1864–65 United States Senate elections

1864–65 United States Senate elections

January 8, 1864– December 28, 1865
Class 2
38 of the 72 seats in the United States Senate 37 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Dem Leader Henry B. Anthony No formal leadership Party Union Democratic Alliance Republican–Union — Leader's seat Rhode Island N/A Seats before 36 9 Seats after 41 9 Seat change 5 Seats up 11 4 Races won 16 4   Third party   Party Union Seats before 5 Seats after 2 Seat change 3 Seats up 3 Races won 0
Results of the elections:      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      Confederacy      Barred from being seated

The 1864–65 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. They occurred during the American Civil War and Abraham Lincoln's re-election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1864 and 1865, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.

The Republican Party gained two seats. Most states in the region of the Southern United States were absent because of the Civil War.

Results summary

Parties							Total
		Democratic	Republican–Union	Union	Others	Vacant
Last elections (1862–63)		10	31	6	3	20	70
Before these elections		9	36	5	—	20	70
Not up		5	25	2	—	2	34
	Class 1 (1858–59→1868–69)	3	13	1	—	1	18
	Class 3 (1860–61→1866–67)	2	12	1	—	1	16
Up		4	11	3	—	20	38
	Class 2 (1858–59→1870–71)	3	11	1	—	9	24
	Special: Class 1 & 3	1	—	2	—	9	12
	Special: Class 2	—	1	—	—	2	3
	New states	—	—	—	—	2	2
General election
1864		—	4	1	—	3	8
	Held by same party	—	4	—	—	1	5
	Replaced by other party	2 vacancies replaced by 2 Republican–Unionists 1 Unionist replaced by 1 vacancy					3
	Result	—	6	—	—	2	8
1865		3	7	—	—	8	18
	Held by same party	2	7	—	—	6	15
	Replaced by other party	1 Democrat replaced by 1 Republican–Unionist 1 Republican–Unionist replaced by 1 Democrat 1 vacancy replaced by 1 Republican–Unionist					3
	Result	3	8	—	—	7	18
Special elections
1864		1	—	2	—	4	7
	Held by same party	1	—	—	—	4	5
	Replaced by other party	1 Unionist replaced by 1 Republican–Unionist 1 Unionist replaced by 1 vacancy					2
	Result	1	1	—	—	5	7
1865		—	2	—	—	7	9
	Held by same party	—	2	—	—	6	8
	Replaced by other party	1 vacancy replaced by 1 Republican–Unionist					1
	Result	—	3	—	—	6	18
Result		9	41	2	0	20	72
Other changes		2		2			70

Change in Senate composition

Each block represents one of the 70 seats in the U.S. Senate. (The admission of Nevada on October 31, 1864, increased the number of seats in the Senate to 72.) "D_#" is a Democratic senator, "RU_#" is a Republican–Union senator, "U_#" is a Union senator, and "V_#" is a vacant seat. They are arranged so that the parties are separated, and a majority is clear by crossing the middle.

Before the elections

V5 Ala.	V4 Texas No election	V3 Ga. No election	V2	V1
V6 Ala. (sp)	V7 Ark.	V8 Ark. (sp)	V9 Fla. (1-sp)	V10 Fla. (3-sp)	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5
RU36 Ore. Retired	U5 Va. Retired	U4 Md. (sp) Ran	U3 Va. (sp) Died	U2	U1	D9 Ky. Retired	D8 Del. (sp) Resigned	D7 Ill. Ran	D6 Del. Ran
RU35 Maine Retired	RU34 W. Va. Ran	RU33 R.I. Ran	RU32 N.J. Ran	RU31 N.H. Ran	RU30 Minn. Ran	RU29 Mich. Ran	RU28 Mass. Ran	RU27 Kan. Ran	RU26 Iowa Ran
Majority →									RU25
RU16	RU17	RU18	RU19	RU20	RU21	RU22	RU23	RU24
RU15	RU14	RU13	RU12	RU11	RU10	RU9	RU8	RU7	RU6
V16 N.C. (sp)	V17 S.C.	V18 S.C. (sp)	V19 Tenn.	V20 Tenn. (sp)	RU1	RU2	RU3	RU4	RU5
V15 N.C.	V14 Miss. (sp)	V13 Miss.	V12 La. (sp)	V11 La.

As a result of the elections

V6 Ark. (sp) Hold	V5 Ark. Hold	V4 Ala. (sp) Hold	V3 Ala. Hold	V2	V1
V7 Fla. (1-sp) Hold	V8 Fla. (3-sp) Hold	V9 Ga. Hold	V10 La. Hold	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6 Del. Hold
RU37 Md. (sp) Gain	RU38 Nev. Gain	RU39 Nev. Gain	RU40 Tenn. Gain	RU41 Tenn. (sp) Gain	U2	U1	D9 N.J. Gain	D8 Ky. Hold	D7 Del. (sp) Hold
RU36 Ill. Gain	RU35 Ore. Hold	RU34 N.H. Hold	RU33 Minn. Hold	RU32 Maine Hold	RU31 W. Va. Re-elected	RU30 R.I. Re-elected	RU29 Mich. Re-elected	RU28 Mass. Re-elected	RU27 Kan. Re-elected
Majority →									RU26 Iowa Re-elected
RU17	RU18	RU19	RU20	RU21	RU22	RU23	RU24	RU25
RU16	RU15	RU14	RU13	RU12	RU11	RU10	RU9	RU8	RU7
V17 S.C. (sp) Hold	V18 Texas Hold	V19 Va. U Loss	V20 Va. (sp) U Loss	RU1	RU2	RU3	RU4	RU5	RU6
V16 S.C. Hold	V15 N.C. (sp) Hold	V14 N.C. Hold	V13 Miss. (sp) Hold	V12 Miss. Hold	V11 La. (sp) Hold

Beginning of the first session

V6	V5	V4	V3	V2	V1
V7	V8	V9	V10	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6
RU36	RU37	RU38	RU39	RU40	D11 Ky. Changed	D10 Md. Changed	D9	D8	D7
RU35	RU34	RU33	RU32	RU31	RU30	RU29	RU28	RU27	RU26
Majority →									RU25
RU16	RU17	RU18	RU19	RU20	RU21	RU22	RU23	RU24
RU15	RU14	RU13	RU12	RU11	RU10	RU9	RU8	RU7	RU6
V17	V18	V19	V20	V21 Iowa Resigned	RU1	RU2	RU3	RU4	RU5
V16	V15	V14	V13	V12	V11

Key:	D# Democratic RU# Republican–Union U# Union V# Vacant

Race summaries

Elections during the preceding Congress

Special elections were held to fill vacancies in the 38th United States Congress and two new seats created by the admission of Nevada.

State	Incumbent			This race
	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Maryland (Class 3)	Thomas Holliday Hicks	Union	1862 (ap.)	Interim appointee elected as a Unionist January 11, 1864. Union gain.	First ballot (January 8, 1864) ▌Y Thomas Holliday Hicks (Union) 67 ▌ Samuel Hambleton (Democratic) 18 ▌ Thomas A. Spence (Union) 2 Blank 4
Delaware (Class 1)	James A. Bayard Jr.	Democratic	1851 1857 1863	Incumbent resigned January 29, 1864. New senator elected January 29, 1864. Democratic hold.	First ballot (January 29, 1864) ▌Y George R. Riddle (Democratic) 18 Blank 8
Arkansas (Class 3)	Vacant			Seat vacant since July 11, 1861. Winner not seated.	Fourth ballot (May 2, 1864) ▌Y Elisha Baxter (Unknown) 38 ▌William M. Fishback (Unknown) 34 ▌Jesse Shortis (Unknown) 2
Arkansas (Class 2)	Vacant			Seat vacant since July 11, 1861. Winner not seated.	Twenty-first ballot (May 5, 1864) ▌Y William M. Fishback (Unknown) 41 ▌William D. Snow (Unknown) 16 ▌Solomon Clark (Unknown) 5 ▌L. C. White (Unknown) 5 ▌William J. Patton (Unknown) 4 Scattering 2
Louisiana (Class 3)	Vacant			Seat vacant since February 4, 1861. Winner not seated.	First ballot (October 10, 1864) ▌Y R. King Cutler (Free State) 77 ▌Cuthbert Bullitt (Conservative) 20 ▌Edward H. Durell (Free State) 7
Louisiana (Class 2)	Vacant			Seat vacant since March 14, 1861. Winner not seated.	First ballot (October 10, 1864) ▌Y Charles Smith (Free State) 62 ▌Cuthbert Bullitt (Conservative) 35 ▌Edward H. Durell (Free State) 7
Nevada 2 seats	None (new state)			Seat created October 31, 1864. Union gain.	First ballot (December 15, 1864) ▌Y William M. Stewart (Union) 33 ▌James W. Nye (Union) 23 ▌Charles E. DeLong (Union) 23 ▌Bernard C. Whitman (Union) 13 ▌John Cradlebaugh (Independent Union) 12
				Seat created October 31, 1864. Union gain.	Ninth ballot (December 16, 1864) ▌Y James W. Nye (Union) 29 ▌Charles E. DeLong (Union) 16 ▌John Cradlebaugh (Independent Union) 7
Virginia (Class 1)	Lemuel J. Bowden	Union	1863	Incumbent died January 2, 1864. Winner not seated. Union loss.	First ballot (December 8, 1864) ▌Y Joseph Segar (Union) 11 ▌John C. Underwood (Union) 3 ▌S. Ferguson Beach (Union) 1 ▌Lewis McKenzie (Union) 1
Maine (Class 2)	Nathan A. Farwell	Union	1864 (ap.)	Appointee re-elected.	First ballot (January 11, 1865) ▌Y Nathan A. Farwell (Union) 118 HTooltip Maine House of Representatives; 27 STooltip Maine Senate ▌William P. Haines (Democratic) 21 HTooltip Maine House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Maine Senate

Elections leading to the next Congress

These senators were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1865.

State	Incumbent			This race
	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	Vacant			Seat vacant since March 14, 1861. Winner not seated.	First ballot (November 28, 1865) ▌Y Lewis E. Parsons (Unknown) 116 Scattering 4
Arkansas	Vacant			Seat vacant since July 11, 1861. Winner not seated.	Third ballot (December 30, 1864) ▌Y William D. Snow (Unknown) 35 ▌Orville Jennings (Unknown) 23 Scattering 2
Delaware	Willard Saulsbury Sr.	Democratic	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	First ballot (January 24, 1865) ▌Y Willard Saulsbury (Democratic) 19 ▌Edward G. Bradford (Union) 10
Georgia	Vacant			Seat vacant since March 14, 1861. No election.	None.
Illinois	William Alexander Richardson	Democratic	1863 (sp.)	Incumbent retired. Union gain.	First ballot (January 4, 1865) ▌Y Richard Yates (Union) 64 ▌James C. Robinson (Democratic) 43
Iowa	James W. Grimes	Republican	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	First ballot (January 16, 1864) ▌Y James W. Grimes (Republican) 128 ▌John D. Jennings (Democratic) 5 ▌James M. Love (Democratic) 1
Kansas	Jim Lane	Republican	1861	Incumbent re-elected.	First ballot (January 12, 1865) ▌Y Jim Lane (Republican) 82 ▌William A. Phillips (Republican) 7 ▌William C. McDowell (Democratic) 4 ▌Claudius B. Brace (Unknown) 2 ▌William Y. Roberts (Republican) 2 ▌B. M. Hughes (Unknown) 1
Kentucky	Lazarus W. Powell	Democratic	1858	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	First ballot (January 11, 1865) ▌Y James Guthrie (Democratic) 65 ▌Lovell Rousseau (Unconditional Union) 56 ▌John B. Huston (Democratic) 3 ▌William O. Butler (Democratic) 2 ▌Landaff Andrews (Unknown) 1
Louisiana	Vacant			Seat vacant since February 4, 1861. Winner not seated.	First ballot (January 9, 1865) ▌Y Michael Hahn (Free State Republican) 92 ▌Charles Smith (Free State Republican) 2
Maine	Nathan A. Farwell	Union	1864 (ap.) 1865 (sp.)	Incumbent retired. Union hold.	First ballot (January 11, 1865) ▌Y William P. Fessenden (Union) 116 HTooltip Maine House of Representatives; 27 STooltip Maine Senate ▌William P. Haines (Democratic) 23 HTooltip Maine House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Maine Senate
Massachusetts	Henry Wilson	Republican	1855 (sp.) 1859	Incumbent re-elected.	First ballot (January 10 & 20, 1865) ▌Y Henry Wilson (Republican) 207 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 37 STooltip Massachusetts Senate ▌John A. Andrew (Republican) 12 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 3 STooltip Massachusetts Senate ▌Robert C. Winthrop (Democratic) 4 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Massachusetts Senate ▌Alexander Bullock (Republican) 1 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Massachusetts Senate ▌Charles G. Loring (Unknown) 1 HTooltip Massachusetts House of Representatives; 0 STooltip Massachusetts Senate
Michigan	Jacob M. Howard	Republican	1862 (sp.)	Incumbent re-elected.	First ballot (January 5, 1865) ▌Y Jacob M. Howard (Republican) 70 HTooltip Michigan House of Representatives; 27 STooltip Michigan Senate ▌George V. N. Lothrop (Democratic) 27 HTooltip Michigan House of Representatives; 3 STooltip Michigan Senate
Minnesota	Morton S. Wilkinson	Republican	1859	Incumbent lost renomination. Union gain.	First ballot (January 10, 1865) ▌Y Daniel S. Norton (Union) 46 ▌James George (Democratic) 13
Mississippi	Vacant			Seat vacant since March 14, 1861. Winner not seated.	Fourth ballot (October 20, 1865) ▌Y James L. Alcorn (Whig) 74 ▌Samuel J. Gholson (Democratic) 33 ▌William Yerger (Whig) 19
New Hampshire	John P. Hale	Republican	1846 1853 (ret.) 1855 (sp.) 1859	Incumbent lost re-nomination. Republican hold.	First ballot (June 15, 1864) ▌Y Aaron H. Cragin (Republican) 201 HTooltip New Hampshire House of Representatives; 8 STooltip New Hampshire Senate ▌John H. George (Democratic) 113 HTooltip New Hampshire House of Representatives; 3 STooltip New Hampshire Senate ▌Gilman Marston (Republican) 4 HTooltip New Hampshire House of Representatives; 0 STooltip New Hampshire Senate ▌Ira Allen Eastman (Unknown) 1 HTooltip New Hampshire House of Representatives; 0 STooltip New Hampshire Senate
New Jersey	John C. Ten Eyck	Union	1858	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. Winner later unseated.	First ballot (March 15, 1865) ▌Y John P. Stockton (Democratic) 40 ▌John C. Ten Eyck (Union) 37 Scattering 4
North Carolina	Vacant			Seat vacant since July 11, 1861. Winner not seated.	First ballot (December 5, 1865) ▌Y William Alexander Graham (Unknown) 138 ▌Nathaniel Boyden (Unknown) 8 ▌Robert P. Dick (Unknown) 7 ▌Bedford Brown (Unknown) 1
Oregon	Benjamin F. Harding	Union	1862 (sp.)	Incumbent retired. Union hold.	Third ballot (September 15, 1864) ▌Y George Henry Williams (Union) 31 ▌Thomas H. Pearne (Union) 16 ▌John F. Miller (Democratic) 6 ▌W. H. Watkins (Union) 2
Rhode Island	Henry B. Anthony	Union	1858	Incumbent re-elected.	First ballot (June 1, 1864) ▌Y Henry B. Anthony (Union) 75 ▌George H. Browne (Democratic) 27 Scattering 2
South Carolina	Vacant			Seat vacant since July 11, 1861. Winner not seated.	First ballot (October 30, 1865) ▌Y Benjamin Franklin Perry (Unknown) 109 ▌John Lawrence Manning (Unknown) 24
Tennessee	Vacant			Seat vacant since July 11, 1861. Radical gain.	Fourth ballot (May 4, 1865) ▌Y Joseph S. Fowler (Radical) 49 ▌William H. Wisener (Radical) 28 ▌Return J. Meigs III (Unknown) 12 ▌J. B. Rodgers (Unknown) 2
Texas	Vacant			Seat vacant since July 11, 1861. No election.	None.
Virginia	John S. Carlile	Union	1861 (sp.)	Incumbent retired. Winner not seated. Union loss.	First ballot (December 9, 1864) ▌Y John C. Underwood (Union) 12 ▌S. Ferguson Beach (Union) 2 ▌Lewis McKenzie (Union) 2
West Virginia	Waitman T. Willey	Union	1863	Incumbent re-elected.	First ballot (January 31, 1865) ▌Y Waitman T. Willey (Union) 53 ▌Lee Roy Kramer (Union) 7 ▌Daniel Polsley (Unknown) 6 ▌Archibald Campbell (Unknown) 2 ▌David Hunter Strother (Unknown) 1

Special elections during the next Congress

State	Incumbent			This race
	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Maryland (Class 3)	Vacant			Incumbent died February 14, 1865. Union hold.	First ballot (March 9, 1865) ▌Y John Creswell (Union) 63 ▌Cathrill Humphries (Unknown) 2 ▌James E. Pilkington (Unknown) 2 ▌A. J. Willis (Unknown) 1 Blank 25
Tennessee (Class 1)	Vacant			Seat vacant since March 4, 1862. Conservative gain.	Fifth ballot (May 4, 1865) ▌Y David T. Patterson (Conservative) 52 ▌Horace Maynard (Radical) 38 ▌Nathaniel Green Taylor (Conservative) 1
Mississippi (Class 1)	Vacant			Seat vacant since March 14, 1861. Winner not seated.	First ballot (October 19, 1865) ▌Y William L. Sharkey (Whig) 100 ▌Fulton Anderson (Whig) 26
South Carolina (Class 3)	Vacant			Seat vacant since November 11, 1860. Winner not seated.	Third ballot (November 1, 1865) ▌Y John Lawrence Manning (Unknown) 95 ▌T. N. Dawkins (Unknown) 50
Alabama (Class 3)	Vacant			Seat vacant since January 21, 1861. Winner not seated.	Fourth ballot (November 28, 1865) ▌Y George S. Houston (Unknown) 64 ▌John Forsyth Jr. (Unknown) 28 ▌A. B. Cooper (Unknown) 18 ▌Thomas H. Watts (Unknown) 17
North Carolina (Class 3)	Vacant			Seat vacant since July 11, 1861. Winner not seated.	Second ballot (December 4, 1865 ▌Y John Pool (Unknown) 93 ▌Thomas Samuel Ashe (Unknown) 60 ▌William N. H. Smith (Unknown) 9 ▌Nathaniel Boyden (Unknown) 1
Florida (Class 1)	Vacant			Seat vacant since March 14, 1861. Winner not seated.	First ballot (December 28, 1865) ▌Y Wilkinson Call (Unknown) 51 ▌James Patton Anderson (Unknown) 21 Blank 4
Florida (Class 3)	Vacant			Seat vacant since January 21, 1861. Winner not seated.	Ninth ballot (December 28, 1865) ▌Y William Marvin (Unknown) 49 ▌Jesse J. Finley (Unknown) 24 Blank 3

Alabama

See also: List of United States senators from Alabama

Alabama held two elections due to the withdrawal of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.

Alabama (regular)

Alabama election

November 28, 1865
Members of the Alabama Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Lewis E. Parsons John Archibald Campbell John T. Morgan 1st ballot 116 (96.7%) 1 (0.8%) 1 (0.8%)   Nominee F. W. Sykes Thomas H. Watts 1st ballot 1 (0.8%) 1 (0.8%)
Senator before election None (vacant from March 14, 1861) Elected Senator Lewis E. Parsons (not seated)

Two-term Democrat Clement Claiborne Clay withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Alabama.

The Alabama Legislature met on November 28, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Lewis E. Parsons defeated four other candidates on the first ballot.

Alabama (special)

Alabama special election

November 28, 1865
Members of the Alabama Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee George S. Houston John Forsyth Jr. 1st ballot 61 (47.3%) 34 (26.4%) 4th ballot 64 (50.4%) 28 (22.0%)   Nominee A. B. Cooper Thomas H. Watts 1st ballot 34 (26.4%) — 4th ballot 18 (14.2%) 17 (13.4%)
Senator before election None (vacant from January 21, 1861) Elected Senator George S. Houston (not seated)

Two-term Democrat Benjamin Fitzpatrick withdrew from the Senate on January 21, 1861, following the secession of Alabama.

The Alabama Legislature met on November 28, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. George S. Houston defeated John Forsyth Jr. on the fourth ballot.

Arkansas

See also: List of United States senators from Arkansas

Arkansas held two special elections, in addition to the regular election for the Class 2 seat, due to the expulsion of the state's senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.

Arkansas (Class 3 special)

Arkansas special election (Class 3)

May 2, 1864
Members of the Arkansas General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Elisha Baxter William Meade Fishback Horace Bull Allis 1st ballot 17 (23.3%) 29 (39.7%) 7 (9.6%) 4th ballot 38 (51.4%) 34 (45.9%) —   Nominee William D. Snow John Kirkwood 1st ballot 5 (6.8%) 4 (5.5%) 4th ballot — —
Senator before election None (vacant from July 11, 1861) Elected Senator Elisha Baxter (not seated)

One-term Democrat Charles B. Mitchel was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.

The Arkansas General Assembly met on May 2, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Elisha Baxter defeated William Meade Fishback on the fourth ballot.

Arkansas (Class 2 special)

Arkansas special election (Class 2)

May 3–5, 1864
Members of the Arkansas General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee William Meade Fishback William D. Snow Solomon Clark 21st ballot 41 (56.2%) 16 (21.9%) 5 (6.8%)   Nominee L. C. White William J. Patton 21st ballot 5 (6.8%) 4 (5.5%)
Senator before election None (vacant from July 11, 1861) Elected Senator William Meade Fishback (not seated)

Three-term Democrat William K. Sebastian was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.

The Arkansas General Assembly met from May 3–5, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. William Meade Fishback defeated William D. Snow on the 21st ballot.

Arkansas (regular)

Arkansas election

December 30, 1864
Members of the Arkansas General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee William D. Snow Orville Jennings John Kirkwood 1st ballot 21 (35.0%) 10 (16.7%) 11 (18.3%) 3rd ballot 35 (58.3%) 23 (38.3%) —   Nominee James M. Johnson Oliver P. Snyder Isaac Murphy 1st ballot 8 (13.3%) 6 (10.0%) 3 (5.0%) 3rd ballot — — —
Senator before election None (vacant from July 11, 1861) Elected Senator William Meade Fishback (not seated)

William Meade Fishback was elected in 1864, but was not seated by the Senate.

The Arkansas General Assembly met on December 30, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. William D. Snow defeated Orville Jennings on the third ballot.

Delaware

Two elections were held in Delaware, due to the resignation of James A. Bayard, Jr.

Delaware (special)

Main article: 1864 United States Senate special election in Delaware

Delaware special election

January 29, 1864
Members of the Delaware General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee George R. Riddle Blank Party Democratic 1st ballot 18 (69.2%) 8 (30.8%)
Senator before election James A. Bayard Jr. Democratic Elected Senator George R. Riddle Democratic

Three-term Democrat James A. Bayard Jr. resigned on January 29, 1864.

The Delaware General Assembly met on January 29, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Democratic candidate George R. Riddle was elected on the first ballot. The Union members of the legislature cast blank ballots.

Delaware (regular)

Main article: 1865 United States Senate election in Delaware

Delaware election

January 24, 1865
Members of the Delaware General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Willard Saulsbury Sr. Edward Green Bradford Party Democratic Union 1st ballot 19 (65.5%) 10 (34.5%)
Senator before election Willard Saulsbury Sr. Democratic Elected Senator Willard Saulsbury Sr. Democratic

One-term Democrat Willard Saulsbury Sr. was elected in 1858.

The Delaware General Assembly met on January 24, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Saulsbury defeated Union candidate Edward Green Bradford on the first ballot.

Florida (specials)

See also: List of United States senators from Florida

Florida held two special elections due to the withdrawal of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.

Florida (Class 1 special)

Florida special election (Class 1)

December 28, 1865
Members of the Florida Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Wilkinson Call James Patton Anderson 1st ballot 51 (67.1%) 21 (27.6%)
Senator before election None (vacant from March 14, 1861) Elected Senator Wilkinson Call (not seated)

Two-term Democrat Stephen Mallory withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Florida.

The Florida Legislature met on December 29, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Wilkinson Call defeated James Patton Anderson on the first ballot.

Florida (Class 3 special)

Florida special election (Class 3)

December 28, 1865
Members of the Florida Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee William Marvin Jesse J. Finley B. D. White 1st ballot 21 (28.4%) 10 (13.5%) 23 (31.1%) 9th ballot 49 (64.5%) 24 (32.4%) —   Nominee Edward Hopkins James A. Wiggins 1st ballot 13 (17.6%) 7 (9.4%) 9th ballot — —
Senator before election None (vacant from January 21, 1861) Elected Senator William Marvin (not seated)

One-term Democrat David Levy Yulee withdrew from the Senate on January 21, 1861, following the secession of Florida.

The Florida Legislature met on December 29, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. William Marvin defeated Jesse J. Finley on the ninth ballot.

Georgia

See also: List of United States senators from Georgia

Georgia election

No election

Senator before election None (vacant from March 14, 1861) Elected Senator None

Two-term Democrat Robert Toombs withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Georgia. The Georgia General Assembly did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1871.

Illinois

See also: List of United States senators from Illinois

Illinois election

January 4, 1865
Members of the Illinois General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Richard Yates Sr. James Carroll Robinson Party Union Democratic 1st ballot 64 (59.8%) 43 (40.2%)
Senator before election William A. Richardson Democratic Elected Senator Richard Yates Sr. Union

Incumbent Democrat William A. Richardson was elected in 1863.

The Union members of the legislature held a caucus in advance of the election. Richard Yates Sr. defeated Elihu B. Washburne with 38 votes to Washburne's 22; John M. Palmer and John A. Logan each had two votes.

The Illinois General Assembly met on January 4, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Yates defeated Democratic candidate James Carroll Robinson on the first ballot.

Iowa

See also: List of United States senators from Iowa

Iowa election

January 16, 1864
Members of the Iowa General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee James W. Grimes John D. Jennings Party Republican Democratic 1st ballot 128 (95.5%) 5 (3.7%)
Senator before election James W. Grimes Republican Elected Senator James W. Grimes Republican

One-term Republican James W. Grimes was elected in 1858.

Republicans won a landslide victory in the 1863 state elections. The upcoming senatorial election was an issue during the campaign. Grimes was broadly popular with the public, and the Republican members of the incoming legislature were pledged to vote for his re-election.

The Iowa General Assembly met on January 16, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. Grimes defeated Democratic candidate John D. Jennings on the first ballot. One Democratic member voted for James M. Love.

Kansas

See also: List of United States senators from Kansas

Kansas election

January 12, 1865
Members of the Kansas Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Jim Lane William A. Phillips Party Republican Republican 1st ballot 82 (83.7%) 7 (8.14%)
Senator before election Jim Lane Republican Elected Senator Jim Lane Republican

One-term Republican Jim Lane was elected in 1861.

Lane's controversial leadership split the Kansas Republican Party in 1862, leading Anti-Lane Republicans to organize the Union Party. Although Lane's term would not end for more than a year, anti-Lane legislators met on February 9, 1864, to hold an election for the next term, in an attempt to force his departure. Thomas Carney was elected on the first ballot with 68 votes, to three spoilt votes and 27 abstentions. Lane's allies protested that the early election was illegal, but a crisis was averted when Carney declined the office.

Lane's popularity rebounded following the attempted election, as the Union Party's fortunes similarly declined. The senator was credited with the successful response to Price's Missouri Expedition in September 1864, which saw fighting along the Kansas-Missouri border. Republicans swept the 1864 elections in Kansas; the large Republican legislative majority and Lane's recently burnished military record virtually assured his re-election.

The Kansas Legislature met again on January 12, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Lane defeated William A. Phillips on the first ballot.

Kentucky

Main article: 1865 United States Senate election in Kentucky

See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky

Kentucky election

January 11, 1865
Members of the Kentucky General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee James Guthrie Lovell Rousseau Party Democratic Unconditional Union 1st ballot 65 (51.2%) 56 (44.1%)
Senator before election Lazarus W. Powell Democratic Elected Senator James Guthrie Democratic

One-term Democrat Lazarus W. Powell was elected in 1858.

The Kentucky General Assembly met on January 11, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Democratic candidate James Guthrie defeated Unconditional Union candidate Lovell Rousseau on the first ballot.

Louisiana

See also: List of United States Senators from Louisiana

Louisiana held two special elections, in addition to the regular election for the Class 2 seat, due to the withdrawal of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.

Louisiana (Class 3 special)

Louisiana special election (Class 3)

October 10, 1864
Members of the Louisiana State Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee R. King Cutler Cuthbert Bullitt Edward Henry Durell Party Free State Conservative Free State 1st ballot 77 (74.0%) 20 (19.2%) 7 (6.7%)
Senator before election None (vacant since February 4, 1861) Elected Senator R. King Cutler (not seated) Free State

One-term Democrat John Slidell resigned from the Senate on February 4, 1861, following the secession of Louisiana.

The Louisiana State Legislature met on October 10, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. R. King Cutler defeated Cuthbert Bullitt and Edward Henry Durell on the first ballot. Cutler and Durell were Free Staters, while Bullitt was a Conservative.

Louisiana (Class 2 special)

Louisiana special election (Class 2)

October 10, 1864
Members of the Louisiana State Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Charles Smith Cuthbert Bullitt Edward Henry Durell Party Free State Conservative Free State 1st ballot 62 (59.6%) 35 (33.6%) 7 (6.7%)
Senator before election None (vacant since March 14, 1861) Elected Senator Charles Smith (not seated) Free State

Two-term Democrat Judah P. Benjamin withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Louisiana.

The Louisiana State Legislature met on October 10, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Charles defeated Cuthbert Bullitt and Edward Henry Durell on the first ballot. Smith and Durell were Free Staters, while Bullitt was a Conservative.

Louisiana (regular)

Louisiana election

January 9, 1865
Members of the Louisiana State Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Michael Hahn Charles Smith Party Free State Free State 1st ballot 92 (97.9%) 2 (2.1%)
Senator before election None (vacant since March 14, 1861) Elected Senator Michael Hahn (not seated) Free State

Free State Republican Charles Smith was elected in 1864, but was not seated by the Senate.

The Louisiana State Legislature met on January 9, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Michael Hahn defeated Smith on the first ballot. Both candidates were Free Staters.

Maine

See also: List of United States Senators from Maine

Maine held two elections due to the resignation of William P. Fessenden.

Maine (regular)

Maine election

January 11, 1865
Members of the Maine Legislature Majority in both houses needed to win
Nominee William P. Fessenden William P. Haines Party Union Democratic House 116 (83.4%) 23 (16.5%) Senate 27 (100.0%) —
Senator before election Nathan A. Farwell Union Elected Senator William P. Fessenden Union

Incumbent Unionist Nathan A. Farwell was appointed in 1864.

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 11, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Union candidate William P. Fessenden defeated Democratic candidate William P. Haines on the first ballot.

Maine (special)

Main article: 1865 United States Senate special election in Maine

Maine election

January 11, 1865
Members of the Maine Legislature Majority in both houses needed to win
Nominee Nathan A. Farwell William P. Haines Party Union Democratic House 118 (84.9%) 21 (15.1%) Senate 27 (100.0%) —
Senator before election Nathan A. Farwell Union Elected Senator Nathan A. Farwell Union

Incumbent Unionist Nathan A. Farwell was appointed in 1864.

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 11, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Farwell defeated Democratic candidate William P. Haines on the first ballot.

Maryland (specials)

See also: List of United States senators from Maryland

Maryland held two elections due to the deaths of James Pearce and Thomas Holliday Hicks.

Maryland (1864 special)

1864 Maryland special election

January 8, 1864
Members of the Maryland General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Thomas Holliday Hicks Samuel Hambleton Party Union Democratic 1st ballot 67 (73.6%) 18 (19.8%)
Senator before election Thomas Holliday Hicks Union Elected Senator Thomas Holliday Hicks Union

Incumbent Unionist Thomas Holliday Hicks was appointed in 1862 to fill the vacancy created by the death of James Pearce.

The Union members of the legislature held a caucus in advance of the election. Hicks, a recent convert to abolitionism, was opposed by radical candidate Thomas A. Spence. Hicks defeated Spence on the first ballot.

The Maryland General Assembly met on January 8, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Hicks defeated Democratic candidate Samuel Hambleton on the first ballot.

Maryland (1865 special)

1865 Maryland special election

March 9, 1865
Members of the Maryland General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee John Creswell Blank Party Union 1st ballot 63 (67.7%) 25 (26.9%)
Senator before election Vacant Elected Senator John Creswell Union

Hicks died in office on February 14, 1865.

The Union members of the legislature held a caucus in advance of the election. John Cresswell was nominated on the first ballot with 43 votes to 22 for other candidates. Creswell, an Unconditional Unionist and protege of the Radical leader Henry Winter Davis, was opposed by supporters of Montgomery Blair, the leader of the conservative Unionists. The Conservatives attempted to form a coalition with the Maryland Democratic Party for the senatorial election, but the Democratic legislators declined to support Blair, instead casting blank votes all through the proceedings.

The Maryland General Assembly met on March 9, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Creswell was elected on the first ballot.

Massachusetts

Main article: 1865 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts

Massachusetts election

January 10 & 20, 1865
Members of the Massachusetts General Court Majority in both houses needed to win
Nominee Henry Wilson John Albion Andrew Party Republican Republican House 207 (92.0%) 12 (5.3%) Senate 37 (92.5%) 3 (7.5%)
Senator before election Henry Wilson Republican Elected Senator Henry Wilson Republican

Two-term Republican Henry Wilson was re-elected in 1859.

Wilson, a radical Republican, faced a challenge by John Albion Andrew, the moderate Republican governor of Massachusetts. The rift between Andrew and Wilson's Senate colleague, Charles Sumner, threatened to split the Massachusetts Republican Party, to the benefit of conservatives in the Republican–Union coalition. Andrew's candidacy attracted minimal support from Republicans, however; his allies' efforts to unseat Wilson were half-hearted, and few Republican legislators were prepared to oppose the popular incumbent.

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 10 and 20, 1865, respectively, to hold an election for the next term. Wilson defeated Andrew and Robert C. Winthrop on the first ballot.

Michigan

Main article: 1865 United States Senate election in Michigan

See also: List of United States senators from Michigan

Michigan election

January 5, 1865
Members of the Michigan Legislature Majority in both houses needed to win
Nominee Jacob M. Howard George V. N. Lothrop Party Republican Democratic House 70 (72.2%) 27 (27.8%) Senate 27 (30.0%) 3 (10.0%)
Senator before election Jacob M. Howard Republican Elected Senator Jacob M. Howard Republican

Incumbent Republican Jacob M. Howard was elected in 1862.

The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on January 4, 1865. Howard defeated Austin Blair on the first ballot with 56 votes to Blair's 42.

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 5, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Howard defeated Democratic candidate George V. N. Lothrop on the first ballot.

Minnesota

See also: List of United States senators from Minnesota

Minnesota election

January 10, 1865
Members of the Minnesota Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Daniel Sheldon Norton James George Party Union Democratic 1st ballot 46 (78.0%) 13 (22.0%)
Senator before election Morton S. Wilkinson Republican Elected Senator Daniel Sheldon Norton Union

One-term Republican Morton S. Wilkinson was elected in 1859.

The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on January 9, 1865. The War Democrats who had supported Lincoln in the recent presidential election were invited to attend the gathering, which was called the Union caucus. Wilkinson, a radical Republican, faced opposition from conservative Republicans and War Democrats in the Union coalition. Several candidates challenged Wilkinson for the nomination, including Henry Adoniram Swift, the Republican former governor; William Windom, the Republican U.S. representative; Daniel Sheldon Norton, the War Democratic state senator; and Henry M. Rice, the Democratic former U.S. senator. Sheldon defeated Wilkinson on the 32nd ballot.

The Minnesota Legislature met on January 10, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Norton defeated Democratic candidate James George on the first ballot.

Mississippi

Mississippi held two elections due to the withdrawal of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.

Mississippi (regular)

Mississippi election

October 19–20, 1865
Members of the Mississippi Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee James L. Alcorn Samuel J. Gholson William Yerger Party Whig Democratic Whig 1st ballot 40 (32.2%) 21 (16.9%) 26 (21.0%) 4th ballot 74 (58.7%) 33 (26.2%)   Nominee John William Clark Watson Edward C. Walthall William S. Featherston Party Whig Democratic 1st ballot 19 (15.3%) 10 (8.1%) 6 (5.4%) 4th ballot — — —
Senator before election None (vacant from March 14, 1861) Elected Senator James L. Alcorn (not seated) Whig

Two-term Democrat Albert G. Brown withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Mississippi.

Mississippi conservatives attempted to resurrect the Whig Party during presidential Reconstruction. Pre-war Whigs controlled both chambers of the Mississippi Legislature following the first post-war elections. A resolution requiring candidates for the state's vacant Senate seats to oppose recognizing the civil and political rights of freedpeople was defeated when the legislature met in October 1865. The Whig majority believed that the Republican-controlled Congress would refuse to seat pre-war secessionists elected from the former Confederacy, and that further resistance to emancipation would only prolong Reconstruction.

The legislature met on October 19 and 20, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. The Democratic legislators supported Samuel J. Gholson, a former secessionist and a Confederate veteran. The Whig members were united in opposition to Gholson, but split their votes between several candidates on the first ballot. William Yerger was the preferred candidate of Whigs from the Mississippi Delta, while Whigs from the interior counties were divided between John William Clark Watson and James L. Alcorn, a prewar unionist who later served in the Confederate States Army. Watson withdrew before the fourth ballot, allowing Alcorn to consolidate his supporters. Alcorn defeated Gholston and Yerger on the fourth ballot.

Mississippi (special)

Mississippi special election

October 19, 1865
Members of the Mississippi Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee William L. Sharkey Fulton Anderson Party Whig Whig 1st ballot 100 (79.4%) 26 (20.6%)
Senator before election None (vacant from March 14, 1861) Elected Senator William L. Sharkey (not seated) Whig

One-term Democrat Jefferson Davis withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Mississippi.

The Mississippi Legislature met on October 19, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. William L. Sharkey defeated Fulton Anderson on the first ballot. Both candidates were Whigs.

Nevada (special)

See also: List of United States Senators from Nevada

Nevada special election

December 15–16, 1864
Members of the Nevada Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee William Morris Stewart James W. Nye Charles E. DeLong Party Union Union Union 1st ballot 33 (63.5%) 23 (44.2%) 23 (44.2%) 9th ballot Y 29 (55.8%) 16 (30.8%)   Nominee John Cradlebaugh Bernard C. Whitman Party Independent Union Union 1st ballot 12 (23.1%) 13 (25.0%) 9th ballot 7 (13.5%) —
Elected Senator William Morris Stewart (Class 1) James W. Nye (Class 3) Union

Nevada elected two senators following its admission on October 31, 1864.

The Union Party won a landslide victory in the first state elections, electing the governor, U.S. representative, all but two seats in the Nevada Legislature. The overwhelming Union majority in the legislature ensured that two Unionists would be chosen as the state's first U.S. senators.

The Nevada Legislature met on December 15 and 16, 1864, to hold elections for both seats. Members voted for two candidates, with 27 votes necessary for election. William Morris Stewart was elected on the first ballot; no other candidate had a majority, requiring several additional rounds of voting.

On subsequent rounds, each member cast one vote. James W. Nye defeated Charles E. DeLong on the ninth ballot.

New Hampshire

Main article: 1864 United States Senate election in New Hampshire

See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire

New Hampshire election

June 15, 1864
Members of the New Hampshire General Court Majority in both houses needed to win
Nominee Aaron H. Cragin John H. George Party Republican Democratic House 201 (63.0%) 113 (35.4%) Senate 8 (72.7%) 3 (27.3%)
Senator before election John P. Hale Republican Elected Senator Aaron H. Cragin Republican

Two-term Republican John P. Hale was re-elected in 1859.

The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on June 9, 1864. Hale's age, long tenure in office, and clashes with Lincoln's cabinet led several challengers to enter the race prior to the caucus. Hale finished a distant third place on the informal first ballot and lost votes on each subsequent round. Aaron H. Cragin defeated Gilman Marston on the fourth ballot.

The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on June 15, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. Cragin defeated Democratic candidate John H. George on the first ballot.

New Jersey

See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey

New Jersey election

March 15, 1865
Members of the New Jersey General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee John P. Stockton John C. Ten Eyck Party Democratic Union 1st ballot 40 (49.4%) 37 (45.7%)
Senator before election John C. Ten Eyck Union Elected Senator John P. Stockton Democratic

One-term Unionist John C. Ten Eyck was elected in 1858 United States Senate election in New Jersey.

The New Jersey General Assembly met on March 15, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Democratic candidate John P. Stockton defeated Ten Eyck with a plurality on the first ballot. One Unionist and three Democrats voted for other candidates. Stockton was later unseated by the Senate.

North Carolina

See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina

North Carolina held two elections due to the expulsion of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.

North Carolina (regular)

North Carolina election

December 4, 1865
Members of the North Carolina General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee William Alexander Graham Nathaniel Boyden 1st ballot 138 (89.6%) 8 (5.2%)
Senator before election None (vacant from July 11, 1861) Elected Senator William Alexander Graham (not seated)

One-term Democrat Thomas Bragg was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.

The North Carolina General Assembly met on December 4, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. William Alexander Graham defeated Nathaniel Boyden on the first ballot.

North Carolina (special)

North Carolina special election

December 4–5, 1865
Members of the North Carolina General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee John Pool Thomas Samuel Ashe 1st ballot 80 (50.0%) 47 (29.4%) 2nd ballot 93 (57.0%) 60 (36.8%)   Nominee William N. H. Smith Bedford Brown 1st ballot 2 (1.2%) 22 (13.8%) 2nd ballot 9 5.5% —
Senator before election None (vacant from July 11, 1861) Elected Senator John Pool (not seated)

One-term Democrat Thomas L. Clingman was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.

The North Carolina General Assembly met on December 4 and 5, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. John Pool defeated Thomas Samuel Ashe on the second ballot.

Oregon

See also: List of United States senators from Oregon

Oregon election

September 15, 1864
Members of the Oregon Legislative Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee George Henry Williams Thomas H. Pearne John F. Miller Party Union Union Democratic 1st ballot 27 (49.1%) 20 (36.4%) 6 (10.9%) 3rd ballot 31 (56.4%) 16 (29.1%) 6 (10.9%)
Senator before election Benjamin F. Harding Union Elected Senator George Henry Williams Union

Incumbent Unionist Benjamin F. Harding was elected in 1862.

The radical faction gained control of the Oregon Union Party in 1864, naming War Democrat-turned-abolitionist George Henry Williams chairman of the Union State Executive Committee. The radical drift of the Union Party left the formerly-influential Harding politically homeless. Harding and other regular War Democrats considered rejoining the Oregon Democratic Party, but the Democratic state convention refused to moderate its opposition to the war. The Union Party won a landslide victory in the state elections, retaining control of the Oregon Legislative Assembly.

The legislature met in joint session on September 15, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. Williams defeated Thomas H. Pearne on the third ballot.

Rhode Island

See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island

Rhode Island election

June 1, 1864
Members of the Rhode Island General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Henry B. Anthony George H. Browne Party Union Democratic 1st ballot 75 (72.1%) 27 (26.0%)
Senator before election Henry B. Anthony Union Elected Senator Henry B. Anthony Union

One-term Unionist Henry B. Anthony was elected in 1858.

The Rhode Island General Assembly met in joint session on June 1, 1864, to hold an election for the next term. Anthony defeated Democratic candidate George H. Browne on the first ballot.

South Carolina

See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina

South Carolina held two elections due to the withdrawal and expulsion of its senators during the Civil War. The winners were not seated by the Senate.

South Carolina (regular)

South Carolina election

October 30, 1865
Members of the South Carolina General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Benjamin Franklin Perry John Lawrence Manning 1st ballot 109 (76.2%) 24 (16.8%)
Senator before election None (vacant from July 11, 1861) Elected Senator Benjamin Franklin Prescott (not seated)

One-term Democrat James Chesnut Jr. was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.

The South Carolina General Assembly met in joint session on October 30, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Benjamin Franklin Perry defeated John Lawrence Manning on the first ballot.

South Carolina (special)

South Carolina election

October 31–November 1, 1865
Members of the South Carolina General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee John Lawrence Manning T. N. Dawkins J. B. Campbell 1st ballot 33 (23.4%) — 32 (22.7%) 3rd ballot 95 (65.5%) 50 (34.5%) —   Nominee William Henry Trescot Francis Wilkinson Pickens William W. Boyce 1st ballot 24 (17.0%) 22 (15.6%) 19 (13.5%) 3rd ballot — — —   Nominee Benjamin Faneuil Dunkin 1st ballot 11 (7.8%) 3rd ballot —
Senator before election None (vacant from November 11, 1860) Elected Senator John Lawrence Manning (not seated)

Democrat John H. Hammond withdrew from the Senate on November 11, 1860.

The South Carolina General Assembly met in joint session from October 30 to November 1, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. John Lawrence Manning defeated T. N. Dawkins on the third ballot.

Tennessee

See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee

Tennessee held two elections due to the expulsion and resignation of its senators during the Civil War.

Tennessee (regular)

Tennessee election

May 4, 1866
Members of the Tennessee General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Joseph S. Fowler William H. Wisener Return J. Meigs III Party Radical Radical 1st ballot 32 (35.2%) 22 (24.2%) 3 (3.3%) 4th ballot 49 (53.8%) 28 (30.8%) 12 (13.2%)   Nominee J. B. Rodgers Isaac Roberts Hawkins William B. Stokes Party Radical Radical 1st ballot 9 (9.9%) 13 (14.3%) 7 (7.7%) 4th ballot 2 (2.2%) — —   Nominee F. B. Fogg 1st ballot 5 (5.5%) 4th ballot —
Senator before election None (vacant from July 11, 1861) Elected Senator Joseph S. Fowler Radical

One-term Democrat Alfred O. P. Nicholson was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861.

The Tennessee General Assembly met in joint session on May 4, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Joseph S. Fowler defeated William H. Wisener on the fourth ballot. Both candidates were Radicals; Wisener was endorsed by the leader of the Radical Union Party, Tennessee governor Parson Brownlow.

Tennessee (special)

Tennessee special election

May 4, 1866
Members of the Tennessee General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee David T. Patterson Horace Maynard Absalom A. Kyle Party Conservative Radical Conservative 1st ballot 31 (39.2%) 36 (45.6%) 11 (13.9%) 5th ballot 52 (57.1%) 38 (41.8%) —
Senator before election None (vacant from March 4, 1862) Elected Senator David T. Patterson Conservative

Democrat Andrew Johnson resigned from the Senate on March 4, 1862.

The Tennessee General Assembly met in joint session on May 4, 1865, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Conservative candidate David T. Patterson defeated Radical candidate Horace Maynard on the fifth ballot.

Texas

See also: List of United States senators from Texas

Texas election

No election

Senator before election None (vacant from July 11, 1861) Elected Senator None

One-term Democrat John Hemphill was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861. The Texas Legislature did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1870.

Virginia

See also: List of United States senators from Virginia

Virginia held two elections due to the death of Lemuel J. Bowden. The winners were not seated by the Senate.

Virginia (special)

Virginia special election

December 8, 1864
Members of the Restored Virginia General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Joseph Segar John Curtiss Underwood Party Union Union 1st ballot 11 (68.8%) 3 (18.8%)   Nominee S. Ferguson Beach Lewis McKenzie Party Union Union 1st ballot 1 (6.2%) 1 (6.2%)
Senator before election Lemuel J. Bowden Union Elected Senator Joseph Segar Union

Bowden died on January 2, 1864, less than a year into his six-year term.

The Restored Virginia General Assembly met on December 8, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Union candidate Joseph Segar defeated John Curtiss Underwood, S. Ferguson Beach, and Lewis McKenzie on the first ballot.

Virginia (regular)

Virginia election

December 9, 1864
Members of the Restored Virginia General Assembly Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee John Curtiss Underwood S. Ferguson Beach Lewis McKenzie Party Union Union Union 1st ballot 12 (75.0%) 2 (12.5%) 2 (12.5%)
Senator before election John S. Carlile Union Elected Senator John Curtiss Underwood Union

One-term Unionist John S. Carlile was elected in 1861.

The Restored Virginia General Assembly met on December 9, 1864, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Union candidate John Curtiss Underwood defeated S. Ferguson Beach and Lewis McKenzie on the first ballot.

West Virginia

See also: List of United States senators from West Virginia

West Virginia election

January 31, 1865
Members of the West Virginia Legislature Majority of voting members needed to win
Nominee Waitman T. Willey Lee Roy Kramer Daniel Polsley Party Union Union 1st ballot 53 (76.8%) 7 (10.1%) 6 (8.7%)
Senator before election Waitman T. Willey Union Elected Senator Waitman T. Willey Union

One-term Unionist Waitman T. Willey was elected in 1863.

The West Virginia Legislature met on January 31, 1865, to hold an election for the next term. Willey defeated Lee Roy Kramer on the first ballot.

See also

• 1864 United States elections
  • 1864 United States presidential election
  • 1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections
• 38th United States Congress
• 39th United States Congress

References

• Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov

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