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Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999

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Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999
Total eclipse
Image
Totality from France
Image
Map
Gamma0.5062
Magnitude1.0286
Maximum eclipse
Duration143 s (2 min 23 s)
LocationOcnele Mari, Vâlcea County, Romania
Coordinates45°06′N 24°18′E / 45.1°N 24.3°E / 45.1; 24.3
Max. width of band112 km (70 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse11:04:09
References
Saros145 (21 of 77)
Catalog # (SE5000)9506

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's ascending node of orbit on Wednesday, August 11, 1999,[1] with a magnitude of 1.0286. It is considered to be one of the most-viewed total solar eclipses in human history. A solar eclipse is when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the light of the sun for a viewer on earth. A total solar eclipse is when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into night. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 3.5 days after perigee (on August 8, 1999, at 0:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[2]

It was the first total eclipse visible from Europe since July 22, 1990, and the first visible in the United Kingdom since June 29, 1927.

The path of the Moon's shadow began in the Atlantic Ocean roughly 300 km (190 mi) south of Nova Scotia, and was later traversing the southwest United Kingdom (Cornwall and Devon), part of the British crown dependency Guernsey, northern France, the southern edge of Belgium, Luxembourg, southern Germany, Austria, the extreme northeastern tip of Slovenia, Hungary, and northern Yugoslavia (Vojvodina). The eclipse's maximum was at 11:03 UTC at 45°06′N 24°18′E / 45.1°N 24.3°E / 45.1; 24.3 in Romania[3][4][5] near the town of Râmnicu Vâlcea. From there, it continued across Romania, including its capital Bucharest, then traversing northeast Bulgaria, the Black Sea, Turkey, the northeastern tip of Syria, northern Iraq, Iran, southern Pakistan, south-central India, and ended in the Bay of Bengal.

A partial eclipse was visible for parts of eastern Canada, Greenland, all of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, and western China.

Observations

[edit]
Image
Animated path.
Map
Interactive map of the path of the Umbral Shadow
Image
The eclipse as seen from France.

Because of the high population densities in areas of the path, this was one of the most-viewed total solar eclipses in human history;[6] although some areas in the path of totality (mainly in Western Europe) offered impaired visibility due to adverse weather conditions.

Some of the organized eclipse-watching parties along the path of totality set up video projectors on which people could watch the Moon's shadow as it raced towards them.[7] There was substantial coverage on international TV stations of the progress of the eclipse shadow. The Moon's shadow was also observed from the Russian Mir space station; during the eclipse, video from Mir was broadcast live on television.

  • The BBC concentrated its coverage efforts on the first landfall of the shadow across the western end of Cornwall (from St Ives to Lizard), which was packed with an extraordinary number of visitors, although Cornwall did not have nearly as many spectators as expected leading many organised events to host smaller audiences than anticipated. The veteran amateur astronomer, broadcaster and eclipse-watcher Patrick Moore was brought in to head a live programme, but the eclipse was clouded out. BBC One also produced a special version of their Balloon Idents for the event. The BBC did not have a presence at Goonhilly on the Lizard Peninsula, one of the few places in Cornwall where the clouds parted just in time for the total eclipse to be visible. There was extensive cloud in Perranporth which parted just in time, allowing the very large crowd that had filled the beach and hillsides to witness the event.
  • Some of the best viewing conditions were to be had mid-Channel, where ferries were halted in calm conditions to obtain an excellent view. Hundreds of people who gathered on the island of Alderney also experienced the event.
  • Also at sea, many of the Fastnet fleet contestants encountered totality crossing the Celtic Sea on their way to the Fastnet Rock.[8]
  • A gathering of several thousand people at the airport in Soissons, France, which was on the path of totality, were denied all but a few fleeting glimpses of the eclipse through the overcast sky. The clouds cleared completely just a few minutes after the eclipse.
  • In contrast, the overcast sky in Amiens, France, where thousands had gathered, cleared only minutes before the eclipse began.
  • Further inland, viewing conditions were also perfect at Vouziers, a French country town gridlocked by Belgian cars from day-visitors. The patchy cloud covering cleared a short time before the shadow arrived. Some photos from Vouziers were used on the subsequent BBC Sky at Night programme.
  • The San Francisco Exploratorium featured a live webcast from a crowded town square in Amasya, Turkey.
  • Doordarshan, the national TV channel in India, broadcast live coverage from Srikakulam, hosted by TV personality Mona Bhattacharya.
  • A Bulgarian Air Force MiG-21 two-seater was used by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences to study the solar corona. The MiG-21, flying at 1600–1700 km/h (1000 to 1100 mph) (Mach 1.4-1.5) at an altitude of 13,000 metres (43,000 feet), was able to stay in the moon's umbra for 6 minutes. The photographer, an air force pilot, used two film cameras, both fitted with 200 mm lenses and infrared filters, and one Digital8 video camera.
  • Hungary's most popular tourist destination, Lake Balaton and its surrounding area, fell into the path of the eclipse entirely, which made the area even more popular for the day. The motorway leading to the city was so crowded that many people had to watch the eclipse while caught in a traffic jam.
  • One French and two British Concordes briefly followed the eclipse with tourists on board.[9]
  • The BBC was filming one of its episodes for the TV series Airport that day and, during the show, resident press officers Russell Clisby and Steve Meller took photographs of the eclipse at Heathrow Airport, as well as Aeroflot supervisor Jeremy Spake witnessing the eclipse on a special charter flight.
  • RTS, the national public broadcaster of Serbia, urged people to remain inside, citing dangers to public health. This caused the streets of all Serbian cities, towns and villages to be entirely deserted during the eclipse (97% of Serbs stayed inside), with many opting to watch it on TV instead.[10]
  • The BMJ, a month after the eclipse, reported only 14 cases of eye damage in the UK from improper viewing of the eclipse - a number lower than initially feared. In one of the most serious cases the patient had looked at the Sun without eye protection for twenty minutes, but overall the public health campaign had succeeded.[11]

Eclipse timing

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Places experiencing total eclipse

[edit]
Solar Eclipse of August 11, 1999
(Local Times)
Country or territory City or place Start of partial eclipse Start of total eclipse Maximum eclipse End of total eclipse End of partial eclipse Duration of totality (min:s) Duration of eclipse (hr:min) Maximum magnitude
Image United KingdomPlymouth09:58:2411:13:0211:13:5311:14:4412:34:051:422:361.0061
Image GuernseySaint Anne09:59:4511:15:2811:16:1811:17:0912:37:241:412:381.0058
Image FranceChâlons-en-Champagne11:06:5212:25:5012:26:1412:26:3813:48:490:482:421.0013
Image BelgiumArlon11:09:1512:28:0512:28:3712:29:0913:50:451:041.002
Image LuxembourgDifferdange11:09:1412:27:4912:28:4412:29:3913:51:001:501.0063
Esch-sur-Alzette11:09:2012:27:5712:28:5312:29:4913:51:101:521.0066
Luxembourg11:09:3612:28:2812:29:0712:29:4713:51:191:191.0029
Image GermanySaarbrücken11:10:3112:29:2712:30:3212:31:3613:53:022:092:431.0102
Kaiserslautern11:11:4112:31:2212:31:4712:32:1213:54:080:502:421.0013
Offenburg11:11:2212:31:4612:32:0912:32:3213:55:140:462:441.0011
Neustadt an der Weinstraße11:12:0812:31:4812:32:2312:32:5813:54:491:102:431.0023
Speyer11:12:3212:32:2112:32:5312:33:2613:55:201:051.002
Sindelfingen11:12:5912:32:4612:33:5412:35:0213:56:472:162:441.0124
Stuttgart11:13:1612:33:0312:34:1212:35:2013:57:022:171.0137
Munich11:16:2912:37:2112:38:2612:39:3014:01:352:092:451.0091
Freising11:16:5012:37:2912:38:3812:39:4614:01:352:171.0119
Rosenheim11:17:1312:38:4012:39:2812:40:1714:02:471:372:461.0043
Image AustriaSalzburg11:18:3612:40:0312:41:0612:42:0814:04:202:051.0079
Eferding11:20:1712:42:0212:42:3512:43:0814:05:211:062:451.002
Linz11:20:4212:42:5012:43:0312:43:1514:05:460:251.0005
Graz11:22:1512:45:0612:45:4112:46:1614:09:041:102:471.0021
Image HungarySzeged11:30:1112:53:3012:54:4112:55:5214:17:302:221.0125
Image RomaniaPloiești12:41:1114:05:4214:06:2414:07:0615:27:561:241.0031
Bucharest12:41:3214:05:5514:07:0714:08:1915:28:512:241.0142
Image TurkeyDiyarbakır13:15:3914:39:2814:40:1014:40:5115:56:261:232:411.0034
Image IraqErbil14:25:3015:47:3115:48:2715:49:2317:02:371:522:371.008
Sulaymaniyah14:29:1315:50:2815:51:2715:52:2617:04:461:582:361.0105
Image IranIsfahan15:14:5616:32:5016:33:3616:34:2217:43:141:322:281.0061
Image PakistanKarachi16:18:1317:26:0117:26:3817:27:1518:27:301:142:091.0081
Image IndiaVadodara16:57:0518:01:1118:01:4218:02:1318:59:361:022:031.0073
References: [1]

Places experiencing partial eclipse

[edit]
Solar Eclipse of August 11, 1999
(Local Times)
Country or territory City or place Start of partial eclipse Maximum eclipse End of partial eclipse Duration of eclipse (hr:min) Maximum coverage
Image CanadaHalifax06:11:35 (sunrise)06:33:4707:31:211:2091.77%
St. John's06:09:2207:06:1008:07:411:5891.68%
Image IrelandDublin09:59:4911:12:5612:30:242:3191.23%
Image United KingdomLondon10:03:4311:20:0212:40:102:3696.58%
Image FranceParis11:04:1612:22:5913:45:262:4199.40%
Image BelgiumBrussels11:08:1712:26:2713:47:352:3997.42%
Image NetherlandsAmsterdam11:10:1612:27:2913:47:202:3791.96%
Image GermanyFrankfurt11:13:2112:33:1213:55:022:4297.97%
Image SwitzerlandZurich11:11:4112:33:1913:57:082:4597.24%
Image GermanyBerlin11:21:2112:40:0313:59:242:3887.17%
Image Czech RepublicPrague11:21:3312:42:3014:03:502:4294.63%
Image ItalyRome11:17:2412:42:4814:09:022:5280.25%
Image SloveniaLjubljana11:20:3512:44:3214:08:422:4896.70%
Image AustriaVienna11:23:5812:46:4114:09:072:4599.27%
Image CroatiaZagreb11:23:0112:47:2314:11:272:4897.06%
Image SlovakiaBratislava11:25:0912:47:5914:10:182:4598.94%
Image PolandWarsaw11:32:2412:51:3714:09:412:3782.67%
Image HungaryBudapest11:28:1712:51:4714:14:072:4699.41%
Image Bosnia and HerzegovinaSarajevo11:27:2612:53:2214:17:542:5092.53%
Image SerbiaBelgrade11:30:5712:56:2814:19:592:4997.73%
Image BulgariaSofia12:37:0514:03:5815:27:292:5093.75%
Image MoldovaChișinău12:45:3714:08:4215:27:542:4291.47%
Image TurkeyAnkara12:58:2014:25:0615:45:092:4796.72%
Image ArmeniaYerevan15:21:0116:42:1217:55:372:3591.22%
Image IraqBaghdad14:30:5315:54:0217:07:482:3794.01%
Image IranTehran15:09:4416:28:0417:37:532:2893.48%
Image KuwaitKuwait City13:44:2615:05:1716:16:232:3287.97%
Image United Arab EmiratesDubai15:03:4516:19:1517:25:352:2287.05%
Image IndiaNew Delhi16:51:1417:53:3918:50:091:5978.90%
Image BangladeshDhaka17:32:2218:28:3818:34:59 (sunset)1:0379.92%
References: [1]
[edit]

Eclipse details

[edit]

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the Moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[12]

August 11, 1999 Solar Eclipse Times
Event Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact 1999 August 11 at 08:27:19.0 UTC
First Umbral External Contact 1999 August 11 at 09:30:56.5 UTC
First Central Line 1999 August 11 at 09:31:25.4 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact 1999 August 11 at 09:31:54.4 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction 1999 August 11 at 10:52:16.8 UTC
Greatest Duration 1999 August 11 at 11:00:37.9 UTC
Greatest Eclipse 1999 August 11 at 11:04:09.1 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction 1999 August 11 at 11:09:33.8 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact 1999 August 11 at 12:36:35.5 UTC
Last Central Line 1999 August 11 at 12:37:01.7 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact 1999 August 11 at 12:37:27.9 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact 1999 August 11 at 13:41:10.3 UTC
August 11, 1999 Solar Eclipse Parameters
Parameter Value
Eclipse Magnitude 1.02860
Eclipse Obscuration 1.05802
Gamma 0.50623
Sun Right Ascension 09h23m08.3s
Sun Declination +15°19'39.7"
Sun Semi-Diameter 15'46.8"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 08.7"
Moon Right Ascension 09h23m34.5s
Moon Declination +15°48'38.5"
Moon Semi-Diameter 16'00.3"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 0°58'44.3"
ΔT 63.7 s

Eclipse season

[edit]

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of July–August 1999
July 28
Descending node (full moon)
August 11
Ascending node (new moon)
ImageImage
Partial lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 119		Total solar eclipse
Solar Saros 145
[edit]

Eclipses in 1999

[edit]

Metonic

[edit]

Tzolkinex

[edit]

Half-Saros

[edit]

Tritos

[edit]

Solar Saros 145

[edit]

Inex

[edit]

Triad

[edit]

Solar eclipses of 1997–2000

[edit]

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[13]

The partial solar eclipses on July 1, 2000 and December 25, 2000 occur in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1997 to 2000
Descending node   Ascending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
120
Image
Totality in Chita, Russia		 March 9, 1997
Image
Total		 0.9183 125 September 2, 1997
Image
Partial		 −1.0352
130
Image
Totality near Guadeloupe		 February 26, 1998
Image
Total		 0.2391 135 August 22, 1998
Image
Annular		 −0.2644
140 February 16, 1999
Image
Annular		 −0.4726 145
Image
Totality in France		 August 11, 1999
Image
Total		 0.5062
150 February 5, 2000
Image
Partial		 −1.2233 155 July 31, 2000
Image
Partial		 1.2166

Saros 145

[edit]

This eclipse is a part of Saros series 145, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 77 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4, 1639. It contains an annular eclipse on June 6, 1891; a hybrid eclipse on June 17, 1909; and total eclipses from June 29, 1927 through September 9, 2648. The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17, 3009. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of annularity was produced by member 15 at 6 seconds (by default) on June 6, 1891, and the longest duration of totality will be produced by member 50 at 7 minutes, 12 seconds on June 25, 2522. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit.[14]

Series members 10–32 occur between 1801 and 2200:
10 11 12
Image
April 13, 1801		 Image
April 24, 1819		 Image
May 4, 1837
13 14 15
Image
May 16, 1855		 Image
May 26, 1873		 Image
June 6, 1891
16 17 18
Image
June 17, 1909		 Image
June 29, 1927		 Image
July 9, 1945
19 20 21
Image
July 20, 1963		 Image
July 31, 1981		 Image
August 11, 1999
22 23 24
Image
August 21, 2017		 Image
September 2, 2035		 Image
September 12, 2053
25 26 27
Image
September 23, 2071		 Image
October 4, 2089		 Image
October 16, 2107
28 29 30
Image
October 26, 2125		 Image
November 7, 2143		 Image
November 17, 2161
31 32
Image
November 28, 2179		 Image
December 9, 2197

Metonic series

[edit]

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.

22 eclipse events between January 5, 1935 and August 11, 2018
January 4–5 October 23–24 August 10–12 May 30–31 March 18–19
111 113 115 117 119
Image
January 5, 1935		 Image
August 12, 1942		 Image
May 30, 1946		 Image
March 18, 1950
121 123 125 127 129
Image
January 5, 1954		 Image
October 23, 1957		 Image
August 11, 1961		 Image
May 30, 1965		 Image
March 18, 1969
131 133 135 137 139
Image
January 4, 1973		 Image
October 23, 1976		 Image
August 10, 1980		 Image
May 30, 1984		 Image
March 18, 1988
141 143 145 147 149
Image
January 4, 1992		 Image
October 24, 1995		 Image
August 11, 1999		 Image
May 31, 2003		 Image
March 19, 2007
151 153 155
Image
January 4, 2011		 Image
October 23, 2014		 Image
August 11, 2018

Tritos series

[edit]

This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
Image
February 21, 1803
(Saros 127)		 Image
January 21, 1814
(Saros 128)		 Image
December 20, 1824
(Saros 129)		 Image
November 20, 1835
(Saros 130)		 Image
October 20, 1846
(Saros 131)
Image
September 18, 1857
(Saros 132)		 Image
August 18, 1868
(Saros 133)		 Image
July 19, 1879
(Saros 134)		 Image
June 17, 1890
(Saros 135)		 Image
May 18, 1901
(Saros 136)
Image
April 17, 1912
(Saros 137)		 Image
March 17, 1923
(Saros 138)		 Image
February 14, 1934
(Saros 139)		 Image
January 14, 1945
(Saros 140)		 Image
December 14, 1955
(Saros 141)
Image
November 12, 1966
(Saros 142)		 Image
October 12, 1977
(Saros 143)		 Image
September 11, 1988
(Saros 144)		 Image
August 11, 1999
(Saros 145)		 Image
July 11, 2010
(Saros 146)
Image
June 10, 2021
(Saros 147)		 Image
May 9, 2032
(Saros 148)		 Image
April 9, 2043
(Saros 149)		 Image
March 9, 2054
(Saros 150)		 Image
February 5, 2065
(Saros 151)
Image
January 6, 2076
(Saros 152)		 Image
December 6, 2086
(Saros 153)		 Image
November 4, 2097
(Saros 154)		 Image
October 5, 2108
(Saros 155)		 Image
September 5, 2119
(Saros 156)
Image
August 4, 2130
(Saros 157)		 Image
July 3, 2141
(Saros 158)		 Image
June 3, 2152
(Saros 159)		 Image
April 1, 2174
(Saros 161)

Inex series

[edit]

This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
Image
December 9, 1825
(Saros 139)		 Image
November 20, 1854
(Saros 140)		 Image
October 30, 1883
(Saros 141)
Image
October 10, 1912
(Saros 142)		 Image
September 21, 1941
(Saros 143)		 Image
August 31, 1970
(Saros 144)
Image
August 11, 1999
(Saros 145)		 Image
July 22, 2028
(Saros 146)		 Image
July 1, 2057
(Saros 147)
Image
June 11, 2086
(Saros 148)		 Image
May 24, 2115
(Saros 149)		 Image
May 3, 2144
(Saros 150)
Image
April 12, 2173
(Saros 151)
[edit]
  • Sleeping Sun (1999), by the Finnish band Nightwish
  • Les Terriens (2000), French documentary directed by Ariane Doublet
  • Les Ensoleillés (2002), compilation of around twenty short stories based on the 1999 eclipse, written by Joël Egloff
  • Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow (2003), a Game Boy Advance game developed and published by Konami, whose narrative backstory depicts the sealing of Dracula's castle inside a similar solar eclipse during a climactic war in 1999, partially inspired by this event.
  • Pomračenje sunca (1999), a folk song explicitly about the solar eclipse by Baja Mali Knindža
  • Grazie Mille (1999) by the Italian band 883, the video of the song was filmed in Munich during the eclipse.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 "August 11, 1999 Total Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  2. ↑ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  3. ↑ Stavinschi, M., National Seminar" The total solar Eclipse of August 11, 1999. Interdisciplinary approach, Bucharest, October 15, 1998 in: Romanian Astron. J., vol.8, N.2, p.146 (1998)
  4. ↑ Scientific session " Eclipsa 99", Romanian Astronomical Journal, vol.9, N.1, p.103 (1999)
  5. ↑ Stavinschi, M., The maximum of the last eclipse of the Millenium was in Romania, Romanian Astronomical Journal, vol.9, N.2, p.109- 114, 1999
  6. ↑ "Solar show in sky or on the Internet". 10 August 1999.
  7. ↑ "ISMB 99". Bioinf.mpi-sb.mpg.de. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  8. ↑ "Boats warned of freak winds during eclipse". Guardian. 7 June 1999. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015.
  9. ↑ Hatherill, Chris (9 March 2016). "When Astronomers Chased a Total Eclipse in a Concorde". Vice. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  10. ↑ Janković, Vladimir (July 2010). "Atmosfear: Slobodan Milošević versus 1999 Solar Eclipse". Centre for the History of Science, Technology of Medicine.
  11. ↑ Dobson, Roger (1999-08-21). "UK hospitals assess eye damage after solar eclipse". The BMJ. 319 (7208): 469. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7208.469. PMC 1116382. PMID 10454393.
  12. ↑ "Total Solar Eclipse of 1999 Aug 11". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  13. ↑ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  14. ↑ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 145". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.

References

[edit]
Photos
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