ANTI-NTIPINrK
H ANATPOITH THL EITILTHMHL AITO TON KYPIO EyrENIO NTiPINrK
PINTPIX ENrKEA~
ANTI-NTIPINfKl
HANATPOllH
THL ETIILTHMHL ATIO TON KYPIO EYfENIO NTIPINfK
MeracpQaan: A vvsxs Iioavvctou- vtsee eewQnan uettupoaonc: eavaanr; Ilanaotivtu;
~YrXPONH EllOXH
A0HNA2006
o (}uYYQalpia~ "at 0 riTAO~ oto JrQ(J)Torwto:
FRIEDRICH ENGELS, Anti-DUhring
ISBN 960-224-895-5
© ~uYXQOVTJ Erroxi) ExboTlxi) AEBE
'Lol..ffivo; 130, 106 81 AfJi)vu, TTJ!...: 2103320800, Fax: 2103813354 httpowww.sep.gr.e-rnail: info@sep.gr
TIPOAOrOI
LTIL TPEIL EK~OLEIL
I
H axoAou8ll EQyaoLa 6EV ELVm xa8oAou xaQlto£ XUltOLW; «£(JO)TEQLXn; ltaQoQJlllOll;». AVTWna. o,WV, ~aT)~ nQEnEL va JtaH JtEQa ono mv HOLXOtT)ta rou xm va f,l1tEL OE YELtOvLXOU~ to-
-9-
!lEt:; - OE 'to!ld:;, EltO!lEV(O:;, OtOU:; OJtOLOU:; xm EXELVO:; etvoi E~LOOU «T)!lL~tafhl:;»5, ouwpwva ue tT)V O!lOAOYLa tOU XUQLOU BLQXOCP (Virchow), omo; E!ld:; ot anm. TT)v L('>La EltLELXELa 0' O,tL acpoQa !lLXQE:; avaxQLBm:; xm a6E~LOtT)tE:; tTl:; ExcpQaOT):;, T) OJtOLa EcpaQ!lO~Etm a!lotBaLa, EAni~w on Sa !lOU 6EL~0'UV XL E!lEVa, ue tQOJtO EUYEVLXO.
TEAUCllVOVta:; auto tOY JtQOAOYO, xaM stvrn v« avacpEQW !lLa aYYEALa (3LBALOmoAdou, OUVtaY!lEVT) uno tOY XUQLO NtLQLVYX, EVO:; VEOU «(3aOLXOU» EQYOU tOU XUQLOU NtLQL vtw. Nee; [3aaH~ yw Tl1V O{)- 80AOY£Xrj cPvmxrj xai X nueia.
'000 XL av owaonronou» mv EAAELwanXotT)ta tWV CPUOtXWV xru XT)!lLXWV !lOU YVWOEWV, mOtEUW, roorooo, on YVWQL~W toy xuQLO NtLQLVYX !lOU xm YL' auto !!1toQw va mo EX t(OV JtQOtEQWV, XWQL:; vc EXW 6EL xov to oUYYQa!l!la, on OL EXEL 6LatuJtW!lEVOL vouo, tTl:; CPUOLX~:; xm tTl:; XT)!lELa:;, !!1taL vouv -cno aJtO\jJT) JtaQavoT)oT):; ~ XOLvoTOJtLa:;- aVEta OtT) oELQa tWV VO!lWV Jt('QL OLxoVO!lLa:; xru OXT)!lano!lou TOll XOO!lOU XAn., tou; OJtOLOU:; avaxaAmjJE ° XUQLO:; NtLQLVYX JtQWtll'tEQa xm oi OJtOLot E~Eta~OVtm OTO o1r(YQa!l!la !lOU. EJtLOT):;, !!1toQw v« JtW on TO cno tOY XUQLO NtLQLVYX xcrooxeucO!lEVO QLYO!lEtQO, ~ EQyaAELO YLa tn !lEtQT)Oll JtOAAWV xa!lT)Awv SEQ!lOxQaoLwv, 610 Sa XQT)OtIJ,EUOEL orrv XQLt~QLO YLa n:; SEQIJ,OxQaoLE:; -{)UtE '\jJT)A£:; OUtE xalJ,T)A£:;- aAAa aJtAw:; xm !lOVO YLa tT)V alJ,ae~ aAa~ovELa TOU XUQLOU NtLQLVYX.
i\ovbivo, 11 Iouviov 1878
-10-
II
'Htnv anQOOOOXlJTO YLa uevo, on TO lTaQov (JuYYQa[l[la lTQfJtEL va ~YEL oe YEa EXCO(JlJ. To aVnXEL[lfVO, (JTO OlTOlO aaxd xQLTLxr], EXEL or][lEQa (JX£Mv ~fxa(JTEL To lCW TO (JuYYQa[l[l<1 uou CfV EXEL [lOVO lTQO(JqJfQO£l O£ (J1JVEXELE~ (J£ lTOAAE~ XLALUCE~ avaYV{J)(JTWV OTlJ (/J60- /3f(}Tr; TlJ~ AL'i'la~ TO 1877 xm TO 1878 aAA<1 EXEL TlllT{J)f:l£l OMXAlJQO xm (J£ ~EX{J)QL(JTU ~lEQlJ (J£ [lEYUAO nQu~. TIOLO~ [llTOQEl va evoicqJEQOEt axo[la YLa xun, YLa TO tt dxa va IT{J) yta TOV XUQLO NtLQwyx lTQLV uno XQovLa; TIQwTa-lTQ(ina, TO XQ{J)(JT<1{J) (JTlJV lTEQl(JTa(JlJ on TO (JUyYQa[l[la mrto, OlT{J)~, <1A,A,{J)aLVEtm, A.OLJtOV, on uJtaQXEL Eva XOLVO ue aQxEta f.,lEyaA.O EVDLacpEQov YLa tTJV uJt08wTJ aUT~ YLa va DEXtEL tTJV JtOA.Ef.,lLX~ xata tWV VtLQLVYXLXWV 8EOEWV -f..lLa JtOA.E!-tLX~ nou, coto JtoA.M~ aJto'IjJEL~, DEV EXEL mo ovnXElf.,lEVO- JtQO~ OCPEA.O~ nov DOO!-tEVWV 8mxwv ESEA.LSEWV.
EmoTJ!-talvw xm to ES~~: EJtELD~ 0 roono; 8EWQTJOTJ~, nou eventuooetm EDW, 8Ef.,lEA.LW8T!XE xm avrottllx8TJxE xata to !-tEyaA.lltEQo !-tEQO~ tTJ~ «no toy MaQs xm !-tovaxa oro f.,lLXQOtEQO !-tEQO~ tTJ~ ono uevo, nrov cutovonto YLa !-ta~ TJ JtaQouolao~ uou aut~ vo !-tTJ YLVOrev EV ayvola rou, Ton DLa~aoa 01.0 to XELQoYQacpo JtQLV tUJtW8EL. To 6txato xEcpaA.mO lOU f.,lEQOU~ YLa mv oixovouto (<LxaLwlla va
-13-
6lOQ8wow, ano., loa-loa, ovrt outou eturu UJtoXQEW!!EVO~ va TOV EJUXQlVW.
o MaQs XL ryw ~!!aOTaV !!o.A.A.OV oi !!OVOL OL onotoi bLEOu)OaV uno TYI YEQ!!aVLX~ Lb£aA.LOTLX~ CPLA.Ooocpla TYI OUVELbYlT~ bLaA.EXTLX~ xrn TYI !!ETa(3Ll3aoav OTYlV 1JAL(JTlX~ aVTlA.TJlf'Y1 TYI~ CPUOYl~ XaL TYI~ LOTOQla.;. O!!W~, 010 !!La bLaA.EXTLX~ XaL, TaUTOXQova, UA.LOTLX~ aVTlA.Y1lf'Y1 TYI~ CPUOYl~ avitXEL YI OLXELOTYlTa !!E rc !!a8Y1!!anxo. XaL n~ CPUOLXE; EJTWT~!!E';. 0 MaQs nrcv YEQO~ !!a8Y1!!anxo~, ano. TL~ CPUOLX£~ EJTLOTit!!E; !!JToQOUOa!!E !!OVO xouurmoot«, !!E o.A.!!ata XaL onOQabLxo. va naQaxoAou8itoou!!E. Otov EYO), AOLnov, !!E TYlV anoxwQYlO~ !!OU uno n~ E!!JTOQLX£; bQaOTYlQLOTYlTE~ XaL TYI !!ETaXO!!wit !!OU OTO AovblVOJ(), anOXTYlOa TO XQOVO YL' aUT6, E~Y10a, OTO ~aO!!o nou YLVOTav, !!La nAnQYI !!a8Y1!!anxit XaL CPUOLXOEJTLOTYI!!OVLXit «avaJTT£QWOYl», onw~ TO OVO!!o.~EL 0 AL!!JTLX (Liebig), 11 XaL aoxoA.it8Y1xa u' aUTO TO !!EyaA UTEQO !!EQO~ EXEL vorv TWV OXTW XQ6vwv. BQwXO!!OUV aXQL~W~ OTYI !!EOYl aUTit~ TYI~ bLabLxaOLa~ avaJTT£QWOYl~, otov !!OU £TUXE va UOXoA.Y18cO !!E TYI A.EyO!!EVYI CPLA.Ooocpla TYI:; CPUOYl~ TOU XUQlOU NTlQLV'/X. Etvut anOA.uta CPUOLXO, AOLnov, av Ouxvo. bE ~QLOXW TYI OWOT~ TEXVLXit £xcpQaoYl XaL XLVOU!!aL, OUTW~ it o.AA.W;, !!E aQXET~ ouoxoA.la OTOV TO!!£a TYI~ 8EU)QYlnxit~ CPUOLXit~ EJTWT~!!Y1~. Ano TYlV o.AA.Y1,!!' exove nQOOExnXOYl mlYvWOYl TYI~ 0XL oxouc SrnEQaO!!£VYI~ a~E~aLOTTJTa~ !!OU· bE 8a !!OU ~QEL xavEL~ nQay!!anx£~ naQa~o.0EL~ TWV TOTE YVOlOTWV YEYOVOTWV, OUTE TYI A.av8ao!!£Vl] ncoouotcon TWV TOTE avaYVOlQW~l£VOlV 8EOlQLCOV. L' O,TL acpoQo. aUTO, !!OVO £va~ noQayvOlQWIl£VO~ !!EYo.A.0~ !!a()Y1!!aTlXO~ E1;£cpQaOE!!' EJTLOTOA.tl TO noQo.novo TOU GTOV MaQs, MyoVta~ on Xato. TQ6no EYXA.Y1!!aTLXO ott!!aOU TYlV -f-L 12
L' aUTtl !!OU TYlV avaXEcpaA.alWOYl TOlV !!a8Y1!!atLXWV XaL TWV CPUGLXWV EJTWTYI!!WV, 0 aUTOVOYlTO~ oxono; nrov va netoro TOV £aUTO !!OU XaL 010 Xo.8E A.EJTTO!!£QELa -YEVLXo. bEV a!!cp£~aAA.a xa8oA.0u- on, OTYI CPUOYl, EJTL~o.AAOVTaL OL lblOL bLaAEXTLXOl VO!!OL TYI~ XlVYlOYl~, !!£oa ow !!JTEQbE!!U nov avaQL8!!Y1TWV UAA.ayolV, OL onotot EAEYXOUV XaL OTYlV LGTOQLa TO CPaLVO!!EVLXo. TUXULO TWV ytyOVOTWV. Etvrn OL lbLOL vouoi, GU!!cpOlva !!E TOU~ OnOL01J~ ~a8!!Lala 0 axrnTO!!EVO~ o.v- 8QCtlno~ CPTo.VfL OTYI OUVElbYlOYl XaL nou anOTEA.OUV, XaL GTYlV WTOQla
-14-
tll~ ESEAlSll~ tll~ avSQOT] tllt; cpuOllt;. Koi, uno tote Jt01J II ~LOA.oyia XUVEL rnv EQ£1JVU Tllt; CPCOtLOf,tEVT] «no tTl 8EWQla tT]t; E~EA.L~llt;, £~acpaviotT]X£ OtOV LOueo TT]t; ogyavLxljt; CPUOT]; llf,tia a1J(JtllQ~ 6LaxwQLonx~ YQaf,tf,t~ tT]t; ta~LVOf,tT]aT]t; f,tEtU tT]V UA.A.T]· OL 0XEMv f,tll ta~LVOf,t~OLf,tOL £V6LUf,t£OOL xQLxoL y(VOVtaL XUOE f,tEQa JtEQLOOOt£QOL'll aXQL~EOt£Qll EQ£1JVa JtEtUEL ogyavLOf,tOu; uno tn f,tla Of,tota~la ornv UA.A.ll XaL OtaxwQL-
-17-
anxa YVWQLa!J,ata, rtou dxav YLVEL aXEMv aQ8Qa nLatlj~, xavouv rnv cveu oQWV Laxu "WU~. TWQa EXOU!J,E 8ljAaanXa, nou xovow af)ya, xru, av lj dbTJalj EJU~Ef:k1Lwed, 8a EXOU!-lf xm nOUALa non naVE !J,E tn TEaaEQa.18 Av 0 BLQXOCP (Virchow), JIQLV uno XQovLa, ntav oxouc avayxaa!J,Evo~ -cov aUVEJIELa t% avaxuAU'\jJlj~ lOU xuttoQOU- va bLaAuaEL rnv EVOTTJta tou ~WLXOU orouou JIEQWOOtEQO JIQoo[)Eunxu JIaQu CPUaLXOEJIWtTJ!J,OVLXU XaL [)LaAEXtLXU oe !J,La ouoaJIOv[)La ana xQutlj xunuQwv19, tWQa lj EWOLa tlj~ ~WLXn~ (EJIO!J,EVW~ XaL av8Q(omVTJ~) ctouixotntc; YLVEtaL JIOAU mo JIEQLnAOXlj!J,E rnv avaxaAU\jJl] TWV AEUXWV uuiooqxnouov, to OJIOLa XUXAOCPOQouv aav a!J,OL~u[)E~ oro aW!J,a tWV aVWtEQwV ~wwv. 'Htov, o!J,w~, aXQL~~ autE~ OL [)La!-lfTQLxE~ avn8Eaw; OL !J,E to ~OQL xa80QLa!J,fVEC; bLaXWQwnxE~ YQU!J,!J,f~ xm tal;LVO!J,LXEC; [)Laa bLEUXOAUVETaL, oxrtooo, autnlj bWbLxaaLa, av [)EV ~ExaatEL on tn anOtEAEa!J,ata, oro OJIOLa aUVO\jJL~OVtaL OL EI-lJIELQLE~ HOV qnxnXWV EJIWtTJIlWV, ELVaL EVVOLEC_:;· av bEV ~ExaatEL on lj tEXVlj va EQYUsEtaL xaVEL~ IJ,E EVVOLE~ bEV ELVaL EIlCPutTJ OUtE bLbEtaL ue TTJ auvn8lj Xa8lj!J,EQLVn ouvetonon, aAAa anaLtEL JIQaYlJ,anx'l\ aXE\jJTJ -XaL aUTn TJ aXE\jJlj EXEL EJILolj~ IJ,La llaXQOXQoVlj EI-lJIELQLXn iotootc-, OUTE ALYOtEQTJ OUTE JIEQwaOtEQlj orro tnv E[MLELQLXn cpUaLXn EQEuva. AXQL~(i)~ Myw tou YEYOVOtac_:; on IJ,U8ULVEL va LbLOJIOLELtaL to anOtEAEoucro tljC; E~EAL~TJ~ tlj~ cpLAoaocpLac;, JIOU £XEL ljALXLa bUOIJ,LOL XLALU-
-18-
6wv XQovwv 1WQa, lj cpucnXTt EJ1L(HTtl1lj Sa SECPOQ1WSEt, acp' EVOt;, aU1Tt rnv sEXWQW1Tt CPLAooocpLa lljt; CPUOljt;, lj onotn ~QLOXHm El;w xm mivw an' amTt, acp' ELEQOU, OI1W£, Sa anaAAaXTEl XaL «no Tlj 6LXTt lljt; 01EVOXEcpaAlj I1ESo60 OXE\jJljt;, mv onoto EXEL XAljQOVOI1l]OEL ano TOV aYYALXO E!1Jt€LQWI10.
Aov(){vo, 23 ~EJrrEf1I3Qiou 1885
-19-
III
H rraQouaa YEa EXOOaT] stvru avmunwaT] tT]£ nQOT]you~fVT]£, fxt6~ ono [lfQLXE~ rroAu am'l[lavtf~ anaYE~ oro uqJo~. M6vo a' Eva xfqJuAmo, to 6Exato (to fvbExato otnv nnoouon EXOOaT]) tou Afuteoou MEQO'll~: «Arto tT]V KQmx~ Iotootc», fJtEtQf1l'a orov fU'Ut6 uou ouoioonxe; nQoafh'lxf~, XaL [laAWta YLa T01J~ f~~~ Myo'll~.
Onw~ ~OT] uvaqJEQOT]Xf orov nQc)Aoyo tT]£ OfUtfQT]~ ExOoaT]~, TO xfqJaAaLO curo, a' 6Aa tou tu OU(JL(llOT] aT][lEla, nQoEQXEtaL M6 tOY MaQ~. LtT]V rrQcotT] tou alJvta~T] -nou nQooQL~6tav YLU aQSQo EqJT][lEQ(oa~- ~~o'UV cvovxoouevo; va ouvtoueipco aT]~UvtLXa to XfLQ6- YQaqJo tou MaQ~ XaL, ~aAWta, aXQL~w£ oe exetvo to ~EQT], oro onotc T] xQmx~ otu; SEaw; TOU NtLQLVYX 'llnOXUlQEl xarr(U£ urrooot« aTL~ Xa8fU'UT6 f~EAt~EL£ ono tT]V iotootc tT]~ OLXOVO[llW;. Aur« to xouucno, 6~Ul£, cnorexouv aXQL~w~ EXEl vo to [lEQO£ toU XELQOYQuqJou, to onoto XaL a~~fQu rraQO'llaLa~EL to [lEyaMtEQo XaL uoVL[l6tfQO EvoLaqJEQov. AwOavo[laL 'llrroXQfW[lEVO~ va owaw ooo to o'UVcn6 rrAT]QfatEQa XaL JtLO XUQLoAfXtLXa tT]V ncoouotoon, otnv onoto 0 MaQ~ blVEL oe av8Q(ilrrou~ oov tOU~ lIEU (Petty), XLOU~ (Hume) rn 8EaT] rtou rou; aQ[l6~EL otn YEVEaT] tT]£ XAa(JLX~£ OLXOVO~ta£. Auto LaxuEL ax61la JtEQwa6tEQo YLU tT]V E~~YT]aT] tou «OLXOVO~LXOU mvoxo» ton Kevs (Quesnay), ourou tou aLVly~ato£ tT]~ LqJtyyU~, to onoto EtXE ~flVEL aAuTO YLa OMXAT]QT] tn aUyXQovT] OLxovouto, lIaQaAEL1I'a, aVtLSEtUl£, oto ~a81lc) nou emtoenotcv M6 tc a'llllqJQa~6~fva, to ooo orpooouonv arrOXAELaUXa tL~ EQyaatE£ tou X'llQLO'll NtlQLVYX.
Kotn r' aAAa, ~oQw va El~aL EVtfAW£ LXaVOnOLT]~EVO£ ~E rn oLciOoal], rnv onoto Eloav ot aXEaT] ~E tT]V rrQOl]you[lfYT] ExOOal], OL rraQouaE£ oro aUyyQa~lla M611'fL£, ern i'Jl]~6(JLa ouvetonon tT]£ emat~~l]~ XaL tl]£ fQyatLX~£ ta~l]£ XaL, ~aAWTn, a' 6AE£ tL~ rroAma[lEVE£ XWQE£ tou xoouou
AovOivo, 23 Mato» 1894 CPo EVJ!"eA~
-20-
EI:2:AfQfH
I. fEVLXa
o (J'IJYXQovo~ oootcxiouo; ELVaL, aJI6 aJIo'\IJ'll mQlEXOllEVOU, JIQ(in:a to JIQo'C6v tT]~ OEWQT]OT]~, orp' Ev6C;, HuV taSLXWV aVtlOEO£(uV OL OJIOLE~ XUQLaQXOUV otn OUYXQOVT] XOlVWVLa, tWV EX6vtwv XaL!lT] EXOVtWV, !lLOOWtWV EQyatLaE60!l£va.
OL !lEyaAOL avtQE~, JIOU OtT] raAALa xaOaQLoav OtO XEaLXaLOAOy~OOuv mv UJIaQs~ roix uncoor« OtT] 6LXaOtLX~ aQX~ tOU Aovo» ~ va JIa'\IJOUV va UJIaQXOUV. 0 OXEJIto!lEVO~ vou; EYLVE to uovooixo XQLt~QLO tWV nnvrorv. 'Htov T] EJIOX~, JIOU --DJI0WLE (Fourier) xm 0 'OOUEV (Owen), 0 onotoc, orn XWQu ti)e_; mo uvantuyIlEVl]e_; XanLTUAWtLxi)e_; nugaywyi)e_; xm xorco cno Tl]V evnntoxrn tWV uvnOEoEwv nou dxuv bl]IlLOUQYl]OEl an' umi), uVEmusE OUOtl]!1utLxa tu; nQolaofLe_; TOU yLa TOV nUQu!ll'Qw!16 tWV la~Lxwv ()LUVLue_; l1LxmOOUVIle_;. Ouox, TO ~aO(AfLO 1l]e_; bLUa [!1t0- QOUOE va ELXE YEvVT)Od 500 XQovla VWQLtEQa -ro LDLO 00. ExavE- XaL 00. dXE tote YALtWOEL T) avOQUlnOtT)ta 500 XQovLa nAavT)t;, aywvwv XaL taAaLnwQLwv. Otxnoonxc, oAOL OL AYYAOL, faAAOL XaL OL nQwtOL I'eouovot a I-tJt0Qouoal-t£ cverc va o£xanAamuooU[.t£ autl) tnv avOoAoYLa enntvorv tOU XUQLOU NtLQLVYX cno toy XUQLO NtLQLVYX. MUAAOv l)01l cno twga nQEnEL va EXEL nQoxaAEOEL xunoL£e; al-tcpL~oAL£e; (HOV cvcvvoxrtn, av EXEL va XUVEL nQuYl-tatL ue cpLMoocpo n ue - aAM nQEnEL vo naQaxaAEooul-t£ toy avayvcoOtll vc xQatl)oEL oxouc tnv XQLOl'j lOU I-tEXQL va YVWQLOEL uno JtLO XOVtU tnv ELQlll-tuevn QLl;Lxotllta. Lae; 6LVOW£ tnv we; UVW avOoAoYLa I-t0VO YLa vo 6£l~oW£ OtL oev EX0U[.t£ I-tJtQOOtU I-tae; Eva OUVllOWI-tEVO cpLMoocpo XaL ooowAwtl), ° oxoto; anAwe; £XCPQUl;H ne; OXEljJue; tOU XaL to acpl)vEL ornv naQanEQa £~EAL~ll vc nnoqxiotoa 0XftLXU ue rnv a~La toix, ano. I-t' Eva nMo[la £vt£AcDe; £~aLQ£tLXO, to onoto LOXUQLl;£taL on o£v £LVaL ALYOt£Qo aMvOaoto uno tOY TI6.Jta XaL nou tn I-t0- vaoLxo. (J(otl)QLa oL6aoxaALa tou 6£v I-tJt0QOUI-t£ naQo. vo tnv cnoO£XtOUI-t£, av O£ OEAOUI-t£ vc ~£JtEOOUl-t£ otnv mo anoQQLJttEa aLQ£nxornro. Aev EXOUI-t£ xa06Aou vc XUVOUI-t£ ue ~LLa an' autEe; ne; £QyaoL£e;, one; ortoie; oA£e; OL OOOWAWtLXEe; CPLAoAoYL£e;, XaL nQooqxrro XaL II Y£Ql-tavLXl), £LVaL tOOO nAouOL£e;. EQyaoL£C;, one; cnote; o.vOQwnOL oLacpoQEnXl)e; oAxl)e; nQoonCl.Oouv I-tE tOY JtLO ELALxQL vl) toone tOU xoouou va ~ExaOaQLoouv l;lltl)l-tata, yLa tnv «ncvmon nov onotorv LOWe; tou; A£lrrEL ALyo-rroAu to uALxo. EgyaoLEe;, one; onote; nnvro a~Ll;EL vo avayvwQLOttL II xaAiJ oOOLaALonxl) OEAllOll, orroLEe; XL av ELVaL OL emotnuovixe; XaL AoYOtEXVLXEe; £n£lljJELe;. 0 XUQwe; NtLQL vyx, avnOEtWe;, [lae; rrQoocpEQEL OEUlQtll-taW, to onoto avaxllQuOOEL 010 EOxat£e; oQLOnxEe; aMOEL£e;, rrAaL one; onotec, Xo.0E o.AAll yvwl-tll dvaL ouv£JtClle; EX tWV rrQOtEQWV wcpaAI-tEvll. Onox xutEXEL tnv arroxAEwtLXl) aAijOwl, XatEXEL XaL tn I-l0VaOLXl) allOtllQo. £JtLOtll!10VLXl)I-tEOOOO EQ£uvae;, Of OUYXQLOll I-tE tnv onotc OAEe; OL o.nEe; EL VaL un £JtLotllI-tOVLXEe;. 'R EXEL OLXW - XaL tors EX0U!1E I-tJtQO-
-37-
or« ~w.; TIl !!fyaA1JTfQl] !!fYaAoql'U"Ca oAwv torv fJtOXWV, TOV noorro uJtfQuv8QTa YLa TOU; cpLMoocpoue;:
«0 AaLJ,UtVLte; (Leibniz), 0 onoto; atEQELTaL xa8E xaAUtEQTI; cpgOVJ)(Jllc; ... auto; 0 XOAUtEgoe; avallEoa 0' oAOUC; toUc; aUALxoUC; CPLAOOO<{lOUv'tEC;.»
Tov Kovr (Kant) ,wALe; TOV avtXfTaL, aUa, J,tfTa an' aut6v, oAa
yi vove avUl xatUl:
«~VoLayQL6tfITEe;xaLoLa~VTEc;xaL~VTao~ ltATlXtEC; lt~QEC; nov allEorov EJtLY6vrov, 0UYXExQtlttva EV6c; fIJi;(fE (Fichte) XaL l't).tV)'X (Schelling) ... TEQatouQLE», «oro to «JtmbLxo IlUa).,oubuxL», auto; 0 «TlALew;» bEY eLvm OUtE xov ooma).,WTn;· to aAayOTnQLO TOU (Phalansterej-'' bEY eLVat xa80Aou oQ80- ).,OYLXO; oomaAw[.tO;, aAM iv« «xaXExTuJtO, JtOU xataOXEUUOTTlXf OUllqJwva IlE TO xaAoum TTl; xa8TJJ.teQLvi]; ouvcvcotooqni;».
Kat, TEAo;,
«av aUtE; at EXbTlAWOEL;» (tou IPOUQLE YLa tOY Neu-
-39-
trove) « ... ()EV aQxouv YW VU JtELaTEL xaVEL£ on, oto ovouo TOU OUQLE xaOw£ XaL a' 01..0 TO CPOUQLEQWIlO, 1l0VO 1] JtQWT1] aUAAuBll (cpou = 'tQEAO£), AEEL xcm to aA1]OLVO, tote JfQfJrft 0 ioux; vu xararax8ei oe xaxoia xatnvooia f/).t8iwv».
TtAo£, 0 POIlJtEQT 'OOUEV (Robert Owen)
«ELXE OoM£ XaL XUXOlloLQLuaIlEvE£ lDEE£ ... 1] tooo xoVTQOXOIlIlEV1] aXE'ljJ1] TOU oe OEllatU T1]£ 1]OLXll£ ... xuJtOLE£ XOlVOTOJtLE£, non ExcpuALaT1]xuv OE JtaQasEVLE£ ... 0 JtuQuAoyo£ XaL XOVTQOXOIlIlEVO£ TQOJtO£ OXE\jJ1]£ ... yw 01..1] T1]V JtoQELa nov aVTLAll'IjJEWV TOU 'OOUEV ()EV aSL~EL 0XEMv TOV xono va XUVEL XUVEL£ Illa oOBUQOtEQ1] XQLtLXi} ... 1] llataLODOsLU TOU» xAJt.
Av, OUVEJtW£, 0 XUQLO£ NTLQLVYX XUQaXt1]QL~El w£ Esi}£ TOU£ ouremote; IlE toone ESaLQETLXU JtVEWUtwD1] avuAoya IlE to ovouctc TOU£: LEV-LLIlOV - saint (UYLO£), OUQlE - fou (TQEAO£), Avqxrvtev (Enfantin) - enfant (JtaLDO, 1:OU AELJtEL 1l0VO 1] Esi}£ JtQooOi}X1]: 'OOUEV - 0 weh! (Ouct XaL uAt.llovo!) XaL Oa EXEl xata()LXUOEL anA
xrn, orp' £l£QOU, va bLrutLatwaOUI-lE on, YLa tOY XUQLO NtLQLVYX, to
-41-
(XJ{OQQLJtt£O tWV JtQOYfVWt£QWV tou DfV fLVaL ALYOtEQO O~YOUQO (XJ{' o.n to DLXO tOU aMveaoto.
Mere (XJ{' OAa aUta, Il£VOWf ue to ~aeUtfQO of~aollo IlJIQOOta om IlfyaAUtfQ'll IlfyaAOCjlu'Ca OAWV torv rnoxwv. Av, c"l'llAac"l~, oAa aUta EiVaL etoi,
-42-
TIPQTOMEP02:
lJ JtUQa~VEL aVTLXEL!!EVLXa 1tEQLOQLa~V1j f...6yw tl]:; LlJ tOU XOOI!OU. ELbal!E XaL 1tQLV OtL nrov JtaVtaxou JtaQwv - 0' OAa to OUQUVLa OWl!ata 1tOU [.IJTOQEl xaVEl~ va cpUVTaOtEL. TWQa, BAE1t0WE on dVaL XaL JtuvtoYVWOtl]~. tA1J0E to n,AEUtaLa 1tQoBMl!ata tl]:; EJtL(Jt~I!l]:; XaL, EtOL, XU~AWOE I!E JtQOXE~ XaL ouvLbLa to I!EAAOV OAl]:; tT]:; EJtLOt~I!l]:;.
OJtW~ XaL n:; Ba(JLXE:; I!OQCPE~ tOU ELVaL, EWL VOI!L~H 0 XUQW:; NtlQL vyx on !!1tOQEL va BYUAH anQLoQWTLXU uno to XEcp6.AL lOU oAa W xaflaQu l!afll]l!anxu, Dl]Aab~ XWQl:; a~W1tOll]OTJ tWV E[.IJTHQLWV, JtOU I!a~ JIQOOCPEQH 0 E~WtEQLXO:; XOOI!O~.
LTa xaflaQu l!aflTJl!anxu, 0 voix OCPElAEL va aaxo-
-47-
AnOd «IJ.E ru ('lLItU tou EAEuOEgu 6nluougyiJIJ.uta Xat l]Au<'>iJ IJ.w reoAv regaYlJ.aTLxtl lJAl]. To on l] VAl] uvril
-48-
E[lcpavt~Etm OE [lLa E~mQEnXa acp1']Ql'][lEVl'] [lOQCP~ OEV [lJtoQEL JtaQa v« OXEJta~EL [l()VO enupovaoxc tnv nQOEAE'UO~ t1']~ nno toy E~UHEQLX() X()O[lO. fLU vo [lJrOQEOOWE v« EsEtaOO'U[lE n~ [lOQCPE~ xm n~ OXEOEL~ aUtE~ Ot1']V xaOaQ()t1']ta toix, nQEJrEL va n~ XWQLOO'U[lE, ()[lW~, tEA£L(t)~ «no to nEQLEXO~lEVO TO'U~' vo ~aAOWE auto to JrEQlEXO[lEVO otnv aXQl'] w~ aDLacpOQO. 'EtOL, anoxtoU[lE tc 01'][lELa XWQL~ 6LaOtaOEL~, n~ YQa[l[lE~ X(JJQL~ rraxo~ xm rrA6.to~, to a XaL b xm x xm y, n~ ota8EQE~ xm w; [lELa~Al']tE~, xm EJt("LTa [lOvaxa, EVtEAW~ oro tEAO~, EQXOvtm tc oLxa [lU~ EAEu8EQa Dl'][lLO'UQY~[lata xm cpavtaOLE~ LOU YOU, o1']AaD~ La qxrvtconx« [lEyf8l']. (Am to YEYOVO~ on La uo- 8l']lJ,anxa IJ,EYE8ll cpmVOIJ,EVLXa rraQayoVLaL LO Eva arr() to ano OEV arrOClELXVUEL axo[la t1']V rrQoEAEuO~ toix a priori, ana [lovaxa tnv OQ80AOYLX~ o'UvaQtl']o~ toix. TIQLV cptaOOWE Ot1']V LOfa va rraQayaYOWE tn /1oQCPr) EVO~ XUALVOQOU uno t1']V JrEQLOtQOCP~ EVO~ oQ80ywVLO'U yUQw «no IJ,la ono n~ rrAE'UQE~ rou, rrQrnEL va EXO'U[tE E~EtaOEL rrQ(lna Evav aQL81J,o rrQaYlJ,anX(ilV OQ80YWVlWV xru X'UAl vOQ(JJv, EO,,[(O OE IJ,La EvtEAW~ atEAn 1J,0QCP~. OrrUl~ xm OAE~ OL aAAE~ EJtLOt~IJ,E~, to lJ,a8lllJ,atLXa EX0'UV Dl']IJ,LO'UQ"{l']8d nno n~ avayxE~ tWV av8QtimUlv:
Ano tn IJ,EtQl']Ol'] ton EMcpo'U~ xm tou rrEQLEXO[lEVO'U ClOXElWV, uno rn XQOvoAoYla xm tn lJ,l']xaVLx~. OIJ,W~, omo; 0' OAO'U~ LO'U~ tOlJ,d~ tl']~ OXE'\jJl']~, OE ~LLa OUYXEXQLIJ,EV1'] ~a8lJ,loa tl']~ E~EAL~l']~ ClLaxwQl~OVtm cno tOY nQaYlJ,anxo XOOIJ,O OL VO[lOL, OL onotot EXOUV ouvax8El uno tOY rrQaY[lauxo XOO[lO xm avtLrraQUtl8EvtaL orov XOO[lO auto oov xrrn ta aUtOtEAE~, onv VO[lOL nou fQXOVtm anE~Ul xm OtOU~ onotO'U~ 0 XOO[lO~ rrQEnEL vo OWIJ,OQcp(D8d. Etot EYLvav La rrQaYlJ,ata otnvxorvovtc xm oro xQato~. Eroi, xm 0XL anLW~, to xa8aQCi. ua- 8l']lJ,auxa £cpaQ/16~ovrat rnma otov XOO[lO, rraQ' &0 non EXOUV naQGd an' auto tOV XOOIJ,O xm rraQ' &0 nou DEV cvnzoooroneuouv naQa Eva [lEQO~ tUOl] xm OTOV XO- 0[10 TWV av8Qwnwv aUT~ WlJ Tl')V avtLAl')tjJl'). AuotuX(oe.;, l') QlUOl') 6fV anOT£A£LTm xaOOAOU, xm 0 X00[10e.; TWV avOQwmuv [10VO £AaXWTa, uno TOUe.; I1gwOOUe.; 1(01) MUVTO'CQl£A (Manteuffel) T(1) 1850)1
Ta [1aOl][1atlxu a~LW[1ata dvm l] EXQlgEV «fXOUV anocpaowtEL a~Lwllanxa» oUIlCPLaYQacpfe;, ana ELo~x8ll0av aJtAwe; aJtE~«(), DllAa()~ aJto tTl «AOYLX~» TOU XEYXEA. Kct, !laALOta, 1110 tEtOW tQOJtO, (OOtE 0' OAO to XEcpaAmo bE cpaLVEtm OUtE LXVOe; WO)TEQLX~e; ouvaQTllOlle;, nou va Illlv fXEL JtaQ8EL XL aUT~ uno TOV XsYXEA xrn, tEALxa, TO OUVOAO xataA~YEL OE IlLa XEV~ cpAuaQLa YLa to XWQO xm TO XQOVO, rnv aXLvlloLa XaL rnv anay~.
Ano TO Etvoi, 0 XfYXEA cptavEL otnv Ouotn, orn bLaAEXnx~.
Ebw, JtQaYllatEUEtm tou; ooou; avta.vaxAaolle;, ne; WWTEQLXEe; TOUe; ovtuieoeu; xm a.vncpaoELe;, onox, Jt.X., to Benxo xm TO covnnxo: mELTa., mQvaEL OTlJV omomtn ~ tn 0XfOll mTLae; xm «noteAEO!la.toe; xm XAELVEL IlE rnv avavxaiotnta. 0 xUQwe; NtlQtvyx xaVEL a.XQL~We; TO LbLO. Auto nou 0 XfYXEA TO OVO[1a~EL bL()aOXaALa TlJe; QuOLW;, 0 XUQlOe; NtlQLVYX to [1Eta.CPQa~EL we; E~~e;: AOYLXEe; tbtOtlJTEe; tou Etvm, AUTfe;, Ollwe;, uJtaQXouv JtQOJtaVToe; OtOV «cvrcvroVLOIlO tWV bUVa[1EWV», one; avuneoeu; Tnv a.vtLCPa.Oll, avn9EtWe;, 0 XUQwe; NTlQLVYX rnv aQVELTm QL~Lxa. eo. EJta.vEQ80u[1E a.QyOtEQa. 0' aUTO to 9f[1a.. 'EJtEL to, mQvaEL otnv rn uomr« xm cno XEL OTllV avavxaunnto: Otov 0 XUQwe; NtlQLVYX AfEL, AOLJtOV, YLa. TOV EaUlO tou:
«E[1E(e;, nou DE CPLAOOOCPOUIlE f.,LEOa uno EVa. XAOU~(»,
TOtE [laAAOV 9EAEL va JtfL on CPLAOOocpEi f.,LEOa. OTO XAOV~(, DlJAa.Mt tp XAOU~L tOU 0XllllQfU(Jl} aAAaywv, dVal ev« ~i)tl}l1a, W onoto !1JtOQ£L va to aJwQQL1I'fl 110VO Exdvo to l1uaA6 nou ~Mrrfl to rutoxoQu{jlwl1a tTJt; (JO{jlLat; otov auwaxQwtl}Qla(J110 tl}; 6l}l1l0UQYlxi); rou 6uval1l};.»
En:ol1fvw£: 'H fla bfXtfLtf, XWQL£ v« mv fXETf xOlta~fl, tnv cueta~Al}ti) 110U aQXfyoVl} xoreotcon i) EYc!), ° 6l}l1l0UQYlxot; EuytvLOt; NtiQlVYX, Ga; avaxl}Qu(J(Jw rrVEUl1atlXout; EUVO\lxOU;. Auto !1JtOQfL, L(JW;, va rutmQf1l'flI1EQlX01);. EI1EL;, non fX01J!1E bfl i)6l} I1EQlxa noQa6£iYl1ata tl}; 6l}l1l0UQYlxi); Mval1l}; 1"OU xUQiou NtLQLVYX, !1JtOQOUI1E va EJtLtQf1l'OUI1£ orov f(J.UtO l1a£ vo. a{jli)(Jfl, n:Qot; TO naoov, cvcnnvrnm rnv XOI111'i) ~QL(JLa Xal va Qurri)(J0Ullf ~ava: AAM, xuQLE NtLQLVYX, av 610 (Jat; n:flQa~EL, !1JtOQfLtE va l1a; netre 'tL YLVftal 11£ tl} l1l}xavLxlj i'rUval1l};
o XUQLO; NtLQLVYX n:t{jltfl al1f(JWt; or al1l}xavLa.
«flQaYl1an», 'tQauAL~EL, «l} an:oAUtl} tcurotmn EXELVl}; tl}t; aQXlxljt; oQlaxi); xaTa, EXH tc lloutQa va tOXUQtOtEL on
«IlJtOQEOf va <'lWOH Eva nQaYllattXO JtfQtfXOllfVO otnv evvoic tT]~ OIlOta~ ue tov ecuro tT]~ <'ltaQxHa~, W onoto ~yaL VH cueoo ana tn OU!l1tfQtLAooocpLa rn; cpUOl1t;.
Koouovovto, UOLXl), X 111lEia
LtT] OUVEXELa tWQOT]£ o.vtLAT]\j!T], rote OE 80. JtQoxwQouao.llE OUtlO EVo. B~llo. ue tEtOLE£ Jto.QOIlOLE£ EqJo.QIlOyE£ tT]£ T]8LX~£ otu; qJllOLXE£ Emat~IlE£. TEtOLE£ o.vtLJtu8ELlO£ XnL EXOT]AWaEL£ ouaqJoQLo.£ !lJtoQEI, xo.VEL£ vc: tL£ JtQO[3OT]£ flu~a tou Kcvr
«JtOAV o.JtEXEL aJto to vc oll!lJtLmEL ue flLa JtA~Q(t)C; rcuroonrn xcrcororm tOU JtaYXOOIlLOll IlEOOll ~, IlE flLa UAAT] OLatUJt(t)OT], IlE tT]V OIlOLa IlE tOY Ea1JtO tT]C; xctcorcon tT]£ UAT]£».
'Eva JtQaYllanxo ElltuXT]lla yw lOV Kovt, 0 onoto; !lJtOQOUOE va ELVnL LxaVOJtOLT]IlEVOC; on !lJtOQEOE va E:rtLOtQE\j!EL «no to llJtUQXOVtn OllQUVLo. mDllata otnv aEQLW()T] OqJaLQa XnL 0 OJtOLO£ 6EV ELXE xov mv JtaQaIlLxQ~ LbEa YLa tnv OIlOLa IlE tOY ecoro tT]C; XatuotnOT] tT]£ UAT]£! A£ OT]IlELWIlEWlEV11~ ~ AaVeavouoa~ OEQIlOt11ta~, 'Il onot« £IlHVE «IlW 0811011» YW T11 flEwQla ((UT~;
Otov [1EtaTQE1I'0WE ~lE OEQIl6t1]TCt IlWO XLAO JTayou coro T1] BEQlloxQaoLa ron 011[1ELOll n~~11~ XCXl xrruo CtJTO MVOVLX~ nLE011 aEQo~ GE IlWO xLM VEQOU t11~ l6La~ eEQlloxQaola~, E~acpavl~ETCXl Ill(( nooOt11ta HfQ~loT11m~, 11 OJTOla Oa nrnv £JTaQxij~ vo OEQllaVEL TO (6LO IlWO XlAO VfQOU uno 0 EW~ XCXl 794/10 BaOIlOU~ toll ExatovtaBaOIlOll HEQIl61lETQOll ~ yw va OfQllaVEl 794/10 AlBQE; VEQOU Mta Eva [3aOIlO. Orcv flEQllavoullE atlt'll t11 AlBQa VfQ011 IlEXQL TO 011IlElO BQaoIlOU, b11Aabn ~l£XQl 100 BaBllou; KEAO(OU, xm t11 IlEtatQE1I'0WE EWL Of awe) 100" KEAOLOtl, tots E~acpaVl~£tm ---!lEXQl va IlEtatQanEl xm 1] TEAEtlmLa omyova VEQOU Of oruo- IlLa noootnro OEQIlOt11ta;, nou Elvm oXEMv £JTTa CPOQE~ IlfyaAUtfQ11 xm £JTaQxn~ YLa va atl~~OH xata Eva BaBllo t11 flEQlloxQaola 5372/10 ALBQwv VEQOU.J9 H 8fQ1l0- t11W mlt~ JTOll E~acpavl~Etm OVOlla~Etm &OfJ;,fU/-tfVn. Otov l;avaIlETatQartd IlE 1IJU~11 0 milO; Of VEQO xm to VEQa JTaAL Of nayo, tote aJfEAW8E()taOa!lE, AOLJt6v, JtaAL ow ~l1IlLOUQYO xm 0' auto nou ovolla~€tm Vte"LO!lO;.
IlEQa an' auto, 0 XUQLO; NtLQLVYX 6lUXl]QUOOH on ELvm JtOAU
tJ,EyaAl1 EmJtOAm6tl1ta EX !l£QOU; rou ~a~L YOU vc
«xaVH tnv anAr) JtQasl1 tl]; <:pUAfttXr); OuvOW'I]; turv tbwrr)twV OEtJ,EALUXi) UQxi) Tl]I;; 611tJ,WUQyla; mmov tWV L6LOti)tWV».
-94-
tou QL~LXOU I.W.~ CPLAOOOcpOU. Avri,8na, 0 AaQBLvo~ bljAOWH ue ~)fBmotljta: lj fxcpQaalj «CPUOLX'tl fmAOY~» nEQLXAELn I!OVO tn bwr~{}1]On tWV aAAaywv, 6XL OI!W~ tnv naQaywy~ tOU~ (afA. 63). Ami) l] vfa Aa8Qa(a anOcoal] orov AaQB( vo nQaywXtwv nou DfV fXn nEL note XQl]OLl!fUtL vo I!a~ BOl]8i)o"tL va xataMBoWf xaMtfQa to Bueo~ torv ES~~ VtLQLV'!XLXWV OXf'ljlfWV:
«Av eLXal!f 'IjlUsH ore f(J(J)tfQLXU OX~l!ata tl]~ nnQaywy~~ xunma<; onOLaob~nOtf aQxlj~ tlj<; cutoteAOU~ I!ftaBoAi)~, tore l] aXf'ljll] aut~ 80. nrov noM OQ- 80AOYLXlj' cLon fLvm CPUOLXlj OXf'ljllJ vo oUV6UUOH~ Of I!La evomr« rnv aQxlj tl]~ YfVLX~~ YfVWl]~ ue tnv aQX~ tlj(; cpUAmxi)~ avanaQaywyi)~ xrn vo BMJtEL<; tlj AEyOl!fVl] aQXfYOVlj YfVWl] uno lAW avwtEQlj u
Add a Comment