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Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali

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Yang Amat Berbahagia Tun Dato' Seri
Hasmah Mohamad Ali
SSM SSDK SPDK DUPN DUNM DA SMK KMN PCK
حسمه محمد علي
Image
Hasmah in 2019
Spouse of the Prime Minister of Malaysia
In role
10 May 2018 – 24 February 2020
Spouse of the Interim Prime Minister of Malaysia:
24 February – 1 March 2020
Monarchs
Prime MinisterMahathir Mohamad
Preceded byRosmah Mansor
Succeeded byNoorainee Abdul Rahman
In role
16 July 1981 – 30 October 2003
Monarchs
Prime MinisterMahathir Mohamad
Preceded bySuhailah Noah
Succeeded byEndon Mahmood
Spouse of the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia
In role
5 March 1976 – 16 July 1981
Deputy Prime MinisterMahathir Mohamad
Preceded bySuhailah Noah
Succeeded byInes Maria Reyna
Personal details
BornHasmah binti Mohamad Ali
(1926-07-12)12 July 1926
Klang, Selangor, Federated Malay States
Died28 September 2026(2026-09-28) (aged 100)
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Resting placePusara Negarawan, Putrajaya, Malaysia
Spouse
​
(m. 1956)​
Children7 (including Marina, Mokhzani and Mukhriz)
Relatives
EducationKing Edward VII College of Medicine (MBBS)
OccupationPhysician, civil servant
Awards
Full list

Hasmah binti Mohamad Ali[a] (12 July 1926 – 28 September 2026), better known as Siti Hasmah[b], was a Malaysian physician and civil servant. As the wife of Mahathir Mohamad, the fourth and seventh prime minister of Malaysia, she served as the spouse of the prime minister of Malaysia from 1981 to 2003 and again from 2018 to 2020.

Born in Klang, Siti Hasmah graduated from King Edward VII College of Medicine in 1955 with a bachelor's degree in medicine and surgery and later worked in the government health service and became one of the first women doctors in the Federation of Malaya. In 1956, she married Mahathir and together they had seven children. Throughout Mahathir's premiership, she advocated for public health and mental health awareness.

Early life and education

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Siti Hasmah was born on 12 July 1926 in Klang, Selangor. Siti Hasmah's father, Haji Mohd Ali, was a government officer, while her mother, Hajah Siti Khatijah binti Ahmad, was a housewife.[3]

The sixth of ten siblings, she hailed from a family distinguished for their significant contributions to Malaysia's development. Her elder brother, Ismail Mohamed Ali, served as the second Governor of Bank Negara Malaysia from 1962 to 1980 and was the inaugural chairman of Permodalan Nasional Berhad (PNB). Another brother, General (Rtd) Mohamed Hashim Mohd Ali, held the position of Chief of Defence Forces from 1987 to 1992. Additionally, her brother Ahmad Razali Mohd Ali was the 10th Menteri Besar of Selangor, and her sister, Saleha Mohd Ali, was instrumental in the founding of the UMNO (United Malays National Organization) political party and was a prominent figure in Malaysia's medical community.[4]

After completing her schooling at SMK St. Mary, she enrolled in the medical programme at the King Edward VII College of Medicine in Singapore (now the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine) which later merged with Raffles College to become the University of Malaya. She was one of the first Malay women to enrol, and the only one in her entire cohort.[5][6]

Medical career

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After earning her MBBS from the University of Malaya (Singapore) in 1955, she joined the government health service. She was one of the first Malay female doctors in the then-Malaya.[7][8]

Siti Hasmah achieved several firsts at the Ministry of Health, including being the first woman in Malaysia to serve as a medical officer in the Maternal and Child Health Department in 1965.[9] In 1966, she attended a public health certificate programme at the School of Public Health of the University of Michigan.[10][failed verification]

In 1974, she was the first woman to be appointed State Maternal and Child Health Officer in Kedah. During her tenure, Siti Hasmah successfully reduced the infant mortality rate from 75 per 1,000 to only 6 per 1,000.[11]

She was also the author of several articles on family medicine and the socioeconomic factors associated with pregnancy and childbearing in Malaysia.[12] Additionally, Siti Hasmah once served as a lecturer at the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Malaya.[12]

Spouse of the Prime Minister of Malaysia

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1981–2003

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Siti Hasmah used her position as the wife of the Prime Minister to advocate for women's health, family planning, drug abuse control, and adult literacy.[13] She also served in various positions as follows:

  • President of the Malaysian Girl Guides Association[13]
  • Chairman of the Kedah Family Planning Association[13]
  • President of the Malaysian Medical Association Foundation[13]
  • President of the Association for the Rehabilitation of Handicapped Children[13]
  • Vice-President of the Federation of Family Planning Associations of Malaysia[13]
  • Patron of the Malaysian Association of Maternal Health and Neonate[13]
  • Patron of the Malaysian Pediatric Association[13]
  • Patron of the Badminton Association of Malaysia (BAM)[14]
Image
Siti Hasmah (right) with Elena Ceaușescu (left), the wife of Romanian head of state Nicolae Ceaușescu, during Elena's visit to Malaysia in 1982.

As Patron of the Pan Pacific South Asia Women's Association, (PPSEAWA) Malaysia, Siti Hasmah attended and presented keynote addresses at the Triennial Conferences in Tokyo (1984), Bangkok (1991) and Tonga (1994).[3] She also served as the first Chancellor of Multimedia University (MMU) for 15 years, from 1997 to 2012.[15]

Siti Hasmah played a key role in bringing Malaysia and its women into the international spotlight. She met and held discussions with prominent figures, including Nancy Reagan, wife of U.S. President Ronald Reagan; Rosalynn Carter, wife of U.S. President Jimmy Carter; Queen Fabiola of Belgium; Queen Noor of Jordan; Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom; and Cherie Blair, wife of British Prime Minister Tony Blair, the last of whom she had once engaged with in diplomatic conversations.[16]

In September 1995, Siti Hasmah led the Malaysian delegation to the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, where she delivered a speech titled "Equality, Development and Peace: A Caring World".[17]

In August 1999, a man attempted to ram a government vehicle carrying Siti Hasmah, but was intercepted by security personnel and eventually apprehended.[18]

In March 2000, Siti Hasmah led a Malaysian delegation on a five-day goodwill visit to Iraq to assess the impact of economic sanctions on women and children. The delegation visited hospitals, orphanages, and old folks' homes, bringing essential medical supplies. During the trip, she met Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz and was later invited for a brief meeting with President Saddam Hussein.[19] She later recalled that the meeting was kept secret until it occurred, even from her security team and Mahathir, and that during their conversation, Hussein expressed gratitude to Malaysia for its support in efforts to lift the sanctions.[20]

Image
In 2018, Siti Hasmah accompanied Mahathir on his visit to Indonesia and met with Indonesian President Joko Widodo and his wife Iriana

In October 2003, before her tenure as the wife of the Prime Minister ended, Siti Hasmah chaired the First Ladies Dialogue on "Women, Peace, and Development" during the 10th Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Summit. The dialogue focused on women's roles in nation-building, and a 10-point resolution was submitted to promote sustainable development and gender equity.[21]

2018–2020

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Siti Hasmah again served as the wife of the Prime Minister after her husband was reappointed on 10 May 2018.[22] Later in November of that same year, she launched Malaysia's first 24-hour bookstore, BookXcess Cyberjaya, where she signed a plaque inscribed with the words: 'A book warrior and a true believer in the power of reading'.[23][24] Around the same time, a video of Siti Hasmah asking Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan if she could hold his hand went viral, with commentators describing the moment as refreshing and surpassing conventional diplomacy.[25]

Advocacy

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Drug abuse

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Image
Siti Hasmah in 2019

As the President of BAKTI (Welfare Club of the Wives of Ministers and Deputy Ministers), Siti Hasmah actively participated in initiatives to raise awareness among young people about the dangers of drug abuse. In 1985, she accepted an invitation from United States First Lady Nancy Reagan to attend the First Ladies' Conference on Drug Abuse in Washington D.C. Two years later, in 1987, she represented Malaysia at the International Conference on Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Vienna.[13]

Rural women

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Siti Hasmah was also active internationally in promoting the cause of rural women. In 1992, at the invitation of Queen Fabiola of Belgium, she attended the First Ladies Summit for the Economic Advancement of Rural Women in Geneva. She was chosen as one of the six Core-Group Initiators of First Ladies representing the Asia-Pacific Region.[13]

In February 1994, Siti Hasmah participated in the ISC Council Meeting held in Brussels. The following year, in September 1995, she was named Chairperson of the Regional Steering Committee on the Economic Advancement of Rural and Island Women for the Asia-Pacific region. By November 1996, she had assumed the role of president.[13]

Mental health

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Being a medical doctor by training, Hasmah also had an interest in mental health. Former First Lady of the United States, Rosalynn Carter invited Siti Hasmah to serve on the National Committee of the World Federation of Mental Health which Carter chaired.[3]

Personal life

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Image
Siti Hasmah and Mahathir after they were married in August 1956

On 5 August 1956, Siti Hasmah married Mahathir Mohamad.[26] They had seven children: Marina, Mirzan, Melinda, Mokhzani, Mukhriz, Maizura, and Mazhar.[8] They met as students while studying at the King Edward VII College of Medicine in Singapore in 1947,[27] and begun their relationship on 23 April 1949.[28] Their son Mukhriz served twice as the Menteri Besar of Kedah, from 2013 to 2016 and again from 2018 to 2020. Most of Siti Hasmah's siblings held prominent roles in economics, military, and politics within the country; her brother Ismail Mohamed Ali was the second Governor of the Central Bank of Malaysia, her brother Mohamed Hashim Mohd Ali was the ninth Chief of the Malaysian Defence Forces, and her brother Ahmad Razali Mohd Ali was the eleventh Menteri Besar of Selangor.

In Siti Hasmah's 2016 memoir, My Name is Hasmah, she described Mahathir as her 'hero' who supported her throughout her studies, particularly when she struggled with physics and chemistry.[29] She also referred to Mahathir as her 'boy from the Paddy Fields State', a nickname referring to his Kedah origins.[30]

Image
Siti Hasmah (centre) seen alongside her husband, Mahathir, during a visitation trip at Bukit Merah, Perak

Siti Hasmah was a cat lover and music enthusiast.[31] She began learning the violin at 16 but stopped after a few years; she resumed playing more than 70 years later.[32] In 2018, her violin was auctioned for RM35,000 to support Pakatan Harapan's campaign for the 14th General Election.[33] In her seventies she dedicated herself to learning French and successfully passed the examinations.[34] In December 2015, Siti Hasmah learned to play a new instrument, the erhu.[35]

She often accompanied Mahathir on official visits and holidays, starting with their first trip to Japan in 1961. Over the years, she travelled to nearly every country, including remote islands and Antarctica, with Afghanistan being the only exception. Their favourite holiday destination was Japan. Siti Hasmah once mentioned that she watched Star Wars with Mahathir in Houston.[36]

Unlike many Malaysian Muslim women who follow the tradition of wearing the tudung (headscarf), Siti Hasmah did not wear one.[37] However, in March 2025, she was seen wearing a tudung while attending a breaking-of-fast event organised by the Malaysian Islamic Welfare Organisation (Perkim), drawing public attention due to her rare public appearance in a hijab.[38]

Image
Siti Hasmah attending the PLF Book Launch and Special Dialogue, May 2025

On 27 October 2024, Siti Hasmah revealed in an interview on the Coffee with Ryan podcast that her original name did not include "Siti". She explained that the prefix was added in the 1970s when she was appointed as a medical officer, as "Siti" was a popular trend at the time. She requested that people no longer use "Siti" before her name.[2]

Siti Hasmah was also the honorary adviser of the Perdana Global Peace Foundation (PGPF).[39]

Health

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In March 2019, Siti Hasmah underwent surgery to remove a small lump in her left breast after a mammogram and a biopsy confirmed its presence. After recovering, she shared her experience of undergoing breast cancer treatment during the Kuala Lumpur-level Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign, urging women to prioritize early screening and treatment.[40][41]

On 26 August 2019, Siti Hasmah was admitted to Prince Court Medical Centre due to mild food poisoning.[42][43] She had been scheduled to accompany Mahathir on his three-day official visit to Vietnam.[44] While in Hanoi, Mahathir assured reporters that her condition had improved and expressed his intention to visit her upon returning to Kuala Lumpur, saying, "I miss her… we have been married for 60 years."[45] After three days of treatment, Siti Hasmah was discharged from the hospital on 29 August.[46]

On 12 July 2026, Siti Hasmah turned 100[47] and by the following month, she was recognized as the Oldest Living Spouse of a Former Prime Minister by the ASEAN Records.[48]

Death

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It was announced that Siti Hasmah had died at 09:20 local time (UTC+1), 28 September 2026, from heart failure at the National Heart Institute in Kuala Lumpur.[49][50] Her death was confirmed by her son, Mokhzani, to Bernama the same day.[51]

Tributes were offered by the incumbent King of Malaysia Ibrahim Iskandar and Queen consort Raja Zarith Sofiah, alongside political figures Syed Saddiq, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail and the incumbent prime minister Anwar Ibrahim.[52] Siti Hasmah's remains were brought to her residence in Seri Kembangan before being transported to As-Syarif Mosque where she was washed and given funeral prayers.[53] In a statement, Anwar highlighted that "the nation will continue ⁠to remember her motherly figure and appreciate her contributions and services", and later announced that Hasmah would be conferred a state funeral.[54] Outside of Malaysia, foreign dignitaries Lawrence Wong, Lee Hsien Loong, Goh Chok Tong, and Halimah Yacob paid tribute to Siti Hasmah as the The Straits Times highlighted her "pioneering contributions to public healthcare and education".[55]

Hours after her death at 18:20 local time, Siti Hasmah was buried at Pusara Negara in Putrajaya.[56]

Awards and recognitions

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Siti Hasmah has been portrayed in theatre, documentaries, and films. She was portrayed by Erra Fazira in the theatre in Mahathir, the Musical (2010).[57] In Teater Tun Siti Hasmah (2012), she was played by Datin Sofia Jane and Lisa Surihani. This play, staged at Istana Budaya, followed the life of Siti Hasmah, with one actress playing her in her younger years, and another playing her following her marriage to Mahathir.[58] She appeared in an episode of Upin & Ipin along with her husband Mahathir Mohamad in 2012.[59]

She was also portrayed in two films—by Fadhilah Mansor in Kapsul (2015) and by Fauziah Latiff in Mahathir: The Journey (2022 or 2023), as it was shot in 2019 and early 2020 before the Movement control order and the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia.[60]

Publications

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  • My Name is Hasmah. Karangkraf Group, 2016.[61]
  • Speaking of Mass Destruction, 2021.[62]

Notes

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  1. ↑ Jawi: حسمه بنت محمد علي
  2. ↑ She uses "Siti" as a nickname. In an interview, she explained that because "Siti" was trendy in the 1970s, people simply added it to her name.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Dr Siti Hasmah pays tribute to brother Ismail Ali, the first Malaysian Bank Negara governor". Malay Mail. 8 October 2018.
  2. 1 2 "'My name is just Hasmah, not Siti Hasmah'". The Star. 27 October 2024. Archived from the original on 16 April 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 "Tun Dr. Siti Hasmah Bt Mohd Ali". Perdana Leadership Foundation.
  4. ↑ Tan, Wu Zhen (14 May 2018). "4 amazing things you might not have known about our First Lady: Tun Dr Siti Hasmah".
  5. ↑ AR, Zurairi (12 July 2018). "In birthday wish, Marina says Dr Siti Hasmah 'strong, steady hand' behind Dr M". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 8 September 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  6. ↑ Toh, Terence (20 September 2020). "Discover the pioneer life of Tun Dr Siti Hasmah in a new children's book". The Star.
  7. ↑ Biografi Wanita Malaysia (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: Pertubuhan Tindakan Wanita Islam (Malaysia). p. 138. OCLC 559286367.
  8. 1 2 Information Malaysia. Berita Publishing Sdn. Bhd. 1975. p. 44.
  9. ↑ Singh, Sharanjit (13 November 2018). "Dr M, wife conferred doctorate by Singapore alma mater". NST Online.
  10. ↑ Biography of the Early Malay Doctors 1900–1957 Malaya and Singapore. Kuala Lumpur. 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ↑ "Tun Dr. Siti Hasmah". Prestige Woman. 24 February 2021.
  12. 1 2 "Faculty of Dentistry". dentistry.um.edu.my. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 29 April 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Dr Siti Hasmah a model for women". New Straits Times. 1 November 2003. [dead link]
  14. ↑ A Pictorial Journey Tun Dr. Mahathir. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors. 2004. p. 249. ISBN 967-61-1637-8.
  15. ↑ "Dr Siti Hasmah celebrates 93rd birthday... by playing the violin for charity". Malay Mail. 12 July 2019. Archived from the original on 8 September 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  16. ↑ "Tun Dr Siti Hasmah VIP Lounge Official Opening". Women's Institute of Management. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 12 September 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  17. ↑ "Happy 96th Birthday, Tun Dr Siti Hasmah". Perdana Leadership Foundation. 12 July 2022. Archived from the original on 20 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
  18. ↑ "Man tries to ram car carrying Mahathir's wife". The Straits Times. 14 August 1999.
  19. ↑ ALI, AISHAH (12 July 2019). "Happy sweet 93, Dr Siti Hasmah". NST Online. Archived from the original on 7 September 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  20. ↑ Beatrice Nita Jay; Fauziah Ismail (13 May 2019). "'I didn't even tell security chief I was going to meet Saddam'". NST Online.
  21. ↑ "A `heavier' agenda perhaps?". New Straits Times. 27 October 2003. Archived from the original on 18 September 2025. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
  22. ↑ Norman Goh; Geraldine Tong (6 June 2018). "M'sians can hold their heads high after May 9, says Siti Hasmah". Malaysiakini.
  23. ↑ "Siti Hasmah launches nation's first 24-hour bookstore". The Edge Malaysia. 9 November 2018.
  24. ↑ "Siti Hasmah launches nation's first 24-hour bookstore". Malaysiakini. Bernama. 9 November 2018.
  25. ↑ "Malaysian PM Mahathir's wife holds Pakistan PM Khan's hand, winning hearts and tickling netizens". The Straits Times. 27 November 2018. ISSN 0585-3923. Archived from the original on 15 September 2025. Retrieved 4 March 2025.
  26. ↑ "Seven-year romance". The Straits Times. 6 August 1956.
  27. ↑ "Marina Mahathir celebrates parents' 64th wedding anniversary in a heartfelt Facebook post". TODAY. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 12 September 2025. Retrieved 4 March 2025.
  28. ↑ "Tun M & Tun Dr Siti Hasmah's lifelong bond: From first 'I love you' to 70 years together". The Star. 28 September 2026. Retrieved 29 September 2026.
  29. ↑ "Mahathir's wife Siti Hasmah has mixed feelings about his return to politics, but will stand by her man". TODAY. 8 May 2018. Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  30. ↑ "On Dr M's 90th birthday, Siti Hasmah wishes to 'see his fight end'". Malay Mail. 10 July 2015.
  31. ↑ Kamal, Intan Maizura Ahmad (13 February 2022). "Being Siti Hasmah: Malaysia's former first lady's rare insights on what makes her tick!". NST Online. Archived from the original on 27 November 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  32. ↑ Ismail, Fauziah; Jay, Beatrice Nita (26 May 2019). "Tun Dr Siti Hasmah Mohamed Ali shows one can master the violin at any age!". NST Online. Archived from the original on 11 September 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  33. ↑ "Happy 95th, Tun Dr Siti!". Perdana Leadership Foundation. 12 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
  34. ↑ Au, Rachel (24 May 2018). "Tun Dr Siti Hasmah: 7 Things to know and what makes Malaysians love her". BURO. Archived from the original on 25 February 2025. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
  35. ↑ "Happy 90th birthday, Mummy". Free Malaysia Today. 12 July 2016.
  36. ↑ "An intimate moment with Dr Siti Hasmah". The Malaysian Reserve. 15 February 2019.
  37. ↑ "Dr Mahathir forbade me from wearing hijab, says Dr Siti Hasmah". The Malaysian Insight. 24 November 2017. Archived from the original on 7 September 2025. Retrieved 4 March 2025.
  38. ↑ FAUZI, AMAL HAYATI (16 March 2025). "[VIDEO] 'Hampir tak kenal, cantiknya Tun Dr. Hasmah pakai tudung'". Kosmo Digital (in Malay). Archived from the original on 25 May 2026. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  39. ↑ "Malaysia all for peacekeeping, says Tun Dr Siti Hasmah". The Malaysian Reserve. 22 April 2019.
  40. ↑ "Siti Hasmah, the breast cancer survivor". Malaysiakini. Bernama. 15 October 2019.
  41. ↑ "Siti Hasmah reveals successful breast cancer treatment". The Sun. 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 September 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  42. ↑ "Dr Siti Hasmah down with food poisoning". Malay Mail. 26 August 2019.
  43. ↑ "Dr Siti Hasmah down with food poisoning". Free Malaysia Today. Bernama. 26 August 2019. Archived from the original on 20 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
  44. ↑ Ismayatim, Wan Faizal (29 August 2019). "PM: Find out what caused KLIA glitch". NST Online. Archived from the original on 20 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
  45. ↑ "Mahathir says wife has recovered from food poisoning". Borneo Post Online. 28 August 2019.
  46. ↑ "Dr Siti Hasmah discharged from hospital". The Malaysian Reserve. 29 August 2019.
  47. ↑ "Dr Siti Hasmah at 100: a Malaysian Malaysia loves". Free Malaysia Today. 11 July 2026. Archived from the original on 12 July 2026. Retrieved 12 July 2026.
  48. ↑ "Siti Hasmah, wife of former Malaysian PM Mahathir, dies aged 100". CNA. Retrieved 29 September 2026.
  49. ↑ Kamal, Amalina; Farid, Inas (28 September 2026). "'She was ready to leave us all,' says Mukhriz". NST Online. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  50. ↑ "Mahathir's Lifelong Partner, Siti Hasmah, Dies at 100". Bloomberg. 28 September 2026. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  51. ↑ "Tun Dr Siti Hasmah passes away at 100". Channel News Asia. 28 September 2026. Archived from the original on 28 September 2026. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  52. ↑ Azmi, Hadi; Lu, Wei Hoong (28 September 2026). "Siti Hasmah, wife of Malaysian ex-PM Mahathir, dies at 100". The Straits Times. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  53. ↑ Sipalan, Joseph; Daniele, Ushar; Muttaqin Yusof, Iman (28 September 2026). "Siti Hasmah, wife of Malaysia's Mahathir Mohamad, dies aged 100". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  54. ↑ "Wife of Malaysia's longest-serving PM Mahathir dies aged 100". Reuters. 28 September 2026. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  55. ↑ "Singapore PM, leaders pay tribute to Siti Hasmah following death of Malaysian ex-PM Mahathir's wife". The Straits Times. 28 September 2026. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
  56. ↑ "Tun Dr Siti Hasmah laid to rest at Pusara Negara". Borneo Post Online. 28 September 2026. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  57. ↑ "Mahathir musical destined for greatness?". Malaysiakini. 23 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  58. ↑ Revathi Murugappan (8 September 2012). "Sofia and Lisa to play Dr Siti Hasmah". The Star. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  59. ↑ "Mantan PM Malaysia Pernah Nongol di Serial Upin Ipin: Geleng Kepala". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian).
  60. ↑ "Dr M biopic 'Mahathir: The Journey' begins filming on Dec 15". The Star. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2026.
  61. ↑ "Dr Siti Hasmah celebrates 90 years with biography". Malay Mail. 30 June 2016. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  62. ↑ Yusof, Teh Athira (5 December 2021). "Scenes in Iraq 'have haunted me since'". NST Online. Archived from the original on 20 July 2025. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
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