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Imdadullah Muhajir Makki

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A'la Hazrat
Imdadullah Muhajir Makki
Personal life
Born1814
Nanauta, North-Western Provinces, British India
Died1899 (aged 81–82)
Mecca, Hejaz Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Religious life
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanafi
TariqaChishti[1]
Naqshbandi[2][3]
CreedMaturidi
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Military career
Service years
1857
Conflicts
Indian War of Independence

Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (1817 – 1899)[6]: 222  was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar who was affiliated with the Deoband Madrasah movement.[7][8][9] A Sufi saint of the Chishti[6]: 223 [10] and Naqshbandi orders,[11] his prominent disciples included Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri, and Ashraf Ali Thanwi. In the Indian Rebellion of 1857, he led the Muslims in Thana Bhawan to fight against the British.[12][13][14] Imdadullah is also referred to by the Persian title A'la Hazrat.[15]

With the aim of promoting social and educational upliftment of Muslims, Imdadullah Muhajir Makki motivated his pupils to establish Sunni seminaries and advance his reformist vision across the Indian subcontinent.[16] With Hajji Imdadullah's support and spiritual guidance,[17] many of his disciples established several influential madrasahs, such as Dar ul-Uloom Deoband,[18][19][16][20] Mazahir ul-Uloom,[21][22] Nadwat ul-Ulema (Lucknow),[23][24][25] in additional to several smaller educational institutions.[26][27][28]

Early life

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Imdadullah Muhaajir Makki was born in Nanauta, British India in 1817.[29]: 347  His father Muhammad Amīn named him Imdad Hussain. However, Shah Muhammad Ishaq gave him the name of Imdādullah.[29][30]

Aged seven, Imdādullah lost his mother who wrote her will that none shall touch her kid after her, and kept Imdādullah more beloved to her in those seven years; this became a hurdle that no one took care of Imdādullah's education.[29]: 348  He then started memorizing the Quran on his own but failed to do so. Aged 16, he traveled to Delhi with Mamluk Ali Nanautawi to seek education.[29]: 348 

Religious work and travels

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At the age of eighteen he gave bay'at to Nasiruddin ad-Dihlawi, a Khalifa of Sayyid Ahmad Shahid and a member of the Tariqat-i Muhammadiyah movement, who initiated him into the Naqshbandi tariqah.[31][30][32] According to Imdadullah's account, while he was outwardly inducted into the Naqshbandi order by Nasiruddin ad-Dihlawi, his honorary and hidden spiritual initiation into the order occurred through the mediation of Sayyid Ahmad Barelwi:[33]

"Externally, my initiation in the Tariqa-i Naqshbandiyya is from Mawlana Nasir al-Din al-Dahlavi, khalifa of Muhammad Afaq. But inwardly, it is without intermediary from the Prophet in the following way: I saw the Prophet on a high pedestal and shining with light and he was holding the hand of Sayyid Ahmad and I, out of respect, stood afar. Hazrat Sayyid Ahmad then took hold of my hand and placed it in the Prophet's hand."[34]

Later he went to study under Mianji (Noor Mohammad Jhanjhanvi), another Khalifa of Sayyid Ahmad, who initiated him into the Chishti-Sabiri Sufi order.[35] After Nur Muhammad's passed away in 1843, he began to avoid social company and spent extended periods in spiritual seclusion.[36] After wandering in the wilderness for six months he was overcome by a strong urge to travel to Medina. On 7 December 1845, he arrived at Banares. From there, he departed for Ottoman Arabia for Hajj and pilgrimage of the tomb of shrine of Muhammad.[30]

After the completion of his hajj, Imadadullah remained with Ishaq Muhajir Makki and others. Shah informed him that, after his pilgrimage to Medina, he should return to India. Sayyid Qudratullah Banarasi Makki sent several of his murids to accompany him to Medina.

Freedom struggle against the British

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In Thana Bhawan, the local Sunnis declared Imdadullah their leader. In May 1857 the Battle of Shamli took place between the forces of Imdadullah and the British.[37]

Disciples

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Disciples include:[29]: 352 

Marriages

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Imdadullah married for the first time at the age of 48. After the death of his first wife, he married a blind widow. Because she was blind, she could not manage all household work, so she requested him to take another wife so all household work. Imdadullah then married for the 3rd time. None of his three wives bore him children.[citation needed]

Literary works

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His books include:

  • Faisla Haft Masala
  • Kulliyat-e-Imdadiya
  • Hashiya Mathnavi Moulana Rumi: This is an annotation in Persian on the Mathnawi-i Ma’nawi by Rumi. During Imadadullah's lifetime, only two parts could be printed. The remainder was printed after his death.
  • Ghiza-e-Ruh (The Nourishment of the Soul): Imadadullah wrote this book in 1264 AH. Mianji Noor Mohammad Jhanjhanvi is also discussed. It consists of 1600 verses of poetry.
  • Ikleelul Quran (Tafseer Quran in Arabi). First Published in Bahraich by Taj Offcet Press formerly Aqeel Press NazirPura Bahraich
  • Jihad-e-Akbar (The Greater Jihad): He composed this book in 1268 AH. It is a poetic work in Persian that he translated it into Urdu. It consists of 17 pages with 679 verses.
  • Mathnavi Tuhfatul Ushshaq (Mathnavi – A Gift for Lovers): This consists of 1324 poetic verses and was compiled in 1281 AH.
  • Risala Dard Ghamnak (The Treatise of Painful Sorrow): It consists of 5 pages with 175 verses.
  • Irshad-e-Murshid (The Directive of the Murshid): This book deals with wadha'if, muraaqabaat, aurad, and shajaraat of the four silsilas. It was written in 1293 AH.
  • Zia ul Quloob (Glitter of the Hearts): This book is in Persian. He wrote this kitab in Makkah in 1282 AH on the request of Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf, the son of Hafiz Muhammad Zamin.

Death and legacy

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Imdadullah died at Mecca in 1899.[37] He was buried in the Jannat al-Mu'alla cemetery besides the grave of Rahmatullah Kairanwi.[29]: 367  His biographical works include: Imdadul Mustaq Ila Asraful Akhlaq by Ashraf Ali Thanwi,[46] Shamaem Emdadiya by Muhammad Murtaza Khan Qanauji.[47]

Eponyms

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See also

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References

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  1. ↑ D. Ingram, Brannon (2011). Deobandis Abroad: Sufism, Ethics and Polemics in a Global Islamic Movement. UMI: 3477466. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: ProQuest LLC. p. 47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. ↑ D. Ingram, Brannon (2011). Deobandis Abroad: Sufism, Ethics and Polemics in a Global Islamic Movement. UMI: 3477466. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: ProQuest LLC. p. 47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ↑ Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2024). Haji Imdadullah. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-0-19-891289-7.
  4. ↑ D. Ingram, Brannon (2011). Deobandis Abroad: Sufism, Ethics and Polemics in a Global Islamic Movement. UMI: 3477466. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: ProQuest LLC. p. 47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ↑ Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2024). Haji Imdadullah. Oxford University Press. pp. 42, 43. ISBN 978-0-19-891289-7.
  6. 1 2 Kugle, Scott Alan (2007). Sufis & saints' bodies: mysticism, corporeality, & sacred power in Islam. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807872772.
  7. ↑ D. Ingram, Brannon (2011). Deobandis Abroad: Sufism, Ethics and Polemics in a Global Islamic Movement. UMI: 3477466. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: ProQuest LLC. pp. 163, 164. ... major Deobandis - including Hajji Imdadullah, Gangohi, Nanautawi, Husain Ahmad Madani, Thanawi, Muhammad Zakariyya, and others - ...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  8. ↑ DeLong-Bas, Natana; Tareen, SherAli (14 April 2011). "Deoband Madrasa". Oxford Bibliographies in Islamic Studies (online ed.). New York, USA: Oxford Academic. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0019.
  9. ↑ Kugle, Scott (2007). Sufis and Saintsʾ Bodies Chapel Hill. University of North Carolina Press. p. 260. Even after their spiritual guide had been exiled, Hajji Imdadullah's students in South Asia organized the Deoband Academy. This academy was an innovative school, started after the British sacked Delhi in 1857; its purpose was to revive the teaching of the Islamic disciplines, especially jurisprudence, to give the Muslim community a new foundation after the last vestiges of the Mughal polity were destroyed. The scholars who founded it were disciples of Hajji Imdadullah. In this way, Imdadullah's discourse about the heart as the center of ritual devotion was to place the saint at the heart of the body politic.
  10. ↑ Tareen, SherAli (2013). "FAYSALA-YI HAFT MAS'ALA (A RESOLUTION TO THE SEVEN CONTROVERSIES): Haji Imdadullah's Hermeneutics of Reconciliation". SAGAR: South Asia Graduate Research Journal. 21. hdl:2152/28002. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  11. ↑ Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2024). Haji Imdadullah. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-0-19-891289-7.
  12. ↑ Nizami, Moin Ahmad (2018), "Imdādullāh "Muhājir," Hājji", in Kassam, Zayn R.; Greenberg, Yudit Kornberg; Bagli, Jehan (eds.), Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism, Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 308–311, doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_2001, ISBN 978-94-024-1267-3, retrieved 15 October 2022
  13. ↑ Rizvi, T. H. (1986). "Haji Imdadullah of Thana Bhawan : A Brief Survey of His Life and Work (18181899)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 47: 489–494. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44141583.
  14. ↑ Faruqi, Nisar Ahmad (1988–2016). "İMDÂDULLAH TEHÂNEVÎ". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Presidency of Religious Affairs, Centre for Islamic Studies.
  15. ↑ Meerthi, Aashiq Elahi. Tazkira Tur Rasheed.
  16. 1 2 Rizvi, T. H. (1986). "Haji Imdadullah of Thana Bhawan: A Brief Survey of His Life and Work (1818 - 1899)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 47: 491, 492 – via JSTOR.
  17. ↑ Ludden, David; Nizami, Moin Ahmad (23 February 2021). "Sufi Orders in 18th–19th-Century South Asia". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History (online ed.). New York, NY, USA: Oxford Academic. p. 8. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.364. ISBN 9780197851739. Among the three, Imdādullāh had the most pronounced influence on posterity. ... From Mecca, he oversaw his dispersed disciple community in South Asia and exchanged letters frequently with them on issues that were personal, spiritual, intellectual, or mundane. Among the list of his khalı̄fahs are counted many of the first-generation scholars of Deoband, Nadwa, Mazahir al-ʿulūm, and other madrasahs.
  18. ↑ Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2024). Haji Imdadullah. Oxford University Press. pp. 21, 126, 134, 135. ISBN 978-0-19-891289-7.
  19. ↑ Kugle, Scott (2007). Sufis and Saintsʾ Bodies Chapel Hill. University of North Carolina Press. p. 260.
  20. ↑ Sharma, Arvind; R. Kassam, Kornberg Greenberg, Bagli, Zayn, Yudit, Jehan; Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2018). "Imdādullāh "Muhājir," Hājji". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer. p. 309. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. ISSN 2542-7628. LCCN 2018938664.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ Sharma, Arvind; R. Kassam, Kornberg Greenberg, Bagli, Zayn, Yudit, Jehan; Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2018). "Imdādullāh "Muhājir," Hājji". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer. p. 309. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. ISSN 2542-7628. LCCN 2018938664.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Ludden, David; Nizami, Moin Ahmad (23 February 2021). "Sufi Orders in 18th–19th-Century South Asia". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History (online ed.). New York, NY, USA: Oxford Academic. p. 8. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.364. ISBN 9780197851739.
  23. ↑ Sharma, Arvind; R. Kassam, Kornberg Greenberg, Bagli, Zayn, Yudit, Jehan; Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2018). "Imdādullāh "Muhājir," Hājji". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer. p. 309. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. ISSN 2542-7628. LCCN 2018938664.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ↑ Ludden, David; Nizami, Moin Ahmad (23 February 2021). "Sufi Orders in 18th–19th-Century South Asia". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History (online ed.). New York, NY, USA: Oxford Academic. p. 8. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.364. ISBN 9780197851739.
  25. ↑ Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2024). "5: Imdadullah and the ulema". Haji Imdadullah. Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-19-891289-7.
  26. ↑ Sharma, Arvind; R. Kassam, Kornberg Greenberg, Bagli, Zayn, Yudit, Jehan; Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2018). "Imdādullāh "Muhājir," Hājji". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer. p. 309. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. ISSN 2542-7628. LCCN 2018938664.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ Ludden, David; Nizami, Moin Ahmad (23 February 2021). "Sufi Orders in 18th–19th-Century South Asia". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History (online ed.). New York, NY, USA: Oxford Academic. p. 8. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.364. ISBN 9780197851739.
  28. ↑ Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2024). "5: Imdadullah and the ulema". Haji Imdadullah. Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-19-891289-7.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Deobandi, Nawaz (ed.). Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband (in Urdu). Vol. 1 (January 2000 ed.).
  30. 1 2 3 "Biography of Hadhrat Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki r.a." Dedicated to Hadhrat Moulana Dr Hafez Tanveer Ahmed Khan Sahib Rahmatullahi Alayh. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  31. ↑ D. Ingram, Brannon (2011). Deobandis Abroad: Sufism, Ethics and Polemics in a Global Islamic Movement. UMI: 3477466. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: ProQuest LLC. p. 47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  32. ↑ Sharma, Arvind; R. Kassam, Kornberg Greenberg, Bagli, Zayn, Yudit, Jehan; Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2018). "Imdādullāh "Muhājir," Hājji". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer. p. 309. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. ISSN 2542-7628. LCCN 2018938664.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. 1 2 Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2024). Haji Imdadullah. Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-19-891289-7.
  34. ↑ Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2024). Haji Imdadullah. Oxford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-19-891289-7.
  35. ↑ D. Ingram, Brannon (2011). Deobandis Abroad: Sufism, Ethics and Polemics in a Global Islamic Movement. UMI: 3477466. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: ProQuest LLC. p. 47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  36. ↑ Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2024). Haji Imdadullah. Oxford University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-891289-7.
  37. 1 2 Asir Adrawi. Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta (in Urdu) (2 April 2016 ed.). Deoband: Darul Muallifeen. p. 44.
  38. ↑ Abu Muhammad Maulana Sana'ullah Shujabadi. Ulama-e-Deoband Ke Aakhri Lamhaat (in Urdu) (2015 ed.). Maktaba Rasheediya Saharanpur. p. 51.
  39. ↑ Rizwi, Syed Mehboob, History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband, vol. 2nd, translated by Murtaz Hussain F Quraishi, p. 34
  40. ↑ Sharma, Arvind; R. Kassam, Kornberg Greenberg, Bagli, Zayn, Yudit, Jehan; Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2018). "Imdādullāh "Muhājir," Hājji". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer. p. 310. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. ISSN 2542-7628. LCCN 2018938664.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ↑ Sharma, Arvind; R. Kassam, Kornberg Greenberg, Bagli, Zayn, Yudit, Jehan; Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2018). "Imdādullāh "Muhājir," Hājji". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer. p. 310. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. ISSN 2542-7628. LCCN 2018938664.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ↑ Sharma, Arvind; R. Kassam, Kornberg Greenberg, Bagli, Zayn, Yudit, Jehan; Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2018). "Imdādullāh "Muhājir," Hājji". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer. p. 310. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. ISSN 2542-7628. LCCN 2018938664.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ↑ Sharma, Arvind; R. Kassam, Kornberg Greenberg, Bagli, Zayn, Yudit, Jehan; Ahmad Nizami, Moin (2018). "Imdādullāh "Muhājir," Hājji". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer. p. 310. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. ISSN 2542-7628. LCCN 2018938664.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ Rizwi, Syed Mehboob, History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband, vol. 2nd, translated by Murtaz Hussain F Quraishi, p. 164
  45. ↑ Thanwi, Ashraf Ali (1982). "Imdad al-Mushtaq ila Ashraf al-Akhlaq". Islamic Culture. LVI (I). Islamic Culture Board: 321.
  46. ↑ Ahmad, Ishtiaque (2020). Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Maulana Azad National Urdu University. pp. 121–126. hdl:10603/338413.
  47. ↑ Ahmad, Ishtiaque (2020). Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Maulana Azad National Urdu University. pp. 206–209. hdl:10603/338413.

Bibliography

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