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mTaAIO~OU KO:TWana TOV aocpaAtl OPO "EKI310~TlXO:Vlorl". !J.EmOTEUW nwc; urtocooue va l3aol~o~aoTE OE npOOEuxtC;, TEAETtC; Kat SETIKtC; OOVtlOEIC; Yla va ~EPI~WOOU~E aUTO TOV KapKlvo. EKElvo nou rnorcoo etvoi OJI nptnEI va TOV nOAE~tlOOU~E EVEPYO:Kat ~E OATl TTl Mva~Tl nou ola8tTou~E ..... Maopau; MTTOUKTOIV. "
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TWV aOTlKWV 8EO~WV KQl KUpla TOU oucrrucroc ~la~EOOAO~nOne:,EVTE(VEIKQl ~IEUPUVEITTIV anO~EVWOn, TnV noxmKtl rropolrnon orto ro KOIVOKQl TnV nEpl8wplOnO(nOn AaIKWV OTPW~OTWV (VEDAala, Epya~o~EvOI, YEPOI, vuvoucec), Arto TnV OAAn, n rtepl8wplOnO(nOn, n un IKaVOnO(nOn TWV aVaYKWV TOUe:KQl n KUplapx(a ' rtou aOKE( n opxouon TO~n O'o,UTO rc AaIKO crocounrc, ~T1~IOUPYEl ~IO ~IOxUTn ~uoapEOKEla KQl a~cpIO~tlTnOn TnV orrotc npoortosouv va KavaAI~OpoUV rtpoc xcreusuvcetc EAEYXO~EVne:aVTmOAlTEUOne: (~MnE "tlmo KA(~a", "ouvolveorj", "OUV~laXElpnOn"), crtcoctrnrec KOlVWVIKEe:OUV8tlKEe:YIO va nEpOOEI n opxouoa TO~n TOUe:8EO~IKOUe: KQl OIKOVO~IKOUe: EKOUYXPOVIO~OUe:, ncpunepn YIO ~IQlWVIOn KQl KUplapXla TOU ooorrurcroc EK~ETOAAEUOne:. bUOIKO,orrou ~EV urtopet c va nElOEI OTi 01 aVOYKEe:'rnc YIO aocpOAEla 8EO~IKtl cvorrrutn OIKOVO~IKtl ElVQl KQl aVOYKEe:'rnc KOlVWVIKtle:~Oone:. r'Eva npWTO OTO~IO XPEIO~ETQl Tn OU~~ETOXtl Kat ouvolveon EVW o'evc ~EUTEPO TnV OU~CPEPEI a rtoooael ~la~IKaOlEe: nEpI8wpIono(nOne: Kat anol;EVWv oncnvncroeoovrcc TIe: aVOYKEe:TOU KOO~OUOTO va ~IEK~IKOUVauTO rtou tl~n unOPXEL H OU~tlTnOn yupw ana TnV A~EOn lin~OKpaTla, orcv ~EV ceooc 8EOEle:Kal rtpoocomxn npO~OAtl KonOIWV nOAlTlKOVTI~WV aAAO Kat ano TnV OAAn ~EV OUVOEETat~E TO ~tlTn~a rnc KOIVWVIKtle:aUTO~IEUsuvonc aYYl~EI rc ooic rnc ~I08EOne:,YIO 8EO~IKOEKOUYXPOVIO~O TOU cucrrucroc EK~ETOAAEUOne:. TOI ro xouuoro rnc apIOTEpOe:, 01 01E KOAOYOIKat ~EpIKO( OOOlaA~n~OKpOTEe:(rM~oe:) ~IAOUV YIO ~IO VEa noxrrucn aVTlAn4Jn Kat YIO O~EOn ~n~OKpaTla, ~laOTpE~AWVOVTOe: TnV OTnV ouotc, rIa OAOU,e: uurouc, n O~EOn ~n~OKpaTla, ElTE rcurt~ETQl ~E TOUe:aOTlKO~n~OKpaTiKoue: KOlVOPOUAEUTIKOUe: 8EO~OUe:, lTE E nEplopl~ETat aocpuKTIKO OE ~IO napoAAnAn 0XEOn ~E TOUe:8EO~OUe: ~la~EOoAO~nOne: 0XI aVTaywvIOTIKO aAAo oav evcc ~lop8wTlKOe: ~nxavlo~oe: TOU oucrrucroc nou 8a ortorpertet Tie: enoree aUTapXIKEe: exrportec Kat aYKUAWOEle:,~ETa~I~O~OVTae: KonOlEe: "E~OUOlEe:"ETOI YEVIKOOTn AaIKtl ~Oon rtou EYKAW~l~ETQlnMov o'evc crrepuovo rtorXVl~1 vouuionotnonc ana rc KamTaAIOTIKO Ka8EOTwe:, TWV ortouov npWTO~OUAIWVKat KIVtlOEWV. H O~EOn ~n~OKpaTla ~EV eivm ~OVO ~IO EOWTEPIKtl AEITouPYla 0oov ceood Tie: ~la~IKaolEe: Atl4Jne: onoecceov. Av ~dVEI ~OVO EKEl etvm 0 rurtoc Kat OXI n ouoto, rlaT( YIO ucc ouotc ElVQl n orteueuvon OTnV KOIVWVla,Kat 01 KIVn~aTIKte: ~la~IKaolEe: rtou ~n~IOUpYOUVTat ano rn ~Oon rtpoc rc rtcvco Kat 0XI cvrtorcoec. MnopEl ~EPIKOl EYKatVIO~OVTae:~IO "Nta nOAlTlKtl" nOAlTlKtl onopTOUVIO~OU (EUKatplaKtle: nOAlTlKtle:) va EmTaxuvouv Tn ~la~IKaOla OUYKpOTnOne:EVOe:"KIVtl~aTOe:",~E ceooun TnV KEVTPIKtl noxrrucn OKnVtl, l~lalTEpa o'ourri rn rteotooo KOpUcpWOne: WV aOTlKWV ~la~IKaOlwv aAAO aUTO otvouon T etvor ~IO KlVnOn noxrrucnc Kat OXI KIvtl~aToe:. KIVtl~aToe: rtou TO ~tlTn-
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5
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H OlKOAOYla E(VQl ~lO pl~lKn aVOYKTl, cnoc pl~lKn aVOYKTl etvci KQl n OlEUStTTlOTl TOU OlKOVO~lKOU Kat eovcoicxou npOPAn~aTOe; OOOV aqlOPO TO nOlOC; rtcpdver, rtcoc TO rtcpcver vmrt TO rtopdvet Kat Yla nOlOV TO napOYEI. Pl~lKn aVOYKTl elver n ~Tl aAAOTp(WOTl TTlC; OU~~ETOxnC; KQl ouvcnooooronc unc OTOUe; EnaYYEA~aTlEe; nOAlTlKOUC; Kat
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~tVWV". TtAOC;, pl~lKn aVOYKTl ElVQl n OlaOlKao(a a~qllOPnTlOTle; TWV POAWV KQl couneoreooov aqlalpEOTle; nou ucc EmpOAEl Kal xcrurcoOEl n KUplapXTl corucn lOEoAoy(a KQl nocvucnxorrrro, POAWV, ortcoc ~TlqlOqlOpOe;, onceoc, KaTavaAWTne;· LU~nEplqlOpWV ortcoc oorrnrnc, EPYOTTlC;, emorruovcc. Ortcoc elncue rtcpcncvco, TO (OlO TO aOTlKO OUOTTl~a OEV nEpltXEl OO~lKO ~OVO TO ~nTTl~a TTlC; anof;tvwoTlC; Kat TTlC; nepracoorortolnonc aAAa cvcvnve, TTlV nOAlTlKn OE ~la aoaqln rrcocoxnvrcxn nOAlTlKOVTlKn KaTaOTaOTl nou ortcrret nOAlTlKOUC; XElPlO~OUC; omAw~aTWV Kapltpac; nou 0 "anAOC;" ovSpwnoc; OEV urtooet va OUAAOPEl, AOYW AEnTWV XElPlO~WV (sic). XElplO~O( nou
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SOOTlYTlTlKO OTEA£XTl TWV KO~~OTWV KQl TWV ElOlKWV EmOTTl~OVWV YlO va roopoonouv KQl va ortoveucovouv TTlV Taf;lKn OUYKPOUOTl.t.TlAaOn va XElpaywyouv TO Aa"iKo K(VTl~a. LE Ka~~lO rteorrrrcoon OEV ~tVOU~E o'evc OTE(pO ooy~aTlO~O (OAAWOTE TO ~nTTl~a rnc O~EOTle; OTl~OKpaT(ae; xor rnc YEVlKEu~tVTle; KOlVWVlKnC; aUTOOIEUSUVOTle; OEV E(VQl ~lO KAElOTn Kat a~ETOpAlTTl xcTOOTaOTl, ceood xivncac KQl opaOTTlPlOTTlTEe; nou opOUV o'curn TTlV KaTEUSUVOTl aAAa
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H a~EOTl OTl~OKpaT(a KQl n YEVlKEu~tVTl KOlVWVlKn aUTOOlEUSUVOTl ElVQl EKElVEe; Ol KOlVWVlKte; OUVSnKEe; nou Sa sruroseouv TO rteocouc 6
ana TO InpOIOTOP1KO" OTC1010TTlC;OnOVTlC;,TTlC;KUplapx(ac; KOl TTlC;EK~ETOAWOTlC; OE OUV8i]KEC; OTl~loupy(ac; aVTI8EO~WV un lEpapX1KWV KOl ~Tl KUPlOPX1KWV anEVaVTI OTT] <.pUOTl KOl TTlV av8pwmVTl K01VWV(a. H K01VWV1Ki] aUT001EU8UVOTl KOl Tl O~EOTl OTl~OKpaT(a OEV anOTEAOUV EYKE<.paA1KO npOIOVTa KOn01WV 00<.pWV" nou Opa~aT(~OVTOl TTlV "loavlKi] nOAiTEla" aAAO E(VOl Tl P1W~EVTl aVOYKTl KOl Em8u~(a TWV xnTamEO~EVWV KOl KOAaO~EVWVOE OAEC; TIC; IOTOP1KEC;nEplOOOUC;, nou YlVETOl OlYOOlYO OUVElOTlOTl KOl E~npaKTTl OUV8i]KTl ueoc, ana TOUC; aYWVEC; TOUC; Y10 K01VWV1Ki] cvcroortn Kal XElpa<.pETTlOTl ueoo ana TTlV OTl~loupYla TOU OIKOU TOUC;n<:)AlTlO~OU KOl Tol;TlC; npaY~OTWV. Ta rropoxrrrco KEl~Eva, TO Ka8Eva an' TTl ~EPIO TOU KOl OE Ola<.pOPETIKOUC;xpOVOUC; Kal lOTOPIKEC; OUV8i]KEC; nooonoaouv va npooevvtOOUV TOOO TO ~i]TTl~a TTlC; OTpaTTlYIKi]C; ~ETopaOTlC; OTTl VEa KOIVWvto, 000 Kal TWV <.pOpEWVKOl TWV KOlVWVIKWV unOKEI~EVWV nou 8a noocosnoouv TTlV K01VWVIKi] XElpa<.pETTlOTl:TO npWTO ovcxuovroc TIC; IEpapXIKEC; KOl KuplapXIKEC; 0XEOEIC; ueoc OTTlV KOIVWVla, TO OEUTEPO olvovTac; E~<.paOTl OTTlV EAEu8EplaKi] OTl~OTlKi] aUT001EU8UVOTl, OTO ~i]TTl~a TTlC; 0XEOTlC; ''nOAITElac;''''nOAlTTl'' KOl TEAOC; OTOV ertcvortoooOIOPIO~O TWV EVVOIWV Aaoc;, AalKO K(VTl~a, oav Eva YVi]OlO, curovouo EnavaOTaTIKO K(VTl~a, nou ovorrruooerm OE ~la O~EOTlaVTlOTpo<.pWC; cvdxovn 0XEOTl ~E TTl YEVIKEU~EVTl anOOUV8EOTl TOU KamTaA10TlKOU oocrrucroc, OTl~IOupYWVTac; rnurojpovc TO OIKO TOU nOAlTlO~O, rn OlKO TOU opvcvo ortocounonc, TlC; OIKEC;TOU KOIVWVlKEC; OXEOElC;, TTl OlKi] TOU aUTOVO~Tl oPyOVWOT]. To Tp(TO UnOOTTlP(~EI TTlV ourooreueuvon KOl TTlV O~EOTl OTl~OKpaT(a ueco ana TTlV oAonAWPTl cvcrrrul;Tl, EnEKTaOTl KOl ouoortovcrortotnon TWV enovoorcmxov EPyaTIKwv ou~pouAlwv. "E(~aoTE peaAIOTEC;OIEKOIKOU~E TO aouvaTO .... Yla va ~Tl ppE80U~E ~npOOTO OTO aOlaVOTlTO!" (MOPPOlTl Mrtouxrotv) To OTo(XTl~a nou na(~ETOl OTO TEAEuTa(o TETapTo TOU cuovo nou olavuou~E, E(VOl, i] Tl TEXVOAOYlKi] El;EAIl;Tl 8a ncoouetver OTa XEpin TTlC; opxouoac; Tol;TlC;, n onoic TTl xpTlOl~OnOlEl vtn va nETUXEI TTlVanOAUTTl XElpaYWYTlOTl TTlC; xoivcovlcc, i] VEEC; oqxnpec EAEU8Eptcc KOl ouvaToTi]Twv, vto ~la ourcoxeto aya8wv KOl cusovto ~EOWV, vio TO neocouc ana TTl otpclpo TTlC; uvcvxcncrnruc OTIC; Pl~lKEC;aVOYKEC; K' Em8u~(EC; KOl TEA1KO OTOV KO~~OUVlO~O. H avaolop8pWOTl TOU KamTaAIOTIKOU oucrrmaroc ueoc ana TTlV noooanon TWV VEWV TEXVOAOYIWV OTTl napaywyi], TIC; VEEC; eovooioKEC; 0XEOElC;, TOV cnoxuro EAEYXO TWV nATlPo<.poPlWV KOl TTl XElpaYWYTlOTl TTlC; YVWOTlC; ( oav O~EOTl OUVEnEla TTlC; nATlPO<.pOPIKi]C;,TTlC; pourtorucnc KOl TTlC; KUPEPVTlTlKi]C; ), EXEI oav O~EOO OTOXO neoc an' TOV EKOUYXPOVlO~O TTlC; oucovouluc ( VEEC; EnEVOUOElC;, UljJTlAO rtoooOTO KEPOOUC;,VEEC; cvooec ueoc an' TTlV EnEKTaOTl TTlC; nATlPO<.pOPlKi]C;), TTlV OAOKATlPWTlKi] XElpaYWYTlOTl KOl KUPEpVTlTonO(TlOTl TWV AalKWV OTPW~OTWVTWV EK~ETaAEUO~EVWV KOl KaTamE~O~EVWV TTlC; OTl~EPIVi]C; xorvcovtoc, nou OEV EXOUV OTOV "i]AIO uoipo", Kal rc ooio TTlC;
1
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1•.II08WTtle; OKAaplae;. OAll rn nconvoouevn rteplo00,01 EPyaTlKEe; KIVllTOnOltlOEIe; Kat OIEKOIKtlOEIe; ic KaAUTEpEe; OUVv 8tlKEe; OOUAElae;Kat vm OUOIaOTIKOEAEYXO novo OTllV epvcolc Kat rnv nconvovn ~E orroxopuqxouc TIe; E~EYEpOEIe;Kat rc ertuvorrrcrnKa KIVtl~aTa TWV OEKaETlWV TOU '70'80, Elxav oov ortorexeouo va KAovloTEI 0XI ~OVOTO OIKOVO~IKO OUOTll~a, aAAa OAOKAllPOTO KOIVWVIKO Kat nOAITIKO KamTaAIOTlKO ~OVTE.AO.Hapxouoa TO~ll EmOIWKEI Xomov va ~EnEpOOEI rnv KPIOll ~Eoa an' rnv avaolop8pWOll Kat va opvnvcccer rnv aVTEnI8E0tl Tlle; EVaVTla OTO Aao. va TO nETUXEI aUTO II apxouoa TO~n. rtoerter va nETa~EI E~W crt'rnv napaywYtl OAOUe;tl 0XEOOV OAOUe;TOUe; EPYOTEe;,WOTE va TOUe;EMYXEI anOAUTa ~E POOll rc OU~CPEPOVTO rnc EmTpEnOVTae; ~OVO ouvolaXEIPllOll rnc oucovoutcc OE ~Ia ypacpEIOKpaTIKtl apIOTOxpcrtc EIOIKEU~EVWVeovcrcov ~E 10lalTEpa npovourc nAal OTllV 0AOEva mo E~EIOIKEU~EVllypacpEIOKpaTIKtl Kat TEXVOKpaTlKtl VO~EVKAaToupa. To 1010IOXUEI Kat vm 'rnv xorvcovtc YEVIKOTEpa, ortou uio 0lEU8UVTlKtl EA1T (nOAITIKO( TEXVOKpaTEe;) dpprjcru OUVOEOE~EVll~E rnv OIKOVO~IKtloAlyapXla, OUVTaUTlO~EVll oovovixc Kat (owe; TEAIKO OUYXWVEU~EVllu'curr], nou anOTEAOUV rn VEa apXouoa TO~ll II 0note 8a Z;EIOE papoe; oAlle; rnc urtoxomnc xoivovtcc olOcpuAaoovTae; ru rroovouui rnc ueoc OTllV ncccvovn Kat cvoncocvovn EAEYXO~EVWV nAllPocpOPIWV, 10EWV,a~IWV, nporuruov, OKE\lJlle;Kat oourreoroopnc; rc ortotc 01 nEpl8wplonOlll~EvOI UntlKOOI rnc, nAtlPWe; ncarrnxortotrjuevot, E~aTo~IKEU~EVOI 8a KaTavaAwvouv aOla~apTuPllTa. Aroue ri (TO nOAU) nUPllVIKEC;OIKOYEVEIEe; ouvcsoorouevc EUKatpla'KO Kat nEplOOIKa OE acpllPll~Eva OUVOAa (\lJllCPOCPOPOI, KaTavaAWTEe;, CPOPOAOYOU~EVOI, 8EaTEe;) 8a E1Vat aVTIKe:(~Eva TllAEKaTEu8uvO~Eva OTa XEpla currie rnc Ta~lle; nou 8a 0lEU8uVEI 'rnv KOIVWVla ueoc orto TIe; olaolKaolEe; TOU 8Ea~aTOe;, rnc nvopnc Kat TOU TOU ~OPKETlVYK olacptl~llOlle;· AUTtl elvoi II "ouronic" rnc opxouoae; Ta~lle; TOOO naAla Kat ~E8wplao~tvn. aAAo TOOO cvcvxolc vtc rn OlatWVIOll rnc YI'aUTO Kat rnv rroocoaet urrouxo, E~~e:aa. ea TO nETUXEI; nOAU OUOKOAaYI'aUTtlV, ceou O'OAO TO 0XEOIO rnc OTllP(Z;ETat OTllV ~ETacpUOIKtl (KUpIOAEKTI... Ka) erueuutc tl OlaOTpocplKtl cvcvxn rnc apxouoae; TO~lle; va xuoropXtlOEI anOAUTa, cncovm, va EMY~EI OAOKAllPWTlKO nrt'rn ncvco rnv xorvcovlc onoZ;OVTae; OAEe;TIC; cno KOTW 0XEOEIe;,nV(YOVTae; TIe; 0norse a~EOEe; KOIVWV1KEe; OlaOIKaO(Ee;,KaTapYOVTae; TEAIKa rnv (ola rnv xorvovtc Kat rnv av8pwmVll Z;Wtl. KI av cxouc o~we; OEV TO nETUXEI 8a rrrcv TpaYIKO TO YEyovoe; urcc vecc ornosozoouncnc Kal napaK~tle; rnc xoivovtoc Kat rnc av8pwnOTllTae;.
xonotnonc Kat rnc
voonc Kat rnc ~.1IZ;Eplae; PIVTEO,Tlle;~..IQZ;IKtle; TOU xouxrouooc, rnc napa nA llPOcpOPllOlle;a rtonoxi rucortol none, rnc nEpI8wplonol noncncsnn-
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8
9
TO KINHMA THL rENIKEYMENHL A YTOAIEYE>YNLH:E
TIAPILINH KOMMOYNA 1871
no. va E~aoq)QA(OOU~E TOV 8p(a~~0 TTlC; encvcororucnc KQl KOlVOTlKrlC; lO£ac;, TTlC;onotcc EnLOlWKOU~E TTlV ElPTlVlKrl OAOKArlPWOTl, rtoener va npOOOlop(OOU~E TIC; YEVlKEC; apXEC; KQl. va OlaTunWOOU~E TO rtoovoouuo nou 01 exnooocortot coc 8a rtoenet va UnOOTTlP(~OUV KQl va nonvucrortomoouv. H Kouuouvo (KOIVOTTlTa) E(VQl Tl ~o.0Tl TOU Ko.8E KpaTiKOU oovoviouou orroc Tl OIKOYEVEla E(VQl TO E~PPUO TWV KOIVWVIWV. npEnEI va etvm aUTOVO~Tl, oTlAaorl va OIOIKE(TQl ~OVTl TTlC; avo.Aoya ~E TTlV nveoucruoi TTlC;IOIQlTEpoTTlTa, ~E TIC; napaoooEIC; TTlC;,~E TIC; avo.YKEC; TTlC;.Na uno.PXEI wc; Tl8lKrl OVTOTTlTa nou olaTTlpd ueoo OTO nOAITIKO, E8vIKO KQl ouoortovorcxo OUVOAO, TTlV nArlPTl TTlC;EAEU8Ep(a, TOV· IOIOTuno xapaKTrlpa TTlC;.TTlV anOAUTTl aUTE~OUOlOTTlTo. TTlc;,OnWC;aKpl~WC; TO o.TO~0 ~EoaOE ~Io. nOAT). no. va E~aO(paAIOTE( Tl EUPUTEPTl xnru TO ouvaTO OIKOVO~IKrl avo.nTU~Tl,Tl aVE~apTTlo(a, Tl E8VIKrl KQl EoacplKrl aocpo.AEla, I.mOPEl Kat OCPElAEI va OUVEpyo.~ETat xcn vc OTl~IOUPYE( o~oonOVO(EC; ~E OAEC;TIC; o.AAEC;KOIVOTTlTEC;rl EVWOEIC;KOIVOTrlTWV. nou anOTEAOUV TO E8voC;. rlo. va TO crtoonotcet aUTO 8a noertei va Ao.PEI unOljJTl TTlC;TIC; cpuAETIKEC; O~OIOTTlTEC;,TTl YAwooa, TTl YEwypacplKrl 8EOTl, TIC; KOlVEC; aVa~VrlOE1C; Kat rc KOlVo. OU~cpEpOVTa. H curovoutc TTlC;K01VOTTlTac; E~aocpaA(~El OTOV nOAlTTl TTlV EAEu8Ep(a Kat OTTlV nOATl TTlV To.~T). Ta ~EATl TTlC; ouoortovotcc OAWV TWV K01VOTrlTWV au~o.vouv ~E TTlV a~OlPatOTTlTa, TOV nAOUTO, TTl OUva~Tl, TOUC; OIKOVO~IKOUC;rtopouc Kat TIC; OUVaTOTTlTEC; cvopcov TTlC;Ko.8E ~1o.C;,EnE10rl EnwcpEAOUVTat ana TIC; noocndaaec OAWV TWV o.AAWV.. (lHaKrlPU~Tl TTlC; ernroonnc TWV 20 ola~Eplo~o.Twv TOu Ilcptotou Mo.pTloC; 1871). H naplOIVrl Kouuouvo KaTapYE( TOV TUnLKO KOlVO~OUAEUTIO~O Kat KaToxupWVEI TTlV o.~EOTl OTl~OKpaT(a. ~laAUETat 0 naAIOC; TaKTIKOC; OTpaTOC; Kat aVTIKa8l0TaTOl ana TO YEVIKO E~onA10~O TOU Aaou (~1o.Tawa TTlC; 29 TOU Mo.PTTl)· KaTapyd TTlV noruvoulc Kat TTlV UnaAATlA(a, EnLpo.AovTac; TTlV EKAOYrl TWV UnaAArlAwv. E~O~OIWVEI rc eooco TWV ~lo8wTWV ~E TO ~EOO ueooxoucro EVOC;Epyo.TTl(~1o.Tayuc TTlC; 2 Anp(ATl). XWp(~EI TTlV EKKATlola ana TO Kpo.TOC; (~1o.Tay~a TTlC;3 Anp(ATl)· Ka81EpwvEI TTlV oWPEo.V EKnaloEUOT). EKO(OEI olo.Tay~a Ylo. TTlV KOIVWVIKrl aocpo.AIOTl TWV eovorov Kat TWV UnaAArlAwv. Artcvooeuer TTlV VUXTEPIVrl epvcotc OTOUC; corecvcrec Kat xarupvet TIC; xpTl~aTIKEC; norvec,
10
KPONLT AAH 1921
"8q.1EAlW911KE 1.110YEa oKAa~lo. I:Tll "OO~IETlKrl" oixovouln 0 cvoo~avoYlvE OOUAOe;. EPYOTlle; Y(VETOI cnxoc ~109wTOe; Epya~o~E0 VOe;OTa KpaTlKo eovoo rcoio. To orpcouo TWV nVEU~aTlKWV epvoTWV EXEl E~OA08pEuTE( 0XEOOV OAOKAllPWTlKO.011.01 0001 8EAlloav va 0Ia~apTup1180uv .. plXTllKav o nc UOToven 0)OUO~3 i)Jl.jO)! VUOX3 08 V30 JD)! VWTOY -0 OV 13TI3QTI.TI;;')!;>3QOCPOT3~0 ,013xuQo OT ,;>130rlQI3XITI3 .ororrro , 1 10 ,0QuoooQTI~ IT)!IT)~ovxoM) ".inuo 30 IOTVO~DYQ3 ;>uooa 30 VUO)!rlV (tset
11
Il:IIANIA 1936
"Bo8po rnc noxrrucnc unc EKq>paOlle:; etvor 01 nopoxdrt» rpetc EVvotsc 1) TO OTO~O 2) 11xouuouvo 3) 11Ouoortovolo. Meoo OTO nxoloto TWV opaOTllPlOTnTWV nou 8a OO~OUVTQl crto TO Eva OKPO rnc Xeocovncou we:; TO OAAO 11oleU8uVOll 8a etvcr xo80AlKOU runou ue KOlVWVlKO xapaKTnpa. H BOOll currie rnc oleU8uVOlle:;, 8al elver aoq>aAwe:; 11Kouuouvn, AuTEe:;01 xouuouvec 8a etvm curovouec KQl ouoortovsicxec, E8vlKO KQl rornxc, YlO rnv ouvoeOll ovoucoo OTa yevlKo aVTlKEl~EVlKO xapaKTllPlOTlKO TOUe:;. To olKa(w~a rnc nurovoutuc, OEV 8a anoKAE(El ro Ka8nKOvTa nou ortoooeouv orto rnv OUAAOYlKn oUV~(wOll, crcv 8a urtdpxouv EKTl~ncere nou so Y(VOVTQl ortoosxrec OTa YEVlKO TOUe:;011~e(a. ME aUTOV TOV rpono KQl 11 xouuouvc TWV xcrovoxcorcov e8eAOVTlKn crnv ~O011 rnc KQl Xwp(e:; rteprootouo 8a avaYKaOTE( va OE~aOTe( EKE(va aKPl~We:; ro YEVlKO 011~E(a nvotpopdc, nou covoreoo 8a ouuqxovouVTQl crto TO OUVOAO ue TOV OlOAOYO. AVT(8eTa, OAAee:; KO~~OUVEe:; nou cxoxousouv OAAOUe:; rporrouc OU~~(WOlle:;, xwp(e:; va EXOUV lOla(TEpEe:; 0XEOEle:; ~E rnv napaywyn, 0nwe:; aUTEe:; TWV q>UaLOAaTpWV KQl YU~VlOTWV 8a onoxcupovouv KQl aUTEe:; TO OlKa(w~a rnc aUTOOlaXE(Pll0lle:; (anOOEXO~EVEe:; ~EPlKOUe:; YEVlKOUe:; U~~l~ao~oUe:;). O EnElOn aUTOU TOU runou Ol xouuouvec OEV urtooouv ~OVEe:; TOUe:; va ixcvonomoouv TIe:; aVOYKEe:; TOUe:; 8a EKAEYOUV cvnnoooccnouc nou ec napEup(OKOVTQl OTa ouvecoro rnc l~l1plKne:; Luvo~oonovo(ae:; EAEu8~plaKWV AUTOVO~WV KOlVOTnTWV (KO~~OUVWV) KQl 8a unopouv va KAElVOUV OU~q>WVlEe:;OlKOVO~lKOU xapaKTnpa ~E TIe:; unoxomec KO~~OUVEe:;cvoorucec n EPYOOTaaLaKEe:;. npOTe(vou~e Xomov; a) Tnv LUOTaOll rnc xouuouvnc we:; uovcocc rtoxrnxnc KQl aUTOOla xelpl~O~EVlle:;. ~) H xoupuouvc va E(VQl aUTOVO~l1 KQl 110XEOll rnc ue TIe:; OAAEe:;, va E(VOl 01l00nOV01eKn y) Or KO~~OUVEe:;Sa 011~lOUPY1180uv KaTO EnapX(Ee:; KQl rortouc, opt~OVTae:;01 (OlEe:;rn YEwypaq>lKO TOUe:;ooic ouuqxovcovrcc va OUVEVWsouv OE ~lO xouuouvo, xwp(a KQl ~lKPEe:; Kw~onOAEle:;. H OUVEVWOll aUTWV TWV KO~~OUVWV 8a anOTaAEOEl ~lO Luvo~oonovo(a TWV EAEU8EplaKWV KQl AUTOVO~WV KOlVOTnTWV. EKToe:; ernonc orto rnv EKnQlOEUTlKn rnc npootpopo OTa nocoro xpOVla rnc ~wne:;, 11E.K. KOlVWVla 8a q>POVTl~El va Et;aOq>aAlOEl OE 0AOUe:;aVEt;QlPETWe:; TO OlKalw~a KQl rnv npoo~aOll YlO rnv erncrrum rnv TEXVn. rnv EpEuva, ortcoctrnrc KQl YlO rnv napaYWYlKn opao rnorornrc won: 11 coxnon TOUe:;va EYYUOTQl rnv UYE(a KQl rnv lcoooontc rnc av8pwmVlle:; q>UOlle:;· 12
E.K. KOlVWVla 5EV 8a 51axwpl~OVTat OE XElPWvurrt 01 ~EV Sa YlVOVTat O,TI etvm Kat 01 5E, 8a etvor EAEUSEPllll nooopccn OTllV erncrrun Kat rnv TEXVll. vmrt 0 xpOVoe; anaOXOAllOlle; ~E aUTEe; 8a aVnKEl OTO crouo Kat 0Xl OTllV xotvovtc, nou Sa etvcn XElpauOllKat rnv krroolc ... " (01 EAEu8EplaKEe;KO~~OUVEe; at 11AEITouPy(a TOUe;.Artoortcoun K ano TO npovocuuo anOEUPEOTl TTlC; OUYXPOVTlC;KOlvwv'lac;. 01 Pl~EC; TTlC; XOVOVTat paSEIO OTO xpOVO tOTW KI av OEV uni]pXE nOVTa, tOTW KI av uni]p~av j.lTl iepopXIKtC; KOIVWVlEC;nou AEITouPyouoav SaUj.lOOla. Mtoa OTTlV OUYXPOVTl KOlVWVla OJ.lWC;TO IEpapXIKO (i], KOTI nou elver 0XEOOV TO lOIO, TO vpnqieroxpnruco) OUOTTlj.la tYIVE rtpcxrucd OIKOUj.lEVIK6. An'TTl OTIYj.li] nou rtopouoroceror urc ortorconnore OUAAOYIKi] opaOTTlPlqTTlTa, opvovcovsror ouuqxovo us TTlV IEpapXlKTl apxi], KI n IEpapXla TOU 010TO~EIV Kat TTlC; E~OUOlac; ooururrret OAO Kat nEpIOOOTEPO ue TTlV IEpapXla TWV j.lI08WV Kat TWV EIOOOTlj.lOTWV. ETOI nou 01 QvSpwnOI OE q>TOVOUV0XEOOV rue va q>aVTaOTOUV nwc; Sa j.lnOpOUOE va YlVEI aAAlWC;, ncoc Sa urtopouonv 01 lOIOI vc'voi KOTI nou va npOOOlOPl~ETat j.l'OAAOV rpono ort'rn stOTl TOUC;OTTlV lEpapXlKi] nUpaj.llOa. 01 anOAOYTlTtc; TOU TWPIVOU oucrrjpo roc rtooortosouv va TO 01KatOAOyi]OOV oav TO j.lOVO "AOYlKO", "OPSOAOYlKO", "OIKOVOj.llKO". npoortdsnoo i]OTl va anOOEl~W moe aUTO ro "EmXElpi]j.laTa" OEV a~l~OUV TlnOTE, rtcoc etvcn AaSEj.ltva av ncosocv TO KaStva XWPIOTO KI aVTIq>aTlKO av SEWPTlSOUVOTO OUVOAO TOUC;.8a'XOUj.lE TTlV WKatpla va EnavtAeoUj.lE o'curo ncpcxdrco. napouOlO~OUV OJ.lWC;EnlOTlC; TO TWPIvo OUOTTlj.la oav TO j.lOVO ouvaTO, nou 0i]8EV EmpAi]STlKE orr'nc avaYKatOTTlTEC; TTlC; OUYXPOVTlC; ncocvovnc, ort'rnv OUVSETOTTlTa TTlC; KOlVWVlKi]C; ~wi]c;, TTl j.lEyOATl KAlj.laKa OAWV TWV opaOTTlPloTi]TWV, KAn. ea rtooortcenco v'anOOEl~W nwc; OEV OUj.lpalVEI KaSOAOU erot Kat nwc; Tl unap~Tl j.llOC; lEpaPXlac; etvor Pl~IKO aOUj.lplpaOTTl ue TTlV aUTOOlEUSUVOn.
Z
AYTO~IEyeYNLH KAI IEP APXIA TOY AIATAZEIN
1.LY AAorIKH AIIOALHKAI IIPOBAHMA THL EKIIPOLflIIHLHL
Tl OTlj.la(VEl, KOlVWVlKO, TO lEpapXlKO OUOTTlj.la; nwC; tva OTpWj.la TOU nATl8uoj.lOU OIWSUVEl TTlV KOIVWVla Kat ruoc rc OAAa OEV tXOUV rtnpd va EKTE.\OUV TIC; anOq>OOElC; TOU EnlOTlC;, nccc aUTO TO crocouo, nctoVOVTac; rc uevoxureoo Eloooi]j.laTa, KEPOl~El cn'rnv napaywyi] Kat TTlV epvcoto TTlC;KOlVWVlac; noAU nEplooOTEPO ana T'OAAa. KOVTOAOYlC;, ncoc Tl KOlVWVla etvcn XWPIOj.ltVTl cvoueoc c'evo crpcouc nou xcTtXEl TTlV E~OUOla Kat ru npovoum xnt rrrn unoxomc nou OEV tXOUV TlnOTE urt'curd, H lEpapXlKOnOlTlOTl i] Tl ypaq>ElOKpaTlKonO(TlOTl OAWV
15
TWV KOIVWVIKWV OpaaTnpIOTi]TWV elvm ai]~Epa n OAO Kat neorooorepo ETIlKpaTOUaa ~Opcpi] rnc Ola{pEane; rnc KOlVWV{ae;. ray TETOla,E£Vat ouvcuc anOTEAEa~a Kat olno rnc ola~oxne; nou ortnpdooet TnV
xorvcovtc.
Av elver ETOl aUTO, KaTaVTO YEAO{O vuvcconouooren aUTOOIEU8uvan, n ~EIToupy(a Kat n unap~n EVOe; aUTOOIEU8uvO~EVOU KOIVWVIKOU auaTi]~aToc;,~nopouv va au~plpqaTouv ~E TnV olaTi]pnan rnc IEpapx{ae;; ray v'cvcpcmouccrre av n KaTopynan TOU TWPIVOU ava~OPCPWTlKOU oucrruoroc unooet va au~pIPaaTE{ ~E rn olaTi]pnan OEO~OCPUAOKwv,apXlcpUAOKWVKat 0lEu8uVTWV TWV cpuAaKWV. Ortcoc 0~we; ~EpOU~E, aUTO rtou etvcn aUTOVOnTO av OEV ElTIw8E( Y(VETat aKO~n rteorcocrepo aUTOVOnTO av ElTIw8EL AKO~n rteotcooreoo rtou Eow Kat xIAIETnp(OEe;, EKavav va neoccei aTO rtveeuo TWV cvsocortcov crt'rnv TIl6 TPUALH,LXHMATILMOL KAI IlAHPOOPI-JLH.
THL
An'Tllv aAAll ~Epla, anoOp(Ee;YlO v'crtoccottooue OWOTa; KQl rtcoc IlnOpOUIlE vo OlOV01180UIlE v'onoq>OOl~OUIlE,OV ElIlOOTE naVTO neorooiouevor VO EKTEAOUIlE OUTa rtou eXouv cmoocotoer aAAOI; Ano T11 OTlYlltl nou EYK08l0PUETQl Illa lEPOPX10 TOU OlOTOVtle; Yla TOV EOUTO T11<;KOl EloaYETQl eve nEAwplO xaollo. rLVETQl oOloq>OVtl<;,YloTl Ol nA11Poq>oP1E<;KPOTlOUVTQl OT11v 11YE010. EloaYETQl eve xaollo, vicrt Ol onA11Poq>oP11TOl tl KOKa nA11Poq>oP11llevol EPYO~O!,lEY-OlOEV f;epouv TO 000 80'npEnE vo f;epouv Yla vo EKTEAOUV owOTa TO K08tlKOVTa TOU<; KQl rtportovrcov YlOT( Ol OUAAOYlKe<; TOU<; lKOVOT11TEe;V' OUTOOlEU8uv80uv, K08w<; KOl11 Eq>EUPETlKOT11TO KQl 11 nocrrorurttc ,Tiou ruruxo on00100VTQl OT11V 11YE010, nopEVOXAOUVTQl KQl Ellnoo(~OVTQl O'OAO TO ertlrtsco. Apo, vo 8EAOUIlE T11V oUToolOXE1P11011 Tl EOTW T11V "ol1IlOKPOTlKTl OlOXE1P11011", 11 AEf;l1 ol1IlOKpOT(O OEV XP11OlllonOlElTQl Yla K080pa cv OIOKooll11TIKOU<; oxonouc KQl vo 8EAOUIlE VO OIOT11PtlOOUIlE ilIa lEPOpX10 TOU oloTa~Elv E1VQl OVTlq>OOl1 OTOU<; opouc. eO'TOV noxu rno ouVEKTlKO, rurnxc, vo AEIlE ocv TOU<; cnoxovnrec TOU TWPlVOU OUOTtl1l0TO<;: 11lEPOPX10 TOU oloTa~Elv E1VQl cvortoccucrn dpo, OEV unooet vo unapf;El OUTOOlEU8uvOIlEV11 xorvcovto, Movo rtou OUTO ElVQl Aa80<;. OTOV Ef;ETa~OUIlE Tl<; AElTOUPY1E<; T11<; lEpOPxloe;, Ol1AOOtl TO Tl Ef;un11PETEl, olomoTwvoullE OTl, O'EVO uevcAO IlEPO<;, EXOUV V011IlO KQl urtcpxouv 1l0VO AOYW TOU nopOVTO<; KOlVWVlKOU OUOTtlIlOTOe; KQl OTl 01 aAAE<;, Ol OOE<; 80 OlOT11POUOOV KanOLO V011IlO KQl KanOlo XP11OlIlOT11TOO'EVO OUTOOLEU8uvOllEVO KOLVWVLKO OUOT11IlO, 80 urtooouocv EUKOAO vo vtvouv OUAAOYlKE<;. tJ.EV unopco, OTO nxctorc TOUTOU TOU KElIlEVOU, VO Ef;ETaow TO ~tlT11IlO O'OA11TOU T11V EKT0011. eo rtpoortcanoco vo q>WT(OW xortoiec 011110VTlKE<; TOU nAEupe<;, oVOq>EpoIlEVO<; rtoortcvrcov OT11V oovcvoon T11<; EmXE1P11011e; KQl T11<;rtcpovcovnc. MIa orto rtc Ol1IlOVTlKOTEpEe; AEITOUPY1E<; T11<;'TWPlVTl<; lEpoPXlo<; ElVQl vo oPYOVWOEl T11v KOTOOTOAtl. MEOO OT11V EPYOO(O nou YlvETQl nx. OTO EPYOOTTlPlO tl OTO ypOq>E(O, eve OUOlOOTlKO IlEPO<; T11<;"opoOT11PlOT11TO<;" OU lEPOPXlKOU ll11xaVlOllou, nn'rouc T ollooaPXE<; IlEXPl T11VOlEU8uv011, OUV10TOTQl OT11VEnl~AE~T), TOV eAEYXo, T11v K080y(0OT),T11V ellllEo11 Tl T11V cueon Em~OAtl T11e;"nEI80PX(0<;" KQl T11<;rnornc EKTEAE011<;TWV OlOTOYWV nou rtnlpvouv OUTO( nou rtoena VO 'nc EKTEAEoouv.KQl YlOT( npenEl vo oPYOVWVETQl 11 KOTOOTOATl, YlOT( npEnEl vo unapXEl KOTOOTOAtl; Ftcrt, YEvlKa, Ol EPYO~oIlEVOl OEV EKol1AWVOUV ou80PIl11TO rrnvoto Ev80UOlOOll0 Yla vo Kavouv OUTa nou 8eAEl vo xcvouv 11 OlEU8uvon. KQl YlOT( OUTO; flOT( OUTE 11 EPYOO(O TOU<;, OUTE TO rtpoiov T11<;TOU<; OVTlKEl,YlOT( voucsouv OAAOTplWllevOlonof;EYWllevOI KQl EKIlETOAAEUOIlEVOl, YlOT( OEV exouv onOq>OO(OEI OUTO( Ol (OlOl TO rt VO xovouv KQl moe VO TO Kavouv, OUTE KQl TO rt 18
v'ortovlver curo rtou'xouv KaVel. KOVTOAOY(C;, YlaTI unapxel ~16. (SlapKi)C;oUYKPOUOll cvcueoc O'aUTOUC;rtou epya~OVTat Kat O'aUTOU nou (SleuSUVOUV rnv epvcotc TWV aAAWV Kat Kep(S(~OuVcn'oornv. Apa, OUVO~(~OVTac;:ncena va unapxel lepapx(a Yla va oovovover rnv xcrrccroxn Kat rtoerter va unapxel KaTaoToAi), YlaTI unapxel (SiaxwPIO~OC; at ouvxoouon (SI1Aa(Si) laT( unapxel lepapx(a. K Y reVIKOTepa, rtcpouotdtouv rnv lepapx(a oav va unapxel Yla va (SlaKavovl~el TIC;ouvxoouoetc; Kpu~ovTac; TO yeyovoc; nwc; 11((Sla 11Unap~11 rnc lepapX1ac; etvor 11nllyi) uicc (SlapKouc; oUYKPOUOllC;. laTl r Yla ooov KatPO 8a unapxel Eva lepapXIKo oucrruo, 8a unapxel ukpt~WC;e~atTlac; TOU, ouvexi)c; cvcvevvnon ~lac; PI~IKi)C;oUYKPOUOllC;avoueoc a' Eva (Sleu8uvTlKO Kal npovourouxo orpceuc Kat OTIC;aAAec; «rrnvootec, rtou neplopl~ovTal ce POAOUC; eKTeAeollC;. nwc; dv (Sev unapxel KaTaoToAi), (Sev 8a unapxel Kallllia nei8apx(a, nwc; 0 Ka8evac; 8a Kavel O,TI TOU KaTe~a(vel Kal nwc; 8a'p8el TO xaoc;. AAAa, aUTO etvcn oootoun. To ~i)Tll~a (Sev etvcu va ~epoulle av xpela~eTat nel8apX1a i) Kat KaTaoToAi) oxouc Ka~~la q>opa aAAa TI e((Souc; neI8apx(a, nou TllV anoq>ao(~el rtoioc, rtou rnv eMyxel rtoioc, uno rtoiec uopeec Kat Yla rtoiouc oxonouc, 000 nepIOOOTepOI oxortot nou e~unllpeTe( ilia nel8apx(a elver ~tvol rtpoc TIC; ovcvxec Kat TIC; erneuulec aUTWv rtou Oq>elAOUV va TIC; npcvucrrcooouv, TOOO rteorooorepo 01 orroqxioerc rtou ntpopouv nurouc TOUC;oxortouc Kat TIC;~opq>tc; rnc neI8apx(ac; 8a TOUC; tvcn e~WTepIKO(, Kat TOOOrtepioe oorepo unapXel nvdvxn «crcoroxnc Yla va TOUC;Kavel oe~aoTouc;. Mia ourooreuauvouevn xorvornrc (Sev etvor ~Ia xoivornrc (S(XWC; nel8apx(a aAAa ilia xotvornru rtou anoq>ao(~el curn 11((Sia Yla rnv nel8apx(a rnc Kat, av nopooret avaYKll Kat Yla TIC;KupwoelC; rtou 8a em~aAAel o'aUTOUC;rtou rnv napa~a(vouv eoxeuuevc. EI(SIKOTepa Yla rnv eovooto, oev urtopoeue va e~eTaoou~e oo~apa TO ~i)Tlllla rtcpOUOIa~OWTac; rnv ourooreueuvouevn emxe(Plloll oav nuornon Tauroorjun ue TllV 011lleplvi) emxe(Plloll av rnc aq>atptooulle TO lepaPXIKO KtAUq>OC;. Meoa OTllV 011lleplvi) emXelPll0ll em~~aAOUv OTOUC;av8pwnouc; ilia epvcoto nou TOUC; tvoi ~evll Kat ncvco OTllV ortoin (Sev e exouv AOyO. To eKnAllKTIKO oev etvcn moe rnc aVTlT(8eVTat aAAa nwc; (Sev rnc aVTlT(8eVTat ortetooc neoiocoreoo orrooo rnc aVTITlsevrcn. h.ev urtoooeue OUTe AenTO va mOTt~oulle nwc; 11creon TOUC;' ortevcvn OTllV eovooto 8a ncocuevu 11((Sia orcv 8a rponortomset 11 0XEOll TOUC;ue rnv eovnotc TOUC;Kat 8'apx(00uv va Y(VOVTat KUpIO( 'rnc, Art'rnv aAAll ~epla, oxoun Kat ueoc OTllV 011lleplvi) emxe(Pll011. (Sev unapXel ~Ia nel8apx(a aAAa ouo. Ynapxel 11nel8apx(a rtou ue xcrcoroxn Kat OIKOVOIlIKEC; aAAec; KupwoelC; noooncset (SlapKWC;va i) em~aAAel 0 lepapXIKoc; ll11xaVlo~oc;. Kat unapxel 11nOAu AIyoTepo euq>avi)c; aAAa (SIOAOU xrvoreoo 10XUpi) nel8apx(a nou ~enll(Sa OTOUC; KOAnouc; TWV olla(Swv TWV epya~o~EvwV evoc rurucroc i) evoc eovco rrplou Kat nou Kavel rtx. va ~I1V elver ovexrot OUTe curot rtou (SouAeuouv unep~oAIKa oure ' curet rtou (Sev (SouAeuouv coxero, 01
"eve
19
aV8pWTIlVEC; OIlOOEC; OUTE umlp~av non: OUTE etvcn non: XOOTIKO auv08uAEUIlOTO aTOIlWV nou TO KIVEl onOKAElaTIKO 0 EywIalloc; TOUC; Kat nou TPWYOVTat lleTO~U TOUC;,ortcoc 8eAOUV vo 1l0C; KOVOUV VO TIlaTe~OUIlE 01 10EoA6YOI TOU xornrcxiouou Kat TTJC;ypmpEloKpoT10C; nou eKcpPo~oUv eroi 1l0VO TTJOIKn TOUC;OlOVOTJTIKOTTJTO.Meao erne 01J00ec;, KOl 10101TEpo o'ourec nou ouveeovrm o'evc olopKec; KOIVO KO8nKOV, ~EnTJOOUV ncvrore KOVOVEC;oloywynC; Kat ilIa aUAAOYlKO rueaTJ nou TOUC;KOVEI ae~oaTouc;.
3. A YTOAIEY8YNLH,APMOAIOTHT ATIOALH
A KAI
Ac; ep80ulle TWPO aTTJV OAATJ OUOlOaTlKn AEITOUPY(O TTJC;le:pOPX(oc;, nou rrooouotctsrcu aov OVE~OPTTJTTJuno TTJ aTJlleplVn KOIVWVlKn 00Iln: TIC; AEITouPY1EC; crtoeconc Kat 0IEu8uvaTJC;· To epwTTJIlO nou T1SETat etvor TO OKOAou80: Y[OTI 01 SewpOUlleVEC; KOIVOTTJTEC;OEV So unopouonv vo ertrrsxeoouv 1l0VEC; TOUC; OUTn TTJ AEITOUPY10 OTJA. VO oleuMvouv TOV eOUTO TOUC; KQI VO cmoeootzouv YIO TOV EOUTO TOUC;, YIOT( sc'ncerte vo unOPXEI EVO 1010(TEpO croouc nvsoconcov, opyoVWIJEVWV c'evo ~exwplaTO IlTJXOVlallO, nou v' ortocootzouvxcn VO 0lEu8uvouv; L'OUTO TO EPWTTJIlO, 01 ortoxovnrec TOU TWPIVOU oucrri1l0TOC;, olvouv OUO AOYIWV nrtovrnoerc H 1l10,aTTJPl~e:Tat aTTJV EnlKATJaTJ TTJC;"yvwaTJC;" Kat TTJC;"OPIlOOIOTT]TOC;": noerta v'orroqxiottouv ouTOl nou ~EPOUV, n 01 OPlloolOI. H OAATJ, ~e~atwVEI AlYO n noM KOAAUIlEVO, rtcoc noena onwaOnnoTE KonOlol v'crtoocottouv, YIOTl OAAIWC; So'xolle XOOC;, ll'OAAO AOYIO YIOTl TJ KOIVOTTJTO SO'TOV OVlKOVTJ VO OIEUSUVEI TOV EOUTO TTJC;. KavE(C; oev OPVElTat TTJ orrouccnornru TTJC;vvcoonc KOI TTlC; OPIlOOIOTTJTOC;,OUTE, nponOVTWV, TO YEYOVOC; nwc; oruie po ilIa eYKUPTJ vvoon Kat uui eYKUpTJ OPIlOOIOTTJTO ~plaKOVTat aTO xeplo uidc ueioVOTTJTOC;. AAO KI A OUTO TO yeYOVOTO TO ETIlKOAOUVTat 1l0VO YIO vo KOAU~OUV oootouurc. AUTO( nou YEVIKO oleuSuvouv aTO TWPIVO aUaTTJIlO, OEV etvcn OUTO[ nou'xouv TTJVIlEYOAUTEPTJ yvwaTJ Kat OPIlOOIOTTJTO.AUTOl nou OIEUSuvouv, etvm oooi OElXTTJKOV IKOVO( v'OVOPPIXTJ80Uv aTOV lepoPXIKO IlTJXOVlallo n oooi, AOYW TTJC;OIKoYEveIOKnC; KOI KOIVWVIKnC; TOUC; npOEAEUaTJC;,llnnKOV uno TTJV opxn aTO KOAO KOVOAIO, acpou OnOKTTJaOV IlEPIKO omAwlloTo. Kat eric ouo rtzprrrrcoaEIC;, TJ"OPIlOoIOTTJTO" nou crtorrelrm Yla vo 010TTJPTJ80UIle n vo O~EBouue aTOV IEPOPXIKO IlTJxovlallo ccopd noM rteprooorepo TTJV IKOVOTTJTO vo UnEpOaTIlaTOOlE Kat VO erunxeuooeue ueco aTTJ cuvxuolo ortou atWPOUVTat OTOIlO, KAlKEC; Kat OIlOOEC; aTOUC; KOAnouc; TOU IEPOPXIKOUYPOCPEIOKPOTIKOUIlTJXOVlallOU, nope TTJV KOTOAATJAOTTJTO VO olEuSUVOUIlE IJIO aUAAOYIKn epvcoto, KOTO OEUTEPO AOYO, 0 KOAUTe:pOC; rportoc YIO vo XPTJOlllOnOlTJ80uV xortoroc n Konolol nou KOTeXouv ilIa TExVIKn n ETIlaTTJIlOVIKn yvwaTJ n OPIlOOIOTTJTO, oe:v ElVOI vo TOUC; eurucreurouue TTJ OIEuSuVaTJ EVOC; ouvoxou opOaTTJPIOTnTWV. Mnopouus vaucore cprcror IlTJXOVIKOl aTTJv EIOIKOTTJTO 1l0C;, XWP1C;
eow,
20
vuucors ucavol va "~lEUS(NOU~E" TO OUVOAOT~n~aTO<; EVO<;EPYOorcotou I1EV tXOU~E napa va ~OU~E Tl ou~~a(VEl On~Epa cn'ourn
TTlV anO\IJTl.TEXVlKO(Kat El~lKO( TonoSETOUVTat,YEVlKa OTO l~lalTEpo nE~lO TOU<;.Ol"~lEUSUVOVTE<;" nEpl~aAAOVTat uno KanOlOU<;TEXVlKOU<; OU~~OUAOU<;,~TlTOUV YVW~E<;TOU<;Yla TlC; urtoqxicerc rtou Sa ncnc pOUV (YVW~E<; nou ouxva ~lacptpouv ~ETa~u TOU<;)Kat TEAlKa "ortocpaol~ouv". E~w ~MnOU~E KaSapa TOV ncocxoviouo TOU EmXElpn~aTo<;.Av 0 "~lEUSUVWV"anoaa(~EI moe EiVOl npOTIIlOTEPO Yla rnv KOIVWVLava'XEI TOV EPXOIlEVO xpOVO neorooorsoec KaTOIKLEC; aVT( Yla rteotcoorsoc KaTaVaAWTlKa cvcac n TO aVTLSETO,ilia AIYOTEPOn neoroooreoo vonvoon avanTul:;ll, KAn. Onoioc MEL noc unapXOUV TETOIa KplTnpla ELVOln aaXETOC; n anareovcc To 1l0Va51KOKplTnplO nOU'XEI KanOIO voruo o'ourn rc nE5(a, etvcn TO TI SEAOUV01 aVTPEC; KOl 01 vuvofxec rtou anapTL~OUV rnv KOIVWVLaKOl aUTO 1l0VO aUTO( urtopouv va r'ortoecottoov Kal KaVEvee aVT( Yla aUTOUC;.
I I
B.AYTOAIEYSYNLH KAI IEP APXIA TON MILSON KAI EILOAHMA TON
1.AEN YIIAPXOYN ANTIKEIMENIKA KPITHPIA IIOY NA EIIITPEIIOYN NA OEMEAIOOEI MIA IEP APXIA TON AMOIBON
Onoc 5EV aUIl~l~a~ETOlIlE ilia IEpapXLa TOU 5IaTa~EIV II aUT05IEUSUVOIlEVll xorvcovtc 5EV aUIlPI~a~ETOl KOl IlE ilia IEpapXLa TWV IllaSwv KOl TWV Ela05llllaTWV.
KaT'apxnV II IEpapx(a TWV IllaSwv Kal TWV Ela05llllaTWV cvrnrroKPLVETOlanllEpa ornv IEpapXLa TOU 5IaTa~EIV nAnpWc; aTIC; 5UTIKEC;, oe IlEyaAO IlEPOC; one avaTOAIKEC; XWpEC;.npEnEI aKOlla va 50UIlE rtcoc Enav5pwVETOl au Tn II IEpapx(a. 0 YOVOC;TOU nAOUOIOU ac'vcr nAOUOIOC;, YOVOC;TOU aTEMxouc; EXEl OAEC;TIC; EUKOlPLEC; Y(VEl 0 va KI'aUTOC;aTEAEXOC;. Tal, o'evc IlEyaAO IlEPOC;,ro croouorc nou xoE
23
TaAa~povouv TI<:; U4JllAOT€:pee;SEoele; rnc lepapXlKi}e; nupa~(oae; 0IOlWV1~OVTOl KAllPOVO~IKO. va KOlVWVlKO E oocrruo retva ncvrc va uuroovortcpcverm. Av Konola KOlVWVlKOcrocoucro EXOUV npovouio, ro ~EAll rnc Sa KOVOUVO,TI urtoooov KOl Ta rtpovoutd TOUe;on~a(vouv aKpIPWe;nwe; unoooov va KOVOUVnapa nOAAo un'ourn rnv On04Jll YlO va ro ~eTaPlpoooUV OTOUe;cnovovouc TOUe;.rTO ~ETPO ortou ueoo c'evc TETOIOOUOTll~a, aUTO rc crpoucrc EXOUVrnv aVOYKll"VEWV avSpwnwv" YlaTI 01 oleuSuvTlKOI oovcviouot enexretvoVTOl KOl nOAAanAaOlO~OVTOl payoala emAEYOUV, crt'rouc vovouc TWV 'xnrcorepcov'' OTPW~OTWVTOUe;rno "KaTOAAllAOUe;"YlO va TOUe; eVToI;ouv OTOUe; OAnOUe; OUe;. aUTO TO ~ETPO,unooet va cctveror K T r nwe; ll"epyaola" KOl 01 'ucavornrec" ourcev nou emAEXTllKav EnOlI;av xortoro POAO OTllV KaplEpa TOUe;,nou aVTO~el4Je rc "xaplo~aTo" TOUe;.AAAO, AEW yt'OAAll ~IO cpopo aKo~a 'uccvorrrrec" KOl "xaplo~arc'' orjuulvouv eow OUOlaOTlKOrnv ucovornru nooocouovnc OTO KUp(apxo ouorruo xcn KaAUTeplle; e~unllPETlloi}e; TOU. Terorsc ucovornTee; oev EXOUVvOll~a YlO ~IO ourooteusuvouevn «orvovtc KOl orto rn OIKn rnc oxorno, BtPOla 01 ov9pwnol urropet va OKECPTOVTOl nwe;, nxoun KOl oe ~IO aUTooIEU9uvO~EVll xorvcovto, 01 rno 9appaAEol, 01 rno epvcrnxot, 01 rno ernuovot. 01 mo "emTnoelol", sc'ncene va olKalOUVTOl ~IO 10IalTEPll"avTa~oIPn",KOl nwe; uurn sc'noerte vo'vcn xpll~aTlKn. Kal aUTO TpEcpel TIlV 4JEUoal09lloll nwe; 9a unooouoe va unoPxel ~IO lepapXla TWV elOOOll~OTWVnou vc'vm OIKOlOAOYll~tVT). AUTn II 4JEUoa(09lloll oev aVTExel oe eI;tTaOT). AKpIPWe;onoc OTO unopxov oucrruc, oev pAEnou~e novw oe TI 9a unopouoe va 9E~eAlwge( AOYIKOKal va 0lKOlOAOYll9el oUYKeKpl~Eva II olacpopo o nc a~OIPEe;. icrt II rcee enrrneerornro 9a ocpelAe va o(vel OTO KOTOXO r 'rnc rerocnxdoro Elo60ll~a orto rn oElva, KOl OXI otnAOOlO n owoeKanAoolo; TI venue EXEl va AE~e nwe; II emrncetorrrrc evoc KaAou XEIPOUPYoua~(~el aKpIPWe;n AlyoTepo n neoroooreooooo KOl ourn Evoc KaAou ~llxavIKou; KOl vmrt oev aI;l~el aKpIPWe; 000 KOl cnrrn evoc KaAou oOllYOU TPEVOUn evoc KaAou nOloaywyou; Av PYOU~Eono xortotc nOAu creve KOl creooouevc yevlKne; Oll~aolcc, neola,oev undpxouv ovruceuievucc KplTnpla YlO va uerpooue KOl va OUYKPlVOU~E ~eTaI;u TOUe;TIe; emTlloeloTllTee;, TIe; YEVlKEe;KOl TIe; ElOlKEe;YVWOEle;OIOCPOPWV aTO~WV. KOl, av II «orvovtc etvor nou nAllPwvel rn EI;ooa YlO rn ~OPCPWOll voc nrouou ortoc etvcn nOll e npaKTlKo II KaTOOTaOll oev pAEnou~e YlaTI TO OTO~Onou'xel nOll EUvonsa ~IO cpopo ~E TO npOVO~IO nou OUVlOTOuno uovn rnc cum II onosmon ao'noerte va euvonset yt'auTnV KOl ~IO oeuTepll eooo ue rn ~opcpn evoc ovoreoou eloOOn~aTOe;.Tl (010 10XUEI«n YlO TO "XOptoun" n rnv "eI;unvooa". YnoPXouv ptpOla, nroun nou vevvrouvrcn rno noouaouevo cno OAAa we; rtpoc ootouevec opaoTllPloTllTee;, n nou Y1VOVTOlETa!. AUTEe;01 olacpopEe; yevlKo nEplopl~OVTOl, KOl II avonTuI;n TOUe;eI;apTOTOl KUp(We;orto TO OlKOYEVElaKO, KOlVWVlKO KOl 24
~Opq>WTlKOnEPl~aAAOV. Ev ncoer nEpmT<.00El O~WC;,OTO ueroo nou KanOlOC;EXEl Eva "XaPlO~a", 11aOK11011 OIJTOUTaU "xap(o~aTOC;" elver T ana ~OVI1 TI1C;~la nl1Yrl Euxap(oTl1ol1C; av 2>EVE~no2>(~ETal. KOl, Yla ro ortdvic o rouo nou ElVOl E~OlPETIKa xaplO~Eva, aUTO nou Ev2>laq>EPElOEV E(VOl ~la xpl1~aTlKrl "aVTa~Ol~rl", aAAa va 2>11~lOUPYrlOOUV aUTO nou WSOUVTOl cvcnococcrc va 2>11~lOUPYrlOouvE. v a AIvA OTalV Evolaq>EpovTav Yla TO xprl~a, OEV Sa'XE YlVEl A"iVOTalV Kal £1VOl rnaovo va'XE Y(VEl xonoio llETPlO aq>EVTlKO rl KanOlOC; ~ETPlOC; XPllllaTlOTrlc;· npO~aAAOUV Ka~la q>opa TOUT TO an(OTEUTO EmXElpl1~a, rtoc 2>(a XwC; ~la lEpapXla TWV ~lOSWV 11KOlvwv(a 2>EVSa ~nopOUOE va ~PEI avSpwnouc; nou va OEXOVTOl va ernrcxouv TlC; rno "MOKOAEC;" AElTouPYlEC; KOl naPOUOla~OUV oav TETOlEC;TlC; AEITOUPY(EC; TOU OTEMXOUC;, aU 2>lEuSuvOVTa,KAn. rvwpl~OU~E TI1 q>paOI1 nou TOOO OUXva T EnaVaAa~~aVOUV Ol "unEuSUVOI":"Av OAOl KEp2>l~ouv ru 12>la, a rtoortS ~rlOW va ndoco TI1 oxourtn'' aAAa OE XWPEC;oav TI1 I:oullola 6nou TO dvorvuc TWV ~lOSWV EXEl Y(VEl noM ~lKPOTEPOana OTi OTI1 raAA(a, Ol EmXElPrlOElC;OEV AElTOUPYouv XElpoTEpa ana OTi OTI1 raAAla, KOl 2>EV ~Mnou~E oTEMXI1 va nnocv TlC;OKOUnEC;. AUTO nou olamOTWVOU~E OAO KOl nEplOOOTEPO OTIC; aVEnTUY~EVEC;XWPEC;, lVOl ~aAAOV TO aVTlSETO: rc nrouo nou evknrcxelrtouv E TIC; EmXEIPrlOEIC;,ElVOl aUTO. nou KaTEXouv TIC; aAI1SIVa 2>UOKOAOTEPEC;anaOXOArlOEIC; 2>I1AaorlTIC;rno paoavloTIKEC; KOl TIC;AIYOTEPOEVolaq>EpouoEC; eovcotec KOl 11aU~l1ol1 TWV ~lOSWV TaU aVTlOTOIXOU nooocoruxou 2>EVercva Yla va crcucrnca TI1V curoocvto. rt'aUTO, TOUTEC; l eovoolec aq>rlVOVTOlOAO KOl ruo no AU OTOUC; ETaVaOTEC;. O ~ AUTO TO q>OlVO~EVO EP~I1VEUETOlav vvcootoocus TOUTO TO rtooonVEC;,nwc;EKTOC; Ol av avaYKaOTOUV ana TI1 q>TWXLO, aVSPWnOl upK Ol VOUVTal OAO KOl rno nOAU v'anaOXOAOUVTOl OE I1AlSlEC;2>OUAlEC;. !:lEV napaTI1PrlSllKE nOTE TO aVT(OTpOq>Oq>alVO~EVO, rtooooue Xomov va u OU~nEpaVOU~E rtcoc Sa OUVEXlOTElTO (OlO.laTI1 AOYlKrl aUTOU TaU EmXElPrl~aTOC;, oe 011A.sc'npene v'a~ElpOVTOl AlYOTEPOOl nEplOOOTEPO Ev2>lam q>EPOUOEC; eovootec, rtaTl. c'crtorecennore OUVSrlKEC;, aUTEC;Ol epvcO(EC;Tpapouv neorocoreoo TOUC;avSpwnouc; 2>I1Aa2>rl K(VI1TPOvio TO va TlC; olaM~ouv KOl va TIC; erurexeoouv pploKETal rlol1, xoro uevcAO ~EPOC;, eoo OTl1v (ola TI1 q>UOI1 u TI1C;2>OUAElaC;.
f
2.AYTOAIEY9YNLH, IIAP Arnrn
KINHTPO rIA EPr ALIA KAI rIA TIL AN ArKEL
LE TI o~wc; ortoxnvouv TEAlKa OAa ro EmXEIPrl~aTa nou anOOKOnoov va 2>IKOlOAOYrlOOUV I1V IEpapx(a OE lllaV aUT02>lEuSuvO~EVI1 T xorvcovlo, rtoid ElVOl 11KPU~~EVI1lMa rtdvco OTI1V ortoto SE~EAlWVOVTOl; E(val OTi Ol avSpwnol OEV olaMyouv llla epvuolc KOl 2>EvTI1V KaVOUV napa uovo Yla va KEpO(~ouv nepiooorepc orrrouc aAAOUC;. AUTO O~WC;,napOUOla~O~EVO oav OlWVla aArlSEla nou OXET(~ETOl ~E
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rnv avSpwmvll n TOU ~E TO OAOKAIlPWTlKO xocroc napO~Ola, Ol aVTlEf;oUOlaOTEe; YVWPlt:OUVOTI 11OIKOYEVEIO,0 ronoc 00uAE1o.e;,01 nOAlTlOTlKEe; uopoec ou~npaf;lle; ~E TIlV nATJpEOTEPIl, ovsoconoxovucn EVVOIa Tile; Mf;Ile; "nOAlTlOTlKOe;",01 npoowmKEe;aAAIlAooXETIOEle;, Kat YEVIKo. 1110lWTlKn otpofpu Tile; t:wne; etvcn P08UTOTO K 0 I V W V 1 K E c Kat aVTlOIOOTEAAOVTat EYYEVWe;cno TO K p u rr lOT I K 6. To YEyovoe; OTI TO KOIVWVIKOKat TO KpaTlOTlKO urtopel VO eurtorttouv TO Eva TO o.AAO,ETOI WOTE 01 apxa"iKO( OEonoTlO~O( va anOTEAOUV rtcocoetvucrc TOU naTplapXIKOU 0 ( K 0 U OE OlWPU~EVIl KA(~aKa Kat TJana ~EpOUe; TOU ouyxpOVOU OAOKAIlPWTIKOU Kpo.Toue; cnooooenon TOU KOlVWVlKOUva cvrcvcxxd Til OlEcrcxuevn oll~ao(a Tile; M~Ile; ypaq>ElOKpaT(a" (~UX08EpanEUTlKn Kat EKnatoWTlKn oq>alpa neoc ana TIlV napaooOlaKn OlOlKIlTIKn), mOTOnOIEl TIlV EAAEl~1l Ka8apoTIlTae; nou ouvcvrdrcr 0' OAOUe;TOUe;TPOnouc KOlVWVlKne; pvovocnc. o H eueovion Tile; nOAIle; ovotver urtoocrd unc, OE nOlK(AOUe;pa8uouc ovcrrrutnc, OXl uovo TOV KatVOUPYlO rouse TTJe;OlKOU~EVlKne; hummanitas (2) OE olo.KPloll ana Til OTEVo. OE~EVTJ rornxn cvspcoruvn o~o.oa, TOU EAEU8EPOUxwpou EVOe;xctvorouou nVEu~OTOe; nOAITwv OE olo.KPlOll ana Tie; MO~lEe; Tile; rtupdooonc, PlOKEVTpIKte; gemeinschaften (a) aAAo. erttcnc Til orpolpc TOU rt 0 A 1 0 0 0 V 0~ 0 u, Tile; olaXE(PIlOIle; Tile; rr 0 A TJc ana tva ow~a EAEU8EPWVnoxiTWV, KOVTOAoyne;Tile; rt 0 A I T 1 K n e; OE olo.KPlOll ana TO OTEVOKOIVWVlKOKat KpaTlOTlKO. H io ropla OEV unc rtpoooepet Ka~lo. Ka8apn" xcrnvcotc Tile; noxrnxnc ooclocc, onoc aKplPwe; OEV unc noocoePELKa~lo. eucovn un lEpapXIKWV KOlVWVlKWV0XEOEWV rtepu ana TO En(nEOO Tile; rtoorovovnc opone; Kat TOU XWPLOU Kat OUTE,~tXPI ncooqxrro, Ka8apo. KpaTlOTlKWV 8EO~Wv. H 'xcaooorrrrc'' etvcn ~Io. Mf;1l , nou urtopel va ElOax8El OTIlV KOlVWVIKn8Ewp(a ~OVO etc Bopoc Tile; cnceric ~E TIlV nocvucnxornrc orrcoc rnv tXOU~E YVWp(OEl OTIlV 1o ropln. AAAo. OVTWe;urtnpxouv noocevvtoerc ~lo.e; nOAlTlKne;, coxouuevnc novrore ana Eva couc EAEU8EPWVnOAITwv, nou OEV txouv «rro KUPlOA6yo KOlVWVlKOn KpaTlOTlKO xOpOKTnpa: 11a8llVa"iKn 011uoxonrto, 01 OIl~OTlKte; OUVEAEUOEle; Ntae; AYYAlae;, Ol OUVEAEUTile;
l I
32
0El<:;TWV TO~EWV KQl 11napIOlVn Kouuouvu TOU 1873, Yla va uvooeoooue ro rno af;10011~c1wTa napa5c1y~aTa. ApKcTa ~OVI~cC; OC OPIO~EVcC;neorrrrcccerc, cq>n~cpcc; oe aAAEC;,KQl O~OAOYOU~EVWC; EVTOva oTlv~aTlO~EVEC; ana nOAAa KaTamEoTIKa xapaKTl1PloTIKa nou 011~a5EUav OAEC;TIe; KOlVWV1EC; OTIC; EnoxEe; Tl1C; E~q>avlol1C; TOUC;, urtooouv ncooxo cure va XPl1Ol~EUOOUV Yla Tl1V cvortxccn Tl1C;EIKovac; ~lac; nOAITIKnC; cqxnpnc nou 5EV ElVQl OUTE KOIVO~OUAEUTIKn OUTE vpaq>ElOKpaTlKn, OUTE OUYKEVTpWTlKn OUTE EnaYVEA~aTonOll1~EV11.OUTE KOIVWVIKn ours KPGlTIOTlKn,aAAa ~aAAOV onoc ap~ol:;EI OE EAEUSEpOUe; nOA(TEC;OTO ~ETPO nou avayvwp(l:;EI TO POAOTl1C;noAl1C;Via TOV ~ETaOXl1~aTlO~O ~Iac; cucoenc cvsoomvnc oucooc n ~lac; uovcorolcc ouvcacoronc aTO~WV a' Eva OUVOAOrtoxrrtov BootO~EVOOE l1SIKOUC; OPSOAOYIKOUC; KQl rportouc OUV5E0l1C;.
npo0510pI0~0e; TOU KOlVWVlKOU, OU nOAITIKOU KQl TOU KpaTlOTlKOU T ueco OTIlV KaTl1YOplKn TOUC;151QlTEpOTl1TaKQl 11aVTI~ETwmol1 Tl1C; nOAIlC;OTl1V 10TOplKn Tl1C;Ef;EAlf;l1 wc; TOU oT1~ou ortou TO nOAITIKO aVa00ETQl f; E X W P a ana TO TO KOlVWVlKOKQl TI KpaTIOTIKO, av01VEI nEpIOXEe; EpEUvae; ~E reooo nc noovoouuuruoi onouocnornrc. H OUVXPOVl1 Enoxn oP1l:;ETQl"nOAlTlKa" ana Tl1V "aoTEon011l011", ~la xopKlVw51l ncocrtolncn rnc "rtoxeortolnonc" nou anElAE1 va KaTa~poxS1OEI TOOO Tl1V nOAl1 000 KQl rnv urtciaoo xcn va KavEI rnv 10TOpIKn TOUC;51aAEKTlKn 0XE06v aKaTaAl1nTl1 Via TOV ouyxpOVO rtopcrrnonTIl. H OUVXUOl1~ETaf;u co reortolnonc (urbanization) KQl nOAEonol11011e; (citification) E1VQlOn~Epa Ef;loou oKoTa510TIKn 000 KQl 11OUYXUOl1~ETaf;u KOlvwv1ae; KQl xpnrouc, KOAAEKTI~OnOl11011e; ESvlKonoll1ol1C; n, KQl an' curn Tl1V ano4J11.nOAITIKnC; KQl KOlVO~OUAEUTlO~OU. urbs rrrov H Via TOUC;Pw~a10ue; rc UAlKO OTolXE1a Tl1C;nOAl1C;,rc xrfprn, 01 nxcTE1EC; Ql 01 5po~01 Tl1C;,OE 51aKplol1 ana Tl1 civitas, rnv EVWOl1 TWV K noxrrcov n TO nOAITIKO ow~a (4). To YEYOVOC; TI 01 000 AEf;ElC;5EV O OUYXEovTav ~EXPI TIlV UOTEPl1aUTOKpaTlKn nEp(050, OnaTE 11151a 11 evvoio Tl1C;1510Tl1Tac;TOU "noA(TIl" E1XErtnpoxudce; Yla va ovnxurcOTaS£l OTl1 OuvEXEla ana ovoucolec ~E XPOIO xco roc KQl ana urmKOOUe; IlC; Pw~a"iKnc; Auroxporcotcc, ucc q>avEpwvEI ~IO EVTunWOlaT Kn KQl Ef;QlPETlKa oll~avTlKn xurdcruon 01 rpOKXOI E1xav rtooortcSnOEI va ~ETaTpE4JOUVTl1V urbs OE civitas, va cvcorunouovnoouv Tl1V aSl1va"iKn E K K A 11a 1 a EIC;~apoc; Tl1C;pw~a"iKnC; I:uVKAnTOU. AnETuxav, KQl 11urbs KaTappoxSlOE Tl1 civitas ~E Tl1 ~opq>n Tl1C;AUToKpaTootcc lowe; 01 ~IKpoKTl1~aT1Ee;noA1TEe; ou cnorexoucov Tl1 pnxoxon KaAlo Tl1C;~1l~oKpaT1ac; Sa unooouoov va TJ,V Elxav KavEI 511~oKpaTOU~EV11. aAAa ~OAlC;"KaTE~l1Kav ana TOUC; q>TOJ\oq>OUC;" E ortou 15puSl1KE11PW~l1 EVlvav "~IKP01",Yla va xpl1Ol~onolnOOU~E ro AOYla TOU xcrve. H "IOEa TIlC; PW~l1C;"WC;l1SIKn KAl1povo~la OUPPIKvwvOTav EUSEWC; vcxovc c rtpoc Tl1V EnEKTaOl1 Tl1C;nOAl1C;.ETOl, "000 ~EvaAuTE33
o
III
PTl Y1VOTaV Tl PW~Tl, TOOO rreorcooreoo nAaTatVE curn Tl lMa, TO aTO~O xa8TlKE ~EOa rnc 01 ~EyaAOl aVOpEe; nou napa~EVOUV smocvetc E~UIJ,IWVOVTat an' curn TTlV lMa, Kl aUTO KaVEI TTl ~IKpOTTlTa TWV ~IKPWV cxouc rno KaTapaollC; nou nave "ntpa orto TIC;Mf;elC;", va ovorrruooouv OUAAOviououc ue dueoo roorto, rtooocorro ue npoocorto, Kal va qrrnvouv rlpella ce ilia xorvcrrrrc anoIVewv nou KaVEI TIC; onoeooerc Eq>IKTtC; Kat 'rnv eecouovri TOUC;OUIlq>WVll IlE TIC; ()111l0KpaTIKtc; apxtc;. luanAa80VTac; Kat AEITOUPYWVTac;OE reroiec ouvexeuoerc, 01 noxlrsc ()lanAa80uv Kat TOV eaUTO TO'_'C;, vrcrt 11nOAITIKrl ()ev elver T(nOTa av ()ev etvoi nat()aYWYIKrl Kat av 11vecoreprcrucn TllC; euournrc ()ev rtoooset rn xapaKTllPoAOY1Krl ()lanAaOll-
IV
()rlIlOC; ()ev etvor Aomov anAwc; tva "Iltpoc;" ortou xcnoioc ~el, ilia "entV()UOll" 0' tva onrn, oe urmoeolec uverovouixnc nep{8aA\jJllC; Kat KOIVWVIKrlC; aoq>aAlollC;, ce ilia ()OUAela, oe PIPAI08rlKec; Kat nOAITIOTIKtC; cveceic H rroxeorrornon ortorsxece «rroouco ilia ococrrucn ueruPaoll rnc av8pwnoTllTac; ana q>uAeTiKOUC; "noAITIKOUC;"rponouc oe ~wrlC;, 11 ortolo nrov ef;(oou ertcvccruruoi us rn lleTapaOll ana TO KUVrlYI Kat rnv KapnoouAAoYrl crnv KaAAltpyela TWV TPOq>(IlWVern uerortotnon napa TIC;ooououorucec ()UVallelC; TOU xpdrouc, evoc xorornvou ()111l10uPYrlllaTOC;, nou xcrooaooe va OUVTaUT(OEI TO a(0811uo aq>OIlO(WOllC; TllV KOIVOTllTa TWV nOAITWV IlE TOV E8vIKIOllO Kat O rnv noxrruoi ue rn ()laxe(Plloll TWV KpaTlKWV onoaeceov. 11"AcreeKrl Ertnvdoruon", onoc 8a rnv crtoxcxocce 0 B. rKOpVTOV ToalAvT, ()ev unrlPf;e AIyoTepo OapWTlKrl ana rn rewPYIKrl Encvooroon Kat rn BlollllxavlKrl EnaVaOTaOll- EnmMov, ortoc KI OAOI 01 rtpokuroxor TOU,TO e8VIKOKpaTOC;ef;aKOAou8e( va txel OTO OTOllaXI TOU aUTO TO napeMov Kat ()ev TO txel xwvt\jJel nArlpwc;. H aOTeonO(11011urtopel KaAAIOTa va OAOKAllPwoel O,TI ()ev KaTaq>epav 01 PWlla(OI Knlocpec; 01 onoxurec uovooxtec Kat 01 aOTIKEC;()111l0KpaT(ec;va ef;aAelIVel aKOlla Kat 'rnv KAllPovollla rnc AOTeaKrlC; EnavaOTaOllc;aAAa aUTO ()ev EXel emTwx8el oxouo, npOTOU crpccooue OTa ertcvucrorucc cuvoxoxouao iliac; eAeu8eplaKrlC; ()111l0TlKrlC; orrnxric Kat OTllV eAw8eplaKrl nOAITIKrl ortou xcrcArlyel, xpela~eTat va aaXOA1180UIle us tva cxouc 8ewPllTiKo npopAlluc: rnv xorccrpoon nOAITIKrlC;oe ()laKplOll ana rnv anArl ()IOIKllTIKrl ()leKnepa(woll- r' aUTO TO 0111lelO0 Mapf;, ue 'rnv avaAUOrl TOU Yla rnv naplatVrl Kouuouvc TOU 1871,txel Kavel nOAu KaKo ern pI~oonaOTlKrl K01VWVIKrl8ewp(a. LTllV Kouuouvc 0 oUV()UaOlloc; rnc «rroOTPWOllC;nOAITIKrlC;ana nvnnooocortouc ue rnv eecouovn rnc rtoxirucnc ana TOV ()IKO rnc ()IOIKllTiKO Il11XavlOllo, tva xapaKTllPIOTIKO rnc nou ef;Ullvrl811Ke ana TOV Mapf;, nrcv ilia oopcpcrurn aTEAeia rnc, 0 POUOOWnoM OWOTa unoypalllll~e OTi 11ef;ouo(a TOU Aaou ()ev urtopet va lleTaplpaoTe( xwp(c; va KaTaoTpaq>eL E(n: unapxel
o
35
,.lla AalKi] OUVEAEUOTl nAi]pEIe; EI;ouOlEe; ElTE n EI;ouola avi)KEI OTO ~E xpnroc. To ljJEyaol rnc ~ETaPIPa~O~EVTle;OE cvrmoooconouc EI;oualae; ~OAUVE caeodrteurc TO OU~pOUAlaKO OUOTTl~a (OopIET,raten), TTlV Kouuouvc TOU 1871,KQI pEPQla rc oTl~OKpaTiKa oucrmorc YEVIKa, E1TE nrov oTl~OTlKa E(TE ESVIKa. H EKq>paOTl"aVTlnpOOWnEUTlKi] oTl~oKpaTla" anOTEAEl AOYIKi] cvrteoon Evae; AaOe; OEV urrooet va «rrcrncoret ~E TOV rt 0 A I a a 0 v 0 ~ 0 TonoSETWVTae; TTl ola~opq>WOTl TOU v 0 ~ 0 u, TTl v 0 ~ 0 SEa ( a, OE urtoxarccrurc oovnvn nou TOV anOKAElOUV orto TTl OlapOUAEUOTl, TlV avanTuI;Tl OUAAOYIOTlT Ki]e; KQI TTl Ai]ljJTl anOq>aOEWVnou OUVIOTOUV TTlV 1010TTlV Ta(JTOTTlTa rnc nOAITIKi]e;. KQI, nocvao 0XI AIYOTEPO OTl~aVTIKo, OEV urtopet va napaowoEI OTTl olOlKTlOTlOTTlVanAi] Eq>ap~oyi] rnc nOAITIKi]e; TTlV EI;ouola va OPl~EI TI nosna va seoouooret xWple; va npOAElaVEI TO Eoaq>oe;Yla TO KpaTOe;. To npopaolo~a rnc OUVEAEUOTle; ola~opq>wTi] nOAITIKi]e; ortevcwe; VTI 0' ortorocnnors OIOIKTlTlKO opvovo ElVQI n ~OVTl EYYUTlOTlOTO ~ETPO nou urtdpxouv evvunceic Yla TO npopaolo~a rnc nOAITIKi]e; cnevcvn OTTl olaxEiPTlOTl KpaTlKWV urroaeoscov. Eva TETOIO a~ElWTO npopaolo~a ElVQI cxouo KPIOl~6TEPO OE ~Ia xorvcovtu rtou EXEI ~nMI;EI ~E eurteioovvouovec KQI olEKnEPQlWTEe; Yla Tie; AElTOUPYlEe;TTle; EI;QlPETIKa EI;ElOlKEU~EVTle; xotvovucnc ~Tlxavi]e; rnc, KQI TO npopATl~a rnc olaTi]PTlOTle; TOU npopaOlo~aTOe; me AalKi]e; OUVEAEUOTle; EVTElVETQI Kl aAAO OTTl OlapKEla rnc ortoicoorutore ueropcruoic nEplOOOU orto ~la OlOlKTlTlKa OUYKEVTpOnOlTl~EVTl E ~la anOKEVTpW~EVTl KOIO vovto, Movo av Ol OUVEAEUOEle; TOU Aaou, an' rrc YElTOVIEe;TWV ~EyaAwv nOAEWV ~EXPl Tie; Kw~onOAEle;, rnonoouv TTlV rno aTEYKTTl Ertcvourtvnon KQI TOV ruo EI;oVUXlOTlKOEAEYXOTWV ortoiovorjrrors OUVTOVlOTlKWVouvouoonovoroxcov opvcvov E(VQI Eq>lKTi] ~la EAEUSEplaKi] OTl~OKpaT(a. luapSpWTlKa aUTO OEV SETEI npopAi]~aTa. Arto a~VTl~OVEUTWVxpOVWV Olaq>opEe;KOlVOTTlTEe; TTlP(XTTlKaVOE eurteiO POYVW~OVEe; QI OlOlKTlTlKOUe; K o(xwe; va xaoouv TTlV EAEUSEpla TOUe;. H KaTaOTpOq>i] TWV KOIVOTi]TWV aUTWV rrrov ouvriacoc KpaTlOTlKi] npaI;Tl, 0Xl KaSaUTO OlOlKTlTlKi].Ta IEpapXlKa KQI apXTlYlKa ocoucrro OTTlP(XTTlKaVOTTlV lOEoAoy(a KQI, KaTi noM OTl~aVTlKO, OTTl oTl~oOla aq>EAEla Kl 0Xl KUplWe;OTTl p(a Yla va EI;aoSEv(oOUV KQI TEAlKa va EI;aAElljJouv TTl AalKi] EI;ouo(a. To KpaTOe; nOTE OEV ortoppotpnoe TO OUVOAOrnc ~wi]e; OTO noPEA8ov, tva YEyovoe; nou 0 KponOTKIV E~~Eoa unEOElI;E OTTlV A A A Tl A 0 -p 0 i] S E I a orov nEpIEypaq>E TTlV nxoooio olanAoKi] TTlC; KOlVOTlKi]C; wi]c; nou uni]pXE oxouo KQI OTIC;oAIyapXIKEC; ~EOQlWVI~ KEC;KOIVOTTlTEC; ("KO~~OUVEC;"). npay~aTI. 11 nOATl uni]pI;E ouvi]Swc; 11 KUPlOTEPTl vnorceuroruoi Mva~Tl ortevcvn OTa curoxocrooucd KQI c ESvlKa xocrn crto TOUC;apxalouc; KQlPOUC; EXPI TO npocqxrro rtn~ pEA8ov. 0 AUYOUOTOC; KQI 01 OLaooxo( TOU avi]yayav TTlV EI;aAELljJTl TTlC; Tl~OTIKi]e; urovoutcc OE aKpOYWVlalO AlSo TTlC;pw~alKi]c; aUTOO c KpaTopLKi]C; OLOlKTlOTlC;, TO lOLO EKavav OL onoxuror uovcpxec Kal 36
OTOUC; pOVOUC; nc MeTappu81-.u01lC;. "KaTE~acplOll TWV TElXWV TWV x r H nOAEWV" UnllPt;E ilIa oroaeon nOAlTlKi) TOU 1\0u~IPiKOU Jr' Kat TOU PlOEAlE, Illa nOAlTlKi) nou EIlEAAE va t;avaEp8El covoreoo OTllV ernecVEla orov 11 popEomEplKi) EmTponi) KOlVi)C;rWTllpiac; Klvi)81lKE ouetAlKTa Yla va nEplKo~El TlC; Et;ouoiEC; rnc Kouuouvnq TO 179394. rTllV rtoovucnxorrrrc 11 "AoTEaKi) Ertcvdoruorj'' KaTETpUXE TO KpaTOC;WC; aKaTapAllTll ~ U a ~ I K i) E t; 0 U a ( a, ~UVllTlKi) anElAi) Yla rn OUvxevrportormevn Et;ouoia, ern ~lapKEla IlEyaAou IlEPOUC;rnc lOTOplnc. H EVTaOll corn , unapXEl IlEXPl oi)IlEpa, ortoc rncrortorouv 01 ~lallaXEC; nvoueoc OTO OUYKEVTPWTlKO KpaTOC;Kat rnv ~1l1l0TlKi) auTO~lOiK1l01l OTllV AIlEPlKi) Kat OTllV AyyAia. rTllV rtooxeurevn neotrrrcoon OTO cueooreoo nEplpaAAov TOU nrouou OTllV KOlVOTllTa, rn verrovro, rnv KWIlOnOAll i) TO XWPIO ortou 11 l~lWTlKi) l;wi) apxil;El 01yaOlya va ouyxpOV(l;ETat IlE rn ~1l1l00la, 0 au8EvTlKOC; xwpoc; Yla ilIa AElToupyia OE ernneoo paollC; unapXEl OTO IlETPO nou 11 ccreonotnall ~EV TOV EXEl KaTaOTpE~El TEAE(WC;. rnv 11 aOTEonO(1l01l 8a EXEl O Et;aAEi~El rn l;wi) rnc rtoxnc TOOO OAOKAllPWTlKa WOTE 11 noxn va 1l1lV EXEl rue ~lKi) rnc TaUTOTllTa, KOUA roooo Kat XwpOUC; OUVEUPE01lC;,01 paOElC; rnc ~1l1l0KpaTiac; IlE ortorovennors OPlOIlO rnc AEt;llC; 8a EXOUVEt;acpaVlOTEi Kat TO l;i)Tlllla TWV EnaVaOTaTlKWV 1l0PCPWV 8a etvct Eva OKlW~EC; atXVi~1 acpatpEOEWV. n napaAAllAa Kallla pll;oonaOTlKi) aVTiAll~ll paOlOIlEVll OTlC;EAEU8EplaKEC;1l0PCPEC; TlC;~UVaTOTllTEC; TOUC; EV EXEl vorjuo av AE(m:l 11 Kat ~ pll;oonaOTlKi) ouvetonon nou 8a ~WOEl a' aUTEC;TIC;1l0PCPEC; nEplEXOIlEVO Kat Illa ai081l01l rtooouvaroxiouou AC; 1l1lV napayvwpil;ETat TO YEYOVOC; OAEC; 1 ~1l1l0KpaTlKEC;Kat EAEu8EplaKEC;1l0PCPEC; OTl 0 urtopouv va o rpceouv EVaVTla OTllV EniTEUt;ll rnc EAEU8Epiac; av yivouv aVTlAllnTEC; IlE 0XllllaTlKO rpono, oav aCPllPllIlEVEC;Em~lwt;ElC; ~iXWC;Exetvn rnv l~EOAOYlKi) ouotc Kat oovavucornrn an' ortou 11 Ka8E 1l0pcpi) aVTAEi TO anEAEU8EPWTlKO rnc nEplEXOIlEVO. EnmMov 8a nrov anAo'iKo va ruoreuooue OTl 1l0PCPEC; oav rn YElTOVla, TOV ~i)1l0 Kat TlC; Aa'iKEC;KOlVOTlKEC; OUVEAEUOElC; unooouocv 8a va coaouv OTO U~OC; ilIac; EAEU8EplaKi)c; ~1l1l00lac; l;wi)c; i) va erneeoouv TOV OXllllaTlOIlO EVOC; AEu8EplaKOU nOAlTlKOU OWllaTOC; xwp(C; Eva evrovc OUVEl~llTO, E KaAoopyavwllEvo Kat rtoovocuucrnxc OUVEKTlKOEAEu8EplaKO Kivlllla. Et;ioou unxouco 8a nrnv va ruoreoooue OTl Eva TETOIO EAEU8EPtaKO K(vlllla 8a IlnOpOUOE va EIlCPavlOTEl xwp(C; TllV cncoorrnrn pll;oonaOTlKi) l v TEA l Y K E v T a I a rnc onoiac; l;WTlKO nEplpaAAOV EiVat 11 (~la rnc 11 ocpul;ouoa OUAAOYlKi) l;wi) (E~W ucc EPXETat ern Ilvi)llll 11 yaAAlKi) lVTEAlYKEVTOIa TOU l11acpWTlOIlOU Kat 11 napa~OOll rnv ortoto ~1l1l10UPY1l0E OTa KapTlE Kat OTa KacpETOU Ilcprcnoo), Kl 0XlpEpata TO OUV08UAEUIla TWV cvounxov ~ I a v 0 0 U 11 E V W v nou Enav~pwVOUVTlC; aKa~lllliEC; Kat rc lVOTlTOUTa rnc ~UTlKi)C; xorvcovtcc (5). Av 01 avapXlKo( ~EV ovorrrutouv aUTO TO cp8(vov orpcoun OToxaOTWV nou l;ouv ilIa OCPPlYllAi)~1l1l00la l;wi) OE ~IEPEUVllTlKi) ernxorvcovlc IlE TOV KOlVWVlKOTOUC; eptvooo, 8a cvnuercomoouv TOV nOAU rtoovucn 37
TlKO Klvouvo va ~ETaTpE4JOlN TIe; IMEe; OE oov~aTa KOI va vivouv 01 4JEuoEUAapEle; OnOTT]pT]TEe; T KIVT]~aTWVTOU napEA8oVTOe; Kal av9pwnwv nou nvrxouv OE aAAT] IOTOPIKi] Enoxi]·
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ElvOI ava~q>lopi]TT]Ta aAi]9Ela OTI urtooet KanOIOe; va XEIPl~ETOI rcxuoaKTUAOUPVIKa MI;EIe; ortcoc "oi]~oe;" KOI "KOIVOTT]Ta", OUVEAEUOEIe;" " KOI "a~wT] oT]~OKpaT(a", napapMnOVtTae; TIe; OloUAOU nou ~ETETpE4JaV MI;EIe; oav TOV "Aao" OE KEVEe;i] KOI OKOTaOIOTlKEe; q>OIpEOEIe;. o 1793 01 OUVEAEUOEIe; a T TWV TO~EWV OEV E~w9i]9T]KaV anAWe; OE OUVKPOUOT] TT]V aOTIKoTEPl1 naplOIvi] ~E Kouuouvn KOI rnv rU~paTIKi] E9voouvEAEU0l1, rrrcv KOI 01 101Ee; Tl1 an' q>uOl1TOUe;nEola ~aXT]e; ovoueoo OE crpcoucrc 10lOKTl1TWVKOI aKAl1PWV,paOlAIKwv KOI ol1~oKpaTwv, uerpioncscov KOI pl~oonaoTwv. H cvcvovn nurcov TWV o rpcoudrcov OE anOKAEIOTlKWe; OIKovo~IKa OU~q>EpovTa unopet va E(VOI E~loou noccnxovnruoi ~E TO va ovvonOOU~EnAi]pwe; TIe; Ta~IKEe;Olaq>opEe;KOI va ~IAa~E Via "aoEAq>oTl1Ta" i] "EAEu9Epla" KOI "IOOTl1TQ"ocunoc va nrcv ouxva 01 M~EIe; aUTEe; KaTl rtcoortcvo ano pnrooeto. Exouv ncvrcov vpaq>E( apKETa Via ~Ia ouorrumrucn ortouuaonotnon TWV ou~avloTIKWV ouv911~aTwv TWV ~EvaAwv "aoTIKwv" ertovccrcceov. OTl1V npcvucrnxornru EXOUVKaTapA119E(TOOEe;ncooncaaec Via va avax90uv OE anAa avaKAaOTIKa uidc orsvnc aOTIKi]e; 10IOTEAElae;WOTE rooo KIVOUVEUOU~E va xaOOU~E an' ro urmc unc Ka9E (xVoe; rnc Aa"iKIOTlKi]e;0 U Ton 1K i] e; TOUe;olaoTaol1e;· Aq>ou EXOUVrue Elnw9d rooo nOAAa Via TIe; OIKOVO~IKEe; Ola~aXEe; nou olxaoav Tl1V aVVAIKi], Tl1V a~EpIKavIKi] KOI Tl1 vaAAlKi] EnaVaOTa011. Ol ~EAAOVTlKEe;icrootec ourcov TWV ucvdAWV opa~aTwv 9a ucc xpl101~EUav rooo rteoroooreoo cv ortoxoxurrrcv TOV q>opo rnc ocnxnc Ta~l1e; Vla K a 9 E enovccrccn TOV E~q>UTO OUVTl1Pl1T10~0rnc KOI Tl1V rnon rnc Vla ou~plPao~o ~E Tl1V Ka9WTWTlKi] Ta~11-ea unc XPl101~Euav eruonc neorcooreoo av ortoxnAunav ruoc rc xcrcmeouevc croouorc me ertnvorrrnruoic Enoxi]e; EI;w911oav rrc "aoTlKEe;" ertovoorcoerc nEpa ano Ta creve opio nou E9wE 11lOla 11ccrucn Ta~11.rtooc a~lool1~dwTa nEola ol1~OKpaTlKwv apxwv ~E TIe; ortotec 11ocruoi Ta~l1 ncvrore E~TlOEOTa rtxolotc Evoc OTEvaXWpou KOI q>lAunonTou ou~plPao~ou. Ta olaq>opa "OlKOIWunrn'' nou olaTunwoav aUTEe; Ol ertnvcordoerc EmTEux911Kav 0Xl XaPl1 OTl1v corucn Ta~11.aAAa napa Tl1 9EAl1oi] TT]e;ana TOUe;A~EPlxcvouc ~lKpoKTl1~aTlEe; Tl1e;oEKaETlae; TOU 1770 Kl ana TOUe;AppaKwTOUe;HIe; OEKaET(ae; TOU 1790 KOI TO ~EAAOV TOUe; V(VETOI OlapKWe; rno a~q>(pOAOa' Evav OAOEva rno KopnOpaTlOTlKO KOI KUPEpvl1TonOll1~EVO KOO~O. AAAa aUTO aKplPWe; TO ~EAAOV Ka9we; KOI Olaq>opEe; rtoooqxrrec TEXVOAOVlKEe;, KOlVWVlKEe; OI nOAlTlOT1KEe;, ou KAovl~ouv Kat K n anElAOUv va crtocnpepcooouv rnv napaooOlaKi] Ta~lKi] oo~i] rtou 011-'
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~1l0upyi]8TJKE an' TTJ BlO~TJxavlKi] Ertcvdrrrncn YEVVOUV TTJV EAn(iSa 0Tl Eva YEVlKO OU~po.VTC; Mrtopxevnou 0XEMv rtevnvrc xpOVla rtptv, TJ
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TOV OOOlaAlO~O Kat va EnTJPEaOTEl nEplOOOTEPO orto Eva "rtnrpucrtKO" need orto tva "TaI;lKo" ou~pal;ETat OE ouaOIKYl E~ouo(a: TO !3IOllnxaVlKO OUVOIKaTO, OO!3IET Yl OUIl!30UAI0 Kat TJ'Kouuouvo, oAa TOU<; npooavcroxrouevc evovrtov TOU KpaTou<;. Mia EVOEAEXYl<;E~ETaOn TTJ<;1orootcc 8a Ila<; OE(~EI OTl TO EPyoOTaOlO, Eva onlllOUPYTJlla TTJ<;a.OTIKYl<; Op80AoYIKono(nOn<;, nOTE OEV unYlp~E rortoc TTJ<; ertcvdcruone, 01 ruo oneotcocoro ertovcororec epvdrec (01 lonavol, PWOOI, rOAAOI Kat trnxol) nrnv xnrd KUPIO AOYO IlETa!3aTIKE<; Ta~EI<;, Yla TnV aKp(!3Ela napaOOOlaKa anOOUVTl8EIlEVa aYPOTIKa croouorc nou uno!3oAAovTav OTnV ortoxxtvouoc Kat TEAlKO ola!3pWTlKYl erttopaon uicc !3IOllnxaVIKYl<; KOUAroopac nou Ylon YlVETat Kat n lOla napaooOlaKYl. LYlIlEpa, npuvucm, EKEl ortou 01 EPyaTE<; E~aKoAou80uv va KIVOUVTat, n Ilaxn TOU<; etvrn OE IlEyaAo !3a81l0 ouuvnxn {KaTa EIPWVIKO rporto, Ilaxn yla rn OlaTYlpnOn EVO<; !3IOllnxavlKou ouornunTO<; nou anEIAElTat IlE exrornouo ana tnc TEXVOAOy(d EVTaOn<; KEq>aAa(ou Kat OAOEva rno Ku!3EpvnTonOlnIlEVn) Kat nvrcvcxxc TOU<; TEAEUTa(ou<; ortoououc uicc OIKOVOllla<; nou o!3YlVEI. H no An rtsactver KI aUTYl aAAa IlE EVTEAW<; olaq>opETIKYl evvoio ano TO EPYOOTOOIO. To epvoorooio nOTE OEV rrrcv TJ oeotoc TTJ<;EAEu8Ep(a<;. YnYlPXE ncvrore TJoqmlpn TTJ<;Em!3lWOTJ<;,TTJ<;'uvcvscnornrcc', nou anooUVOIlWVE Kat OTEPEUE TOV uvsocornvo KOOIlO TPIYUpw rnc H EIlq>OVIOn TOU EPYOOTao(ou OUVOVTnOE rn oq>OOPYl nvrtOTaOn TWV TEXVITWV, TWV aYPOTIKWV KOIVOTYlTWV, KI EVO<; cvaocornvoreoc 01a!3a81l101lEVOUKat KOIVOTIOTlKOU KOOIlOU. Movo n aq>EAEla EVO<; Map~ KI EVO!:; EVYKEA<;, nou KaAAIEPynoav TO uuso OTl TO EPYOOTaOlO xpnOlllEUEI OTnV "nEI8apXTJoTJ", "OUVEVWOn" Kat "oPyavWOTJ" TOU npOAETaplaTOU, IlnOpEOE va unoxp£WOEI TOU<; pll;oonOOTE<;, nou E(xav ana 1l0VOI TOU<; oaYTJVEUTEl cn'ro uusortomrevo 10EWO£<; EVO<; "EmoTnIlOVIKOU ooorcxrouou; va nvvonoouv TOV E~OUOIaOTlKO Kat lEt papXIKO TOU pOAO. H KaTapYTJOn TOU EPYOOTOOIOU ana ilIa OIKOTEXVIKYl,ilia OnlllOUPYIKYl epvnotc Kat, vurrt OXI, EmVOYlOEI<; rnc Ku!3EpVnTlKi]C; noooprouevec va IKaVOnOIYlOOUV av8pwmVEC; cvdvxec, anOTEAEl utn ortorrnon TOU OOOlaAIOIlOU IlE TnV EAEu8EpiaKYl Kat OUTOnlKYl 1l0pq>Yl TOU, Kat OTnV nccvuorucornrc urc n81KYl rtoounoaeon rnc EAEu8tplac;. AVT(8ETa n AOTEaKYl EnavaOTaOn Enat~E nOAU Olaq>opETIKO pOAO. OUOlaOTlKa onllloUPynoE TTJV Il5ta Illa<; OIKOUIlEVIKYl<; humanitas Kal TnC; KOIVOTlKOno(nOnc; aUTYlC; TnC; av9pwnOTnTac; ncvco OE Op80AOYI-
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Kte; KOl T]8IKte; KaTEU8uvOEIe;. AKUPWOE TOUe; nEpIOpIO~OUe; TT]e; av8pwmvT]e; cvcrrrutnc nou E1xav Em~AT]8E1 ana TOV OUYYEVIKO 5EO~0, TOUe; OTEVOUe; OPl~OVTEe; TOU TTJV aVTJOux(a TOU YIO TOV KOIVOPOUAWTlOIlO Kat TOV KpaTlOIlO. H aVTJOux[a aUTn EXEI OIKatWSE( nAnpWe; crto TTJV urrooto, aAAO unooet En[OTJ<; va OOTJynOEI OE ilia voorporttc nOAIopK[ae; nou OEV etvoi AIYOTEPO oOYllaTlKn OTTJ SEwp[a an' 000 etvcn oIE(pOAa ~ETa~u OAAWV, nou 01 EAw8EplaKo( elver OE 8EOT] va EAn(~ouv ncoc 8a cvorrrutouv o(xwe; va OlaKupEUOUV TIe; aVTlEF;oUOlaOTlKEe; apxEe; TOUe;. Kat rtcportepo: TOUTEe; 01 8EOEIe; npopoAAOUV TT]V onoltJT] rtcoc urc opvuvucn nOAITIKtl paOlO~EVT] OE TETOIEe; pl~OOnaOTlKEe; OU~~ETOxIKEe; uooeec KOIVOTIKtle; ou~npaF;T]e; OEV anOKAE(EI TO 01Ka(w~a TWV avapXIKWV va bAAO~OUV TOUe; KaTaOTaTlKOUe; xOpTEe; TWV nOAEWV Kat Kw~onOAEWV ETOI nou va ETIlKUPWVOUV TT]V unapF;T]
oueoc OT]~OKpaTlKWV 8EO~WV. KI av urc TETOIOU E100ue; opaOTT]pIOTT]rc q>EPEI TOUe; avaPXIKOUe; OE OT]~OTlKO OU~pOUAla, OEV unOPXEl xoVE(e; Aoyoe; vrc va EP~T]VWTE£ ourn T] nOAITIKtl we; KOIVOPOUAEUTlKtl, 1Ola(TEpa av nEplop(~ETat OTO KOIVOTlKO En(nEOO Kat TOOOETClI OUVEIOT]TO EvaVT(OV TOU KpOTOUe;. E(Vat nEp(EPYO nou nOAAo( avapXIKo(, 01 onotor navT]Yup(~ouv vic TT]V unap~T] utcc "KOAAEKTlpOnOlT]~EVT]e;" PIO~T]xavIKtle; ETIlXE(pT]OT]e; EOW Kat EKe:( ~E ~nOAlKO Ev80UOlao~0, ~OAOVOTl E~q>aV(~ETat o'evn EVTEAWe; aOTlKO OIKOVO~IKO nAa(OIO, aVTl~ETwn(~ouv ~E ortocrpoori tnc OT]~OTlKtl nOAITIKtl nou OUVEnOYETat TIe; onOlOUOtlnOTE E(OOUe; "EKAOYEe;", EOTW Kat av um TETOla nOAITIKtl 00uerrct yupw ana OUVEAEUOEle; YEITOVIOe;, aVaKAT]TOUe; exrtpootortouc, pl~oonaOTIKO OT]~OKpaTIKEe; ~Opq>Ee; Aoyoooo(ae; Kat pa8Elo Pl~w~Eva TOTIlKO o(KTua.
H nOAT] OEV etvcn ouvuecouevn ~E TO KpOTOC;. Exouv nOAu olaq>opETlKEe; p(~Ee; Kat EXOUV Olaopa~aT(OEI IOTOPIKO no AU olaq>opETlKOUe; pOAOUe;. To YEyovoe; OTl TO KpOTOe; Otl~Epa OlanEpvo 0 A E c TIe; 0ltJEle; TT]e; ~Wtle;, ana TT]V OIKOYEVEla we; TO EPYOOTOOIO Kl ana TO OUVOIKOTO we; TT]V no AT], OEV OT]~a(vEI OTI 8a anOTpaPT]XTOU~E ocoroa'iaKo ana Ko8E ~opq>tl oovovouevov av8pwTIlvwv OXEOEWV, oT]Aaotl OTT]V npoF;T] ana TO (010 ucc TO nETO(, npoc Evav EnoupOVIO KOO~O Ka8apOTT]Tae; Kat ceclceonc, Evav KOO~O nou 8a ETIlKUPWVE TO xapaKTT]pIO~O TOU 'rpnvtdoutrroc" nou EOWOE 0 AVTOPYO OTOV avapXlo~o. Av undpxouv ecvrcoucro nou ucc KaTaOIWKOUV, rtolpvouv TT] ~opq>tl EVOC; ooy~aTlO~OU Kat urcc TUnOKpaTlKtlC; aUOTT]poTT]Tae; ~E TOOT] OUOKIVT]o(a WOTE va ~EnEq>TOU~E OE uro OlaVOT]TlKtl VEKPIKtl aKa~ltJ(a 0Xl Olaq>opETlKOU E(OOUe;ana EKE(VT] nou EYKa8(oTaTat o'evc rrnouo ~ap~apW~EVO ueoc OTT]V atWVIOTT]Ta TOU 8aVOTOU. H OUVaTOTT]Ta
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ana TI<; OrUlOVTlK€<; OUVlOTWOE<; TTJ<;OVOPxIKn<; OK€\lJTJ<;etVOl aUTO nou 80 ovouotcue A yeOPMHTH T A:::H, 8EWPlO TOU 0TI OEOO~€VTJ<; TJ<;KOIVn<; ovaYKTJ<; €VO OUVOAO ov8pwnwv, T ~€OW TTJ<; KPlOTJ<;TOU, TOU OUTOOXEOIOO~OU KOI TOU nElpO~OTlO~OU, 80 urtooeOEI va ovonTuF;EI ~Ia TaF;TJ nocvunrcov ruo OlOpKn, ruo OT€PETJ, rno crevd OE~€VTJ~E TI<; ov8pwmvE<; cvavxec ana ortoroonnore EF;wTEpIKa EmpEpATJIl€VTJ EF;ouOlO. o Koorto nav pya~El TO Ou~n€pOO~O TOU yt'OUTn TTJ 8EWPlO ana TI<; nOpOTTJPnOEI<; TOU rtdvo OTTJV 10TOPlO TTJ<; ovsoomvnc KOIVWVlO<; KOI EIOIKOTEPO ana TI<; ~EMTE<; TOU Yla TTJVrOAAIKn Ertcvdc'rcOTJ(OTO npWTO OTaOla TTJ<;TOUAaXIOTOV) KOI Yla TTJVnOplOOlVn KOIluouvc. H opxn TTJ<;EF;ouo(o<; E(VOI TOOO p08Ela XTlOIl€VTJ 1l€00 OE xc8E nAEUpa TTJ<;KOIVWVIKn<; ~wn<; WOTE uovo OE sncvocruouc KOI OE KOTooTaoEI<; €KTOKTTJ<;ovaYKTJ<; EVEpyonOlElTOI TJ OU80P~TJTTJ TaF;T]. napa TTJ ~€XPI TWPO KOTa KOIPOU<; OUVTO~TJ ~wn TTJ<;,ucc EmTp€nEI va P(F;OUIlE ilia ucmc OTO E(OO<;TTJ<;ov8pwmvTJ<; oourreoreoocc nou 01 OVOPXIKO( 8EWPOUV oov "q>UOIOAOYIKn"EVW 01 EF;oUOIOOT€<; TTJ 8EWpouv "xOOTlKn" KOI "Oq>UOIKTJ". eo unooooocue va OOU~E OUTn TTJ TaF;TJOTO TOXUTOTO cvcrrruoOOIlEVO K(VTJ~O KOTOAn\lJEWV OE aOElou<; OTPOTWVE<; TO KOAOKO(pl TOU 1949. Avcuecc OTOV louvre KOI TOV OKTWPPIO 40.000 dorevoi OE AYYA(O KOI Ouyyop(o KOTaAOpov novo ana X(AIE<; OTPOTlWTIK€<; EYKOTOOTaOEI<; (nou E(XOV ~e;(VEI 0XPTJOIllonO(TJTE<; ~ETa TTJ AnF;TJTOU noxeuou). Oovovoccv ana 1l0VOI TOU<;, Ka8E E(OO<;KOIVOTlKn<; UnTJPE0(0<; OTTJV rtpoortdaerd TOU<; va IlETOTP€\lJOUV OUTOU TOU<; OTPOTWVE<; OE ov8pwmvo ortrno: KOIVOTlKn 10TpIKn nEp(80A\lJTJ, UnTJPe;a(E<;EmOITlOIlOU, urtouvcecc K.O. AKO~O Evw8TJKOV ouoortovoroxu ~€OW TTJ<;EVWOTJ<;Yla TTJV npOOTOO(O TWV KOTOAn\lJEWV. Eva OTJ~OVTlKO OTOIXElO YI'OUT€<; TI<; KOIVOTTJTE<;KOTOAn\lJEWV ElVOI TO OTI OPYOVW8TJKOVana ovapcorrouc ~E EAaXloTo xoivo, neon ort'ro OTi P€POIO nTOV OAOI aOTEYOI. Ynnpxov ovcueoo TOU<; ana Aou~nEv ~€XPI q>IAnOUXOI OIKoYEvElapXE<;. Eva EVOIOq>€POVnOpaOEIYIlO eecouovnc TTJ<;8EWPlO<; TTJ<;cusoo~TJTTJ<; ovcvoonc, ucc OElXVEI TO oUTooIEU8uvollEVO npWTonoploKo o K€VTPO YYE(O<; OTO n€KXO~ TOU Aovo(vou. :::EKlVTJOEana ~Ia oudoc YIOTPWV KOI PIOAOYWV nou n8EAOV va 00XOATJ80UV KOI va ~EAETnOOUV TTJV... vetc OVT( TTJV OPPWOTEIO oruoc Kavouv 01 urtoxomot OUu vaOEAq>O( TOU<;. EF;€TO~OV TOXTIKa ov8pwnou<; nou E(XOV ypOq>TEl Il€ATJ OTO K€VTPO KOI tPYOAOV nOAUTI~O OUllnEpaO~OTO ncvco rTH
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yrH THr yrEIAr n ortoc TO 8ETOUV 01 ~IOAOYOITOU nEKxa~ ... "E~ETO~OU~Ecvsoccrtouc nou etvor EAEU8EPOI(ana rc OEO~O rnc cppcocreicc), EAEU8EPOIva ~nOOUV ortcoc 8EAOUV Kat va OWOOUVEKTaOTl one; EmSU~(Ee;TOUe;".rE ~IO nn'nc rtoxunuec cvceooec novo OTO netocuo TOU nEKxa~, 0 vrcrpoc T~ov KO~Epq>OPVT ~YO~EI TO E~ne; OUurteocouo: "~IO xorvcovlo KOTW ana TIe; KaTOAATlAEe;nEpIOTOOEIe; av aq>nOEITOV EaUTO rnc va EKq>paOTe:( U90p~TlTa, EnE~EpYO~ETat TTlV a OWTTlP(a rnc Kat nETuxa(VEI ~IO opuovlc npO~EWV nou Ka~~IO TlYEotc OEV8a ~nopOUOE va nETuXEI". To (010 aKpl~We; ouuneooouu ~YOI~EI Kat 0 AAOyouwp8 Poe; ana TTlV ~EMTTl TOU YIO TTlV E~EAI~Tl TWV noorortooroxov KOIVOTnTWV OTTlVA~EPIKOVIKTllluOTl TOV 190 cuovc. E~(oou OTl~aVnKo napaoE(waTa YIO TOU (OIOU E(OOUe;envouevo rrrcv 01 ov8pwnol nou rrrov TOOOTOA~TlPO(Kat E(Xav TETOla curorterrotanon WOTE va OTl~loupYnoouv aUTOOIEU8uvO~EVEe;, Tl "OWq>POVI~ o rucec" KOIVOTTlTEe; VEWV ~E 'perm rtpoc TTlVEYKATl~aTlKOTTlTa" (KOTI OTlAaOn nou Sa unooouccue va xapaKTTlPlOOU~E oav 'nvncvouooq>WTnpIO"). XO~EP AETlV nrov aUTOe;nou ~EKlVTlOETTlV "MIKpn Kotvo0 TTlTa TOU Koivou KaAOU" KaTaq>EpVOVTae; ro OIKaOTnpla aVTlAlKWV va OTE(AOUVEKEl apKETO nvoorc Kat xootrom, aVT( va rc OTEAVOUV OTa cvcucocccrnoro. 0 AETlV OlaKUPTlOEon: "Tl EAw9Ep(a OEV O(VETal. KaTaxnETat ana TO natol, ocv anOTEAEo~a E~EPEUVTlOTle; aKat vaKOAU\jJTle;·UVEnne; o'curn TTlV apxn, apVn8TlKa va aOKnOW nnvco r OTa natolo Eva OUoTTl~a E~ouo(ae;, rtcpouoro u'ouro TWV 8EO~WV TOU KOO~OUTWV EVnAIKWV. 0 aUTooIEUSUVO~EVOe;xapaKTnpae; rnc KOIVOTTlTae; vanTUxSTlKE ana ro (ola ro natolO, cove Kat OUOKOAa, a YIO va uccvortomoer Tie; OIKEe;TOUe;aVOYKEe;". o AUYOUOTOe;AIxopv stvci evcc E~(OOU TOA~TlPOe; nvrpcc nou OIEUSUVEI ~IO KOIVOTTlTaYIO 'urtooocpuoo rouc" VEOUe; TTl BIEVVTl. O KonOTE OU~TlTOUOau'evn rKaVOlva~o OTl~OOlOypOq>O nou ~OAOIe; E(XE EnIOTPE\jJEIana TTlV N.Aq>pIKn Kat Tl rno loxupn EVTunWOTl nou TOU E(XE ~E(VEI ort'curn TTl xwpa nrcv on 01 AEUKO(,cxouo Kat orcv OU~TlTOUOaV ~ETa~u TOUe;,0XEOOV oUpAla~av. Hrcv TOOO OUVTl810~EVOl ana TO va o(vouv olaTaYEe; OTOUe;uouoouc, WOTE curo ElXE ertnPEOOEI oxouc Kat TO rpono ~E TOV ortolo OU~TlTOUOaV~ETa~u TOUe;. Ka~~lo WYEVEla OEV unnpxE. To rteorcrcrruco aUTO ~OU ~avanpSE OTO uuoxo, (aAAo ovrsorpouevo) orcv ncpoxoxouanou OTO paoloq>WVO~IO exnourm YIO TTlV EnETEIO ana TTlV EIO~OAn TWV PWOlKWV TaVKe; OTTlVTOExooAo~aK(a, TO 1968. 0 cenvnrric cvcoepouevoc YIO TO KaAOKa(pl EKE(VOOTTlVnpoya, E(XE nEI: "OAOI E(Xav Y(VEl nEplOOOTEPO EUYEVIKO(, EplOOOTEPOrtoooexrucot To EYKATl~a Kat Tl ~(a E~an oovlorrucov. OAOI eclvovrov va KOVOUV~IO ~EYOATl nooonoaeio YlO va Y(VEl n ~wn unoeeorr] Ka8we; ~EXPl TOTE nrov TOOOcvunoecorr. Twpa nou Tl AVOlI;Tl me npoyae; rtepcoe OTTlV urroplc, apx(~ou~E va I;EXVO~E (av Kat Ol TOEXOl nOTE OEV 8a I;EXOOOUV). t IOTOplKO((aO naOXOATl~EVOI~E TOUe;nOAlTIKOUe;"q>EAAOUe;" nou ernnxeouv OTTlV E-
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rnqxivero TWV YEYOVOTWVij ~E rnv TaOE ij rnv OElva cvcxotvocn rnc KEVTpIKije; EmTponije;) OEV ucc MVE T(nOTa Yla rnv al0811011nou KuplapXOUOE cvdueoc OTOUe;av8pwnoue; nou Elxav KaTE~EI OTOUe; opO~Oue;. 0 T~ov MnEPYKEp 8U~aTat: "Eloa nAij811 EPyan.0V OTOUe; opO~Oue; rnc npayae; ~E rc rtpoocono TOUe;CPWTlO~EVaana rnv cpaveon a(0811011rnc ioroouoic ouvxookic Kat TOU EmTEuy~aTOe;.~UOTUxwe; curn 11 crucceoioo rrrnv noooxmon Hrnv oucoc ~Ia EVOEI!;11 Yla rtc ~EXPI TOTE axpllOl~onOlllTEe; av8pwmVEe; ouvaToTllTEe;. rIa rnv TaxuTllTa ~E rnv onoto urrooouce va E!;acpavloTE( 11EAAEIlIJll ijsouc'. o Xoppu LYOUWPT~ ana TOUe;"TIMES" rnc N.YOpKlle; unc 8U~(~EI: "cpIAla, au80p~I1TlO~Oe;, ceooucxrouoc; !;EYVOlaOla. AUTEe; rrrcv 01 M!;Ele; nou 01 !;EVOI cvrcrroxorrec xpllOl~onOlouoav Yla va rteprvodlIJouv TOUe;!;ExEIAOUe;ana EUTuXla nOAlTEe; rnc npayae;." TI EKavE 0 NTou~nToEK rnv (ala o nvurt npoona80uoE va 8EOEI opio, va XElpaYWyijOEI curn rnv cusoourrrn encvcoruon nou E(XE !;EKIVijOEI. To E£XE unooXE8El aAAWOTE Kat OTllV OUVOOO TOU LU~CPWVOU rnc Sapoo~(ae; nou EIXE YlvEI OTllV ~pEOOn. rtcoc ol1Aaoij "8a E~a~E TEAOe;crnv avapx(a", Kal orov rn PWOlKa TaVKe; rrocvuorortotnocv rnv EIO~OAij Yla va Em~aAAOUV rn olKij TOUe;Ta!;n. TOTE rn 8EOll rnc cuaoounrnc snovcoroonc, rtnoe 11 cusoourrrn cvrtcrcon 0 Ka~(A rLVTEP, KaTOIKOe; rnc npayae;, MEL ... npEnEl va O~OAOyijOW rtcoc rtnoro OEV nrcv EK " TWV nporeocov oovcvcouevo, ro ndvrc AEIToupYlloav ousoounrc ... . " 000 Yla TOV "aVTlOAa~ MVaKO ana rnv MnpaTlOAa~a, aUTOe; EypalIJE:'Kcvetc OEV EOIVEolaTayEe;. Or av8pw)101 ij!;Epav ana ~OVOI TOL!e; Tl ertoerre va KaVOUV.0 Ka8Evae; EIXE rnv olKij TOU ... KUPEPVlloll", ~E " TIe; OIKEe; OU "OlaTaYEe;" Kat TOUe;OIKOUe; OU "KaVOVlO~OUe;". T T OTloijnors 01 OUVa~Ele;KaToxije; noocncanocv va napaAUOOUV, aUTO OUVEXI~E va AEITOUPYE(ij Kat AEITOUPYOUOE nxoun KaAUTEpa cn'on ouvn8we;. MEXPI TO ortoveuac. 01 aV8pwnOl E(xav KaTacpEpEI va AUOOUVaxouc Kat TO npo~AIl~a TOU Ecpoolao~ou rpotplucov". To (010 "OUVTO~OKaAOKa(pl Tile; avapx(ae;" napaTIlPij81lKE 12 xpOvm vcoolreoc OTIl nOAwv(a Kat TIlV Ouyyap(a. 0 oucovouoxovoc nijTEP rOU(Ae; (nou nrnv OTO no~vav xnrd Til OlaPKEla TWV E!;EYEPOEWV) erncrucve aUTO nou ovoucoe "KaTanKAIlKTIKij 1l81Kij aYVOTIlrn" Kat E!;IlYE(: "LTIlV nOAwv(a Kat nOAU nEpIOOOTEPOOTIlV Ouvvoptn, ern E~OO~aOEe;OEV unijpXE Ka~~la E!;ouo(a. 01 aV8PWnOl ~ouoav ~Eon OE Eva KA(~a avapXIKije; curortascoxtcc EVW oxouc Kat 01 KaKOnoiot OEV EKAE~av T(nOTa, OEV ueaouoov, OEV XTunouoav E~pa(oue;. EcpTaoav OTO OIl~E(O va AUVT~apOUV ~OVO TOUe;xacplEOEe;xwp(e; va nElpa!;OUV TOUe;KO~~OUVIOTEe;. Ta 1l81Ka erureovucrc elver (awe; aOUYKplTa OTIlV enovccro nxn «rroolo'. Evae; Ouvvpoc, ouronrnc udoruocc TWV (oIWV YEYOVOTWV AEEl: "Ga one nw OXETlKa ~E TIlV a(081l01l KOIVOTIlTae; nou unijpXE OTOUe; opO~Oue; rnv ueoc Tile; ertovdorconc. MIa ueoc OTEKO~OUVOTIlV OU-
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pa Yla VO napw ",",WIl(Kat TOn; np8E EVO q>OPTTWO nou TO OOTWOUOOV OUO OYOPIO IlE noAupoAO. Moe; nopoKaAEoov vo OUVElOq>EPOUIlE OAOl Yla vo rtdpouv ",",wll( Yla TOUe; aAAOUe; 1l0XTJTEe; nou nTOV OTO 0ooq>paYlloTo. To IllOO q>OPTTJYO YElllOE IlE ",",wilL 0 omAoVoe;' 1l0U OTTJV oopd E(XE XOp(OEI OAO TOU TO ",",WIl(OTO natOla Kat TWPO 80 Ertoerte VO ~ovonaEloTo orun TOU Yla VO napEI AEq>Ta. Kat TOTE OU80PIlTJTO TJ"ouon'' ~ovaKOVE EPOVO Yla VO TOU uvopcoer ",",WilL To T~alllo O'OAO 0XEOOV TO 1l0YO~la E(XOV ortcca ana TOUe; nupoPOAlOIlOUe; OAAa KOVEle; OEV rtrjoe OTlOnnOTE ana KOllilla PlTp(VO. AKOIlO Kat TO T~alllO TWV ~oxoponAOOTE(WV E(XOV ortcoer OAAa TO natOla OEV EnatpVOV TlnOTO. OUTE KOV OTO 1l0YO~la IlE q>WToypOq>IKEe; IlTJXOVEe;n IlE KOOllnIlOTO. MEyaAo KOUTla OTi}VOVTOV KaBE npw( OTO OTOUPOOPOlllO nou navw TOUe; ypaq>OVE: OUTa etvrn Yla TOUe; nATJywIlEVOUe; Kat Yla TIe; OlKOYEVElEe; TWV VEKpWV. To ppaou rrmv veucro IlE xpi}IlOTO". Xwp(e; OIlq>IPOA(O, 01 av8pwnOl IlE cvcnn 8UIlOUVTat OUTn TTJ POOlAe:(O TTJe; E~OpOTJe; Kat TTJe; OU80PIlTJTTJe; OnAOTTJTOe; oov ilia Enoxn 0nou "at08aVEOat OTl ~oq>VIKa OVOOUEOat OE ilIa KOTaOTOOTJ 100TTJTOe; Kat EAEUBEp(Oe;, OTOV 01 avBpwnOl rtooortusouv vo oourteotoeoovrm oov avBpwnOl Kat 0XI OOV ypova~IO TTJe;KomTOAIOTlKne; IlTJXOVne;", 0moe ElXE ypa",",El 0 OPYOUEA oVOq>EpoIlEVOe; OTTJV EnOVOOTOTlKn BOPKEAWVTJ TO 1936. 0 AVTU AVTEPOOV, OVOq>EpOIlEVOe; OTTJV OUYYPlKn enOVaOTOOTJ TOU 1956, evocee; "H KOIVWV(O, IlEOO ana TTJ OKOVTJ Kat TO xortvo TWV OOOIlOXlWV, EPlXVE ilIa KAEq>Ti}1l0Tla OE ilIa KOTaOTOOTJ OTTJV onoto OEV ao XPEIO~OTOV nooeurtooovouc, KUPEpVnOEIe;, ertcvvexucrtec nOAITlKOUe;, OIEUBuVTEe; Kat Oq>EVTlKa nou vo OlVOUV OIOTOyEe;". rOV EVO TEAEUTO(O rtopdosrvuo, OUTO nou OVOlla~OUIlE OuBOPIlTJTO Kat EAEUBEPO nElpOIlOTlOIlO IlE VEEe; KOIVWVIKEe;q>OPIlEe;, OOe; OlVW IlEpIKa ortoortdoucro ana EVO onOAOYIOIlO TWV EnOVOOTOTlKWV EmTEUYllaTWV OE EVO nallq>TWXO lortnvuco XWPlO, TTJV MEllnplAO: "rTle; aBAIEe; KOAUPEe; TOU ~ouv 800 KaTOlKOI. 01 OPOIlOl OEV elvm AIBoOTPWTOI. /:'EV urtdpxouv KOq>EVE(O OUTE PlPAIOBnKTJ. YnnpxOV nOAAEe; EKKATJOlEC; 1 ortolec PEpatO KaTJKOV. AIlEOWe; IlETa Tl KlVTJIlO TOU Cl>pav0 KO, TJ YTJ onOAAOTplWBTJKE, OTTJ ~wn TOU XWPIOU TO naVTO KOAAEKTIpOnOlnBTJKOV. Cl>OYTJTO, pOUXO, EPYOAElO OLOVEIlOVTOVE~(OOU O'OAO TO nATJBuoll6. To xpnllo KOToPynBTJKE, TJ oouAEla KOAAEKTlpOnOlnBTJKE, 0AO TO cvcsd rtepcocv OTTJV KOIVOTTJTOKat TJ KOTOVaAWOTJ KOIVWVIKOnOlnBTJKE. Evo EKAEYIlEVO OUIlPOUAlO covcvooe IlEOW erurporuov TTJ ~wn TTJe;KOIlIlOUVOe; Kat TTJ 0XEOTJ TTJe;IlE TOV urtoxomo KOOIlO. /:'0BTJKE nEp(BoA",",TJ O'EVO IlEyaAo oplBIlO npooouvcov. /:'TJlllOUPynBTJKE ilia IlIKpn PIPAIOBnKTJ Kat EVO EPYOOTnplO 0XEOlOU. H MEllnplAO etvor oococ TO rno q>TWXO XWPIO OTTJV10nOVlO OAAa Kat TO rue /:'IKAIO". o NOOIl Toouoxu Yla TO rtcocncvo KElllEVO OVOq>EPEI: "Evoe; TETOlOe; crtoxovrouoc IlE TO EVOLOq>EPOVTOU Yla 'nc ovBpwmVEe; 0XEcere Kat Yla TO IOEWOEe; Illae; OlKOITJe;KOIVWVlOe;,sc q>OlVETat nopa~E56
VO OTOUC;IlEyaAOOXTlIlOUC;olavoouIlEVOUC;, 8a xapaXTTlPIOTE( "orpeMc;" rllnpwToyovoC;" rl Kat lavop80AOYIKOC;".Movo OTaV T!hOlEC; npoKaTaArllliEIC; l;EnEpaOTOUV, 8a IlnOpEOOUV 01 IOTOpIKO( va EmXEIPrlOOUVilia Oopaprl IlEMTTl TOU Aa"iKou KIVrlllaTOC; nou IlETalloP
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