michael Balke, Alexander Riedel
Affiliations

Multiple transgressions of Wallace's Line explain diversity of flightless Trigonopterus weevils on Bali

Rene Tänzler et al. Proc Biol Sci. .

Abstract

The fauna of Bali, situated immediately west of Wallace's Line, is supposedly of recent Javanese origin and characterized by low levels of endemicity. In flightless Trigonopterus weevils, however, we find 100% endemism for the eight species here reported for Bali. Phylogeographic analyses show extensive in situ differentiation, including a local radiation of five species. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny and ancestral area reconstruction of Indo-Malayan-Melanesian species reveals a complex colonization pattern, where the three Balinese lineages all arrived from the East, i.e. all of them transgressed Wallace's Line. Although East Java possesses a rich fauna of Trigonopterus, no exchange can be observed with Bali. We assert that the biogeographic picture of Bali has been dominated by the influx of mobile organisms from Java, but different relationships may be discovered when flightless invertebrates are studied. Our results highlight the importance of in-depth analyses of spatial patterns of biodiversity.

Keywords: Bayesian relaxed clock; Indo-Australian archipelago; biogeography; endemism; phylogeography.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Bayesian phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of Australasian flightless Trigonopterus weevils. Values at each node (a/b/c) are (a) posterior probability of BI analysis, (b) Bootstrap support value of ML analysis (a hyphen indicates that this node is not found in the ML-based topology) and (c) relative probability of splits. Values above 95% are indicated by an asterisk, values below by a hyphen. A 2.5-Myr timescale is provided at the bottom of the chronogram spanning the epochs since 20 Ma. Horizontal bars indicate the 95% credibility interval of the divergence times. The bottom-left corner map represents the Australasian region along with the biogeographic regions used in the DEC analysis. Present-day distribution of the species is given at the tips of the topology. Coloured pastilles at each node correspond to the most likely ancestral area recovered by the DEC model. The mid-Miocene climatic optimum (MMCO) and quaternary climatic change (QCC) are illustrated with vertical coloured bars. The red vertical bars indicate independent colonization of Bali.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Haplotype networks based on the CO1 dataset of 71 Trigonopterus specimens from Bali. Substitutions (sub.) are marked by black dots between the haplotypes. More than two substitutions are stated as numbers above the respective branches. For colour code of localities, see inset. Scale bar of specimens = 1 mm.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Wallace AR. 1860. On the zoological geography of the Malay Archipelago. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 4, 172–184 (doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1860.tb00090.x) - DOI
    1. Huxley TH. 1868. On the classification and distribution of the Alectoromorphae and Heteromorphae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1868, 294–319
    1. Mayr E. 1944. Wallace's Line in the light of recent zoogeographic studies. Q. Rev. Biol. 19, 1–14 (doi:10.1086/394684) - DOI
    1. Lohman DJ, de Bruyn M, Page T, von Rintelen K, Hall R, Ng PKL, Shi H-T, Carvalho GP, von Rintelen T. 2011. Biogeography of the Indo-Australian archipelago. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 42, 205–226 (doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145001) - DOI
    1. Whitmore TC. (ed.) 1981. Wallace's Line and plate tectonics. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press

Publication types

Associated data