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KAPAMAP3
KPITIKH TH:L
rrOAITIKHL OIKONOMIAL
MnucpQaon:
XPHLTOL MIIAAQMENOL
LYfXPONH ETIOXH
A8HNA2010
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Zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie von Karl Marx. Erstes Heft Verlag von Franz Duncker, Berlin 1859
ISBN 978-960-451-108-2
© LUYXQOVlJ Enoxlj ExboTLxlj AEBE
LOA.WVOC; 130, 10681 A8ljva, TlJA..: 2103320800, Fax: 2103813354 http.zwww.sep.gr, e-mail: info@sep.gr
H IUYXQovl) EJtoX~, <JUVEXL~OV',[W; Tl)V JtQo<JJta0Ela Ex60<Jl)C; EQYWV TWV MaQs, 'EVYXEAC;, AEVlV, EX6L6El 10 EQYO lOU K. MaQs KQmxrj r1'J~ IIoAmxrj~ Oixovouiai; <JE YEa !1ETacpQa<Jl). H Ex60- on, JtEQa cno TO XUQLWC; EQYO, JtEQlAa!1~aVEl oxouo: «Tnv W1OQLa Tl)C; <JuYYQacp~c; lOU EQYOU» xoi, <JE JtaQaQT~!1aTa, Tl)V «Ei<Jaywy~ [<JTl)V KQmx~ Tl)C; IloAmx~c; OlXOVO!1Lac;]» xm Mo aQ- 0Qa lOU <l>Q. 'EVYXEAC; nou avacpEQovTm (JTO EQYO.
H !1ETacpQa<Jl) Tl)C; KQmxrj~ EYlVE uno TO YEQ!1aVlX6 XEL!1EVO JtOU JtEQlAa!1~aVETm <JTl) YEQ!1aVlX~ Ex60<Jl) TWV EQYWV MaQs'EVYXEAC; Marx Engels Werke (MEW), T6!1. 13, <JEA. 3-160. EJtL<Jl)C;, JtaQ0l)XE uJt6'4'l) 10 XEL!1EVO w; aYYAlx~C; Ex60<Jl)C; Tl)C; <JUAAOY~C; EQYWV TWV MaQs xm 'EVYXEAC; Marx Engels Collected Works (MECW), T6!1. 29, <JEA. 257-417.
AsL~El va <Jl)!1ElW0EL ou l) YEQ!1aVlX~ xm l) aYYAlx~ Ex60<Jl) ~a<JL~ovTm <J1O XEL!1EVO Tl)C; JtQtinl)C; Ex60<Jl)C; TOU 1859, 6JtwC; auT~ ~EAnw0l)XE xrn <JU!1JtAl)Qw0l)XE uno nc; XElQ6YQacpEC; 6l0Q- 0w<JElC; xm JtaQaTl)Q~<JElC; nou ExavE aQy6TEQa 0 K. MaQs <JE auT6 10 XEL!1EVO (oi aAAaYEC; aUTEC; EJtWl)!1aL VOVTal ot«; unoonuaW<JElC;).
IE aQXETEC; UJtO<Jl)!1ElW<JElC; 0 MaQs JtaQa0ETEl6lacpOQa cno<JJta<J!1aTa cno <JUYYQacpELC; <JTl) YAW<J<Ja JtOU YQacpTl)xav- aYYAlxa, yaAAlxa, Aanvlxa !1EXQl xru EAAl)Vlxa. Inc; ExM<JElC; MEW xru MECWaUTEC; OlUJtO<Jl)!1Elw<JElC; EL vrn aJtEu0ELac; uerorpoo<J!1EVEC; <JTa YEQ!1aVlXU xm <JTa aYYAlxa aVTL<JTOlxa, XWQLC; Tl)V JtaQu0wl) TWV JtQwT6TUJtWV XEl!1EVWV. Q(JT6<J0, uno Tl)V Ex60- on EJtlAEXTl)XE va JtaQaTE00uv aUTEC; oi unoonueuoosu; 6JtwC; uJt~Qxav <J1O XEL!1EVO TOU MaQs, 6l)Aa6~ ornv JtQwT6TUJtl) Y AW<Joo, !1E tn !1ETucpQa<Jl) va axoAou0d EVT6C; JtaQEv0wl)C;. OlUJtO<Jl)!1Elw<JElC; <JTl)V JtQwT6TUJtl) YAw<J<Ja ~a<JL(JTl)xav <J1O XEL!1EVO Tl)C; KQt iLxrj~, 6JtwC; aUT6 6l)!10<JlEUETm <J1OV T6!10 Ir/2 Tl)C; Ex60- <Jl)C; TWV AJtUVTWV MaQs xm 'EVYXEAC; Marx Engels Gesamtaus-
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gabe (MEGA), II onotc JtEQLAa!1~avEL tn xEL!1EVa HOV 6110 SEWQllTLXWV ornv JtQwT6TUJtll !1oQCPi] LOU~.
To Oll!1dw!1a!1E TL TAO «Itn tnv LOTOQLa Tll~ oUYYQacpi]~ TOU EQyou» ~aOLOTllXE om 0XETLXi] Oll!1dWOll JtOU JtEQLEXETaL ornv EXeoon TWV MEW. H «Ewaywyi]» !1ETacpQaoTllxE uno tn YEQ!1aVLxi] Exeooll MEW, T6!1. 13, oEA. 615-642, EVW La 6110 YQa!1!1aTa LOU <PQ. 'EvyxEA~ avaell!100LEUOVLaL uno TOV JtQWLO T6!10 Tll~ Exeooll~ Maol;- BVYXEA~ .1wAExra Boya, oEA. 428-439, LOU Exoouxoi) Tll~ KE TOU KKE (1951), !1E !1ELacpQaOTLxi] EJtL!1EAELa otn ~aoll TOU YEQ!1aVLXOU XEL!1EVOU Tll~ Exeooll~ MEW, T6!1. 13, oEA. 468-477.
I'io A6you~ eLEux6AuVOll~ Tll~ JtaQaxoAouSllOll~ TOU XEL!1EYOU EYLVE II EJtLAoyi] va !1llv axoAouSllSEL II !1oQCPi] TWV Oll!1ELWOEWV TEAou~, 6Jtw~ yLvETaL ornv Exeooll MEW, aAAa II !1oQCPi] TWV uJtoOll!1ELWOEWV OE xaSE oEALea. OL UJtOOll!1ELWOEL~ nou YQaqrmxcv coto LOV LeLO LOV K. MaQ~ XaL JtEQLEXOVLaV otnv Exeoon TOU 1859 0ll!1ELWVOVTaL!1E corsotoxouc, EVW OL UJtOOll!1ELwOEL~ TWV ExMoEWV MEW XaL MECW, xaSw~ XaL OL EJtLJtAEov UJtOOll!1ELWOEL~ nou xQLSllxav aJtaQaL TllTE~ uno rnv EJtL!1EAELa Tll~ Exeooll~ 0ll!1ELWVOVTaL !1E au~ouoa aQLS!1ll0ll. ME au~ouoa aQLS!1ll0ll avacpEQOVTaL EJtLOll~ OL Oll!1ELWOEL~ LOU !1ETacpQaoTi] JtOU acpoQouv YAWOaLxa, EVVOLoAoYLxa XaL !1ETacpQaOTLxa oX6- ALa YLa TlleLEux6AuVOll Tll~ xaTav6ll0ll~ LOU XEL!1EVOU.
TEAo~, 0 avayvwOTll~ ELVaL JtoAu mSav6 va JtaQa~EvEUTEL uno tn CPaLVO!1EVLXa avaQXlleO!1i] LOU EQYOU, Jt.X., LO xUQLw~ xEL!1EVO Tll~ Komxlj~ ~EXLVa!1E LOV TLTAo «IlQwLO BL~ALo», EVW eEv axoAouSEL xcvevc ano «BL~ALo». To Oll!1ELW!1a «Ito trrv WLOQLa Tll~ oUYYQacpi]~ TOU EQYOU» Sa eLaAEuxavEL TllSEOll JtOU EXEL II Komxlj OTO YEVLX6TEQO 0XEeLO JtOU ELXE xaQa~EL 0 K. MaQ~ YLa TO ouvosrxo OLXOV0!1LX6 TOU EQYO. EJtLoll~, La XWQLa TOU K. MaQ~ nou avacpEQoVTaL OE aJt61~EL~ aAAwv SEWQllTLXWV, av XaL EL VaL EVTaY!1Eva OE eLacpoQa Oll!1ELa LOU ~L~ALou, EJtWll!1aL VOVLaL cno LOV LeLO TOV MaQ~ !1E tnv EVLaLa oi]!1aVOll A, B, f.
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Ttc tT]V LatOQLa tT]~ (JuYYQacpiJ~ tOU EQYOU
To E~aLQEnx6 EQYO KQ£Tlx~ rrl~ IIoAmx~~ Oixovoulai; LO onoto ano,,[EAd Eva onuovnxo OLa8!!6 0"[1] oLa!!6Qcpooo1] "[1]£ !!aQ~wnxTJ£ JtoAmXTJ£ oixovoutcc, YQUCP"[1]XE uno LOV KaQA MaQ~ OLO OLuo"[1]!!a crto LOV AUYOUOLO LOU 1858 !!EXQL LO fEVUQ1] LOU 1859. L"[1]V xQmxTJ LOU OLO JtEQLOOLX6 Yolk (~A. IlaQuQ"[1]!!a II, <I>Q. 'EVYXEA£, «H "KQmxTJ "[1]£ IloAmXTJ£ OLXOVO!!La£" LOU KaQA MaQ~», OEA. 359-375, OLO nnoov ~L~A.LO) 0 'EVYXEA£ avaoELxvuEL "[1] 01]!!aOLa curou LOU ~L~ALOU YLa LO «YEQ!!aVLX6 JtQoAELaQLax6 xouuo» XaL OL VEL E!!cpa01] O"[1]V EcpaQ!!0~6!!EV1] !!E8000 LOU «oLaAExnxou UALouou». 0 LOLO£ 0 MaQ~ EYQacpEOn£ 22.7.1859 OLOV 'E VYXEA£: «LE JtEQLmoo01] non YQU'ljJEL£ xun (YLa LO ~L~ALO), !!1]v ~EXUOEL£ a) on 0 noouvroviouo; EXEL X"[uJt1]8d 00£ "[1] QL~a, ~) on aXQL~w£ ornv mo anA,iJ !!oQCPTJ, OE aU"[TJv LOU E!!JtOQEU!!aLO£, aVaAUELaL 0 cu5£x6 XOLVooVLX6£, XaL OE Xa!!La JtEQLmoo01] aJr6AvTO~, xaQax,,[TJQa£ "[1]£ aonxTJ£ JtaQayooyTJ£.» H oUYYQacpTJ LOU EQYOU ano,,[EAEL LO aJto,,[EAE<J!!a !!La£ oExaJtEv"[uXQoVl]£ JtOA UJtAEUQ1]£ mW"[1]!!OVLXTJ£ EQEUV1]nXTJ£ EQyaoLa£, 0"[1] oLuQXELa "[1]£ onotoc; 0 MaQ~ !!EAE"[1]OE Evav reocono 6yxo XOLVooVLXTJ£ XaL OLXOVO!!LXTJ£ ~L~ALOYQacpLa£ XaL EJtE~EQYUO"[1]XE La 8E!!EALa "[1]£ OLXOVO!!LXTJ£ LOU oLoaoxaALa£.
o MaQ~ ~EXLV1]OE LOV AuyoUOLO LOU 1857 "[1] ouornucLOJtOL 1]01] LOU OUYXEV"[Qoo!!EVOU UALXOU XaL "[1] oUYYQacpTJ LOU !!EYUAOU OLXOVO!!LXOU EQYOU. To JtQWLO 0XEOLO LO XaLEO"[QooOE LOV AUYOUOLO / LEmE!!~Q1] LOU 1857. Toix ax6Aou- 80u£ !!TJVE£ LO exove mo avaAunx6xaL LOV AJtQLA1] LOU 1858 cnoqxiotoe va XaLaVd!!EL OA6xA1]Q1] tnv EQyaoLa LOU OE E~L ~L~ALa. To 10 ~L~ALO 8a acpLEQoov6Lav ornv E~ELa01] LOU XEcpaAaLou XaL OE xcnoio EwayooYLxu xEcpuAaLa 0XEnxu !!E "[1]
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!-lEAELll LOU ~llLi]!-laLOr; LOU 'XEcpaAaLOU, LO 20 Sa nQaY!-laLEUOLaV tnv LClLo'XLllaLa Lllr; Yllr;, LO 30 rn !-lWSuHi] EQyaaLa, LO 40 LO 'XQcnor;, LO 50 LO ClLESVEr; EJ.lltOQLO 'XaL LO 60 tnv nay'Xoouic ayoQa. To nAavo nQoE~AmE mLallr; rnv unoClLaLQE<Jll LOU lou ~L~ALOU oe 4 !-lEQll, LO nQwLO nno La onoto Sa ECPEQE LOV LLLAO «To KEcpaAaLO YEvL'Xa» 'XaL Sa cororexowtov crto LQLa 'XEcpaAaLa: 1. H a~La. 2. To XQr)!-la 'XaL 3. To KeqxiAaLO.
Tnv mE~EQyaaLa LOU 1 ou ~L~ALOU YLa LO 'XEcpaAaLO rnv E'XavE 0 MaQ~ LO ClLaaLll!-la coto LOV Airvouoto LOU 1857 !-lEXQL LOV IOUVll LOU 1858. To anOLEAE<J!-la amr)r; Lllr; EQyaaLar; ELVaL Eva XELQoYQacpo nEQLnou 50 LunoYQacpL'Xwv CPUAAWV, LO onoto E'X66Sll'XE LO 1939 'XaL LO 1941 ern YEQ!-lavL'Xi] YAwao« crto LO IvaLLLOuLO MaQ~La!-lOu-AEVLVW!-lOU Lllr; KE LOU KKLE !-lE LOV LLLAO Grundrisse der Kritik der Potitischen Okonomie (Rohentwurf) (BaatXE~ Foauue; in; KQmx~~ r'fl~ II oAmx~~ Cuxovouiai; [JrQoaXEOto D. To 1953 EYLVE avaLunwall cno LOV E'XClOLL'XO OL'XO Dietz Verlag Berlin. LE auto to XELQoYQacpo to onoto nEQLEXEL uto YEVL'Xr) Ewaywyi] I, Eva 'XEcpaAaLO YLa to XQi]!-la 'XaL Eva E'XtEVEatEQo YLa to 'XECpaAaLO, 0 MaQ~ a'XLaYQacpEL ro nQwLa anOtEAEa!-laLa tWV nOAUEtWV OL'XOVO!-lL'XWV tOU EQEUVWV, aUJ.lltEQLAa!-l~aVO!-lEvorv tWV ~aaL'Xwv SEaEwv tllr; SEwQLar; tOU YLa rnv unEQa~La. To XELQoYQacpo tOU 1857/1858 anOtEAEL ornvouotc tnv aQXL'Xi] !-loQCPr) tllr; ll!-lLtEAOUr; naQouaLaallr; tOU nQwtou !-lEoou; LOU SE!-lEALWClOUr; OL'XOVO!-lL'XOU EQYOU to onoto 0 MaQ~ ELXE unoqxrotoe; E'XELVll tnv moxi] v« aUYYQa1jJEL.
LLLr; aQXEr; tou 1858, 0 MaQ~ unoqxiotos v« E'XClwaEL tnv EQyaaLa rou ern !-loQCPi] amOtEAWv tEUXWV. MEta coro tll au-
1. BA. ITugugtlUW J, «ELGUy(J)y~ ornv "KgLtLx~ tl]C; IToALtLX~C; OLxovoutoc?», m:A. 309-355, GW nnoov BLBAlo.
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vU'tjJl] !lLae; nQWtl]e; aU!l~aal]e; !lE to BEQOALVEtO exoorn Franz Duncker, xatamaatl]XE!lE rn aUYYQacp~ rou noorrou tEUxoue;. Lto XQOVLXO CHaatl]!la coto tOY Auvouoro rou 1858 !lEXQL to fEvaQl] tOU 1859 EJtEsEQyaatl]XE to xEcpaAaLO YLa to XQ~!la, EYQU'tjJE to xEcpaAaLO YLa to E!lJ'toQEU!la, Em8Ewonce to tEALXO XELQoYQacpo XaL to anEatELAE oru; 26.1.1859 orov exoorn oro BEQOALVO!lE tOY tLtAO KQmu~ tnt; Iloh» nu~~ Oixovouuu; AVtL 0WDe; tWV nQo~AEJtO!lEVWV 5-6 tunOYQacpLxwv cpunwv, to nQwto tEUxOe; ELXE 12 tunoYQacpLxa cpuna XaL, ovtt tWV nQo~AEJtO!lEVWV tQLWV xEcpaAaLwv, anOtEAOUVtaV !lOVO nrto bUo xEcpaAaLa: «To E!lnoQEU!la» XaL «To XQ~!la ~ l] anA~ XUXAocpoQLa». To <I>AE~aQl] tOU 1859, o MaQs anEatELAE orov EX()OnXO OLXO XaL toy nQoAoyo. Tov Iouvn ron 1859, ExM8l]XE l] EQyaaLa KQmu~ rl1~ lloAmu~~ Oixovoulai; OL unon tAOL aut~e; tl]e; EQyaaLae;, «Iloorro BL~ALO: I'to to KEcpaAaLo» XaL «MEQOe; I: To KEcpaAaLO YEVLxc», ()ELXVOUV on nQoxELtaL YLa tnv aQX~ tou noorrou ~L~ALOU coto tc ESL ~L~ALa rtou ELxav aXE()LaatEL va XUXAOCPOonoow.
Meta coro to nQwto tEUXOe; 0 MaQs ~8EAE va ()l]!lOGLEUaEL a!lEaWe; to ()EUtEQO tEUXOe;, to onoto 8a nQaY!latEUOtaV tu tl]t~!lata tou xEcpaAaLou. Qatoao, nEQaLtEQW EQEUVEe; avayxaaav tov MaQs va anasEL to aQXLxo tOU aXE()LO YLa rn !lEyaAl] tOU EQyaaLa. AVtL tWV nQoYQa!l!latLG!lEVWV ESL ~L~ALWV 8a XUXAocpoQouaav tEaaEQLe; touot YLa To KeoxiAaw. AVtL tWV unoAOLnwv tEUXWV rtou ELxav aXE()LaatEL va XUXAocpoQ~aouv, 0 MaQs auvEYQU'tjJE To Keaxiuuo, oro onoto aU!lJ'tEQLEAa~E, oe ruo EJtEsEQyaa!lEvl] !loQCP~, XaL ne; ~aaLXEe; 8EaELe; tOU EQYOU KQmu~ in; lloAmu~~ O£uovouuu;
LtoV nQoAoyo tl]e; nQwtl]e; EX()Oal]e; Tou Keipasaiou, 0 MaQs al]!lELwvEL YLa rn aXEal] tl]e; KQ£ nu~~ ue To KEcpaAaw:
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«To EQYO nou TOV reQono 'tOU touo reaQaoLow OTO XOL VO areOLEAEL 't11 OUVEXELa TOU OUYYQa!-l!-laLOt; uou Zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie [KQtwaj TTJ~ IIoAmx~~ Oixovo!1{a~Jreou ExM811XE 'to 1859. To !-lEyaAO OLaAEL!-l!-laaVa!-lWa ornv aQxi] XaL 0't11 OuvEXELa OCPELAELaL OE !-lLa !-laxQoXQoV11 aQQwona nou Xa8E 't000 OLExomE 't11V EQyaoLa uou,
To reEQLEX0!-lEVO TOU reQo11yoU!-lEVOU EXELVOU oUYYQa!-l!-laTOt; ouvo'\j!LsELaL 0't0 reQw'to XEcpaAaLO auTOU 'tOU rouou, A u'to OEV EYLVE !-lOVO YLa Myout; ouvoxi]t; XaL reA11Qo't11'tat;. H reEQLYQacpi] xaAUTEQE'\j!E. '000 'to mE'tQmav xarcwt; La reQayucro, reOAAa 011 ue La nou reQo11yoU!-lEVa aJtAWt; 8LyoVLav, EOW cvcorreocovrci neotoooteoo, EVW, cvttorooqxr, Ol1!-lELa nou EXEL cvcottncoovtct OLE~OOLXa, EOW aJtAWt; 81, YOVLaL. <l>UOLxa, reaQaAELreov'taL 'twQa oM'tEAa La !-lEQ11 YLa 't11V wTOQLa 't11t; 8EwQLat; 't11t; a~Lat; XaL TOU XQi]!-la'tot;. Qo'tooo, 0 avayvWO't11t; TOU reQo11yoU!-lEVOU oUYYQa!-l!-laTOt; BQLOXEL or«; Ure0011!-lELWOELt; 'tOU reQw'tou xEcpaAaLou va avo LYOVLaL VEEt; rei]YEt; YLa 't11V tcrootc aUTi]t; 't11t; 8EwQLat;.»2
H ureooEL~l1 'tOU MaQ~ YLa xarcOLa Ol1!-lELa rtou ornv KQtnx~ avaJt'tux811xav OE Ol1!-laVnXO Ba8!-l0, EVW 0't0 KecpaAmo aJtAWt; 8LyoVLaL, avacpEQELaL XUQLwt; OTO XEcpaAaLO YLa TO XQi]!-la. AUTO TO XEcpaAaLO, OE ouvouoouo ue TO !-lEQOt; YLa tnv wTOQLa 't11t; 8EwQLat; TOU XQi]!-laLot;, aJtO'tEAEL tnv mo OLE~OOLXi] ncoouotcon 't11t; !-laQ~wnxi]t; 8EwQLat; TOU XQi]!-laTOt;. o MaQ~ reQaY!-laLEUELaL EOW XaL sl1'ti]!-laLa 't11t; xuxAocpoQLat; TOU XQi]!-la'tot; XaL 't11t; VO!-lLO!-lanxi]t; 8EwQLat; 't11t; reAi]Qwt; avamuY!-lEv11t; xam'taALonxi]t; reaQaywyi]t;, La onoto OTO Keaatcuo E~ELaSOV'taL !-lOALt; OTOV 'tQLTO rouo, capo» EXEL OAOXA11Qw8EL 11 avaAU011 't11t; oLaoLxaoLat; 't11t; reaQaywyi]t; XaL 't11t; xuxAocpoQLat; 'tOU xEcpaAaLou, 11 aVaAU011 'tOU !-lEOOU
2. K. MaQ~, To Keaasruo, T6~. 1, £x6. LUYXQOVTj EJroXrl.
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nooootou XEQOOU~ xm TOU TOXOCPOQOU XEcpaAaLOU. 'EWL, reaQOAO nou TJ KQmxfJ anOTEAEL TUmXU !!OVO TTJV aQxij xm TO KEq)(XAaW TTJ «OUVEXELa», TJ KQmxfJ reEQLAa!!~UVEL reOAU reEQLOOOTEQa orto TTJV areAij E!!reOQEU!!anxij XUXAOcpOQLa. 'OOOV acpoQu TO reEOLO TTJ~ 8EWQLa~ TOU XQij!!aTO~, !!UALOTa, OXLaYQacpEL TO reEQLYQa!!!!a OA6XATJQOU TOU EQYOU.
H «YEQ!!aVLxij emotnun» TijQTJOE EVaVTLOV TTJ~ KQmxfJ~ -onox xm aQYOTEQa EVaVTLOV TOU Kecxisaio»: TTJ OUVW!!OOLa TTJ~ OLwreij~. Krn !!UALOTa!!E !!EYUATJ mLTUxLa. '000 SOU- 010 0 MaQI:;, TO EQYO TaU KQmxfJ T17~ IIoAmxfJ~ Oixovouiai; OEV avacpEQ8TJXE 010 xovevc mLOTTJ!!OVLXO reEQLOOLXO ij EcpTJ!!EQLOa. El:;aLQEOTJ areOTEAEOE TJ YEQ!!avocpwVTJ EcpTJ !!EQ LOa TOU AOVOLVOU Das Yolk TJ onotc oru; 4.6.1859 OTJ!!OOLEUOE !!La OUVTET!!TJ!!EVTJ !!oQCPij TOU nQoA6you TOU EQYOU, EVW oru; 6 xrn 20 AUYOUOTOU TOU LOLOU ETOU~ OTJ!!OOLEUOE bUo uQ8Qa TOU 'EVYXEA~ rtou avacpEQovTm OTTJV KQmxfJ. 0 'EVYXEA~ mEAEI:;E uno TO OEUTEQO XEcpUAmo TaU EQYOU EVa OTJ!!ELO 0XEuxo !!E TTJV xQLTLxij TTJ~ outomor; TaU John Gray YLa TO EQyaoLaxo XQij!!a xm TTJV aVTaA"-ayij xm TO reQooE8EOE otu; YEQ!!aVLXE~ ExMOEL~ TOU EQYOU TOU MaQI:; H a(JA~6T17ra T17~ cp~Aoaocpia~, nou EYLvav TO 1885 xm TO 1892.
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KPITIKH
THL IIOAITIKHL OIKONOMIAL
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EsE'tUsw TO ouonnw tl]<; aotLxtl<; OLXOVO!lLa<; OE mrtnv rn OLaOOXtl: Kepcsoio, ymoxTrwia,Il£a8wTrj eovaoia: X()aTO~, ESWTE()£XO Ef.JJrO()£O, navxooiua ayO()a. Kctoi coto TOU<; tQEL<; nQwtou<; tLtAOU<; EsnUSW tL<; OLXOVO!lLXE<; OUV8tlXE<; SWtl<; rov tQLWV !lEYUAWV tUSEWV OtL<; OnOLE<; OLaLQELtm l] OUYXQOVl] aOtLXtl XOLVWVLa. H 0XEOl] torv tQLWV Ut...AWV tttAWV EL vm ocp8aA!locpaVtl<;. To nQwTO !lEQO<; tOU nQwTOu ~L~ALOU, TO onoto nQaY!latEUE'taL TO xEcpuAmo, anOtEAELtaL uno tc EStl<; xEcpuAaLa: 1) To E!lnoQEU!la, 2) TO XQtl!la tl l] anAtl XUXAocpoQLa XaL 3) to xEcpuAmo YEVLXU. Ta bUo nQwtn xEcpuAma cororexoov to nEQLEX0!lEVO a1JtOU tou tEUXOU<;. OMXA l]QO to UALXO ~QLOXE'tm !lJtQOOtU uou ue tn !loQCPtl uovovocrpuov', OL orrote; YQucptl]xav OE nOAu oLuonaQtE<; XQOVLXE<; nEQLoooU<; YLa Myou<; OLXtl<; uou xctovonon; TOU sl]ttl!laTO<;, 0XL YLa Ol]!lOOLEUOl], xm tWV onOLWV l] OXEtLXtl EJtESEQyaoLa, oU!lcpwva ue TO OXEOLO nou aVEcpEQa, EsaQtutaL coro ESWtEQLXE<; nEQLOtUOEL<;.
MLa YEVLXtl EwaywYtl2 nou ELxa 0XEOLUOEL, tnv naQaAEL-
I. 0 MaQ~ avacpEQ£TUL aLO OUVOAO TWV OLXOVOI-lLXWV EJt£~£Qya<JLwv nou ELXf OTa XEQLa TOU TO 1858, otov XUL ~£XLVT]O£ TT] oUYYQacpT] TOU EQyou. Ilio oUYX£xQLI-lEVa avacpEQ£TUL OTa OtXovo/1tXa-f]JtAOaocptXa XELQ6YQacpa, YVWOT<l XUL w~ IT aoiocva XELQ6YQacpa (1844), oro Grundrisse (1857-1858), xaew~ XUL aLL~ UJTOAOLJT£~ OT]I-lELWOEL~ XUL TU OLXOV0I-lLX<l oUYYQ<lI-lI-lUTa JTOU I-l£A£TOUO£ OTO Il agLoL, TL~ BgU~EAA£~ XUL TO AOVOL YO.
2. BA. «EwuywYT] OTT]V "KQLTLxT] TT]~ nOALTLXT]~ OLXOVOI-lLU~", OfA. 309, OTO JTugov ~L~ALO.
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nro YLaTL, U(J,,[EQa crto WQL!lO,,[EQE~ (JxE1!JEL~, XaTEAl]~a on xa- 8E JtQOE~OCPAl](Jl] (J1J!lJ'tEQa(J!la"[wv -rc OJtOLa JtQEJtEL JtQQna va an:06ELX80uv- cpaLVE"CaL EVOXAl]nx~ XaL 0 avayvw(J"[l]~, 0 OJtOLO~ 8EAEL YEVLxa va ue axoAo1J8~(JEL, JtQEJtEL vc cnorpn(JL(Jn vc aVEA8EL cno "[0 !lEQLXO (J"[O YEVLXO. Tn 8E(Jl] am~~ "[l]~ EL(Jaywy~~ unocouv vo JtaQo1Jv (JE cuto "[0 (Jl]!lELO !lEQLXE~ avacpOQE~ (J"[l]V JtoQELa tcov 6LXWV !l01J JtOALnXOmXOVo!lLXWV!lEAE"CWV.
OL EL6LXE~ (JJt01J6E~ !l01J ~LaV La VO!lLXa, "[a OJtOLa O!lW~ avn!lE"CWJtLsa oov iva» EJtL(J"[l]!lOVLXO xM60 1JJtOLaY!lEVO ern <PLAO(JocpLa XaL tnv I(J"[oQLa. To 1842-1843, n~ XQOVLE~ 6l]Aa6~ Jt01J ~!101JV (J1JV"[ax"[l]~ "[l]~ ECP'f/!1EQibar; rov Ptivo» (Rheinische Zeitungy, ~QE8l]xa YLa JtQw"[l] cpoQa orn M(JxoAl] 8E(Jl] vo JtQEn:EL vn (J1J!l!lE,,[EXW orn (J1Js~"[l](Jl] YLa "[a AEYOuevo 1JALXa (J1l!lcpEQOVLa. OL (J1Jsl]"[~(JEL~ ern B01JA~ "[l]~ Pn-
3. Ka8TlI.tfQLv!j ECPTlI.tfQLoa, T] OJIOLa XUXAocpoQouaf uno TTIV 1. 1. 1842 !-lEXQL TT]V 31.3.1843 aTT]V Kosrovtc. H fCPT]!-lfQLoa LOQu8T]Xf uno fXJIQOmimoUi; TT]~ aanx!j~ Ta~T]~ TT]~ PT]vaVLa~ OL OJIOLOL aVnJIOAL TfUOVWV TOV JIQWGLXO anoAuraQXW!-lo. YJIOaT!jQL1;f aVOLXTa TO conxo aLTT]!-la TT]~ fJIOX!j~ YLa TfAWVHax!j evoon TT]~ ffQ!-laVLa~. Q~ aUVfQyaTf~ TT]~ fCPT]!-lfQLoa~ fQya1;ovTav XaL xanOLOL VfO-XfYXfALaVOL. AJIO TOV AJIQLAT] TOU 18420 KaQA MaQ~ EYLVf auvfQyaTT]~ TT]~ fCPT]!-lfQLoa~ XaL one TOV Oxt(b~QT] TOU LOWU XQOVOU aQXWUVTaXTT]~ TT]~. Lf aur!j OT]!-lOGLfUTT]XaV fJILaT]~ XaL uin aHQa aQ8Qa TOU <I>QLVTQLX 'EVYXfA~. YJIO TT]V aQXwuVTa~La TOU KaQA MaQ~ T] fCPT]!-lfQLoa aQXLaf va JIaLQVfL ivov OAOEva XaL mo qxrveoo fJIavaatanXO-OT]!-loxQanxo xaQaXT!jQa. AUTO~ 0 nooocVaTOAW!-lO~ TT]~ fCPT]!-lfQLoa~, TT]~ OJIOLa~ T] OT]!-lOnXOTT]Ta aTT] ffQ!-laVLa JIaQouaLa1;f aTa8fQ!j cvooo, JIQoxaAWf TT]V aYWVLa XaL TT]V aVT]aUXLa TWV XU~fQVT]nXWV XUXAWV, xa8w~ XaL TT] !-laLVO!-lfVT] fJIL8WT] TOU ovnoQaanxou TUJIOU fvaVTLOV TT]~. Ln~ 19.1.1843 T] XU~EQVT]aT] TT]~ I1QwaLa~ f~Eowaf Eva oLuTaY!-la ue TO OJIOLO one TT]V IT] AJIQLAT] anaYOQfUf TT]V XUXAocpOQLa TT]~, fVW !-lEXQL TOTf fJIE~aAAf oe nutnv auaTT]QOWTT] AOYOXQwLa.
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vaVLUI; YLa TI1V nnoovoun UAOTOllLa4 XaL TOV TEllaXWIlO Tl]~ LbLOXTl]OLa~ Tl]~ Yl]~, l] EJtLOl]Ill] JtOAEIlLXi] JtOU <XVOLSE ° XUQLO~ von Schaper, JtQWTO~ JtQOEbQO~ Tl]V EJtOxi] EXELVl] Tl]~ EJtaQXLa~ Tl]~ Pl]VaVLa~, evcvnc OTl]V ECPrJI1EQ[(ja TOV Pttvo» YLa Tl]V XaT<XOTaOl] TOW XWQLXWV Tl]~ JtEQLOXi]~ TOU Mosel, OL OU~l]Ti]OEL~, TEAO~, YLa TO EAEU8EQO E[!JtOQLO XaL TOU~ JtQoOTaTEUnXOU~ baollou~, oT<x8l]xav OL JtQWTE~ acpoQIlE~ YLa Tl]V EVaOXOAl]oi] uou IlE La OLXOVOIlLX<X ~l]Ti]llaTa. Ano Tl]V <xnl] IlEQL<X, Tl]V EJtOxi] EXELVl], OTl]V onotc l] xaAi] 8EAl]Ol] va «JtQOXWQ<XIlE &0 XaL mo [!JtQOOT<X» unoxoeiotouoe JtOnE~ CPOQE~ n~ EL6LXE~ YVWOEL~ TWV JtQaYIl<XTwv, ELXE CPT<XOEL OTl]V ECPrJI1EQ[(ja TOV Pnvou Eva~ EAacpQ<X XQwllanollEvo~ «nonXo~ LOU yanLxou oooioxiouo» XaL XOIlIlOUVLOIlOU. Eyw EXbi]Awoa Tl]V aVTLewi] uou IlE aUTE~ tu; JtQOXELQOTl]TE~, LaUTOXQova OIlW~, 010 IlLa ouyxQOUOl] IlE tn revo~fJ ECPrJI1EQ[(ja (Allgemeine Zeitung) 5, 0lloMYl]oa XWQL~ JtEQWTQOCPE~ on OL IlEXQL TOTE OJtOUbE~ uou bE uou EJtETQEJtaV va anoTOAIli]ow onourotptote XQLOl] YLa TO JtEQLEXOIlEVO TWV yaAALxwv T<XOEWV. 'EWL m<XOTl]Xa JtQo8UIla uno Tl]V mnnnrrrn TWV bLEU- 8UVTWV Tl]~ ECPrJI1EQ[(jar; TOV Ptivo», OL OJtOLOL JtLOTEuav on IlE IlLa xanw~ l]mOTEQl] OT<XOl] Tl]~ ECPl]IlEQLba~ 8a [!JtOQOUOE va aQ8EL l] aJtocpaOWIlEVl] 8avanxi] Tl]~ XaTabLXl], YLa va aJtoTQa~l]XTW cno rn bl]IlOma OXl]vi] OTO bWIl<xno IlEAETl]~.
4. BA.: Marx-Engels Werke (MEW), Dietz Verlag, 1961, rou. 1, oEA. 109-147 xrn 172-199.
5. LUVTT]QT]TLX~ Xa8T]I-tEQLV~ ECPT]I-tEQLoa, T] OJWLa LOQu8T]XE TO 1798 xm xuxAocpoQouoE cno TO 1810 I-tEXQL TO 1882 OTO Augsburg. To 1842 oLaoTQE~AwvE w; LOEEC; TOU OUTOJTLXOU XOI-tI-tOUVWI-tOU xru oooiosiouou o MaQ~ OTQacpT]XE evcvttov aUT~C; TT]C; oLaoTQE~AWOT]C; I-tE aQ8Qo TOU OTT]V ECPTl/lfQiba IOV PJjvov, TO OJTOLO ECPEQE TOV TL TAO «0 X0I-tI-t0UVLOI-t0C; xm T] "Allgemeine Zeitung" TOU Augsburg», Marx-Engels Werke (MEW), Dietz Verlag, 1961, rou. I, oEA. 105-108.
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H nQWt11 £QyaoLa t11V OnOLa avO"aBa YLa t11V xatanoAE!l11011 nov aw~nBOALWv nou !l£ XUQL£UaV i]tav !lLa XQLtLxi] ava8£wQ11011 tl]I; X£YX£ALavi]~ CPLAOOOcpLa~ tOU ()LXaLOU6, !lLa £QyaoLa t11~ onotcc 11 £waywyi] ()l1!lOOL£Ut11X£ ore rEQ/-WvoyaAA£xeX XQov£xeX (Deutsch-Frenzosishc JahrbUcherr 010 TIaQLoL to 1844. H EQ£uva uou XUlEA11s£ OtO OU[lnEQaO!la on OL VO!lLXE~ OXEO£L~, ono»; xm OL !lOQCPE~ tou xQa1Ou~, ()£V unooouv va xUlavo1180uv OUt£ uno uove; roue, OUt£ cno t11 A£y6!l£v11 Y£VLXi] £SEALS11 tou av8Qwmvou nveuumoc, ana avtL8£ta EXOUV n~ QL~£~ roue otu; UALXE~ ouv8i]x£~ ~wi]~, trov onouov t11V oxotnrc (JUV01jJL~£L 0 XEYX£A, xor« to nQ6- tuno tWV AYYAWV xm tWV raAAwv tou 180u cuovc ue t11V OVO!laOLa «xotvcovt« tWVnOALtWv»8. KatEA11sa, £J[L011~, OtO
6. BA.: «KQL TLX~ TT]t; X£yx£ALaV~t; <PLAooocplat; TOU 8Lxalou. KQL TLx~ TOU X£yx£ALavou KQaTOUt; 8Lxalou» xm «KQmx~ HIt; X£YX£ALaV~t; <PLAooocplat; TOU 8Lxalou. ELGaywy~», Marx-Engels Werke (MEW), Dietz Verlag, 1961, TO[.l. I, O£A. 203-333 xru 378-391 ovttoroir«,
7. To mQLooLxO rEQ/lavoyaULxa XQovLxa (Deutsch-Frsnzosishe JahrbUcher) £xOLMtav om Y£Q[.laVLX~ YAwooa uno TT] ouvta~T] TOU KaQA MaQ~ xrn TOU Arnold Ruge. KUXAOCPOQT]O£ [.lOVO TO omAo JtQWTO T£UXOt; TO <pA£f)aQT] TOU 1844. To T£uXOt; auto mQL£LX£ tc X£L[.l£Va TOU MaQ~ «Ttu TO Ef3Qa'Lxo Z~TT][.la» xm TT]V «KQmx~ TT]t; <PLAooocplat; TOU 8Lxctou TOU XEYX£A. ELGaywy~», xaeWt; xm TLt; £Qyaol£t; TOU <PQlVTQLX 'EVYX£At; «Il£QlYQa[.l[.la TT]t; KQmx~t; TT]t; nOAmx~t; Otxovoutno xm «H Kcrcorcon TT]t; AyyAlat;. "Past and Present" TOU Thomas Carlyle, Aovotvo 1843», f)A. Marx-Engels Werke (MEW), Dietz Verlag, 1961, TO[.l. 1, O£A. 525-592. Auta; OL £Qyaol£t; OT][.laTOOOTOUv TT]V oQLGTLX~ ueTaf)aOT] TOU MaQ~ xot TOU 'EVYX£At; OTOV UALG[.lO xrn TOV XO[.l[.lOUVLG[.lo. H f3amx~ «uto TT]t; OLaxoJt~t; TT]t; EXOOOT]t; TWV XQOVLXu'W nrov OL oLaCPOQEt; arro\jJ£wv [.lETa~U TOU MaQ~ xm TOU uotou QL~ooJtaOTT] Ruge cxouc xm O£ e£[.l£ALWOT] ~T]T~[.lata.
8. ~T][.l. MET.: 0 Y£Q[.laVLXot; ooo; nou XQT]OL[.lOJtOL£L £ow 0 MaQ~ £Lvm «bUrgerliche Gesellschaft», 0 onoto; ea unooouoe va [.l£tacpQaoT£L TOOO Wt; «xotvorvio TWV JtOALTWV» 000 xm Wt; «aoTLx~ xorvorvtu». To
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OU!lJtEQaO!la OU 11 cvcrouto T11£ XOLVWVLa£ TWV JtOAmOV JtQEJtEL va avas11T118d OT11v JtOALTLXi] OLXOVO!lLa. T11 !lEAET11 T11£ JtOALTLXi]£ OLXOVO!lLa£ T11v I;EXL v110a ow IIaQLoL XaL T11v OUVExwa OU£ BQUI;EAAE£, OJtOU ELxa XaWCfnJYEL UOTEQa uno T11 OLaTayi] anEAaoi]£ !lou ono TOV XUQLO Guizot. To YEVLXO OU!lJtEQaO!la rtou uou JtQOEXU'\jJE XaL EXTOTE EYLVE xTi]!la uou XaL xa80011Y11UXO vi]!la ot«; !lEAETE£ uoi: !lJtoQd EV OUVTO!lLa vc OLaTuJtw8d w£ EI;i]£: ~T11V XOLvWVLXi] JtaQaywyi] T11£ swi]£ TOU£, OL UV8QWJtOL ELOEQXOVTaL 010 0XEOEL£ xa80QLO!lEVE£, avayxaLE£, aVEl;uQT11TE£ cno T118EA11oi] TOU£, 010 OXEOEL£ JtaQaywyi]£, OL OJtOLE£ avuoTOLXOUV 010 !lLa xa80QLO!lEV11 Ba8!lLOa avumul;l1£ TWV UALXWV JtaQaywYLxwV TOU£ Ouvu!lEWV. H OAOT11W nutorv TWV 0XEOEWV JtaQaywyi]£ aJtoTEAd T11v OLXOVO!lLXi] OO!li] T11£ xoivorvk«; T11v JtQaY!lauxi] BCW11 mxvw OT11v ozoto U'\jJWVETaL Eva VO!lLXO XaL JtOAL UXO EJtOLxoM!ll1!la XaL OT11V onoto aVTLOTOLXOUV OUYXEXQL!lEVE£ XOLVWVLXE£ !lOQCPE£ OUVEL011011£. 0 TQOJtO£ JtaQaywyi]£ T11£ UALxi]£ swi]£ xa80QLsEL YEVLXU T11v XOLvWVLXi], JtOALTLXi] XaL JtvEwaTLxi] o LaOLxaoLa T11£ swi]£. Asv d VaL 11 OUVEL011011 TWV av8QwJtwv rtou xa80QLsEL TO d VaL TOU£, aAA.a, aVTLOTQocpa, TO XOLVWVLXO TOU£ etvct xa80QLsEL T11 ouvd011oi] TOU£. ~E !lLa OQLO!lEV11 Ba8!lLOa T11£ avumul;i]£ TOU£, OL UALXE£ JtaQaYWYLXE£ OUVU!lEL£ T11£ XOLVWVLa£ EQXOVTaL 010 aVTLcpa011 ue TL£ UJtUQXOUOE£ OXEOEL£ JtaQaywyi]£ i], JtQuY!la JtOU aJtOTEAd !lOVO T11 VO!lLXi] EXCPQao11 YL' aUTO, ue TL£ 0XEOEL£ LOLOxT11oLa£ !lEOa OTL£ OJtOLE£ XL VOUVTav !lEXQL TOTE. Arto uooCPE£ avumul;l1£ TWV JtaQaywYLxwV OUVU!lEWV amE£ OL 0XEOEL£ !lETaTQEJtOVTaL 010 OW!lU TOU£. TOTE EJtEQXETaL !lLa EJtOxi] XOL VWVLXi]£ EJtaVUOTa011£. ME T11v aUayi] T11£ OLXOV0!lL-
JtEgLfXO[,lfVO, WOTOOO, nou EtHvav orov ogo TOOO oi [anm clLacpWTLOTE~ 000 xm 0 XEYXfA Elvm aUTO nl~ «xotvorvtc; TWV rroAmuv».
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Xr)<; ~aOl]<; aVmQEJITWL, aQya r) YQr)yoQa, OMXAl]QO TO TEQaono enotxooounun. Kern Tl]V EI;ETaOl] TETOLWV ovctoorewv reQEreEL va xaVOU~E reaVTa 6LaXQlOl] ovcueo« OTl]V UALxr), ~E lOXU qJumxr)<; avayxmOTl]Ta<;, avmQorer) rcov OLXOVO~LXWV OQWV Tl]<; reaQaywyr)<; xm tu; VO~LXE<;, reoAL nXE<;, 8Ql]oxeunxec, xaAALTExvLXE<; r) qJLAOOOqJLXE<;, ~E ALya Myw n<; L6EOAOYLXE<; ~OQqJE<; ~E n<; onote; «noxtouv OL av8QwreOL owetonon aUTr)<; Tl]<; ouyxQOUOl]<; xm Tl]V qJEQVOUV H<; reEQa<;. Orew<; d vci aMvmo va XQL VOU~E Eva nrouo crto Tl]V LMa rtou EXH TO L6LO YLa TOV £aUTO TOU, ETOL etvot rnLOl]<; aMvmo va XQLVOU~E xm ~La TETOLa rnoxr) avmQorer)<; crto Tl] Ouvd6l]Ol] nou EXH l] L6La YLa TOV £aUTO Tl]<;, aAAa aVTL- 8ETa reQEreEL va EI;l]yr)OOU~E tn ouvstonon aUTr) coro n<; ovuqJaOEL<; Tl]<; UALXr)<; ~wr)<;, coto tn OUYXQOUOl] nou ureaQXH ~ETaI;U TWV XOL VWVLXWV reaQaYWYLXWV 6uva~EWV xm TWV 0XEOEWV reaQaywyr)<;. Evor; XOLVWVLXO<; OXl]~ano~o<; 6EV El;aqJaVL~ETm reoTE reQLv avareTux80uv 6AE<; OL reaQaYWYLXE<; 6uva~EL<; rtou ~OQEL va XWQEOH, xm reOTE 6EV reaLQvouv tn 8Eon TOU<; xm VOUQYLE<;, avwTEQE<; 0XEOH<; reaQaywyr)<;, reQLv EXXOAaqJTOuv ~Eoa OTOU<; x6Areou<; Tl]<; L6La<; Tl]<; reaALa<; XOLvwvLa<; OL UALXOL OQOL ureaQI;r)<; TOU<;. Kctn ouvenac, l] av- 8QwreOTl]Ta ava8ETEL OTOV £aUT6 Tl]<; uovo xa8r)xovTa ru onoto unooet va EXreAl]QwoEL, YLmL, av reaQaTl]Qr)ooU~E noocexnxoteoc, 8a 6LareLoTwooU~E on xm TO L6w TO xe- 8r)xov I;rnl]M reavTa uovo onou EXOUV 6La~OQqJw8d xL6Aa<; OL UALXOL 6QOL YLa Tl]V ExreAr)Qwor) TOU r), TOUAaxlOTOv, ~QLOXOVTm OTl] 6La6LxaoLa Tl]<; 6La~6QqJwor)<; TOU<;. LE YEVLXE<; YQa~~E<; 0 oournxoc, 0 aQxaLo<;, 0 qJEOu6aQXLx6<; xm 0 ouyXQovo<; aonx6<; TQ6reo<; reaQaywyr)<; unoooov va xaQaXTl]QLOTOUV oov OL reQo06EunxE<; rnoXE<; TOU OLXOVO~LXOU OXl]unttouou Tl]<; XOL vwvLa<;. OL aonxE<; OXEOEL<; reaQaywyr)<; etvm l] TEAEUTaLa aVTaywvLonxr) ~OQqJr) Tl]<; XOLVWVLXr)<; rea-
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QaYWYLx~t; OLaOLXaOLat;, aVTaYWVLOtLX~ 6XL !!E rnv EVVOLa tWV atO!!LXWV aVTaYWVLO!!WV, ana !!E tnv EVVOLa Ev6t; avtaYWVLO!!OU 0 onoto; anOQQEH cno tLt; XOL VWVLXEt; OUV- 8~XEt; ~w~t; rorv crourov. Qot6oo, OL naQaYWYLXEt; OUVa!!Ht; OL onotec cvcorroocovrci OtOUt; x6AnOUt; tl]t; aOtLx~t; XOLVWVLat; Ol]!!WUQYOUV taut6XQova xm tout; UALXOUt; oooi«; YLa tnv EJtLAUOl] auTOU TOU nvtnvurvtouou. ME uutov tOY XOLVWVLX6 OXl]!!atLO!!6 tEAHWVEL EJtO!!EvWt; l] nQo'COtOQLa tl]t; av8Qwm vl]t; XOL vwvLat;.
o <PQLVtQLX EVYXEAt;, !!E tOY onoto OLatl]Qouoa TaXtLX~ YQant~ aVTanay~ LOEWV !!Eta «no tn Ol]!!OOLEUOl] tOU LOLOCPUOUt; OOXL!!LOU TOU YLa tnv xQmx~ nov OLXOVO!!LXWV xatl]YOQLWV 9 (OTa rEQ/1avoyaU£ua XQov£ua), dXE XataA~~EL xm aut6t; ccto aAAO oQ6!!o (OUYXQLVE!!E TO EQYO TOU «H xorcoruon tl]t; EQyatLX~t; ta~l]t; ornv AYYALa»IO) OTO LOW ou!!JtEQao!!a !!E '!!EVa xrn, orev tnv aVOL~l] TOU 1845 evxcroOta8l]XE XL Exd VOt; otu; BQU~EnEt;, cnotpcotooue va EJtE~EQyaoTOU!!E !!a~L tnv ano\j!~ !!at; OE avtLnaQa8wl] !!E tnv LOWAOYLa tl]t; YEQ!!aVLx~t; CPLAooocpLat;, otnv nQay!!atLx6- tnro 6!!Wt; va ~Exa8aQLOOU!!E tout; AoyaQLaO!!Out; !!at; !!E rnv nQOl]YOU!!EVl] CPLAOOOCPLX~ !!at; OUVELOl]Ol]. H nQ68w~ !!at; nQaY!!atonOL~8l]XE !!E tn !!OQCP~ tl]t; xQmX~t; tl]t; !!ETaXEYXEALav~t; CPLAooocpLat;. To XHQ6YQacpo II, Mo XOVtQOl t6!!OL OE 6yooo Ox~!!a, dXE cptaOH cno xmQ6 OTOV tono tl]t; EXOOO~t; tOU orn BWtcpaAla, orov nAl]QocpoQl]8~xa!!E en A.6-
9. BA. «Umrisse zu einer Kritik der National Okonornie- «<I1fQLYQu[1[1U Tl1~ KQLTLxT]~ Tl1~ I10ALTLXT]~ OLXOVOIlLU9», Marx-Engels Werke (MEW), Dietz Verlag, 1961, TO[1. 1, (JfA. 499-524.
10. BA. Marx-Engels Werke (MEW), Dietz Verlag, 1961, TO[1. 2, (JfA. 225-506.
11. BA. «H ffQ[1UVLXT] IOfOAOYLU», Marx-Engels Werke (MEW), Dietz Verlag, 1961, TO[1. 3, (JfA. 9-530.
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YW tWV VEWV ouv811XWV ()£V nrcv ()UVatO to romouo. IIaQarnooue JtOAU JtQo8Wa to X£LQOYQacpo Ot11V tQWXtLxi] xomxi] tWV JtOVtLXWV, acpou mo £LXa!-l£ JtEtUXEL tov XUQLO OXOJtO !-la~ -t11V XataV011011 tOU t11ti]!-latO~ ono £!-la~ tOU~ L()LOU~. Ano tL~ ()LaoJtaQt£~ £QyaoL£~ ue tL~ onote; JtaQouoLata!-l£ tov XaLQO exetvo OtO XOLVO t11 !-lLa i] t11V an11 JtA£UQa tWV aJt01jJ£WV !-la~ avacpEQW !-lOVO to Mavupeoto tov K0I1110Vvurtixov K611I1aro~12, to cnoto YQa1jJa!-l£ crto XOLVOU 0 'EVYX£A~ XaL £yw, XaL t11 «Discours sur Ie Iibre echange»!', 11 onotc ()l1!-lOOL£Ut11X£ cno euevo, Ta Ol1!-laVtLXOt£Qa Ol1!-lda t11~ aJt01jJi]~ !-la~ 8LXt11Xav YLa JtQWt11 cpoQa £mOt11!-lOVLXa, av XaL !-lOVO ue !-loQCPi] JtOA£!-lLXi]~, OtO EQYO uou «H a8ALOrntc t11~ CPLAooocpLa~»14, to onoto £xM811X£ to 1847 evcvno OtOV Proudhon. MLa JtQaY!-latda uoi: om Y£Q!-laVLXa YLa t11 «Mw8wti] EQyaoLa» I', onou OUYXEvtQwoa tL~ ()LaW;£L~ nou excvc Jtavw OtO 8E!-la auto Ot11V «'EvW011 tWV I'eoucvorv EQyatWV»16 OtL~ BQU~En£~, ()LaxoJt11x£ OtO tuJtw!-la Myw
12. Bt... KOQt.. MOQs - <PQLVl'QLX'EvYXEt..e:;, Mavupeoto rou KOf.1f.10UVWTOWV Kouuatot; Ex6. LUYXQovll Enoxi}, 1998.
13. «LlLCXt..EST] YLO TO Et..EU8EQO qmoQLO», Marx-Engels Werke (MEW), Dietz Verlag, 1961, TO[1. 4, OEt... 444-458.
14. Bt... Marx-Engels Werke (MEW), Dietz Verlag, 1961, TO[1. 4, od. 63-182.
15. Bs., KOQt.. MOQs, Mwewr~ eovaoia xai Kfq)(lAaw, Ex6. LUYXQOVT] Enoxi}, 2010.
16. H 'EVW01'/ rwv FfOf.1aVWV Eoyarwv L6Qu8T]XE «no TOV MOQS xrn TOV 'EVYXEt..e:; 010 TEt..T] AuyoUaTOU TOU 1847 otu; BQUSEt..t..Ee:; [1E OTOXO tnv nOAL nxi} 6LOCPWTWT] nov fEQ[10VWV EQymwv nou ~ouoov OTO BEt..YLO, xo8we:; xm TT] YVWQL[1LO TOUe:; [1E tu; L6EEe:; TOU mWTT][10VLXOU XO[1- uouviouou, Y no TT]V xo806i}YllOll TOU MOQS xm TOU 'EVYXEt..e:; xo8we:; xm TWV oUVOYWVWTWV TOUe:; T] 'Evcoon ESEALX8T]XE OE V0[1L[10 XEVTQO TWV fEQ[10VWV encvcotcrrov EQymwv. H 'Evoxrn TWV fEQ[10VWV EQymwv ~Qwxotav OE U[1Wll ouv6Wll [1E ne:; EQyonxEe:; EVWOELe:; TT]e:; <Pt..O[1ov6Lw;
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tTlS; Enuvcotcorj; tOU <I>A£~agTl xm tTlS; ~LmTlS; cnouoxouvoi]s; !-lOU crto to BEAYlO, TI onoto EYLV£ £~mtLas; tTlS;·
H ExbooTl tTlS; NEw; Ecp1]l1fQi(5w; rov Pnvo» (Neue Rheinische Zcitutigy" to 1848 xm to 1849 xm to y£yovota
XaL Tl]I; Banovlac;. To nQooOEUTLXa [lO .. l] Tl]~ 'Evoxrn; nQooxwQl]oav OTl]V KOLVOTl]Ta lOU LUVOEO[lOU TWV KO[l[lOUVLOTWV TOW BQU~EnWV. H Evoon EnaL~E LOLal TEQO QOAO OTl]V lOQuol] Tl]~ BrUsseler Association Democratique. A[lEOW~ uerc uno Tl]V Encvcorcon lOU «t>AE~aQl] TOU 1848 OTl] f anla l] 'E VWOl] OLEX01jJE Tl] oQaol] Tl]~, xa8w~ l] ~Ef.. YLXi] aOTUvoutc ouvEAa~E XaL anEAaoE to JtEQLOooTEQa !-lEAl] Tl]~ 'Evoxnp; TWV fEQuovrirv EQymwv.
17. Ka8l]~lEQLvi] ECPl]!-lEQloa, l] onotc EXOLb6TaV uno tn OUVTa~l] lOU KaQA MaQ~ cote Tl]V 1.6.1848 [lEXQL TL~ 19.5.1849 ornv Koxcovto. LTl] OUVTaXTLxi] EJtLTQoni] cvnxov mlol]~ 0 «t>QlVTQLX 'EVYXEA~, 0 Wilhelm Wolff, 0 Georg Weerth, 0 Ferdinand Wolff, 0 Ernst Dronke, 0 Ferdinand Freiligrath XaL 0 Heinrich BUrgers. Lav oQyavo Tl]~ nQoAETaQLaxi]~ JlTEQuya~ Tl]~ ~l][loxQaTla~, l] ECPl][lEQloa OLanaLOaywyl]OE TL~ Aa'(xE~ ucSE~ OTOV aywva xma Tl]~ ovrenovcorconc. 0 MaQ~ XaL 0 'EVYXEA~ EYQacpav xma xcvovo to mo ~a(JLxa xa80ol]Yl]TLxa aQ8Qa, 10 onotc coooouocv tc mo onuovro«; Sl]Ti][lma Tl]~ YEQ[laVLxi]~ XaL Tl]~ EUQWJIaYxi]~ mavaoTaol]~. H nrtoqxrouruxn XaL aOLanaXTl] OTaOl] Tl]~, 0 aywVLOTLXO~ Tl]~ OLE8vLO[l6~, OL JIOALTLXE~ Tl]~ anoxaAU1jJEL~ nQoxaAEocv coto lOU~ nQwlOu~ xLoAa~ [li]VE~ Tl]~ E[lcpavLOi]~ Tl]~ Tl]V m18wl] lOU cpwuoaQXLxOU-[lOvaQXLxou XaL lOU aOTLXOu-CPLAEAEU8EQOU Turtou, xc- 8w~ XaL TL~ OLW~EL~ Tl]~ nQwoLxi]~ XU~EQVl]Ol]~, OL OJIOlE~ EVTa8l]xav uerc uno Tl]V ovrencvcorcnxn avmQoni] OTl]V Ilooiotc TO NOE[l~Ql]/MXE[l~Ql] lOU 1848. ITaQa TL~ OLt()~EL~ XaL to aOTUVO[lLXU [lfTQa, l] ECPl][lEQloa uJtEQaonlOTl]XE ue 08EVO~ to OU[lCPEQOV1O Tl]~ encvcotnnxi]~ Ol][loxQmla~ XaL, ue curov TOV toone, XaL tn OU[lCPEQOVTa lOU rtooAETaQLalOu. To Mal] TOU 1849, otov n cvrennvcorcon nEQaOE OTl] YEVLXi] ml8wl], l] nQw(JLxi] XU~EQVl]Ol] E~EOWOE tn OWTayi] Tl]~ anEAaOl]~ TOU MaQ~ coto Tl]V ITQwola, orpou i]Ol] TOU ElXE aQvl]8El Tl]V Unl]XOOTl]tc. H anEAaOl] TOU MaQ~ XaL 10 xctcoto), nxa [lETQa svovttov TWV unoAOLJtWV OUVTaXTWV Tl]~ avayxaoav tn LUVTa~l] va OLaxo1jJEL Tl]V EXOOon Tl]~ ECPl][lEQloa~. To TEAEmalo cpuno Tl]~ NEw; EqJl1f.1EQibw; TOV p~-
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nou aXOAOUSl]OaV aQy6'tEQa 611~XO'\jJaV W; OLXOVOIlLXEe; 1l0U IlEAE'W;, IlE tu; OnO(Ee; unooeoc va xcrcmcctco naAL 1l6ALe; 'to 1850 01:0 Aovotvo. To reooono UALX6 YLa TYjV w1:OQ(a Tne; nOAL nxi]e; orxovouu«; rtou E( vet oUOOWQEUIlEVO 01:0 BQELavtxo MOUOE(O, l] EUVO'(Xi] SEal] rtou E~aocpaA(sEL 'to Aov6( vo YLa rnv naQmi]Qlloll 'tlle; aonxi]e; xoivorvk«; 1:0 xmvouQYLO, 'tEAOe;, 0'ta6LO avamu~lle; 01:0 ono (0 cpa( verct va EWEQXEWL II aonxi] xowcrvto IlELa crto tnv avaxaAu'\jJll 1:OU XQuoou ornv KaALcp6QvLa xm rnv A uO'tQaA(a, 6Aa aULa IlE naQax(vnocv va ~avaQX(ow crto rnv aQxi] ne; IlEAE'tEe; 1l0U xrn va EJtE~EQyao'tw xQLnxa 1:0 xmvouQYLO UALX6. AU'tEe; OL IlEAE'tEe; IlE 06i]Ylloav, EV IlEQEL «rto uove; toix, 010 qxuvouevix« 'tEAE(We; corouoxououevc emornuovixc nE6(a ow onoto EnQEJtE, nEQw06'tEQO i] ALy6'tEQO, va o'taSw. Qm600, 0 XQ6- vo; rtou EIlEVE otn 6LaSwi] 1l0U nEQLOQLs6wv XUQ(we; cero tnv Em'taxnxi] avayxll IlLae; ~LonOQwnxi]e; anaox6AllOlle;. H ox'taXQOVll mo OUVEQyao(a 1l0U IlE tnv noorm aYYAoaIlEQLxavLxi] ECPllIlEQ(6a, rn New York Tribune 18, IlE avayxaoE
vov (No 301 TT)C; 19T)C; MUT)) TuJtw8T)XE ue XOXXLVO [lEAUVL. LTO an:oXaLQETWTl]QLO XUAEa[lU otou; EQyaTEC; TT)C; KOAWVLUC; OL OUVTUXTEC; l;EXU- 8UQLtuv OTL «OL TEAEUTULEC; TOUC; AEl;ELC; 8u EL Val JtUVTOU XaL JTUVTU: AJrfAwBeQwo1] tn; fQyanx~~ r6.!;1]~». H Nea EqJ1]!lfQiba rov P~VOVl]TaV «TO XUAUTEQO, TO mo U«lTaOTO oQYuvo TOU snrrvorrtrrnxou JtQOAETUQLaTou» (B. l. AEVLV).
18. New York Daily Tribune: A[lEQLXUVLXl] E«lT)[lEQLbu, T) OJTOLU xuXAO«lOQOUOE UJtO TO 1841 [lEXQL TO 1924. IbQu8T)xE coto TO YVWOTO A[lEQLXUVO bT)[lOOLOYQU«lO XaL JTOALTLXO Horace Greeley XaL UJtOTEAOUOE [lEXQL TU [lEOU TT)C; bEXUETLUC; TOU 1850 TO oQYuvo TT)C; UQWTEQnC; JTTEQUyuC; TWV A[lEQLXUVWV OULYWV XaL OtT) OUVEXELU oQYuvo TOU Pertou[l.7TALXUVLXOU Kouucroc. LTLC; bEXUETLEC; TOU 1840 XaL TOU 1850 T) E«lT)[lEQLbu xQaTT)OE [lLU JTQOObEUTLXl] maoT) XaL JTl]QE 8EOT) EVaVTLU OTT) bouAELU. LTT)V E«lT)[lEQLbu EQYUOTT)XUV JtoAuaQL8[lOL OT)[lUVTLXOL A[lEQLXUVOL oUYYQU«lELC; XaL bT)[looWYQU«lOL. Evor; EX TWV OUVTUXTWV TT)C; nrov
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v« EJt£XTElVW OTO XQOVO ru; IlEAETEt; uou, acpou 1l0VO xct ' E~aLQ£(Jll aoxoAOUllaL 1110 'Ut; xa8auTo OllIlOOlOYQacplXEt; aVnDTOXQLOElt; 1110 tnv auoTllQr] evvoio TOU OQOU. LTllV:lTQay-
uno to T£t..T) TT)£ CEXUETlw; TOU 1840 xm 0 Charles Dana, 0 onotoc nrcv EnT)QwOf,l£voe:; nrto u£ LC£E£ TOU ouromxou oootcxrouou. H cuveovcotc tau MaQs ue TT)V HjJT)f,lEQlca sExlvT)OE TOV Auvouoro TOU 1851 xm CLnQXT)OE f,l£XQL TO MUQTT) TOU 1862. 'Evce; f,lEYUt..O£ aQL8f,l0£ uQ8Qwv YLa TT) New York Daily Tribune YQUCjJTT)XE, f,lETU uno naQuxt..T)oT) TOU MaQs, cno TOV 'EVYXEt..£. To uQ8Qa TOU MaQs xm TOU 'EVYXEt..e:; OTT) New York Daily Tribune nQaYf,laTEUOVTm oT)f,lavuxu ~T)Tnf,laTa TOU EQyauxou XLVnf,laToe:;, TT)£ EOWTEQLXn£ xrn EsWTEQLXn£ not..mxn£ xm TT)£ otxovouixn£ avuJtTUST)£ TWV EUQwna'(xwv XWQwv, ~T)Tnf,laW TT)£ aJlmXWXn£ EJt£XWOT)e:; xm TWV E8vLXOaJtEt..Eu8EQWUXWV XLVT)f,lUTWV TWV XaTaJlLEOf,l£vorv XWQwv xm not..t..a una. LTT)V nsotooo TT)£ aVEQX0f,lEVT)e:; xm nUt..L AVTlcQaoT)£, or MaQs xm 'EVYXEt..e:; XQT)OLf,lonolT)oav amnv TT) 6LacEcousvn nQo06EUUXn af,lEQLxavLxn ECjJT)f,lEQlca YLa va OTT)t..LTEUOOUV ~UOEL YEYOVOTWV rc EYXt..nf,law TT)£ xaJlLTat..wuxne:; xorvorvtor; YLa va nrtoxat..u\jJouv u£ aOUf,lCjJLt..LWTE£ EYYEVEle:; avu8£oEL£ amne:; TT)£ xmvwvlae:;, xa8w£ xm YLa va ava6Elsouv TOV JtEQLOQWf,l£VO xaQaxTnQa TT)£ conxn£ 6T)f,loxQaTla£. H LUVTaST) TT)e:; New York Daily Tribune nQo£~mvE 010 non£e:; JtEQLJtTWOEL£ 010 au8alQETE£ anay£e:; OTO XElf,lEVO TWV uQ8Qwv. MEQLXU cno aUTu 6T)f,lOOLEUOVWV XWQl£ unoYQaCjJn TOU OUVTUXTT), oo» xUQLa uQ8Qa TT)£ LUVTaST)£. Ano W f,l£oa TOU 1855 T) ECjJT)f,lEQlca 6T)f,loOlEUOE ot..a rc uQ8Qa TaU MaQs xm TOU 'EVYXEt..£ XWQl£ unoYQaCjJn. A UTn T) naQaJlolT)oT) avuyxaoE EJtaVELt..T)f,lf,l£va TOV MaQs va nQo~El 010 6Laf,laQTuQla. Arto TO CjJ8LvonwQo TOU 18570 MaQs nrov «vcvxcouevo; t..oyw TT)£ mxovOf,lLXn£ xQloT)e:; or«; HITA, T) onot« EJt£cQaoE xm OTT)V mXOVOf,lLXn XaTUOTaOT) TT)£ ECjJT)f,lEQlca£, va JtEQLOQloa TOV aQL8f,l0 TWV uQ- 8Qwv TOU YLa TT) New York Daily Tribune. 0 MaQs 6L£XO\jJE ooicnx« TT) ouveovcotc TOU ue TT)V ECjJT)f,lEQlca ot«; aQX££ TOU Ef,lCjJUt..LOU not..£f,lou ou£ HITA. Ka8oQwuxo QOt..o YLa TT) cLaxonn TWV 0X£OEWV f,lEWSU TT)e:; New York Daily Tribune xm TOU MaQs £nmsE T) EvlOXUOT) OTT) LUVWST) TT)£ 8£0T)£ TWV onacwv TOU oW~L~aof,lOU ue ue:; not..LTElE£ rtou 6WTT)oouocv TT) 60ut..Ela, xa8w£ xm T) EYXaTUt..EL\jJT) TWV nQoo6EuUXWV 8£010- «rv TT)£ ECjJT)f,lEQlca£.
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uonxotnrc, La uQ8Qa YLa rc onucvnx« OLXOVOIlLXU yfYOVOLa ornv AYYAla xm tnv llJ[HQClmX~ EUQwJtll aJtOTfAOUoov EVa TOOO onucvuxo IlEQOS; nov ovtcnoxotoeorv uou, nou ~IlOUV cvovxcouevo; v« fSOLXfLW8w ue JtQaxnxES; AfmOIlEQfLfS; rtou ~QloxovTav ESW crto tnv JtfQLOX~ TllS; xoOcuro £JtWT~!lllS; TllS; JtoAmx~s; oixovoiucc.
Me Tll OUVTOllll aUT~ oXLaYQucplloll TllS; JtoQElas; TWV usAnwv 1l0U OTOV TOIlEa TllS; JtOAmx~s; oixovoutoc; 8EAW va OElSW on OL aJto1j!fLS; 1l0U, oJtws; XL av tu; XQlVfL xavElS; xm 000 AlYO xrn av ouuqxovouv ue ns; LOLOTfAElS; JtQoxmaA~- 1j!fLS; TWV xUQlaQXwv TUSfWV, flvm TO aJtoTEAwIla fUOUVElOllTllS; xm llaxQoXQoVllS; EQfuvas;. LTllV flOOOO 0IlWS; TllS; emOT~llllS;, oJtWS; xm ornv flOOOO TllS; KOAaollS;, JtQEJtfL va ovaYQacpflll aSlwoll:
Qui si convien Jasciare ogni sospetto Ogni vilte cotivien che qui sie morta. 19
KaQAMaQS
19. <<EbciJ :T[QEJ1:EL va acpljaw; XU8E unoiptn, XU8E :T[OTa:T[On1Ta EbciJ :T[QEn:EL va m8uvEL.» (~UVTT]C:;, BEla KWl1w{){a.)
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TIQWtO Bl~A(O
rIA TO KE<I>AAAIO
MEPOLI
TO KE<I>AAAIO fENIKA
TO EMTIOPEYMA
M£ tT]V JtQwtT]llanu ° ccnxoc JtAOUta~ £llqJavLs£'tm oov £va~ t£Quono~ o{J)Qo~ £1lJt0Q£WUt{J)v xm xu8£ ~£X{J)QWtO £IlJtoQ£ulla oc» T] OtOlX£LW()T]~ uJtootaor] tau. Ku8£ £IlJtOQ£Wa, 01l{J)~, JtaQoumus£'tm 11£ tT] ()lJtAr] O'IJT] Tl1~ ar;ia~ XQrIal1~ xm Tl1~ avraUaxuxrl~ a~La~*.
To £IlJtoQ£ulla etvot xataQXu~, ouuqxovc 11£ rn ()laLUJt{J)OT] t{J)V AYYA{J)V OlXOVOIlOMY{J)v, «oxoioorprore JtQuYlla to OJtOLO £Lvm avayxaLo, XQr]OlIlO r] £UxuQWtO OtT] s{J)r]»,
* «EXUOtoll YUQ Xt11[lato~ 6rml T] XQi]m~ eortv ... T] [lEV otxetc T] 6' oux oixstc toll JtQuY[lato~, otov llJt06i][lato~ T] ts llno6wL~ xm T] ustcBA1']nxi]. A[lepotEQm yaQ lln06i][lato~ XQi]OEL~. Kot yaQ 0 anatto[lEVO~ teo 6EO[lEVW llJto6i][lato~ cvn voutoucto; i] tQoepi]~ XQi]tm tto uno- 6i][lan i] llJto61'][la, aAA' ou tT]V oixaov XQi]mv' ou yaQ anayi]~ EVEXEV yEyOVEV. Tov outov 6E roonov EXEL xm mQl tWV unwv XT1'][lutwV.» (AQLOtotEA1']~, llOAtWui, BLBAlo I, xerp, 9, Ex6. I. Bekkeri Oxonii, 1837.) (<<OnoL06i]nOtE aya80 BQlOXEtaL at1']6LU8wi] [la~ EXEL Mo XQi]OEL~ ... 1'] [lla nQom6LUSEL oro nQuY[la w~ trtoio, EVciJ T] UnT] OXL, oJtw~ Eva aonoirtot XQT]m[lonmEl nn YLa va epOQE8El, anu xm YLa v« avtanax8El. Kot oi Mo a:IlOtEAOUV XQi]OEL~ toll nnnoutotou, aepou oxouo XL «uro; nou aVtanUOOEL to nnnoutot ue xun rtou XQELusEtm, n.X., ue XQi][latc i] tQoepi], cxouo XL curo; XQT]m[lOJtOLEl to ncnoutoi oo» Jta:llOUWL. AAA<l OXL us to epllmxo toll roono XQi]OT]~. I'urtt to nnnoutot 6E epnuXt1']XE yw tnv avtaAAayi]. To l6LO LOXUEL xm YLa to una aya8u.»)
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aVH'XEl!-lEVO L'XaVOnOl l]al]e; av8Qwm vorv avay'Xwv, usoo auvTllQl]al]e; ue tnv EUQUtEQl] EVVOLa tl]e; AE~l]e;. A Uti] n unocreon tOU eunooeuucto; we; a~la XQi]al]e; aU!!JtlJttEL ue rn CPUCJL'Xi] tOU, XELQomaati] unaQ~l]. To CJLtaQL, n.x., ElVaL !-lLa OLa'XQLti] a~la XQi]al]e; nou OLacpEQEL cero He; a~lEe; XQi]al]e;: ~a!-l~a'XL, yuaAl, xaQtl 'XAn. H a~la XQi]al]e; EXEL a~la !-lOVO YLa rn XQi]al] 'XaL nQaY!-latOnOLEltaL !-lOVO orn oLaoL'Xaala tl]e; 'XatavaAWal]e;. H lOLa a~la XQi]al]e; unooet v« XQl]CJL!-lonOLl]8El!-lE OLacpOQEH'XOUe; toonoix. Qatoao, to ouvoso torv m8avwv tl]e; XQi]aEwv auvo1j!lsEtaL otnv unoororn] tl]e; we; nQaY!-latOe; ue aUY'XE'XQL!-lEVEe; LOLOtl]tEe;. Axouc, l] a~la XQi]al]e; OEV 'Xa80QlsEtaL !-lOVO nOLoH'Xa, ana 'XaL noccnxc. AvaAoya ue He; cpUCJL'XEe; roix LOLOtl]tEe;, OL OLacpOQEe; a~lEe; XQi]al]e; EXOUV o LacpOQEH'Xa !-lEtQa, n.x., Eva !!JtouaEA20 CJL rcQL, !-lLa OECJ!-llOa xaQtl, Evae; ni]Xl]e;21 ucpaa!-la 'XAn.
Onotcorptors 'XaL av ElVaL 'Xa8E cpoQa l] 'XOLVWVL'Xi] !-loQcpi] tou nAOUtou, ta nEQLEX0!-lEVO tou anOtEAEl tal nnvto ono a~lEe; XQi]al]e; OL oaote; El Val 'XataQxae; aOLacpoQEe; nQoe; tnv 'XOLVWVL'Xi] ami] !-loQCPi]. Kuvetc OEV unooet v« 'XataAa~EL crto tn YEUal] tOU CJLtaQLOU rtotoc to 'XanLEQYl]aE, Poico; oouAonaQOL'XOe;, fanoe; !-lL'XQoaYQOtl]e; i] AYYAOe; xcmroALCJti]e;. IIaQoAo rtou ElVaL aVH'XEl!-lEVO L'XavonOll]al]e; 'XOLVWVL'XWV avay'Xwv 'XaL aUVOEEtaL, 'Xata aUVEnELa, ue tnv 'XOLvorvto, l] a~la XQi]al]e; OEV E'XCPQaSEL M!-lLa 'XOLVWVL'Xi] aXEal] naQaywyi]e;. Ae; naQoU!-lE Eva eunooeuuo we; a~la XQi]al]e;, n.x., Eva OLa!-lavH. LtO UAL'XO tau oioucvno» OEV unaQXEL
20. Movcoc fJ,ETQllOll£ TOll OYXOll. I001JTaL fJ,E JtEQLJWll 36 A.LTQa XaL UJtOCLaLQEL Tal OE 8 yaA.OVLa. Xoncuionotouvrcv XllQLo)~ OTa aYQoTLxu JtQo·COVTa. I~fJ,EQa XQllDLfJ,OJtOLEL TaL XllQLo)£ 0)£ fJ,ovaca JtQOOCLOQWfJ,OU fJ,ul;,a£ ~ ~UQOll~.
21. Movcoc fJ,ETQllOll~ tou fJ,~XOll£. IOOUTaL JtEQLJtOU fJ,E tc 2/3 (yw tnv aXQL~ELa 64/1 00) TOll fJ,ETQOll.
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rtnorc nou va IlW; OlV£L va xaTaAa~OUIl£ on eivrn eunoQ£ulla. Onou XQl]OLIl£lJ£L w~ aSla XQ~Ol]~, oJtw~ YLa Tl]V ixoVOJtOll]Ol] aw8l]nxwv ~ T£XVLXWV avayxwv, OTO OT~80~ Tl]~ xaAovTuIlEVl]~ yuvalxa~ ~ OLO XEQL LOU uaAOXOml], etvct aJtAW~ OLallavn xrn 0XL £1llt0Q£ulla. To va Elvm Eva JtQo'COV aSla XQ~Ol]~ ElvOl aJtaQalTl]Tl] JtQoUJt08wl] YLa va eivru xol £llltoQ£ulla, £vw LO av Eva nootov etvct eunooeuuc etVOl aOLacpoQo YLa va £lvOl aSla XQ~Ol]~. H aSla XQ~Ol]~ W~ aOLacpoQl] YLa LOV OLXOVOIlLXO xa80Qw1l0, Ol]AaO~ l] aSla XQ~Ol]~ W~ aSla XQ~Ol]~, ~QloxHOl ESW uno LO Jt£blO £SETaOl]~ Tl]~ JtoAmx~~ otxovoutor;". Ellltlml'L OLO Jt£OlO Tl]~ 110- vo otov l] lOLa l] aSla XQ~Ol]~ ortoxtn XOLVWVLXO JtQOOOLaQLOIlO (wo er selbst F ormbestimmung). Apso« l] aSla XQ~Ol]~ MOT£AEl Tl]V UALX~ ~aOl] Jtavw OTl]V onotc ncourtcveroi IlLa oUYX£XQLIlEVl] OLXOVOIlLX~ 0XEOl], n aVTaAAaxnx~ aSla.
H aVTaAAaxnx~ aSla £llcpaVl~nOl, XaTaQxa~, w~ JWOOTLx1j 0XfO'fj 11£ Tl]V onoto unooouv va aVTaAAaOOOVTOl 11£Tasu LOU~ OL aSl£~ XQ~Ol]~. L£ aUT~v rn 0XEOl] £xCPQa~ouv TO lOLa aVTaAAaXnXO IlEy£80~. 'ETm, Eva~ TOIlO~ LOU TIQOJtEQnoun 1llt0Q£l va ElvOl Tl]~ lOLa~ aVTaAAaXnX~~ aSla~ 11£ 8 OUYXLE~ Tallltaxou23, JtaQa Tl]V aVOIlOLOTl]Ta TWV aSLwv XQ~ol]~ LOU rcunnxo» xol Tl]~ £A£y£la~. Q~ aVTaAAaxnx~ aSla, l] Illa aSla XQ~Ol]~ aSl~£L aXQL~w~ 000 xm l] aAAl], av qnxnxa n~ oUYXQlVOUll£ or«; OWOTE~ nooouxe; avaAoyl£~. H
* Auro; ELVaL 0 A6yoC; n:011 X,rurOLOL [Emwvol EQavWtEC; avacpEQoVTaL con amore (f,lE E11xaQlotT]oT]) ornv a!;la XQl]OT]C; OVOf,lU~OVtUC; tT]V «ayaBo». BA., n.x., ow L. Stein, System der Staatswissenschaften, rou. I, to f,lEQOC; n:011 avacpEQEtaL ow «ayaBu». XQl]OLf,lEC; n:AT]QocpoQlEC; YLa to «ayaSu» [!l1oQEL va ~Qa x,avELC; OtO Anweisungen zur Warenkunde.
22. Aortvo; EAEyaax,oc; n:OLT]tl]C; t011 1011 cuovo rt.X.
23. Amtl] OX,OVlj «no tQLf,lf,lEVa cpvA"-a xunvou n:011 tT]V ooixpouocv urto tn f,l Vtlj.
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avtaAAax:nXtl al;La EVO; IlEYUQOU IlJtoQEL va ExcpQaatEL oe aUYXEXQLIlEVO aQL81lo XOUtLWV ~EQVLXLOU. OL AovbQEsOL EQyoataaLUQXE; ~EQVLXLOU, ovnoroorpo, EXOUV ExcpQuaEL tT]V aVtaUaXtLxtl al;La tWV XOUtLWV tOU; aE IlEyaQa. Ovtcc, AOLJtOV, tEAELw; abLucpOQa yw to cpuaLXO tQOJtO uJtaQl;tl; tOU; XUL XWQL; va Aall~Uvouv UJtO't(!ll rnv LbLaL tEQll cpuall tll; avuyxll; tnv onotc LxaVOJtOLOUV w; al;LE; XQtlall;, tc E!lJtOQEUllata El;wwvOvtUL IlEtal;u tOU; ce aUYXEXQLIlEVE; avoAoyLE;, avtLxa8wtouv to Eva to UAAO ornv avtaAAaYtl, WXUouv w; cooouvcun XUL JtaQwtUVOUv etoi, JtaQu rnv avouotornro ornv EIlCPuvLatl tOU;, tnv Lbw ouoto;
OL al;LE; XQtlall; ELvUL ullwa ueoo aUVttlQllall;. Avrtoroorpc 0IlW;, aUtU tc ueoc auvttlQllall; ELvUL XUL tn LbLa nootovrc tll; XOLVWVLXtl; sWtl;, aJtOtEAWlla l;obEIlEVll; cv- 8Qwm vll; EVEQYELa;, aVrLXELf.lEVO.JtOLl1I-U~Vl1 eovaoia. Q; UAOnotnon tll; XOLVWVLXtl; EQyaaLa;, oAa tc E!lJtoQEUllata ELVUL aJtoxQuataAAwllata tll; LbLa; evotrrrcc, TWQa JtQEJtEL va El;EtuaOUIlE tov LbLaL tEQO xaQaxttlQa amtl; tll; ouotoc, bllAabtl tll; EQyaaLa; II onoto JtaQWtUVEtUL IlE rnv avtaAAaXtLXtl al;La.
A; uJt08EaouIlE OtL IlLa OUYXLU XQuao;, Eva; tovoc aLbllQO;, Eva XOUUQtEQ 24 (JL tUQL XUL etxoot JttlXEL; IlEtal;wto ucpacue ELvUL avtaAAaXtLXE; al;LE; Ioou IlEyE80u;. Q; retoic tooouvcqio, ore onoto EXEL xa8EL II JtOLOtLXtl bLacpoQu tWV al;Lwv XQtlall;, ncoiotcvow Lao oyxo tll; LbLa; EQyaaLa;. H EQyaaLa rtou aVtLXELIlEVOJtOLEL tUL oe cute orov LbLO ~a8Ilo, JtQEJtEL va ELvUL XUL II Lbw OIlOLOIlOQCPll, abLacpoQoJtoLlltll, anA.tl EQyaaLa, yw rnv onotc ELvUL abLucpoQO av EIlCPavLSEtUL oro XQuao, oro otonoo, oro oi tUQL, oto IlEtal;wto, ono»; ELvUL abLucpoQO XUL oto ol;uyovo av ~QLaXEtUL ern axouQLu
24. 'Eva xo'UoQt£Q LOOUtm 1t£QL1tO'U 11£ 12,7 X~Aa.
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tOU OLD~QOU, OtYlV ctuooqxnoc, OtO XU~O rou OWCj)1JALOU ~ OtO aL~a rou av8Qo)Jtou. AAA.O. YI E;OQU;YI ron XQUOOU XaL tou OLD~QOU oro ~Etanda, YI XaAAU~QYELa rou OL taQLOU XaL YI ucpaVOYl tou ~EW;LOU d VaL JtOLOtLXa DWCPOQEtLXa dDYI EQyaoLae;. nQay~atL, auto JtOU JtaQOUOLa~Etm ow JtQay~ata ou DLaCPOQa tWV a;LWV XQ~OYle;, orn DLaDLxaOLa tYle; JtaQaywy~e; roix JtaQOUOLa~EtaL oc DLaCPOQa rcov DQaOtYlQLOt~tWV OL OJtOLEe; JtaQayow autEe; tLe; a;LEe; XQ~OYle;. Arpou dVaL aDLaCPOQYI aJtEvaVtL OtO LDLaL tEQO UALXO tYle; Xa8E a;Lae; XQ~OYle;, YI EQyaoLa JtOU DYI~LOUQyd aVWnaXtLX~ a;La d VaL aDLaCPOQYI oaevcvn XaL OtYlV ELDLXn ~OQCP~ tYle; LDLae; tYle; EQyaoLae; JtOU DYI~LOUQyd autEe; tLe; a;LEe; XQnOYle;. OL DLacpoQEnXEe; a;LEe; XQ~OYle; ELVaL noorovto tYle; DQaOtYlQLOtYlWe; bLacpOQEtLXWV av8QwJtwv, cnorsxeouo, AOLJtOV, bLacpOQEtLXWV ~EW;U roue ntouixorv EQyaoLWV. Qe; aVWnaXtLXEe; a;LEe;, ouox, JtaQWtaVOUV O~OLa, aDLacpOQOJtOLYltYl EQyaoLa, bYlAabn EQyaoLa OtYlV OJtOLa EXOW o~Ylotd rc LDLaL tEQa xaQaXtYlQWtLXa tWV EQyatWV. Krrtri OWEJtELa, YI EQyaoLa JtOU bYl~LOUQyd avtanaXtLx~ a;La EL VaL aCP'f/Q'f/I1EV'f/ YEVLitrj EQvcoto,
Av ~La OUYXLa XQUOoe;, Evae; rovo; OLDYlQOe;, Eva xoucotEQ OL taQL XaL dXOOL Jt~xELe; ~Ew;uno d VaL avtanaxnxEe; a;LEe; LOOU ~EYE80ue; ~, ~E ana A.6YLa, tooouvouo; rots YI 1 OUYXLa XQuooe;, 0 uioo; tOVOe; OLbYlQOe;, W 3 ~OUOEA orrnQL XaL OL 5 Jt~xELe; ~Eta;uno EL VaL aVWAAaXtLXEe; a;LEe; EVtEAWe; bLacpoQEtLXOU ~EYE80ue; XaL aut~ YI nooonxn DLaCPOQa d VaL YI ~ovaDLXn DLaCPOQa rtou YEVLXa EL VaL ouvaro vc EXOUV we; avWnaxnxEe; a;LEe;. Qe; avWnaXtLXEe; a;LEe; DLacpoQEttxou ~EYE80ue;, ncoiorcvow ~EyaA UtEQEe; n ~LXQOtEQEe; noootnre; aut~e; tYle; aJtA ne;, O~OLO~OQCPYle;, acpYlQYI~EVYle;, YEVLxne; EQyaoLae; YI onotc aJtOtEAd rnv ouoto tYle; avtanaxnxne; a;Lae;. To EQWtYl~a dVaL Jtwe; va ~EtQnOOU~E autEe; ne;
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nooorntec. 'R, IlUnOV, JtOLa dvm II nooonxn unootcon aut~r; tllr; (DLar; tllr; EQyaa(ar;, acpou OL DLacpOQEr; IlEYE80ur; rov E!lJtOQEUIl(XtWV Wr; avtanaXtLXWV a~LWv DEV dvm t(Jt01E uno, JtaQu DLacpOQEr; IlEYE80ur; tllr; aVtLXELIlEVOJtOLllIlEVll; oe mrtn EQyaa(ar;. Onox II nooouxn unootcon tllr; x(vllallr; d vet 0 XQovor;, Etm xm II nooonxf unootoon tllr; EQyaa(ar; d vet 0 XQavo~ eovcouu; R 1l0vaDLX~ DLacpOQu nou !lJtOQE( va EXH II uto EQyaa(a uno rnv Ut...t...ll d vrn II DLacpOQU tllr; (DLar; tllr; DLUQXHUr; tllr;, av f)Ef)ma II noiotnt« tllr; JtQouJtot(8Etm DEDOIlEVll. Qr; XQOVor; EQyaa(ar;, IlEtQLEtm IlE tc cpumxu IlEtQa tOU XQovou, wQa, IlEQa, Ef)Dollaba xt...Jt. 0 XQOVor; EQyaalar; etvoi 0 ~wvtavOr; rooao; uJtaQsllr; tllr; EQyaa(ar; aVEsUQtllta cno tn 1l0QCP~ tllr;, to JtEQLEXOIlEVO tll;, tnv ctouixotnt« tllr;. E( vrn 0 ~wvtaVOr; roono; uJtaQsllr; tllr; EQyaa(a; wr; noooteei tllr; ExcpQaall xrn taUtOXQova wr; qnxnxo tllr; IlEtQO. 0 XQovor; EQyaa(ar; nou d vet avtLxELIlEVOJtOL nuevo; otu; a~(Er; XQ~allr; rorv E!lJtOQEUIlUtWV d vet aJto rn uto II ouala rtou rc IlEtatQEJtEL oe avtanaXnXEr; astEr; xrn, XatU auvotuo, oe E!lJtOQEUllata, xm coto rnv un II to IlEtQO rton IlEtQUEL to IlEYE80r; tllr; as(ar; toix. OL aXEtLXEr; nooornre; tWV DLacpOQEnxwv asLWv XQ~allr;, oru; OJtO(Er; cvnxauevonotd tnt 0 (DWr; XQOVor; EQyaa(ar;, E( vrn woMvallEr; ~, IlE una t...oYLa, Ot...Er; OL astEr; XQ~allr; dvm woMvallE; ot«; avat...oy(Er; rtou E!lJtEQLEX01lV ovnxauevonornuevo tOY (Dw DaJtavnusvo XQovo EQyaa(ar;. Qr; aVtanaxnx~ as(a, ot...a tc EIlJtoQEUllata etvoi IlOVO OQWIlEVll noootnto oteoeoxoin/1EVOV XQavov eovooiai;
[La tnv xotcvonon tOU xa80QwlloU tllr; aVtanaXnx~r; as(ar; crto to XQovo EQyaa(ar;, JtQEJtH va EXOUIlE nnvto uno\jJll Ilar; to Es~r;: Tnv avaywy~ tllr; EQyaa(ar; ce aJtAn EQyaala, oe EQyaa(a, ar; JtOUIlE, XWQ(r; xallLU noiotnro. EJt(allr;, on to LDLa(tEQo dDOr; tllr; EQyaa(ar; rtou DllIlWUQYE( avtat...-
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Ammx~ al;La xm JtaQaYEL, xata OUVEJrELa, E!AJtOQEUl-tata, dvm 11 XOLVWVLXl] eovaoio: tEAO£, t11 owcpoQa I-tEtal;u t11£ EQyaoLa£ J1:01J XataAnYEL OE al;LE£ XQ~011£ xm t11£ EQyaoLa£ Jt01J xataAnYEL OE aVtanaXtLXE£ al;LE£.
Ito va I-tEtQ~OO1JI-tE t11V aVtanaXtLX~ al;La tWV E!AJtOQE1Jl-tatwv Ot11 ~ao11 t01J XQOV01J EQyaoLa£ Jt01J JtEQLEX01JV, JtQEJtEL OL OLacpOQEtLXE£ EQyaoLE£ va avax80uv xm OL LOLE£ OE aowcpoQoJtoL11t11, OI-tOLOI-tOQCP11, aJtA~ EQyaoLa, I-tE ALya MYLa OE EQyaoLa t11£ LOLa£ JtOLOt11ta£ xci, xata OUVEJtELa, OE EQyaoLa Jt01J OLacpOQOJtOLd trn I-tOVO JtOOOtLxa.
H avaywy~ a1Jt~ El-tcpavL~Etm W£ acpaLQE011, ana JtQOxELtm yw I-tLa acpaLQE01111 onot« OUV1EAdtm xa811I-tEQLva Ot11V XOLVWVLX~ o LaO LxaoLa t11£ JtaQaywy~£. H OUVatOt11ta avaywy~£ OAWV tWV E!AJtOQE1Jl-tatWV OE XQOVO EQyaoLa£ OEV aJtOtEAd I-tEYaA UtEQ11 acpaLQE011, OUtE ALYOtEQO JtQaYl-tatLx~ coto t11 OUVatOt11ta El;axvw011£ OAWV tWV OQyavLxwv OWI-tatwv OE aEQa. H EQyaoLa, oJtw£ I-tEtQLEtm EtOL I-tE to XQoVO, OEV JtaQ01JOLa~Etm Ot11v JtQaYl-tatLxo111ta W£ eovootc oLacpoQEtLXWV at0I-tWV, ana, aV1L8Eta, tn oLacpoQEtLXa EQya~OI-tEVa crouc JtaQ01JOLa~OVtm W£ aJtM oQyava Tl1~ EQyaoLa£. 'H, I-tE ana Myw, 11 EQyaoLa, ono»; JtaQLOtavEtm OtL£ aVtanaXtLXE£ al;LE£, 8a !AJtOQOUOE va ExcpQaotd W£ yEVLXl] av8QwJrLVl1 EQyaoLa. A1Jt~ 11 acpaLQE011 t11£ YEVLX~£ av- 8QWJtLV11£ EQyaoLa£ EVVJUXQXEL 0111I-tE011 EQyaoLa, rnv oaotc !AJtoQd va EXtEAEOEL xa8E I-tEOO nrouo I-tLa£ OE00I-tEV11£ XOLvorvtr«; xm 11 onoto ouvtotuuu OE I-tLa OQLOI-tEV11 JtaQaywYLx~ i'laJtav11 av8Qwmvwv I-t1JWV, VEUQWV, l-t1JaAOU XAn. Eivo; anAl] EQyaoLa*, Ot11v onotc !AJtoQd va ExJtmOE1JtEL Xa8E I-tE- 00 orouo xrn t11V onoto !AJtoQd va EXtEAEOEL Ot11 I-tLa ~ t11V an11I-tOQCP~. 0 xaQaxt~Qa£ 111£ I-tE011£ a1J1~£ EQyaoLa£ OLa-
* «Unskilled labour» TTjV oVOlla~01JV ot AYYAm oixovouoxovoi.
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CPEQEL OE xa8E bLacpOQEnX~ XWQa xol OE xa8E bLacpOQEnx~ EJtOX~ nOAmOIlOU, aAAa OE IlLa OUYXEXQLIlEVll xorvorvtc EIlcpavL~ELaL co bEboIlEVO~. H anA~ EQyaoLa anOTEAd TO IlEyaAUTEQO oyxo OAll~ Tll~ EQyaoLa~ rtou yLvETOl ornv aonx~ xoworvto, onw~ 1lJt0Qd xavd~ va bLanWTWOEL uno onoicb~nOTE otnturnxn. Av 0 A naQaYEL OE 6 WQE~ oLbllQO xol OE aAAE; 6 WQE; ALVO ixpcouc xol av 0 B, naQolloLw~, naQaYEL OE 6 WQE~ oLbllQO xol OE aAAE~ 6 WQE~ ALVO ucpaolla ~ av 0 A naQaYEL OE 12 WQE; oLbllQO xol 0 B naQaYEL OE 12 WQE~ AL vo ixpcouo, ELvOl oAocpavEQo on II bLacpoQa aUT~ bEY dvm TLrrotn nEQwooTEQO crto anM bLacpoQa otnv al;wnoLllOll TaU (&ov XQovou EQyaoLa~. Tt OU!!~aLVEL, OIlW~, IlE Tll OUV8ETll (komplizierte) EQyaoLa, II onoto u'tjJwvETOl novco crto TO IlE- 00 OQO w~ EQyaoLa IlEyaA UTEQll~ EVLaOll; xol IlEyaA UTEQOU ELbLXOU ~aQou~; AUTO TO dbo~ Tll~ EQyaoLa~ avaYETOl OE xanote nOOOTllLa anA~~ EQyaoLa~, avaYETOl, bllAab~, OE anM EQyaoLa U'tjJWIlEVll OE ovorreon Mvallll, ETOL nou, n.x., IlLa llllEQa OUV8ETll~ EQyaoLa~ va wobuvallEL IlE TQEL~ llIlEQE~ anM~ EQyaoLa~. OL VOIlOL rtou bLEnouv aUT~v tnv avaywy~ bE 8a Ila~ anaoxoMoouv Ebw. To on, OIlW~, aUT~ II avaywy~ Aall~aVEL XWQa etvc. oacpE;: fLaTL, w; aVTaAAaxnx~ al;La, TO nootov oxouc xol Tll~ mo OUV8ETll~ EQyaoLa~ EL VOl ioooovcuo IlE TO nootov Tll~ anA~~ IlEOll~ EQyaoLa~ OE OUYXEXQLIlEVE~ 1l0VO avaAoyLE~, El;wwvETOl, EJtOIlEVW~, IlE IlLa OUYXEXQLIlEVll nOOOTllTa aUT~~ Tll~ anA~~ EQyaoLa~.
o xa80QL01l0~ Tll~ aVLaAAaXnX~; al;La~ cno TO XQOVO EQyaoLa~ nQotin08ETEL oxouc on OE Eva OQWIlEVO eunoQEulla, n.x., OE 1 TOVO otonoo, etvoi cvnxecuevoxocnuevn II ioux noootnta EQyaoLa~, aVEl;aQTllLa crto TO av aUT~ d VOl EQyaoLa TOU A ~ TOU B, ~, anLW~ ELnwIlEVO, on bLacpoQEnxa rrroun XQllOLllonOLouv rnv LbLa nOOOTllLa XQovou EQyaoLa~ YLa rnv naQaywy~ Tll~ LbLa~ -aotonxo xol rrooottxu-
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LDLatlEQlle; at;tae; XQ~Olle;. ME ana MYLa, JtQOUJt08E1EL on
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o avavxaiot; YLa l11V JtaQaywy~ 1O'U, XQovoe; EQyaotae;, DllAaD~, 0 XQovoe; EQyaotae; JtO'U aJtm lEL tnt YLa l11V JtaQaywy~ EVOe; xm vouQYw'U DEL y!J,moe; 10'U tDW'U E!lJtoQEu!J,al0e; xnrco coro DEDO!J,EVEe; YEVLXEe; O'UV8~XEe; JtaQaywy~e;.
OL O'UV8~XEe; 111e; EQyaotae; rtou Dll!J,W'UQYEL aVlaAAaxnx~ at;ta etvci, oJtwe; anoQQEEL uno tnv aVaA'UOll 111e; aVlaAAaxnx~e; at;tae;, xO[vuJV[x£~ avv()rjx£~ EQyaotae;~, !J,E aAAa MYLa, O'UV8~XEe; XOLVWVLXrj~ eovaoica; OXL YEVLXa XOLVWVLx~e; EQyaotae;, ana XOLVWVLX~e; EQyaotae; rtou aV1W1OLXEL one; O'UV8~XEe; Xa8E LDLatlEQlle; xorvorvtor; MLAwvLae; YLa XOLVWVLXa EVLata anAn eovcotc, EWOELlm XalaQXae; II EQvooto II onotc ELvm 010V tDw ~a8!J,o anA~, EWOELLaL II £06- into" lWV EQyamwv lWV DwcpoQEnxwv crourov, 0 a!J,OL~atoe; o'UoXEno!J,Oe; lWV EQyamwv 10'Ue; we; torov, !J,EOW 111e; xa811!J,EQLV~e; avaywy~e; OAWV lWV EQyamwv OE O!J,OHD~ EQvcoto, H EQyaota Xa8E crouou, ECPOOOV JtaQWlaVElm OE aVLanaXnXEe; at; tEe; , DLa8E1EL «urov lOV XOLVWVLXO xaQaXl~Qa 111e; W0111Lae; xm JtaQWlaVELaL 0111v aVLanaxnx~ at;ta !J,OVO ECPOOOV am~ OXELt~ELm !J,E tnv EQyaota OAWV lWV anwv al0!J,WV we; O!J,OLa eovcotc.
Axouo, otnv aVlanaxnx~ at;ta, 0 XQOVoe; EQyaotae; 1O'U Xa8E t;EXWQWlOU ctouou JtaQO'UOLa~ELm oueoc we; YEVLXOe; XQOVoe; EQyaotae; xm amoe; 0 YEVLXOe; xaQaxl~Qae; 111e; nto!J,LX~e; EQyaotae; JtaQO'Uma~Elm we; XOL VWVLXOe; xaQaXl~Qae; 111e;. 0 XQOVoe; EQyaotae; rtou JtaQWlaVELm !J,E tnv aVlanaxnx~ at;ta EL vm 0 XQOVoe; EQyaotae; 1O'U t;EXWQWlOU crouou, anal0'U t;EXWQWlOU «rouou rtou DE DLacpEQH coto ro DtJtAa
25. ~ljll. MEL.: ME rnv svvoto w; JroLOLLX~C; auyxQWljC; nov LtlLaLLEQWV EQyamwv.
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crouo, rtou 6E 6LaqJEQEL YEvLxa ono oAa La aUa alOlla rc onoto EXtEAOUV tnv (6La EQyaa(a. 0 XQovo EQyaa(w;, srroIlEVWe;, nou XQHa~Etm ce Eva ntouo YLa l11V JtaQaywyij EVOe; auyxExQLIlEVOU EllJIoQEullatOe; E( Val 0 cvavxaio; XQovoe; EQyaa(ae; nou 8a XQELa~OLaV oe Xa8E aUo atOIlO YLa tnv noQaywyij tOU (6wu EllJIoQEU[laLOe;. Etvc; IlEV 0 XQovoe; EQyaa(ae; LOU !;EXWQW10U at0IlOU, 0 &,,6~ TOVXQOVOe; EQyaa(ae;, aUa IlOVO co XQovoe; EQyaa(ae; XOL vo; YLa OAOUe;, IlOVO oc XQovoe; EQyaa(ae; YLa tov onoto dvm a6LaqJoQo noun: !;EXWQW10U at0IlOU etvci. Qe; YEVLXOe; XQovoe; tQyaa(ae;, rtnQwtavEtm IlE Eva YEVLXO nootov, IlE Eva YEvt,,6 ioooovauo, IlE IlLa auyxExQLIlEVll nooomro aVLLXHIlEVOJtOL llllEVOU XQovon EQyaa(ae;, YLa tnv onoto dvm lEAdwe; a6LaqJoQll II auYXEXQLIlEVll IlOQqJij tlle; a!;(ae; XQijalle;, ornv onotc EllqJaV(~Etrn we; oueoo JtQo·COv EVOe; alOIlOU xrn II onotc dvm uerctQE'ljJLllll oe oJtOLa6ijJt01E aUll IlOQqJij a!;(ae; XQijalle; JtOU aJtOtEAE( JtQO·COv OJtOLou6ijJtOtE aUou at0IlOU. Koivcovixo IlEYE80e; d vet IlOVO oov tEtOLO YEvt,,6 IlEYE80e;. H EQyaa(a EVOe; !;EXWQWtOU atOIlOU JtQEJtH, YLa va JtaQaYH aVLaAAaXLLXij a!;(a, va y(VH YEvt,,6 ioooovauo, 611Aa6ij 0 XQOVoe; EQyaa(ae; LOU EVOe; JtQrnH va ncootxncotst oc YEVLXOe; XQOvoe; EQyaa(ae; ij, IlE aUa Myw, 0 YEVLXOe; XQovoe; EQyaa(ae; JtQEJtEL va ncoouoicotet ou XQovoe; EQyaa(ae; tOU EVOe;. E( vet to (6w oc va uvoxntsixrv tn 6LaqJoQa orouc LO XQovo EQyaa(ae; toix xm va JtaQ(alavav 6LaqJoQELLXEe; nooornre; auLOU lOU XQOVOU EQyaa(ae;, JtOU dxav ccto XOL vou orn 6La8Eaij LOUe;, oe 6LaqJOQELLXEe; a!;(Ee; XQijalle;. 0 XQOVoe; EQyaa(ae; tOU !;EXWQWtOu at0IlOU E(vm, AOLJtOV, JtQaYllaLLxa 0 XQOvoc EQyaa(ae; JtOU aJtmtd II xorvorvto YLa rnv JtaQaywyij IlLae; aUYXEXQLIlEVlle; a!;(ae; XQijalle;, 611Aa6ij YLa rnv txovoJtO(llall IlLae; aUYXEXQLIlEVlle; avaYXlle;. E66:J, 0IlWe;, JtQOXEL trn IlOVO YLa rnv H6LXij 1l0QqJij IlE rnv onoto II EQyaa(a coroxr«
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XOLVWVLXO xaQaXt11Qa. Evcc XaBOQLO!-lEVO~ XQOVO~ EQyaOla~ lOU XAWOll] aVnXEL!-lEVOnOLEllaL, n. X., OE 1 00 Al~QE~ vr]uc. A~ unOBEOOU!-lE on OL 100 mlXEL~ uqxiouctoc, 10 nQo·(OV lOU ucpaVl'r], JtEQLEXOW rnv lOLa noootnto XQovou EQyaola~. Erpooov La Mo a1J1u nootovrc naQLOluvoUV ton nooornro lOU YEVLXOU XQOVOU EQyaola~ XaL YL' a1J10 El Val LOO- 6uva!-la ue XUBE a!;la XQi]Ol]~ l] onotc JtEQLEXEL lOV lOW XQovo EQyaola~, ElVaL XaL !-lELa!;U lOU~ LOoMva!-la. Movo E:rtELoi] 0 XQovo~ EQyaola~ lOU XAWOll] XaL 0 XQOVO~ EQyaola~ lOU uqxrvn] avnnQOOWJtEUOW YEVLXO XQOVO EQyaola~ XaL tn nQo"(OVLa 10U~, E:rtO!-lEVW~, ElVaL YEVLXU iooouvcuc, uovo YL' a1J10V 10 A.6yo l] XOLVWVLXi] unoctoon 1l]~ EQyaola~ lOU XUBE naQaywyou EXCPQU~E1aL 01l]V EQyaola lOU unOU, 6l]Aaoi] 01l]V EQyaola lOU ucpavli] EXCPQU~ElaL l] XOL VWVLXi] unootcon 1l]~ EQyaola~ lOU XAWOll] XaL 01l]V EQyaola lOU XAWOll] EXCPQU~ElaL l] XOL VWVLXi] unooroon 1l]~ EQyaola~ lOU ixpcvtn. Lll]V aYQonxi] nmQLaQXLxi] OLXOVO!-lla, aVl18ELa, onou 0 XAWOll]~ XaL 0 ucpavli]~ 01EyU~OVLaV XU1W crto rnv LOLa OLEYl], onou 10 YWaLXElO !-lEQO~ 1l]~ OLXOYEVELa~ EXAWBE XaL 10 aVOQLXO UCPaLVE YLa n~ aVUYXE~, a~ nOU!-lE, 1l]~ lOLa~ 1l]~ OLXOYEVELa~, 10 vi]!-la XaL 10 ucpaO!-la ntov )-lOLVWVL)-la nQO·(OVla XaL n xAwonxi] XaL n ixpcvon rrrcv )-lOL VWVL)-l£~ EQyaolE~ !-lOVO ueoc OLa OQLa 1l]~ oixoveveu«; 0 XOLVWVLXO~ lOU~ xaQaxli]Qa~, O!-lW~, OEV EYXELlaL 010 YEYOVO~ on 10 vnuc, co YEVLXO iooouvcuo, aVlanaOOOlaV ue 10 ucpaO!-la oo YEVLXO tooouvcuo E:rtlOl]~, i], ue una A.6YLa, 010 YEYOVO~ on XaL La Mo aVlaAA.aOOOVlav !-lE1a!;u 10U~ oo» 11JxalE~ LOoMva!-lE~ EXCPQUOEL~ lOU lOWU YEVLXOU XQOVOU EQyaola~. Tnv LOLallEQl] XOL VWVLXi] OcpQaYloa 010 nootov 1l]~ EQyaola~ rnv ~U~EL EOW, nQLv an' oAa, l] mXOYEVELaxi] OXEon ue 10 CPUOLXO 1l]~ Xma!-lEQLO!-lO EQyaola~. 'H a~ nUQoU!-lE n~ ayyaQElE~ XaL La ooctuoro OE ElOO~ lOU Meoutorvc. OL
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OUYXEXQLllEVE£ EQyaoLE£ tOU Xa8EvO£ orn qJUOLKtl tou; I-t0Q(()'fl, l] L6Lm reootnrc xm 0XL n YEVLXOtl]ta tl]£ EQyaoLa£ cnotEAEL E6w toy xovvorvoco 6Wl-to. 'H a£ JtUQOUI-tE, tEAO£, tl] OUAAOYLXij EQyaoLa orn qJUOLKtl tl]£ I-t0QqJij, OJtW£ rnv ~QLOXOUI-tE oro XatWqJAL tl]£ IOtoQLa£ OAWV torv JtOALtWI-tEVWV Aawv*. E6w ° xor VWVLXO£ xaQaxtijQa£ tl]£ EQyaoLa£ d vm cpavEQo on 6E 6LaI-tWOAa~ELtm coto to YEYOVO£ on l] EQyaot« tOU XU8E at0I-t0U JtaLQvEL tnv acpl]Ql]I-tEVl] I-t0QCPij tl]; yEVLXOtl]Ta£ ij, I-tE una A.6YLa, cno to YEYOVO£ on to nootov tl]; EQyaoLa£ tOU JtaLQvH tn I-t0QCPij tOU YEVLXOlJ uroouvcuou. Etvm n xowotnt« W£ JtQotiJto8wl] tl]£ JtaQaywyij£ n onoto EI-t3t06L~H tnv EQyaoLa rou ~EXWQWtOlJ at0I-t0U va ELvet at0I-tLxij EQyaoLa xm to nootov tOU va ELvm at0I-tLXO JtQo'Cov, xm l] cnotc XUVEL rnv at0I-tLxij EQyaoLa va suqxrvl~Etm I-tunov ouv UI-tWl] AELtOuQYLa EVO£ I-tEAOU£ tOU xoiVWVLXOlJ oovcviouou H EQyaoLa, l] onotc JtaQLOtUVEtm ornv aVTanaxnxij a~La, I-t3t0Qd va ELvm I-t0VO l] EQyaoLa tOU ~EXWQWtOU crouou. Korvorvoo] vtvetoi I-t0VO nctovoVTa£ tl] I-t0QCPij tou ul-twa avn8EtOU tl]£, nctovovrox 6l]Aa- 6ij rn l-toQCPij tl]£ acpl]Ql]I-tEVl]£ YEVLXOtl]ta£.
* Tov T£A£UTULO XULQO EXH bLUbo8d lUU Y£AOLU JIQoxunXATl'ljJTl on Tl l-loQCP~ TTle; JIQonoYOVTle; XOLVOXTTlI-l0OlJVTle; d VUL £LbLXU aAuBLx~ ~ UXoI-lU XUL anOXAHanxu QWOLX~ l-loQCP~. LTTlV JIQuYI-lUnXOTTlLU JIQOXHLUL YLU TTlV UQXEYOVTl l-loQCP~ TTle; OJIOLUe; TTlV lmuQSTl I-lJI0QOUI-l£ v« crtooetsOUl-l£ aLOUe; PWI-lULOUe;, aLOUe; f£Ql-luvoUe;, aLOUe; KEA T£e;, XUL TTle; OJIOLue; I-l£YUAlI JIOLXLA0I-l0QCPLU aUVUVTUTUL UXOI-lU XUL a~I-l£Qu, av XUL ev I-lEQH UJIO bLuAuall, aLOUe; Ivboue;. MLU uXQLBEaT£QTl I-l£A€LlI TWV cournXWV XUL HbLXU TWV LvbLXWV I-l0Qcpwv XOLVOXTTlI-l0aUVlIe; 8u UJIobdxvu£ on OL bLUcpOQ£e; I-l0QcpEe; LbwxTlIaLUe; JIQOEXU\jJUV uno TlIV anoauv8wll TWV bLUCPOQWV l-loQcpwv JIQWTOYOVTle; XOLVOxTlIl-l0auVTle;. 'EWL, JI.X., OL bLUCPOQOL UQXLXOL TUJIOL TlIe; QWl-lu'Cx~e; XUL Y£QI-lUVLX~e; ULOI-lLX~e; LbwxTlIaLUe; 8u unooouocv v« £SllYlI8ouv «no ne; bLUcpOQ£e; I-l0QcpEe; TlIe; LVbLX~e; XOL VOXTlIl-l0aUVlIe;.
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nAO~, rnv £QyaoLa JWU blll-UOl!Qyd aVtanaXnx~ al;La tnv xaQaXtllQL~£L to y£yovo~ on oi xo, VWVLXE~ OXEOH~ rorv JtQoo<.i)JtWV JtaQOl!OLa~Ovtm avaJtobOYl!QWI-lEV£~, JtaQol!OLa~Ovtm bllAab~ oo» xot VWVLXE~ OXEOH~ ovoueoo O£ JtQayunto, Movo oro ~a8l-lo nou II I-lLa al;La XQ~Oll~ OX£tL~£tm ue tnv aAAll w~ avtaAAaxnx~ al;La, OX£tL~Ovtm xm ot £QyaOL£~ tWV bLacpOQ£tLxwV at0I-lWV, II I-lLa ue tnv anll, w~ LO£~ xm Y£VLXE~ £QyaoL£~. A v, £JtOI-lEVW~, d vm OWOtO va AEI-l£ on II avtanaXnx~ al;La dvm aXE all uvcueco O£ atol-la*, 8a JtQEmL v« JtQoot£8d: LXEOll XQWI-lEVll xatw crto l!ALXO rteQL~Alll-la. AXQL~W~ oJtw~ 1 AL~Qa oLbllQO~ xm 1 AL~Qa XQl!OO~ JtaQwtavow, JtaQa n~ bLacpoQ£nxE~ rou; CPl!OLXE~ xm XllI-lLXE~ LbLOtllt£~, tnv [bta noootnto ~aQol!~, EtOL xm ot al;L£~ XQ~Oll~ Mo eunooeuuntorv, ot OJtOL£~ Jt£QLEXOW tOV LbLO XQovo £QyaoLa~, JtaQwtavow rnv iou: avraUaxrLx~ a!;[a. H aVtaAAaxnx~ al;La £l-lcpavL~£tm EtOL w~ 0 xm VWVLxo~ CPl!OLXO~ JtQOObLOQWI-lO~ tWV al;Lwv XQ~Oll~, w~ Eva~ JtQOObLOQWI-lO~ rtou JtQoOLbLa~£L oru; al;L£~ XQ~Oll~ oov JtQaYl-lata xm, w~ oWEJtHa tou OJtOLOl!, II I-lLa al;La XQ~Oll~ avnxa8wta rnv anll otn bLabLxaOLa tll~ aVtanay~~ O£ xa80QWI-lEV£~ ncoonxe; avaAoyL£~. L1llAab~ ot al;L£~ XQ~Oll~ OXlll-latL~OW I-l£tal;u toix woMval-la, OJtW~ ot aJtAE~ XllI-lLXE~ Ol!OL£~ OXlll-latL~OW Xlll-lLXa woMval-la orov Ol!VbEOvtm O£ xa80QWI-lEV£~ nooonxe; avaAoyL£~. Eivrn I-l0VO II Ouv~8£La tll~ xa8lll-l£QLV~~ ~W~~ rtou £l-lcpavL~£L to y£yovo~ on I-lLa xm VWVLX~ 0XEOll JtaQaywy~~ JtaLQVH rn I-lOQCP~ £VO~ aVnX£LI-lEVOl! oov xan to t£tQLI-lI-lEVO, ocv xrrn to cuto-
* «La Ricchezza e una ragione tra due persone.» «<0 JrAOUlO£ EL Val 0XEOT] ovcueoo OE Mo rrtoun.»), Galiani, «Della Moneta», OEA. 221, T6~. III TT]£ OUA.A.oy~£ lOU Custodi nov Scrittori classici ita/iani de economica poJitica. Parte modema, MLAuvo, 1803.
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VOl]lO, EtOL WOtE l] 0XEOl] tWV crourov otnv EQyaoLa tout; va JtaQOUOLU~EtaL oc !-!La OXEOl] tWV JtQay!-!Utwv !-!Eta(;U tout; i] oa !-!La OXEOl] !-!Eta(;U tWV JtQay!-!UtWV XaL tWV crouorv. :l:tO E!-!3toQEu!-!a ami] l] CPEVUXl] ELVaL oxoun JtOAU aJtAi]. OAOL uJto'\lnU~OVtaL, JtEQWOOtEQO i] ALYOtEQO, on l] 0XEOl] tWV E!-!3tOQEU!-!UtWV wt; aVtaAAaxnxwv a(;LWV EL VaL !-!UAAOV OXEon tWV ctoueov JtQot; tnv a!-!OL~aLa tout; JtaQaywYLxi] oQaOtl]QLOtl]ta. :l:E avwtEQEt; 0XEOELt; JtaQaywyi]t;, auti] l] emcpaOl] tl]t; anAOtl]tat; E(;acpavL~EtaL. OAEt; OL '\jJEuoaw8i]oELt; tOU !-!OVEtaQWtLXOU ouOti]!-!alOt;26 (Monetarsystem) cnooQEOUV nno to YEyovOt; OtL to XQi]!-!a27 OEV XataVOEL tru Wt; noQUOtaOl] !-!Lat; XOLVWVLXi]t; OXEOl]t; JtaQaywyi]t;, JtaQoAo rtou JtQOXEL trn CPUOLXU YLa Eva CPUOLXO aVtLXEL!-!EVO !-!E OUYXEXQL!-!EVEt; LOLOtl]tEt;. :l:tOUt; oUYXQOVOUt; OLXOVO!-!OAOyoUt;, OL OJtOLOL YEAOUV JtEQ LCPQOVl]t LXU YLa tLt; '\jJEuoaL08i]OELt; lOU uoVEtaQWtLXou OUOti]!-!atot;, JtaQouoLU~EtaL l] LOLa '\jJEuoaL- 08l]0l] orcv JtQay!-!atEUOVtaL aVWtEQEt; OLXOVO!-!LXEt; xcrnYOQLEt;, oJtwt;, Jt.X., to XEcpUAaLO. H '\jJEuoaL08l]0l] auti] EXOl]AWVEtaL!-!E tl] !-!OQCPi] acpEAOUt; EXJtAl](;l]t;, !-!OALt; to CPaLVO!-!E-
26. To uovetaoiouxo OVOTTJfla aJIOTEAEL tnv JIgwQlll Ilogcpi] TOU eunoooxocuouo» (IlEgxaVTLAWlloU). Ilooxsrtrn YLa Eva <Ju<JTlllla OLXOVOIlLXWV aJIo'\jJEwv xrn OLXOVOIlLXWV JIOALTLXWV JIOU Ecpagllo~OLaV cno La EugwJta·Lxa xgaTll TO 170 xrn TO 180 ouovc, AUTO TO mxrtnun ano'\jJEwv TaUTL~EL TOV JtAOUTO IlE TO xgi]lla xm Ta<J<JETm UJtEg TWV IlETgwv EXEL vorv JIOU bLa<JcpaAL~ouv tnv EL<Jgoi] Xgi]llaTo<; orn xwga IlE<JW Tll<; bLaTi]gll<Jll<; EVO<; 8ETLXOU EIlJtogLXOU WO~UYLOU xm Tll<; EJtLBoAi]<; JIgO<JTaTEUTLXWV ba<Jllwv. AUTO JIOU JIg£JtEL va <JllIlELw8EL Ebw YLa AOvou; anocpuyi]<; <JDYXU<JEWV EL vm OTL TO IlOVELagWTLXO ouotnuc, OJtW<; avacpEgETm <JE agxETa <JllllELa <JE aUTO TO EgyO, bEY ELvm 11 «IlOVELagL<JTLxi] <JX0A.i]», bllAabi] 11 xubaLa a<JTLxi] OLxovollLXi] <JXoA.i] JIOU EIlCPavL<JTllXE TL<; bExaETLE<; TOU 1960 xm 1970 IlE JtgwTEgyaTll TOV Milton Friedman.
27. ~Log8wllEvO <JTO XELgoygacpo. LTllV Exbo<Jll TOU 1859: 0 Xgu<Jo<;.
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VO -JTOU !!OALe; dxav 8EWQi]OEL aOESLa we; JTQay!!a- euqxrvtSELaL JTaAL we; XO L VWVLXi] OXEOlJ XaL, !!Eta cero AL yo, auto JTOU !!OALe; ootocv we; XOLVWVLXi] OXEOlJ rou; YEAa XOQo·LOEUnxa we; JTQay!!a.
Erpooov lJ aVLaAAaxnxi] asLa tWV E!!lToQEU!!atWV OtlJV JTQay!!anxotlJLa OEV dVaL tLJTOtE aAAo coto tlJ OXEOlJ ueroSU tWV EQyaoLwv nov SEXWQWtWV atO!!WV we; EQyaoLEe; LOEe; XaL YEVLXEe;, ECPOOOV OEV dVaL tLJTOtE aAAo «no aVnXEL!!EVOJTOL lJ!!EVlJ ExcpQaOlJ !!Lae; ELOLXa XOL vwvLxi]e; !!oQcpi]e; tlJe; EQyaoLae;, d VaL taUtOAoYLa va AE!!E on lJ EQyaoLa EL VaL lJ ,10- va&/Crl JTlJyi] tlJe; aVLaAAaxnxi]e; asLae; XaL, xata OUVEJTELa, tou JTAOUtou, acpou 0 JTAOUtae; aJTOtEAdtaL coto aVLaAAaxnxEe; asLEe;. TIQOXELtaL YLa tnv LOLa tautoAOYLa otov AE!!E OtL lJ CPUOLXi] UAlJ we; retour OEV JTEQLEXEL aVLaAAaxnxi] asLa * EJTELOi] OEV JTEQLEXEL EQyaoLa, XaL lJ aVtaAAaxnxi] asLa we; retoto OEV JTEQLEXEL xa8oAou CPUOLXi] UAlJ. ELVaL aAi]8ELa OtL 0 William Petty OVO!!asEL «tnv eovcoto, JTatEQa XaL tn YlJ, !!lJtEQa tOU JTAOUtOU», i] otov 0 EJTLOXOJTOe; Berkeley QwtaEL: «Mrptox; OEV etvoi aQaYE La tEOoEQa otOLxda XaL lJ av8Qwm VlJ EQyaoLa JTOU aJTOtEAOUV tnv JTQay!!anxi] JTlJyi] tou JTAOUtOU;»**, i] OLaV 0 A!!EQLxavOe; Th. Cooper ExAa·LxEUEL onueuovovmc «A V acpaLQEoOU!!E uno Eva xaQ~EAL '\jJW!!L rnv
* «Dans son etat naturel...la matiere est toujours destituee de valeur» «<OTl] CPUaLxij Tl]£ xmaOTaOl] ... l] vAl] oreoet tnt xaeE a~La9»: MacCulloch, Discour sur I' otigine de I' economie politique etc., IlETacpgaOl] Prevost, fEVEVl], 1825, oEA. 57. BAEJTOUIlE on cxouo xm Eva£ MacCulloch oTExETm JTavw nrto TO cpEnXLollollEgLxwv fEgllavwv «bLaVOl]TWV», OL OJTOLOL avayouv Tl]V «~VAll»~ xm Ilwij VTou~Lva oxouo aOXETOU£ JTagayovTE£ oa OTOLXELa Tl]£ a~La£. LVYXgLVE, JT.X., L. Stein, oro [DtD, TOil. J, OEA. 170 (195).
** Berkeley, The Querist, AovbLVO, 1750: «Whether the four elements, and man's labour therein, be not the true source of wealth?»
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EQyao(a JtG'U ~06E1Jtl']XE YL' auto, tnv EQyao(a LOU cpouQvaQl'], tOU !lUAWVa, tOU YEWQYOU XAJt., n aJtO!lEVEL; MEQLXO( XOXXOL cero XOQtaQL, aYQLOL XaL aXQl']OtOL YLa xa8E av8Qwmvn XQ~Ol'].*» LE OAEt; autEt; nt; arrO'ljJELt; 6EV JtQOXELtaL, AOLrtov, YLa rnv acpl']Ql']!lEVl'] EQyao(a n onotc £lVaL l'] Jtl']Y~ tl']t; avtaAAaXnX~t; a~(at;, aAAa YLa tl'] OUYXEXQL!lEVl'] EQyao(a wt; Jtl']Y~ tOU UALXOU JtAOUtOU' ue A( ya A6YLa, YLa tnv EQyao(a JtOU JtaQaYEL a~(Et; XQ~Ol']t;. Otnv JtQOUJt08EtOU!lE tnv a~(a XQ~Ol']t; LOU £!_tJtOQEU!laLOt;, JtQOUJt08EtOU!lE tautoXQova XaL tnv L6La( tEQl'] XQl']OL!lOtl']ta, tnv EL6LX~ oxomuornrc tl']t; EQyao(at; JtOU ~06EUtl']XE YL' cuto: u' auto O!lWt; E~avtA£l tot n !lEAEtl'] tl']t; EQyao(at; wt; EQyao(at; XQ~OL!ll']t; YLa rnv JtaQaywy~ LOU E!lJtOQEU!laLOt;. LLO 'ljJW!l( Wt; a~(a XQ~Ol']t; !lat; EV- 6LacpEQOUV OL 8QmnXEt; rou L6LOtl']tEt; XaL ue xaVEvav tQOrto OL EQyao(Et; tOU YEWQYOU, tOU !lUAWVa, tOU cpouQvaQl'] xAJt. Av onotconnote ECPEUQWl'] !lat; aJtaAAaooE «no rc 19/20 curorv tWV EQyaoLwv, LO xaQBEAL 8a OUVEXLSE va JtQoOCPEQEL rnv (6La aXQLBwt; unnoeotc ono»; XaL JtQLV. Axouc XL av EJtECPtE ELOL!lO cno tOY ouoovo, JtaAL 6E 8a ExavE OUtE xoxxo ono tnv a~(a XQ~Ol']t; LOU. Evoi l'] EQyao(a JtOU 6l']!lLoUQY£l rnv aVtaAAaXnx~ a~(a JtQaY!laLOJtOL£l trn ornv tootntc tWV eunooeuucuov wt; YEVLXWV wo6'Uva!lwv, l'] EQyaetc wt; oxom!ll'] JtaQaywYLx~ 6QaOtl']QLOtl']ta JtQaY!laToJtOLE( trn ornv MELQl'] JtOLXLA(a rorv a~LWV XQ~Ol']t; JtOU JtaQaYEL. Evr» l'] EQyao(a nou 6l']!lLOUQYE( avtaAAaxnx~ a~La £lVaL acp'f/Q'f/piv'f/ YEV~iC~ XaL ououx EQyaoLa, l'] EQyaoLa rtou JtaQayEL a~(Et; XQ~Ol']t; ELvaL OUYXEXQL!lEVl'] XaL EL6LX~ EQyaoLa, l'] onotc, avaAoya ue tl'] !loQCP~ XaL LO UALXO, 6LaxQLvEtaL OE aJtELQa 6LacpoQEnxa £l6l'] EQyaoLat;.
* Th. Cooper, Lectures on the elements of Political Economy, Aovotvo, 1831 (Columbia, 1826), oct.. 99.
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eU ~wv Aa80£ cv AEYU!J,E on T] EQYUOlU JtOU JtUQaYEL U~lE£ XQ~OT]£ Elvm T] tJ,ova&xr, JtT]Y~ 'tOU JtAOUtOU rtou JtUQaYEtm ono curnv, C>T]AUC>~ rou UALXOU JtAOUtOU. Acpou cut~ T] EQYUOlU dvm T] C>QUOtT]QLOtT]W nou EJtE~EQyasEtm tTl CPU(JLX~ UA T] YLU tOY EVUV ~ 'tOY ano oxono, xm T] CPUOLX~ UA T] UJtOtEAEl JtQoUJt08w~ tT]£. LE C>LucpoQEnXE£ U~lE£ XQ~OT]£ 6LUCPEQEL T] UVUAOYlU !J,EtU~U tT]£ EQYUOlU£ xrn tT]£ CPUOLX~£ UAT]£, una ncvrc T] U~lU XQ~OT]£ JtEQLEXEL EVU OtOLXdo cpu(JLX~£ UAT]£. Q£ oxomun C>QUOtT]QLOtT]tU YLU tT]V LC>LOJtOlT]OT] 'tOU <!>UOLXOU OtT] !J,lU ~ tT]V anT] !J,oQCP~, T] EQYUOlU UJtOtEAEl CPU(JLXO OQo tT]£ uv8QwmvT]£ uJtuQ~T]£, EVUV OQo tT]£ UVtUAAUY~£ tT]£ UAT]£ ovcuecc OtOV av8QwJto xm tTl CPUOT] 0 OJtOlO£ Elvm UVE~aQtT]to£ «no xa8E XOLVWVLX~ !J,OQCP~. Avttdstn, 11 EQYUOlU JtOU C>T]!J,LouQyd UVwnUxnx~ U~lU UJtOtEAd !J,lU EL<"HX~ XOLVWVLX~ !J,OQCP~ tT]£ EQYUOlU£. H QUJttLX~, Jt.X., ECPOOOV JtQOOC>LOQlsEtm UJtO tT]V UALX~ tT]£ JtAEUQa W£ ElC>lX~ JtUQUYWYlX~ C>QUOtT]QlOtT]tU, JtUQaYEl tn CPOUOtU, una OXl tT]V UVwnUxnx~ U~lU tT]£ CPOUotu£. TT]v UvtUnUxnx~ U~lU tT]£ CPOUOtU£ tnv C>T]!J,LOuQyd OXl w£ QuJtnx~, UAAa W£ UcpT]QT]!J,EVT] YEVlX~ EQYUOlU T] OJtOlU UV~XEL OE EVU OUVOAO XOLVWVlXWV 0XEOEWV, JtOU C>EV EQU'\jJE 0 QacptT]£ !J,E rn ~EAOVU 'tOU. 'Et(JL, OL YUVUlXE£ OtT]V UQXUlU OLXlUX~ OLXOVO!J,lU JtUQrjyuyuv tTl CPOUOtU, XWQl£ O!J,W£ vo. JtuQayouv tT]V UVtanUxnxrj U~lU tT]£ CPOUOtU£. H EQYUOlU W£ !J,lU JtT]yrj UAlXOU JtAOU'tOU nrov E~lOOU YVWOtrj rooo OtO VO!J,08EtT] Monxn] 000 xm O'tOV tEAWVELUXO UJtanT]AO Adam Smith*.
* 0 F. List nOTE bEV [lJIOQEGE vu xmuMBEL TT) bLUCPOQCt. UvCt.[1EGU ornv EQyualu nou aUVTEAEL aTT) bT)[1LOUQylu EVO<; WCPEAL[10U nQCt.y[1UTO<;, [1LU<; u~la<; XQnaT)<;, xm aTT)V EQyaala nou naQCt.YEL [1La auyxExQL[1EVT) XOLVWVLXn [10Qcpn TOU nAOUTOU, TT)V avraA.A.aXTLXn a~[a, onw<; xru YEVLXCt. xCt.HE xcrovoncn BQLGxorav [1aXQLCt. nrto TO aWCPEQOVTOAOYLXCt. nQaXTLXO
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At; El;Et<loou[.tE tWQu XUJtOLU uHu OU[.tJtEQUO[.tatU to OJtOLU nooxumouv crto t1]V uvuywyi] t1]t; uvtuHuxtLxi]t; Ul;LUt; OE XQovo EQYUOLUt;.
Qt; Ul;LU XQi]01]t;, XU8E E[.tJtOQEU[.tU EXEL [.tlU UAlXi] AELtOUQyLU. To OltUQl, Jt.X., AEl touQyEt Wt; [.tEOO blUtQOq:Ji]t;. MlU [.t1]xuvi] uvtLxu8wtu EQYUOLU OE OQW[.tEVEt; UVUAOyLEt;. H AEltOUQYLU UUti] tOU E[.tJtOQEU[.tatOt;, [.tEOW t1]t; OJtOLUt; to E[.tJtOQEU[.tU YL vetoi Ul;LU XQi]01]t;, UVtLXEt[.tEVO XatUVUAW01]t;, unoQEt vc oVO[.tUOtEL UJt1]QWLU tOU E[.tJtOQEU[.tUtOt;, uq:Jou nooXEl trn YlU t1]V UJt1]QWLU rtou JtQOOq:JEQEL wt; Ul;LU XQi]01]t;. Qt; uvtuHuxtLxi] Ul;LU, ouox, to E[.tJtOQEU[.tU El;EtU~Etm novr« cno t1]V JtAEUQU tou UJtOtEAEO[.tatOt;. L1EV JtQoxEltm YlU t1]V UJt1]QWLU rtou JtQOOq:JEQEl, uHu YlU t1]V UJt1]QWLU rtou tou JtQooq:JEQ81]XE Xatu t1] blUQXElU t1]t; JtuQuywyi]t; tOU *. 'E tot, Jt.X., 1] uvtuHuxnxi] Ul;LU [.tlUt; [.t1]xuvi]t; bEY XU80QL~Etm cno tnv JtOOOt1]ta tOU XQovou EQYUOLUt; JtOU UVtLXU81OtU, UAAU crto tnv JtOOOt1]tU tOU XQovou EQYUOLUt; JtOU l;obEUt1]XE YlU tnv JtuQuywyi] t1]t; i], ue uHu MYlU, cno t1]V EQYUOLU rtou JtQEJtEL v« l;obEUtEt YlU v« JtuQux8Et [.tlU VEU [.t1]xuvi] tOU LbLOU Etbout;.
A V, AOLJtOV, 1] noootnrc t1]t; EQYUOLUt; rtou cnrn tEt trn YlU rnv JtuQuywyi] tWV E[.tJtOQEU[.tUtWV JtUQE[.tEVE OtU8EQi], 1] UVtaHUXtlXi] toix Ul;LU 8u JtUQE[.tEVE xm UUti] OtU8EQi]. AAAU 1] EUXOALU xm 1] bUOXOALU Ot1]V JtuQuywyi] tWV E[.tJtOQEU[.tUtWV [.tEtu~uHovtm OUVEXWt;. A v uul;1]8Et 1] JtuQuyw-
!lUUAO tau. I'r' aUTO 8EWQOUOE tou; OUYXQOVOU£ AYYAOU£ OLXOV0!l0- A6you£ XOLVOU£ avuYQacpEl£ TaU MWUGll 11]£ Arvumou.
* KaTaAa~al VEL xaVEva£ U Eloou£ «UJU1Qwla» JTQEJTEL va JTQOOCPEQEL l] xaTl]yoQla «uJTl]Qwla» (service) OE Eva Eloo£ OLXOVO!lOAOYWV, OJTW£ 0 J. B. Say XaL 0 F. Bastiat, TWV onotorv l] EUCPUrl£ OXEljJl], OJTW£ JTOAU otoor« JTaQaTrlQl]OE 0 Malthus, xavEL novrc acpalQwl] uno Tl]V ELOLXrl !loQCPrl TWV OLXOVO!lLXWV 0XEOEWV.
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YLXOtTlta tTle; EQyaoLae;, rote auti] Sa JtaQaYEL tnv L()W aSLa XQi]OTle; OE [!LXQOtEQO XQOVLXO ()LaOtTl[!a. Av [!WDSd Tl rtcQaYWYLxOtTlta tTle; EQyaoLae;, tore YLa tnv JtaQaywyi] tTle; L()Lae; aSLae; XQi]OTle; Sa XQELaSEtaL JtEQLOOOtEQOe; XQovoe;. To [!EYESOe; tOU XQovou EQyaoLae; rtou JtEQLEXEtaL OE Eva E[!JtOQEU[!a, ()TlAa()i] Tl aVtaAAaXtLxi] rou aSLa, d VaL xata OUVEnuc [!Eta~ATltO [!EYESOe;, ausavEtaL i] [!ELWVEtaL OE cvrtOtQOCPTl avaAOYLa [!E rnv aUSTlOTl i] rn [!dWOTl tTle; JtaQaywYLxi]e; Mva[!Tle; tTle; EQyaoLae;. To EJtLJtE()O tTle; JtaQaywYLxi]e; Mva[!Tle; tTle; EQyaoLae;, to OJtOLO orn uovupcxtouou (Manufakturindustrie) d VaL JtQoxaSoQW[!EVO, orn YEwQYLa XaL tnv EsOQUXtLxi] ~LO[!TlxaVLa xaSoQLsEtaL XaL coto aVEsEAEYXtEe; cpUOLXEe; ouvSi]xEe;. H ioux EQyaoLa [!JtoQd va aJtOCPEQEL [!EyaAUtEQTl i] [!LXQOtEQTl nooornto crto rc ()LacpoQa [!EtaAAa, avaAoya [!E tn [!EyaAUtEQTl i] [!LXQOtEQTl JtEQLEXtLXOtTlta tOU cpAOLOU tTle; fTle; OE auta rc [!EtaAAa. H iou: EQyaoLa [!JtOQd [!E EUVO·LXEe; XaLQLXEe; ouvSi]xEe; va aVtLXEL[!EVOJtOLTlSd OE ouo [!JtOUOEA OL taQL XaL [!E ()uo[!Evde; XaLQLXEe; ouvSi]xEe; LOWe; aVtLXEL[!EVOJtOLTlSd [!OVO OE Eva [!JtOUOEA OL taQL. H onnvtotntn i] Tl acpSovLa torv EUVO·LXWV CPUOLXWV ouvSTlXWV qxnvetm E()W va xaSoQLsEL rnv aVtaAAaXtLxi] aSLa tWV E[!JtoQEU[!atWV, YWtL amEe; OL cpUOLXEe; ouvSi]xEe; xaSoQLsOuv tnv JtaQaywYLxi] Mva[!Tl tTle; L()LaL tEQTle; OUYXEXQL[!EVTle; EQyaoLae; OE cutotx toix XAa()Oue;.
'loTl nooornrc XQovou EQyaoLae; i], [!E aAAa A6YLa, LOTl nooornr« avtaAAaXtLxi]e; aSLae; JtEQLEXEtaL OE aVWEe; JtOOOtTltEe; ()LacpOQEtLXWV aSLWV XQi]OTle;. ~E 000 [!LXQOtEQO, ouYXQLtLxa [!E tLe; aAAEe; aSLEe; XQi]OTle;, ovxo tTle; aSLae; XQi]OTle; EVOe; E[!JtOQEU[!atOe; xctcvsuetrn [!La OUYXEXQL[!EVTl JtOOOtnro XQovou EQyaoLae;, tOOO [!EyaAUtEQTl ELVaL Tl EL()LXi] aVtaAAaXtLxi] aSLa tTle; [!Lae; [!Ova()ae; ourou tou E[!JtOQEUucroc, TIaQatTlQOU[!E OtL cxouo XaL 010 JtOAU ()LaOJtaQtEe; [!E-
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tal;u tOU~ OLacpOQEnXE~ EJtOXE~ tou rrOAL nouou, OQLO[.tEVE~ al;LE~ XQi]Olj~ OXlj[.tatL~OUV [.tEtal;u tou; [.tLa OELQU ELOLXWV avtanaxnxwv al;Lwv, OLatljQWVta~ [.tEtal;u roue, av OXL aXQL~W~ tnv LOLa nooonxn avaAOYLa, taUAUXWtOV [.tLa 0XEnxu Ota8EQi] OELQU ornv xatutal;i] tOU~ rrQo~ t« ncvro i] rrQo~ tc XUtW, orrw~, rr.x., 0 XQUOO~, 0 UQYUQO~, 0 xaAxo~, 0 OLOljQO~, i] to OLtUQL, n OLXaAlj, to xQL8uQL, lj ~QW[.tlj. Arto auto arrOQQEH [.tOVO on lj rrQOOOEUtLxi] avumul;lj rorv XOLVWVLXWV rraQaYWYLXWV OUVU[.tEWV EJtLOQU O[.tOLO[.tOQcpa i] 0XEoov O[.tOLO[.tOQcpa oro XQOVO EQyaoLa~ rtou cnnrretttu YLa rnv rraQaywyi] XU8E l;EXWQLOtaU E[.tJtOQEu[.tata~.
H aVtaAAaxnxi] al;La EVO~ E[.tJtOQEu[.tata~ OEV EXOljAWvetm ornv LOWLtEQlj al;La XQi]Olj~ tau. Q~ ovuxauevonotnon, oxrrooo, tOU YEVLXOU XOLVWVLXOU XQOVOU EQyaoLa~, n al;La XQi]Olj~ EVO~ E[.tJtOQEU[.tatO~ OXEtL~Etm ue n~ al;LE~ XQi]Olj~ tWV unwv E[.tJtOQEU[.tUtWV. H aVtanaXtLxi] al;La tou EVO~ E[.tJtOQEU[.tatO~ EXOljAWVEtm erot otnv al;La XQi]Olj~ torv unwv E[.trrOQEU[.tUtWV. LtljV rrQay[.tanXOtljta, tooouvcuo EL vet lj avtanaxnxi] al;La EVO~ E[.tJtOQEU[.tatO~ EXCPQaO[.tEVlj ornv al;La XQi]Olj~ EVO~ unou E[.trrOQEU[.tatO~. Av, rr.x., nco on Eva~ rri]Xlj~ AL VO al;L~EL Mo AL~QE~ xacpE, auto Olj[.taL VEL on lj avtanaxnxi] al;La tOU "LVOU EXCPQU~Etm ornv al;La XQi]Olj~ tou xacpE, xrn [.tUALota OE [.tLa xa80QW[.tEVlj nooorntc aUti]~ tlj~ al;La~ XQi]Olj~. ME OEOO[.tEVlj auti]v tnv ava"oYLa, [.tJtOQW vo. EXCPQUOW tnv al;La onoicoorptote nooomru; ALVOU OE xacpE. Etvoi qxrveoo OtL lj aVtanaxnxi] al;La EVO~ E[.tJtOQEU[.tatO~, rr.x. tau ALVOU, OEV El;avtAELtm ornv ava"oYLa otnv onotc Eva uno LOLaL tEQO E[.tJtoQEu[.ta, rr.x. 0 xacpE~, OXlj[.tatL~H to woMva[.to tau. H nooorntc rou YEVLXOU XQoYOU EQyaoLa~, lj onotc rraQwtuvEtm ue Evav rri]Xlj "LVO, rrQay[.tatOrrOLEL tut taut0XQova OE a[.tEtQljtOU~ oLacpoQEnxou~ oyxou~ al;Lwv XQi]Olj~ OAWV tWV UAAWV E[.tJtOQEWUtwV.
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H al;la XQtlOl1£ XU8E unou q.lJWQEU!latO£, av naQ8El OE tEtote nooorntc WOtE va EX<PQU~EL tnv (()La nooomro XQOVOU EQyaola£, YlVEtaL iooouvcuo ton EVO£ ntlXl1 ALVOU. H cvrcxAaXtLXtl al;la auto» TOV £bta{T£QOV £f.UWQ£VfJ,aTO~ EX<PQU~EtaL, EnO!lEVW£, OAOXAl1QWtLXU !lOVO OtL£ avaQW!ll1tE£ LOOrnre; ue r«; onote; OL al;lE£ XQtl0l1£ OAWV tWV UAAWV eunoQEU!lUtWV OXl1!latl~OUV to LOo6Uva!lo tau. Movo OtO OUVOAO autWV tWV LOOttltWV tl, ue una AOYLa, Otl1V oxornrc nov <'>LacpOQEtLXWV avaAOYLWV ue tL£ onotec Eva E!lJtoQEU!la unoQEl va avtanax8El ue onotoonnore uno E!lnoQEU!la, EXCPQU~EtaL OAOXAl1QWtLXU oa y£v£xo ioooovauo. ILX., 11 OELQU tWV axoAou8wv LOOttltWV:
1 ntlXl1£ ALVO = 1/2 Al~Qa tOUL, 1 ntlXl1£ ALVO = 2 Al~QE£ xacpE£, 1 ntlXl1£ ALVO = 8 Al~QE£ 1jJW!ll, 1 ntlXl1£ ALVO = 6 ntlXEL£ rotn
!lnoQEl va naQaOta8El XaL E'tOL:
1 ntlXl1£ ALVO = 1/8 Al~Qa tOUL + 1/2 Al~Qa xacpE£ + 2 Al~QE£ tjJW!ll + 1,5 ntlXl1£ rot n,
Av dXa!lE, mO!lEVW£, !lJtQOOtU !la£ OAOXAl1QO to OUVOAO torv LOOttltWV!lE tL£ onOLE£ EX<PQU~EtaL OAOXAl1QWtLXU 11 al;La tOU EVO£ ntlXl1 ALVOU, 8a unooouccue va nnoouotriOOU!lE rnv aVtaAAaXtLXtl tOU al;La ue tl1 !loQCPtl !lla£ OELQU£. Ltl1V nQaY!latLxotl1ta 11 OELQU amtl El VaL atEAdwtl1, acpou o XUXAO£ tWV E!lJtOQEU!lutwV <'>EV XAd VEL note OQLOtLXU, aAAU OUVEXW£ EJtEXtEl VEtaL. Acpou O!lW£ to Eva eunooeuuc ustQUEL rnv avtanaxtLxtl tou al;la us tL£ al;lE£ XQtlOl1£ OAWV torv unwv E!lJtOQEU!lUtWV, tore LOXUEL XaL to avtlOtQOCPO, <'>l1Aa<'>tl OAa tc una E!lJtOQEU!lata !lEtQUVE tnv avtanaXtLXtl tOU£ al;la ue rnv al;la XQtlOl1£ ouron tou EVO£ E!lJtO-
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QEU!!atOe; LO OJtOLO !!EtQaEl tTl OlX:rj LOU al;La!!E auta*. Av T] aVtaAlaXtlX~ al;La tOU EVOe; Jt~XT] Al YOU EXCPQasEtaL OE 1(2 ALBQa toru ~ OE 2 HBQEe; xacpE, ~ OE 6 Jt~XEle; tOL n, ~ OE 8 ALBQEe; 'ljJW!!L XAJt., rote OU!!JtEQaLVOWE on 0 xacpEe;, to totu, LO tOL n, LO 'ljJW!!L XAJt. EL Val !!Etal;u LOUe; Loa, OLO Ba8!!o nou EL Val Loa !!E !!La OUYXEXQl!!EVT] JtOOOtT]ta EVOe; tQL LOU JtQayuctoc, orn OUYXEXQl!!EVT] JtEQLJttWOT] LOU AlVOU. To AlVO, OT]Aao~, XQT]O"l!!EUEl Eowoav XOlVO !!EtQO tWV avtaAlaxnxwv toix al;lwv. Ka8E E!!JtoQEU!!a we; aVnXEl!!EvOJtOlT]!!EVOe; yEVlXOe; XQovoe; EQyaoLae;, OT]AaO~ we; xa80QlO!!EVT] JtOOOtT]ta YEVlXOU XQovou EQyaoLae;, EXCPQasEl tT]V aVtaAlaXtlX~ LOU al;La OlaOOXlXa OE oQoue; OUYXEXQl!!EVWV JtOOOt~tWV al;lwv XQ~OT]e; OAWV tWV aAlwv E!!JtOQEWatwv XaL, to aVtLOtQOqo, ot aVtaAAaxnxEe; al;LEe; OAWV nov aAlwv E!!JtOQEU!!atwv ueroouvtrn !!E tT]V al;La XQ~OT]e; curou LOU anoxAEwnxou E!!JtOQEU!!aLOe;. Qe; avtaAlaxnx~ al;La O!!We; Xa8E E!!JtOQEUun, EVW uno rn !!la JtAEUQa EL Val LO aJtoXAElOnXO E!!JtOQEU!!a to OJtOLO XQT]Ol!!EUEl we; XOl vo !!EtQO tWV avtaAlaxnxwv al;lwv OAWV tWV aAlwv E!!JtOQEU!!atWV, ono tT]V aAA T] JtAEUQa OEV EL Val JtaQa !!OVO Eva crto tn JtoAla E!!JtoQEU!!aLa, OLO OUVOAlXO XUXAO tWV OJtOLWV Xa8E aAlo E!!JtoQEU!!a JtaQlotcvet a!!Wa tT]V avtaAlaxnx~ LOU al;La.
To !-lfyEf)O~ rl1~ u!;iu~ EVOe; E!!JtOQEU!!aLOe; OEV EJtT]QEasEtal ano LO av, EXtOe; cno LO LOLa, uJtaQXouv AlYOtEQa ~ JtEQWOOtEQU E!!JtoQEU!!ata olacpoQEtlXOU ELOOUe;. AAla to av
* «Egli e proprio ancora delle misure di aver siffatta relazione colle cose misurate, che in certo modo la misurata divien misura della misurante.» (<<AJtOtEA.£L EJtLOl]<; xaQaXtl]QLOmtO nov !lEtQOlV va EXOUV retoic 0XEOl]!lE to aVtLX£L!lEVO to OJtOLO uerooov, nou to !lEtQOU!lEVO aVnX£L!lEVO va YLVEtUL, xani xarrmov toone, !lEtQO torv aVnXEL!lEVOlV nou XQl]aL!loJtmoUVtUL YLU usroo.»), Montanari, «Della Moneta», OEA.. 41 orn OUAAOytj rou Custodis, rou. III, Parte Antica.
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T] OELQa nov roorntorv OtT]V onotc JtQuy!-!atOJtOLELtm T] uvtaUUXnx~ LOU ul;i.u EL vet !-!EyUA UtEQT] ~ !-!LXQOtEQT] El;uQrntrn ono tTl !-!EYUAUtEQT] ~ !-!LXQOtEQT] JtoLXLAi.U tWV aUwv E!-!JtOQEU!-!atWV. H OELQa tWV WOt~tWV one; onote; JtUQLorcverm, Jt.X., T] ul;i.u LOU XUCPE, EXCPQasEL rn ocpui.QU tT]e; uvtaUUl;L!-!OtT]tae; LOU, rc OQLU !-!EOU OtU onotc AEL tOUQYEL we; uvtaUUxnx~ ul;i.u. H UvtuUuxnx~ ul;i.u EVOe; E!-!J'WQEU!-!atOe; we; uvnXEL!-!EvOJtoi.T]OT] LOU YEVLXOU XOLVWVLXOU XQOVOU EQyuoi.ue; ~Qi.OXEL tT]V XataUT]AT] EXCPQUOT] tT]e; WO()UVu!-!i.ue; tT]e; OtT]V MELQT] JtOLXLAi.U rorv Ul;LWV XQ~OT]e;.
EL()U!-!E OtL T] UVtaUUxnx~ ul;i.u EVOe; E!-!JtOQEU!-!ULOe; !-!EtU~aAAEtm !-!usi. !-!E tT]V JtOOOtT]ta LOU XQOVOU EQyuoi.ue; JtOU JtEQLEXEtaL cueoc 0' UUtO. H JtQUy!-!atOJtOLT]!-!EVT] uvtaUUxnx~ LOU ul;i.u, ()T]AU()~ T] UVtuUuxnx~ ul;i.u rtou EXEL EXCPQUOtEL one; ul;i.Ee; XQ~OT]e; nov aUwv E!-!JtOQEu!-!atWV, JtQEJtEL EJti.OT]e; v« El;uQtataL crto to ~u8!-!o !-!Etu~oMe; tOU XQoYOU EQyuoi.ue; 0 onotoc l;O()EUEtaL YLU tT]V JtuQuywy~ OAWV tWV aUwv E!-!JtoQEu!-!atWv. A V, n. X., 0 XQovoe; EQyuoi.ue; rtou uJtaLtELtaL YLU tnv JtuQuywy~ EVOe; !-!JtOUOEA OLtUQLOU rtnQE!-!EVE 0 i.()LOe;, EVW 0 XQovoe; EQyuoi.ue; rtou cnru tEL tru YLU tnv JtuQuywy~ OAWV tWV aUwv E!-!JtoQEu!-!atWv ()LJtAUOLUs0tav, tore T] UVtaUUxnx~ ul;i.u EVOe; !-!JtOUOEA OLtaQLOU, EXCPQUO!-!EVT] OtU woMvu!-!a tT]e;, 8u !-!ELWVOtaV OLO iuoo. To aJtOtEAEO!-!U 8u ~taV JtQuxnxa to i.()LO !-!E tnv JtEQi,rrtWOT] rtou 8u !-!ELWVOtaV OLO !-!LOO 0 XQovoe; EQyuoi.ue; 0 onoto; unrutELtaL YLU tT]V JtuQuywy~ EVOe; !-!JtOUOEA OLtUQLOU, EVW toutOXQovu 8u JtUQE!-!EVE u!-!Eta~AT]tOe; 0 XQovoe; EQyuoi.ue; nou cnrn tEL tot YLU rnv JtuQuywy~ OAWV tWV aUwv E!-!JtoQEu!-!atrov, H ul;i.u nov E!-!JtoQEu!-!atWV xu80Qi.sEtaL ccro rnv uvuAOyi.U torv nooornrorv LOUe; OL onote; !-!JtoQouv vc JtuQuX80uv OLOV i.()LO XQovo EQyuoi.ue;. rLU vc ()OU!-!E OE JtOLEe; ](L- 8UVEe; UAAUYEe; UJtOXEL tnt T] UVUAOYi.U UUt~, UJt08EtOU!-!E Mo
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EfillogEU!lata, to A XaL to B. IIQwTov: 'Ectco on 0 Xgovo~ EgyaoLa~ JWU rural tEL tal YLa tnv Jtagayooyi] rou B !lEVEL cueta~AT]ta~. LE cutnv tT]V JtEgLmooOT] T] avtaAAaxnxi] a~La rou A, ExcpgaO!lEVT] OE oooi«; tOU B, !lELWVEtaL i] au~aVEtaL OE Eu8ELa avaAoYLa ue tTl !lELooOT] i] aU~T]oT] tOU Xgovou EgyaoLa~ nou aJtaLtELtaL YLa tT]V Jtagayooyi] tOU A. ,1£VT£QO: 'Eotru on 0 Xgovo~ EgyaoLa~ rtou aJtaL tEL tal YLa tnv Jtagayooyi] tOU A !lEVEL a!lEta~AT]tO~. H avtaAAaxnxi] a~La tOU A, ExcpgaO!lEVT] OE ooou; tOU B, !lELWVEtaL i] au~avEtaL OE cvttotooqm avaAoYLa !lE tn !lELooOT] i] rnv aU~T]oT] tou XgoYOU EgyaoLa~ rtou aJtaL tEL tal YLa rnv Jtagayooyi] tOU B. TQiTO: 'Eotro on 0 Xgovo~ EgyaoLa~ Jtou aJtaL tEL tal YLa rnv nngayooyi] tOU A XaL tou B, !lELWVEtaL i] au~avEtaL OtT]V U')La avaAoYLa XaL YLa r« Mo. H ExcpgaOT] tT]~ w06UVa!lLa~ rou A XaL tOU B !lEVEL, OE curnv tT]V JtEgLmooOT], a!lEta~AT]tT]. Av YLa xaJtOLo Myo EJtEC(.m T] JtagayooYLxi] ixovornro OAooV rcov Egyamwv otov L6LO ~a8!lo, Etm WOtE oAa to EfillogEU!lata va rural tOUV YLa tnv Jtagayooyi] tOU~ tT]V L6La noootnro EJtLJtAEOV Xgovou EgyaoLa~, tote T] a~La 6Awv nov EfillogEU!lanov 8a au~avotav, T] JtgaY!lanxi] ExcpgaoT] tT]~ avtaAAaxnxi]~ a~La~ tOU~ 8a E!lEVE a!lEta~AT]tT] XaL 0 JtgaY!lanxo~ JtAOUtO~ tT]~ xOLvoovLa~ 8a ueuovotov, YWtL twga 8a XgELatotav JtEgWOOtEgO~ Xgovo~ EgyaoLa~ YLa rnv Jtagayooyi] tOU L6LOU ovxou a~Lwv Xgi]OT]~. TEraQTO: 0 Xgovo~ EgyaoLa~ rtou rural tEL tal YLa tnv Jtagayooyi] tau A XaL tOU B unogEL v« aU~T]8EL i] va !lELoo8EL XaL YLa tc 6110, aAAa OE avwo ~a8!lo, i] 0 Xgovo~ EgyaoLa~ rtou ruraLtELtaL YLa tnv Jtagayooyi] tOU A fillOgEL va aU~T]8EL, EVW 0 aVtLOtOLXO~ Xgovo~ YLa to B va !lELoo8EL i] ovttotooqo, OAE~ autE~ OL JtEgLmwOEL~ !lJtogouv aJtAa va avax80uv ornv JtEgLmooOT] rtou 0 Xgovo~ EgyaoLa~ nou urtm tEL tnt YLa tT]V Jtagayooyi] EVO~ EfillogEU!latO~ Jtaga!lEVEL a!lEta~AT]tO~, EVW 0 Xgovo~ Eg-
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ya(JLW; JWU anaL ret 1:aL YLa W ano aU~aVE1:aL tlIlWDVE1:aL.
H aVLanmmXtl a~La Xa8E EllnOQEUIla1:0~ EXCPQa~E1:aL (J1:l1V a~La XQtl(Jl1~ Xa8E anou EjlJtOQEUlla1:O~, d 1:E (JE aXEQaLa IlEYE811 d1:E (JE XAa(JllaLa amtl~ 1:11~ a~La~ XQtl(Jl1~. Q~ aVLaAAaXnXtl a~La, Xa8E EjlJtOQEUlla jlJtoQd va ()LaLQE8EL IlE tnv L()La EUXOALa nou jlJtoQd v« ()LaLQE8d XaL 0 L()W~ 0 XQOVO~ EQya(JLa~ 0 onOLO~ ELVaL aVnXELIlEVOnOLl1IlEVO~ (J' au- 1:0. H L(JO()UVaIlLa 1:WV EjlJtOQEUlla1:WV d VaL aVE~aQ1:l11:l1 uno 1:11 CPU<JLXtl1:OU~ ()LaLQE1:01:l1La W~ a~LWV XQtl(Jl1~, ono»; 1:0 a8QOL(Jlla 1:WV aV1:aAAaXnxwv a~LWV 1:WV EjlJtOQEUlla1:WV dVaL aVE~aQ1:111:0 uno n~ nQaYllanXE~ anaYE~ 1l0QCPtl~ nou 8a ()La1:QE~OUV OL a~LE~ XQtl(Jl1~ cutorv 1:WV EjlJtOQEUlla1:WV Xa1:a 1:l1IlELa1:Qontl WU~ (JE Eva t&a[rEQo VEO EjlJtoQEulla.
MEXQL 1:wQa 1:0 EjlJtoQEulla E~E1:a(J1:l1XE uno ()LnAtl orrnxtl ywvLa, W~ aVLanaXnXtl a~La XaL W~ a~La XQtl(Jl1~, Xa8E cpoQa, OIlW~, 1l0vonAEuQa. Q~ eunooeouc, oxrroco, an01:EAd oueon evotnta a~La~ XQtl(Jl1~ XaL aV1:aAAaXnxtl~ a~La~, EVW 1:amoXQova dVaL EjlJtoQEulla 1l0VO (JE (JXE(Jl1IlE La aAsss EjlJtoQEullaLa. H J[QaY!1anx~ (JXE(Jl11:WV EjlJtOQEUlla1:WV IlE1:a~U WU~ ELVaL 11 &a&xa(J[a in; avraUay~~ WU~. H ()La()LXaaLa 1:11~ aVLanaytl~ ELVaL EXELVl1l1 XOLVWVLXtl ()La()LXaotc otnv onoto EWEQXOVLaL aVE~aQ1:l1La llE1:a~U WU~ 0.1:0- uc, ana EL(JEQXOVLaL 1l0VO W~ Xa1:0XOL EjlJtOQEUlla1:WV. 0 Eva~ naQaywyo~ unaQXEL YLa 1:0V ano 1l0VO oro (3a81l0 rtou unaQXouv to EjlJtOQEUIla1:a WU~, XaL E1:<JL La crouc EIlCPavL~OV1:aL (J1:l1V nQaYllanX01:l11:a 1l0VO w~ aUVEL()l1WL CPOQEL~ 1:11~ ()La()Lxa(JLa~ 1:11~ aV1:aAAaytl~.
To eunooeouc Ei Vat a~La XQtl(Jl1~, <JL 1:aQL, ALVO, ()LallaVn, 1l11xavtl xAn., ana w~ eunooeuuo 1:l1V L()La anYlltl bEv eivai a~La XQtlal1~. Av tlLaV a~La XQtlal1~ YLa rov xawxo WU, ()11- Aa()tlallEGa ueoo YLa rnv LxaVOnOLl1(Jl11:WV ()LXWV 1:0U avayxwv, 1:01:E ()E 8a ntnv EjlJtoQEulla. I'ur 1:0V xawxo 1:0U EL VaL
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LO avtieELO, /l'f] al;ia XQrja'f]~, EL Val <'>l]Aa<'>r] anAO~ UALXO~ rpoQEa~ tl]~ aVtaAAaXtLXr]~ a;La~, anAO /lEao avraUayrj~. Q~ EVEQyl]tLXO~ cpoQEa~ tl]~ aVtaAAaXtLxr]~ a;La~, l] a;La XQr]al]~ yLVEtaL IlEao avtaAAayr]~. I'tn tOY xatoxo tOU to eurtoQEuIla ELVaL a;La XQr]al]~ IlOVO w~ aVtaAAaXtLxr] a;La*. Q~ a;La XQr]al]~ JtQrnEL EJtOIlEVW~ JtQwta va vivei a;La XQr]al]~, a;La XQr]al]~ xataQxa~ YLa tOU~ aAAou~. EJtEL<'>r] <'>EV ELVaL a;La XQr]al]~ YLa tOY L<'>LO tOY xatOXo LOU, ELvaL a;La XQr]al]~ YLa tOU~ XatOXou~ aAAwv E[.tJtoQEullatWv. Av <'>EV r]tav, tote l] EQyaaLa JtOU <,>anaVr]el]XE YLa mv JtaQaywYr] LOU ea r]tav aXQl]atl] EQyaaLa XaL to JtQO'(ov tl]~ <'>E ea r]tav, a'UVEJtw~, E[.tJtoQEwa. Ano tnv aAAl] JtAEuQa JtaAL, LO E[.tJtOQEUlla JtQEJtEL va yLVEL a;La XQr]al]~ via roy iD£OtOV xatoxo tOU, acpou m IlEaa a'UVtr]Ql]ar]~ tOU ~QLaxovtaL E;W crto rnv a;La XQr]al]~ tOU <'>LXOU LOU E[.tJtOQEUllatO~, otu; a;LE~ XQr]al]~ ;EVWV EIlJtOQEUllatWV. I'io va vivei to EIlJtOQEUlla a;La XQr]al]~, JtQEJtEL va [.tJtOQEL va LxaVOJtOLr]aH xaJtOLa L<'>LaLtEQl] avayXl]. OL a;LE~ XQr]al]~ tWV E[.tJtOQEUllatWV yivovra£, AOLJtOV, a;LE~ XQr]al]~ aAA.a~Ovta~ eEal] JtQO~ OAE~ tL~ JtAEUQE~ XaL JtEQVWvta~ crto rc XEQLa ore onotc EL Val ucoo aVtaAAayr]~ ore XEQLa ore onotc EL Val aVtLXELIlEVa XQr]al]~. Movo IlE autnv rnv OAOJtAEUQl] aJrol;Evwa'f]28 tWV E[.tJtOQEUllatWV yLVE-
* AmoTO JIEQLEX0!lEVO 6LVEL OTT}V UVTaA.AUXTLxi] USLU 0 AQWTOTEAT}t; (~A. TT) SEaT} nou rruQuTLSETUL OTT}V uQxi] UUTOl) TOV XHjJUAULOV).
28. LT}!l. MET.: LTO XEL!lEVO 0 MUQS XQT}OL!lOrrOLEL ovxvu TLt; AESELt; Yetiiussetungwiv Entiiusserung, xuSWt; XUL to rruQuywyu TOVt;. OL Mo AESELt;, rruQ' OAT} TT} !lLXQi] OT}!lUOWAOYLXi] 6wCjJoQu TOVt;, TELVOVV va EXOVV TO L6w JIEQLEXO!lEVO, cuto TT}t; rrwAT}OT}t;, TT}t; rrQuY!lUTOrrOLT}OT}t; TOV E!lJIOQEV!lUTOt;, TT}t; urrOSEVWOT}t; crto TOV rruQuywyo. I'c' ouro XUL OTT}V UYYALXi] !lETUCjJQUOT} OTT} OUA.Aoyi] Marx Engels Collected Works, XUL OL Mo AESHt; arro6L6oVTUL!lE TT}V UYYALXi] AEST} alienation. QOTOOO, YLU Myout; UXQL~ELUt; EJILAESU!lE v« arro6wooWE UVTi]V TT} AEJITi] OT}!lU-
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tnt II EQyaoLa JWU JtEQLEXEtm 0' ama XQr]0Ll1ll EQyaoLa. LE currrv rn &a&xaa[a, otnv ozot« tc qtJtOQE1J!lata oXEtL~ovtrn !lEta1;u tOU~ w~ a1;LE~ XQr]Oll~, ()EV cnoxtouv xa!lLa YEa OLXOVO!lLXr] !loQCPr]. AvtLSEta, E1;acpavL~Etm II L()LaL tson !lOQcpr] rtou to xaQaXtr]QL~E W~ E!lJtoQEU!lata. To 'ljJw!lL, Jt.X., JtEQvorvrcc coro to XEQL tOU notonoio» OtO XEQL tou xctuvoAWtr] , ()EV ana~H rnv unootorn] tOU w~ 'ljJW!lLOU. Avtulsro, ~tOVO 0 XatavaAWtr]~ oXEtL~Etm ue auto w~ a1;La XQr]Oll~, W~ Eva OUYXEXQL!lEVO !lEOO ()LatQOCPr]~, EVW ore XEQLa tOU aQtOJtOLOU to 'ljJW!lL d vet cpoQEa~ !lLa~ OLXOVO!lLXr]~ OXEOll~. To E!lJtoQEU!la etvct, ()llAa()r], tamoXQova Eva OUYXEXQL!lEVO, ana xm acpllQll!lEVO JtQaY!la. H !lOVa()Lxr] anaYr] !loQCPr]~ mv onotc uqnorovnu tc E!lJtoQEU!lata otn !lEtatQoJtr] tOU~ OE asLE~ XQr]Oll~ stvrn llaQOll tll~ tumxr]~ tOU~ UJtOOtaOll~ ouuqxovc us tnv onotc to E!lJtoQEU!lata r]tav !lll a1;LE~ XQr]Oll~ YLa toy XatOXO tOU~ xru a1;LE~ XQr]Oll~ YLa tov un xctoXo toix. H !lEtatQoJtr] tWV E!lJtOQEU!latWV OE asLE~ XQr]Oll~ JtQotiJtOSEtH rnv OAOJtAEUQll aJto1;EvwOr] tOU~, rnv etoooo toix orn ()La()LXaoLa tll~ avtanaYr]~, anall avtanaYr] EXH va XaVH!lE rnv uJtootaor] toix W~ avtanaxtLxwv a1;Lwv. Itc va JtQaY!latoJtOL llSOUv, rnO!lEVW~, W~ a1;LE~ XQr]Oll~, JtQEJtEL JtQwta v« JtQaY!latoJtOLllSOUV W~ avtaAAaXtLXE~ a1;LE~.
Evr» to XaSE !lE!lOVW!lEVO E!lJtoQEU!la E!lcpavL~OtaV aQXLXa uno tn oxomo tll~ asLa~ XQr]Oll~ tou W~ uurovouo JtQaY!la, cno tn oxomn tll~ avtanaxtLxr]~ asLa~, avtLSEto, EsEta~Otav uno tnv aQXr] orn 0XEOll rou !lE oAa rc ana E!lJtoQEU!lata. QOtOOO, II OXEOll amr] etvrn !lOVO SEWQlltLXr], LClmtr]. fIQaY!latLxr] YLVEtm !lOVO !lEOa orn ()La()LXaoLa tll~ avtanayr]~. Arto rnv anll !lEQLa, ~E~ma, to E!lJtoQEU!la ei-
OLOA.OYLX~ {lLmpoQu [lHUI;U TWV bUo A.EI;€WV, !l€TuCPQU~OVTUI; T1'] HI;1'] Entiiusscrung W£ UJWI;EVWG1'] XaL T1'] HI;1'] vertiusserung W£ €XJtOL1']G1'].
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vm aV'ranaX'tLx:ij a1;La, ECp600v 1;ODE1JtT]XE YL' mrto !-!La OQLO[.lEVT] nooornto EQyaoLm; XaL, EJtO[.lEVWe;, JtaQLOtaVEL cvrzil£t/1£VOJWtTJll,EVO XQavo eovcauu; Ana OtT]V a[.lEOT] [.loQCPi] tOU dVaL uovo aVtLXEL[.lEVOJtOLT][.lEVOe; ctoiuxo; XQ6voe; EQyaoLae; evo; OUYXEXQL[.lEVOU dDOUe; XaL 6XL Y£Vtila~ XQ6voe; EQyaoLae;. Kntn ouvsnnc, to E[.lJt6QEU[.la &v ELVaL cueoo aVtaAAaXtLxi] a1;La, ana JtQEJtEL JtQwta va yivEt retoio, KotaQxae; [.lJtoQEL va EL VaL aVtLXEL[.lEVOJtOL T]OT] rou YEVLX01J XQ6- vou EQyaoLae; uovo Ecp600v ELVaL XQ6voe; EQyaoLae; rtou 1;0- DElrtT]XE YLa xcnoto XQi]OL[.lO oxono, eqooov, AOLJt6v, JtaQLotcvetor ue xanOLa a1;La XQi]OT]e;. Ami] ELVaL T] UALXi] noouJt68EOT] uno tT]V onoto XaL uovo 0 XQ6voe; EQyaoLae; rtou JtEQLEXEtaL oro E[.lJt6QEWa 8EWQEL tnt YEVLX6e;, XOL vwvLx6e; XQ6- vo; EQyaoLae;. Arpou, EJtO[.lEVWe;, to E[.lJt6QEU[.la [.lJtoQEL v« YLVEL a1;La XQi]OT]e; uovo orov JtQaY[.latoJtOLELtaL we; aVtanaXtLxi] a1;La, [.lJtOQEL crto rnv aAAT] va JtQay[.latoJtOLT]8EL we; aVtanaXtLxi] a1;La uovo Ecp600v EJtL~E~aLw8EL -[.lEOW tT]e; aJto1;Evwoi]e; tOU- we; a1;La XQi]OT]e;. 'Eva E[.lJt6QEU[.la [.lJtOQEL v« EXJtOLT]8EL we; a1;La XQi]OT]e; uovo OE 'XELVOV YLa rov OJtOLO ELVaL a1;La XQi]OT]e;, DT]AaDi] aVtLXEL[.lEVO rtou LxavoJtOLEL xcJtOLa LDLaL tEQi] tou avayxT]. AJt6 tT]V anT] [.lEQLa, EXJtOLEL trn uovo EVaVtL svo; aAAou E[.lJtoQEU[.latoe; i], av to DOU[.lE cno tT]V OJttLXi] ywvLa tOU xat6xou tOU aAAou E[.lJtOQEU[.latOe;, uovo Ecp600v to E[.lJt6QEU[.la [.lJtoQEL v« ixcvonot i]OEL [.lLa LDLaLtEQT] avayxT] tou, LtT]V OA.6JtAEUQT] aJto1;EVWOT] tWV E[.lJtOQEU[.latWv we; al;ubv XQ~aTJ~ OXEtL~OVtaL [.lEta1;u roix ou DLacpoQEtLXa, we; JtQoe; rn [.loQCPi] roue, JtQaY[.lata, m onotc A.6yw tWV DLacpoQEtLXWV toix LDLOti]tWv ixcvonorouv DLaCPOQEtLXEe; avaYXEe;. Qe; aJtAEe; aI;LEe; XQi]OT]e; uJtaQXouv aVE- 1;aQtT]ta T] uto ono tT]V aAAT] i], DLatuJtW[.lEVO [.lE [.lEyaAUtEQT] aXQL~ELa, uJtaQXouv XWQLe; Xa[.lLa OUVDEOT] [.lEta1;u toix. Qe; a1;LEe; XQi]OT]e; unooouv v« avtaAAayouv uovo A.6yw tT]e; 0XE-
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OTl~ roue ~E rnv LXaVOrrOLTlOTl L<'lLaLtEQWV avayxwv. AvtaAA.a~L~a O~W~ d VaL to E~OQEU~ata ~OVO W~ toooovcuo, XaL uroouvcuo EL VaL ~OVO W~ LOE~ aoootnte; aVTLXEL~EVOrrOL TI~EVOU XQOVOU EQyaoLa~, Etm WOtE v« E~acpaVL~EtaL xa8E avacpoQa OTL~ cpumXE~ tOU~ L<'lLOtTltE~ w~ a~LE~ XQi]OTl~ XaL EJtO~EVW~ orn 0XEOTI tWV E~OQEu~atWV rrQo~ TL~ L<'lLaL tEQE~ avayxE~. Q~ aVtanaXTLxi] a~La, Eva E~oQEu~a AEL lOUQYEL orov avtLxa8wta, W~ iooonvouo, onoiconaote xa80QLo~EVY] nooornro xcnoio» anou E~oQEu~alO~, aVE~aQtY]ta av auto dVaL i] <'lEV dVaL a~La XQi]oY]~ YLa tOY xatoxo lOU aAAOU E~OQEU~atO~. Ana YLa tOY xatOXo lOU anou E~OQEUflatO~ YL VEtaL E~oQEu~a uovo ECPOOOV arrOtEAd YL' autOV a~La XQi]oY]~, XaL YLa to <'lLXO tOU xatOXo YL VEtaL cvrcxAaXtLxi] a~La uovo ECPOOOV d VaL E~OQEU~a YLa tOY ano xatOXo. H L<'lLa 0XEOy], AOLrrov, rrQErrEL v« ELVaL tautOXQova 0XEOy] LOWV OUOLaOtLXa E~oQEu~atWV, m onotc <'lLacpEQouv uovo nooonxe, <'lTlAa<'li] ~La 0XEOy] Y] onoto EXCPQa~EL rnv WOmrn roix W~ UAorroLy]Oy] tOU YEVLXOU XQOVOU EQyaoLa~, XaL taut0XQova rrQErrEL va EL VaL ~La 0XEOy] rrOLOtLXa <'lLacpOQEtLXWV rrQay~atWV, ~La 0XEOTI L<'lLaLtEQWV a~Lwv XQi]oY]~ YLa tnv txovoxotnon L<'lLaLtEQWV avayxwv, <'ly]Aa<'li] ~La 0XEOy] Y] onotc tn <'lLaXQL VEL W~ rrQay~atLXE~ a~LE~ XQi]oY]~. Ana autil TI LOOtY]ta crto rn ~La XaL Y] ovioomrc" coro rnv any] aAAy]AoarroxAdovtaL. To arrOtEAEO~a <'lEV etvrn uovo Eva~ cpauAo~ XUXAO~ rrQo~AY]~atWV OtOV onoto Y] AUOY] tOU EVO~ rrQO~Ai]~alO~ rrQourr08EtEL ty] A uOY] tOU anou, ana Eva ouVOAO ovnqxmxorv rraQa<'l0Xwv, OtO onoto Y] EXrrA.r]Qwoy] tOU EVO~ ooo» E~aQtataL a~EOa uno rnv EXrrA.r]Qwoy] tOU aVTL- 8ElOU tou,
H <'lLa<'lLxaoLa ty]~ aVtanayi]~ tWV E~oQEu~atWV rrQE-
29. Ll1!l. MET.: BA.. UJIo(J11!lEl{J)(J1125.
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JtEL va etvrn tOOO to l;ECLJtAWlla 000 xm TI AUOTI mmov tWV ovrupcoecrv, OL OJtOLES; WOtOOO CEV unoooirv v« EXCTlAWVOVLaL OtO JtAaLOLO tTlS; aVLaAAaYrlS; IlE tOOO aJtAO tQOJtO. 'EXOUIlE CEL 1l0VO JtwS; rc LCLa La EIlJtOQEUllata 0XEtLtoVtm to Eva IlE to ano ws; al;LES; XQ~OTlS;, CTlAaC~ JtWS; La eunoQEUllata JtaQouoLatoVtm WS; al;LES; XQ~OTlS; ueoa otn cLacLxcoto tTlS; aVLanay~s;. H avtanaxnx~ al;La avtL8ELa, oJtWS; tnv EXOUIlE El;EtaOEL IlEXQL tWQa, UJt~QXE 1l0VO ocv acpaLQEOTI ~, av 8EAEtE, cov acpaLQEOTI tOU IlEIlOVWIlEVOU xctOXOU EIlJt0QEUllatWV, YLa tOY OJtOLO LO EIlJtOQEUlla ~QLOXEtnt ws; al;La XQ~OTlS; OtTlV aJt08~xTl LOU xm WS; aVtaAAaxnx~ al;La OLO lluaAO tOU. LtTl CLaCLxaOLa tTlS; aVLanay~s;, 0IlWS;, tn EIlJtOQEUllata JtQrnEL va IlTlV uJtaQXouv LO Eva YLa to ano 1l0VO ws; al;LES; XQ~OTlS;, ana xm ws; aVLanaXnXES; al;LES;, xrn aUt~ TI JtAEuQa tTlS; uJtootao~s; toix JtQEJtEL vo. EIlcpavLtEtm ouv TI 0XE011 nou 8a EXOUV ta EllJtoQEUllata usrcl;u LOUS;. H CuoxoALa Ot11v onotc aQXLxa oxovrnucue ~LaV on, YLa va JtaQoumaOtEL WS; aVtaAAaxnx~ al;La, ws; ovnXELIlEVOJtOL11IlEV11 EQyaoLa, to eunooeouo JtQEJtEL JtQ011YOUuevo v« aJtol;Evw8EL WS; al;La XQ~OTlS;, JtQEJtEL va EXEL JtaEL OLOV av8QwJto LOU, EVW, avtL8Eta, 11 aJtOl;EVWO~ LOU WS; al;La XQ~Ol1S; JtQOtiJt08EtEL tnv uJtootao~ tOU WS; aVLanaxnx~ al;La. Ana as; UJt08EOOUilE on aUt~ TI CuoxoALa EXEL l;EJtEQaOtEL. To eunooeuuc aJtE~aAE t11V LCLaL tEQ~ LOU al;La XQ~- 011S; xrn, IlEOW t11S; aJtol;EvwO~S; LOU, aJtEcELl;E on JtA11QOL t11V UALX~ JtQotiJt08E011 va ELvm xowrovix« XQ~OLIl11 EQyaoLa, uvtt v« d vm LCLaL tEQTI EQyaoLa xa8E IlEIlOVWIlEVOU at0IlOU YLa LOV ecuro LOU. To EllJtoQEulla JtQEJtEL, AOLJtOV, va YLVEL Ot11CLacLxaoLa t11S; avtanay~s; aVLanaxnx~ al;La, YEVLXO LooMvallo, avnxELIlEvOJtOL11IlEVOS; YEVLXOS; XQOVOS; EQyaoLas; YLa La ana EllJtoQEUllata xrn etrn va aJtoxt~oEL 0XL run rnv JtEQLOQLOIlEVTI AEL LOuQYLa IlLas; LCLaL tEQ11S; al;Las; XQ~OTlS;, aA-
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J...6. 'tT]V LXaVO'tT]La a!lEGT]S; naQao'taoi]s; 'tOU OE OAES; ns; a~LES; XQi]OT]S; ocv ro LOO<nJva!lO'tOUS;. Ka8E E!lJtOQEWa, O!lWS;, ELvrn TO E!lJtOQEU!la W onoto nQEnEL, !lEOW 'tT]S; aJtO~EVWOT]S; 'tT]S; U')LaL 'tEQT]S; a~Las; XQi]OT]S; rou, va E!lCPavLO'td ws; T] a!lEGT] aVnXEL!lEVOnOLT]OT] WU YEVLX01J XQovou EQyaoLas;. Arto 'tT]V anT] !lEQLa, O!lWS;, O'tT] <'>La<'>LxaOLa 'tT]S; aV'tanayi]s;, EQXOvnn aVn!lE'twna !lOVO L<'>LaL'tEQa E!lJtOQEU!laLa, EQyaoLES; <'>T]Aa<'>i] aLO!lLXWV naQaywywv OL onOLES; dvm aVnXEL!lEVOnOL T]!lEVES; OE L<'>LaL 'tEQES; a~LES; XQi]OT]S;. 0 L<'>WS; 0 YEVLXOS; XQovo; EQyaoLas; anO'tEAEL !lLa acpaLQEOT] T] onoto <'>EV unaQXEL ws; tetoto YLa to E!lJtOQEU!lma.
AS; E~E'taoOU!lE W a8QOLO!la 'tWV LOO'ti]'tWV oru; onote; T] av'taAAaxnxi] a~La EVOS; E!lJtoQEU!laws; ~QLOXEL rnv nQay!lanxi] 'tT]S; ExcpQaOT], n·x·:
1 ni]XT]S; AL vo = 2 AL~QES; xacpES;, 1 ni]XT]S; ALVO = 1/2 A(~Qa rom,
1 ni]XT]S; ALVO = 8 AL~QES; '!JW!lL xAn.
OL LOO'tT]'tES; au'tES; AEVE ~E~ma !lOVO on OE 1 ni]XT] ALVO, OE 2 AL~QES; xacpE, OE 1/2 AL~Qa tom EXEL aVnXEL!lEVOnOLT]8d YEVLXOS; XOL VWVLXOS; XQOVOS; EQyaoLas; LOOU !lEyE80uS;. L'tT]V nQaY!lanxo'tT]La O!lWS; OL aW!lLXES; EQyaoLES;, OL onote; nootorcvovrct us amES; ns; L<'>LaL 'tEQES; a~LES; XQi]OT]S;, YL VOVLaL YEVLXi] EQyaoLa xru, ue curov rov 'tQono, XOLvwvLXi] EQyaoto, !lOVO orov aV'tanaOOOVLaL nQaY!lanxa T] !lLa evovn 'tT]S; anTIS; OE avaAOYLES; aV'tLOWLXES;!lE rn XQOVLXi] <'>LaQXELa 'tT]S; EQyaoLas; rtou nEQLEXE'tm 0' amEs;30. 0 XOL VWVLXOS; XQOvo; EQyaoLas; unaQXEL OE ama La E!lJtOQEU!laLa !lOVO OE AavOcvouco, as; nOU!lE, !loQCPi] xm cpavEQwVELaL !lOVO orn <'>La-
30. i'uog8w[1€vo 010 X£Lg6yguCjJo. LTTlV €xbooTl 101) 1859: «0£ ovo:
AOYL££ UVTLOlOLX££ [1£ TTl XgOVLXi] 101)£ bLugxnu."
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()LXa<JLa 1:T]~ aVLanaYr]~ toix, ACjlE1:T]QLa DEV dVaL T] EQya<JLa 1:WV orourov W~ XOLVWVLX'r] EQya<JLa, ana, aV1:L<J1:QOCjla, OL LDWL 1:EQE~ EQya<JLE~ 1:WV ~EXWQW1:({)V ntourov OL OJtOLE~ [,l6AL~ <J1:T] DLaDLxa<JLa 1:T]~ aV1:anaYr]~ anODELXVUOVLaL W~ YEVLXl) XOL VWVLXl) EQya<JLa [,lE<JW 1:T]~ aQ<JT]~ 'tOU aQXLXOU 'tOU~ xaQaX1:l)Qa. H YEVLXl) XOL VWVLXl) EQya<JLa DEV an01:EAd, EJtO[,lEVW~, E1:OL[,lT] JtQoUJt68wT], ana an01:EAW[,la JtOU JtQOXUJt1:EL <J1:T] DLa()LXa<JLa 1:T]~ aVLaAAayl)~. KaL E1:<JL JtQOX'UJt1:EL T] YEa DU<JxoA,(a, T] onotc EYXELLaL <J'tO YEyov6~ ott La E[,lJtOQEU[,laLa JtQEJtEL coto 1:T] [,lLa [,lEQLa va !!JtOUVE <J1:T] DLa()LXa<JLa 1:T]~ aV1:anayl)~ W~ avnXEL[,lEVOJtOL T][,lEVO~ YEVLX6~ XQ6- VO~ EQya<JLa~ XaL, coto rnv anT], aml) T] avnXEL[,lEvOJtOLT]<JT] 1:0U XQ6vou EQya<JLa~ 1:WV orourov W~ YEVLX6~ XQ6vo~ EQya<JLa~ bEV dVaL JtaQa 'to JtQo'L6v 1:T]~ bLabLxa<JLa~ 1:T]~ aV1:aAAayl)~.
Ka8E E[,lJt6QEU[,la cnoxt« [,lE<JW 1:T]~ aJto!;Evw<JT]~ 1:T]~ a!;La~ XQl)<JT]~ rou, DT]Aabl)1:T]~ aQXLxl)~ rou uJt6<JLa<JT]~, 1:T]V aV1:L<J'tOLXT] uJt6<JLa<JT] 1:T]~ aV1:anaxnxl)~ a!;La~. To E!!Jt6- QEu[,la cnoxto, EJtO[,lEVW~, DLJtAtl uJt6<JLa<JT] [,lE<Ja <J1:T] DLaDLxa<JLa 1:T]~ aVLanayl)~. AJt61:T]v anT] JtAEuQa, T] DEU1:EQl)1:0U uJt6<J1:a<JT] W~ aVLanaxnxl) a!;La !!JtoQd va ExJtQo<JwJtT]8EL uovo crto Eva ano E[,lJt6QEU[,la, YLaLL <J1:T] DLaDLxa<JLa 1:T]~ aVLaAAayl)~ uovo E[,lJtoQEU[,laLa avnJtaQaL(8EV1:aL 'to Eva <J'tO ano. IIw~ 1:wQa JtaQw1:aVOU[,lE Eva LDLaL 1:EQO E!!Jt6QEU[,la a[,lwa W~ cvtixeuuvonomuevo YEVtXO XQ6vo EQya<JLa~ l), JtQaY[,la nou dVaL 'to LDLO, Jtw~ unooet 0 aLo[,lLx6~ XQ6vo~ EQya<JLa~, 0 OJtOLO~ ELVaL aVnXEL[,lEvOJtOLT][,lEVO~ <JE Eva LDLaL 1:EQO E!!Jt6QEWa, va Aa~EL oueoc 'to xaQax1:l)Qa 1:T]~ YEVLx61:T]La~; H JtQaY[,lanxl) EXCjlQa<JT] 1:T]~ aVLanaxnxl)~ a!;La~ Ev6~ E!!JtoQEU[,la'tO~, DT]AaDl) xa8E E!!JtoQEU[,la'tO~ W~ YEVLXOU tooouvouou, JtaQL<J1:aVE'taL ue Eva aLEAELW'tO <JUVOAO roo- 1:l)1:WV, onox:
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1 J[~XTle; AL vo = 2 At~QEe; xacpEe;, 1 J[~XTle; AL vo = 1/2 At~Qa rom, 1 J[~XTle; AL vo = 8 At~QEe; '\jJWllt, 1 J[~XTle; AL vo = 6 J[~XELe; L<Jt n., 1 J[~XTle; AL vo = XAJ[.
AUL~ TI J[aQu(JLa(JTI lT1e; aVLaAAaXnX~e; a!;tae; ntov BEWQTlnx~, 0(J0 TI J[AEUQU lOU E[.tJtOQEUllaWe; We; XaBOQL(JIlEVTI J[0(J01T1La aVnXELIlEVOJ[OL TlIlEVOU YEVLXOU XQOVOU EQya(Jtae; ~laV 1l0VO U)WTrj. H uJ[aQ!;TI EVOe; !;EXWQL<Jl0U E[.tJtOQEUllaWe; We; YEVLXOU tooouvouou IlELaLQEJ[ELm uno anAn acpatQEaTl (JE iW~VWV~"O aJ[OlEAEalla lT1e; U')Lae; lT1e; ('>La<'>LXa(Jtae; lT1e; aVLaAAay~e;, IlE lT1V aJ[A~ aVn(J1QOcp~ lT1e; J[aQaJ[uvw (JELQUe; lWV L<JOL~lWV. CL<JL, J[.X.:
2 At~QEe; xacpEe; = 1 J[~XTle; ALVO, 1/2 At~Qa l(JUL = 1 J[~XTle; ALVO, 8 At~QEe; '\jJWllt = 1 J[~XTle; ALVO, 6 J[~XELe; torn = 1 J[~XTle; ALVO.
Evr» 0 XacpEe;, 10 l(JUL, 10 '\jJWllt, 10 rot n, IlE At ya AOYLa oAa La E[.tJtoQEullala EXCPQUtouv 10 XQovo EQya(Jtae; rtou J[EQLEXELaL (J' aULU m t<'>La, ovnotooqxi, TI aVlaAAaxnx~ a!;ta lOU ALVOU !;E<'>LJ[AWVELm (JE OAa La una E[.tJtOQEUllaLa we; L(JoMvallU lT1e; xrn 0 XQOVoe; EQya(Jtae; J[OU EtXE avnXELIlEVOJ[OLTlBd (Jl0 E[.tJtOQEUlla aULO yt vetoi UIlEaa 0 YEVLXOe; XQOvoe; EQya(Jtae; 0 OJ[OtOe; J[aQL<J1UVELaL E!;t(JOU (JE <'>LacpOQEnXEe; J[0(J01T11Ee; OAWV lWV unWV E[.tJtOQEUIlU1WV. To ALVO ytVELm E<'>W y£v~"o wODvvallo IlE(JW lT1e; OAOJrA£VQ'T/r; eneveoveuu; rtou coxouv novco lOU oAa La uAAa E[.tJtoQEullaLa. Qe; aVlaAAaxnx~ a!;ta, XUBE E[.tJtoQEulla EYLVE IlE1QO lWV a!;Lwv OAWV lWV UAAWV E[.tJtOQEUIlU1WV. E<'>w, ovuotooq.c, EJ[EL<'>~ oAa rc E[.tJtoQEUllaLa IlELQOUV lT1V aVlanaXnX~ 10Ue; a!;ta IlE Eva !;EXWQL(Jl0 E[.tJtOQEUlla, 10 anOXAEL<JnXO mno E[.tJtO-
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ELOa!lE on T] avwAlaxnxi] al;La evo; EI.A.JtoQEU!laTot; noQWTUVETaL wt; aVTaAlaxnxi] al;La (JE T6(J0 JtAT]QE(JTEQO ~a8- uo 6(J0 !lEyaAUTEQT] ELVaL T] (JELQU TWV L(JOO'UVU!lWV TOll i], ue uAla A6YLa, 6(J0 JUO lu,yaAl1 ELVaL YLa to E!lJt6QEll!la outo T] (J(paLQa TT]t; avwAAayi]t; TOll evcvn allTWV TWV E!lJtOQEll!lUTWV. H ~a8!lLaLa OLEUQllV(JT] toll aVTaAlaxnxou E!lJtOQLOll, T] aUI;T](JT] TWV avwnaywv XaL 0 JtoAAaJtAama(J!l6t; TWV E!lJtOQEll!lUTWV nou !lJtaL VOllV (JTO avwAlaxnx6 E!lJt6QLO (JllVTEAOUV (JTT]V aVUJtTlll;T] toll E!lJtoQEU!latot; Wt; aVTanaxnxi]t; al;Lat; XaL w80uv JtQot; TT] oLa!l6Qcpw(JT] toll XQi]!latot;, oQwvTat; ET(JL oLaAllnxu rtdvoi (JTO U!lEaO avwnaxnx6 E!lJt6QLO. OL OLXOVO!lOA6ym (JllvT]8L~01lV va EQ!lT]VEUO'UV TT]V E!lCPUVL(JT] TOll XQi]!laTOt; Eanu~ovwt; (Jnt; EI;WTEQLXEt; 011- (JXOALEt; oru; OJtOLEt; JtQO(JXQOUEL TO avaJtTllY!lEVO avwnaxnxo E!lJt6QLO, I;EXVOUV ouo»; EOW ou amEt; ot Oll(JXOALEt; anoQQEo'UV coto TT]V aVUJtTlll;T] TT]t; avwAAaxnxi]t; al;Lat; XaL, xaTu ouvsneic, ceto TT]V xot vwvLXi] EQya(JLa wt; YEVLXi] EQvcoto. ILX.: Ta E!lJtoQEU!lata Wt; aI;LEt; XQi](JT]t; OEV unoooov va ELVaL (JE OJtOLOOi]JtOTE EJtL8WT]T6 ~a8!l6 OLaLQETU, 6Jtwt; OCPELAO'UV va ELVaL wt; aVTaAAaxnxEt; aI;LEt;. 'H TO E!lJt6QE1Juc TOll A !lJtoQEL va ELVaL al;La XQi](JT]t; YLa TOV B, EVW TO E!lJt6QEll!la toll B va !IT]V EL Val al;La XQi](JT]t; YLa TOV A. 'H OL xUtoXOL TWV E!lJtOQEll!lUTWV !lJtOQEL va XQELU~OVTaL tn cuoi~aLa avwna(J(J6!lEVa, anu aOLaLQETa E!lJtOQEU!latU toix (JE UVWEt; (JXEnxu ue TT]V al;La toix avaAoyLEt;. ME una A6- YLa, WXllQL~6!lEVOL on EI;ETU~O'UV to aJtA6 avwnaxnx6 E!lJt6QLO, oi oixovouosovo; OEV XUVOllV TLJtOTE uno ono TO va JtEQLYQUCPOllV XUJtOLEt; JtAEllQEt; TT]t; aVTLcpa(JT]t; T] OJtOLa EVllJtUQXEL (JTOV TQ6Jto unootconc TOll E!lJtOQEU!latOt; Wt; U!lEaT]t; Ev6TT]Tat; al;Lat; XQi](JT]t; XaL aVTanaxnxi]t; aI;Lat;. AJt6 TT]V UnT] !lEQLU EJtL!lEVOllV on TO avwAAaxnx6 E!lJt6-
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QLD aJtOT£Ad TY]V £JtaQx~ I-WQqJ~ TTJ~ aVTaAAaXnX~~ OWOLXa(JLa~ TWV q.A.JtOQ£1J!lC£TWV, TJ OJtOLa 6!lw~ (JUVOE£TaL!l£ (J1JYX£XQL!lEV£~ T£XVLXE~ 01J(JXOAL£~, YLa TO I.;£JtEQa(J!la TWV OJtOLWV TO XQ~!la dVaL !lLa JtaVEI.;1JJtVTJ £JtLV6TJ(JTJ. 3£XLVWVTa~, AOLJt6v, cno a1JT~V TTJV £VT£AW~ £JtLqJaVELaX~ aJto'\j!TJ, EVa~ EI.;1JJtVO~ 'AYYAO~ OLXOVO!lOAOYO~ L(JX1JQL(JTTJX£ (JW(JTa on TO XQ~!la d Val EVa aJtA01JALX6 6Qyavo, 6Jtw~ Eva JtAOLO ~ !lLa aT!lo!lTJxav~, XaL 6XL TJ £XO~AW(JTJ !lLa~ XOL VWVLX~~ (JXE(JTJ~ JtaQaywy~~ XaL, xala owenuc, oev aJtoT£Ad Xa!lLa OLXOVO!lLX~ XaTTJyoQLa. KaTaXQTJ(Jnxa, AOLJt6v, JtQaY!laT£1J£Tal TO XQ~!la TJ JtOAmx~ OLXOVO!lLa, TJ OJtOLa O£V EX£L, (JTTJV JtQaY!lanX6TTJTa, Xa!lLa (JXE(JTJ ue TTJV T£XvoAoyLa*.
o x6(J!l0~ TWV £!lJtOQ£1J!laTWV JtQOUJt08ET£L Evav aveJtT1JY!lEVO XaTa!l£QL<J!l6 TTJ~ £Qya(JLa~~, xaAUT£Qa OWT1JJtW!lEVO, a1JT6~ 0 xaTa!l£QL<J!l6~ £XOTJAWV£TaL a!lwa (JTTJ !l£yaATJ JtOLxLALa TWV al.;LWV XQ~(JTJ~ OL OJtOL£~ avnJtaQaTL8£VTaL W~ £!lJtoQ£u!laTa XaL otu; OJtOL£~ EXEL JtaYLw8£L £I.;L(J01J ueyaATJ JtOLxLALa ELOWV £Qya(JLa~. 0 xaraf.1E(Jwf.16~ Tl1~ E(Jyaoioi; W~ TJ oA6TTJTa 6AWV TWV £LOWV JtaQaywYLx~~ oQa(JTTJQL6TTJTa~, aJtoT£Ad TTJ (JUVOALX~ !loQqJ~ TTJ~ XOLVWVLX~~ £Q-
* «Money is, in fact, only the instrument for carrying on buying and selling (but, if you please, what do you understand by buying and selling"), and the consideration of it no more forms a part of the science of political economy, than the consideration of ships, or steam engines, or of any other instrument employed to facilitate the production and distribution of wealth.» «<To XQ~[la ELVaL otnv JtQaY[lUnXOTl]Ta [lOVO TO oQyavo yw tn liLEXJtEQU(WOl] TWV uyoQwv XaL TWV JtwMoEwv -ana, uv eO.ETE, n EVVOEL TE A.EyOV'tUl; ayoQEC; XaL JtWA.~OELI;;- XaL l] [lEAETl] TOU liEV UV~XEL OTl]V EJtWT~[ll] Tl]C; JtoA.mx~c; OLXOVO[l(UI; JtEQWOOTEQO cno Tl] [lEAETl] TWV JtA.o(WV ~ TWV UT[lO[ll]XUVWV ~ onotouorptote anou EQYUA.ELOU rtou XQl]OL[lOJtOLOU[lE YLa va liLEUXOA.UVOU[lE Tl]V JtuQuywy~ XaL tn liLUVO[l~ TOU JtA.OUTOU.») Th. Hodgskin, Popular Political Economy etc., Aovli(YO, 1827,oEA.. 178, 179.
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yUOLW; UJtO TTJV llALXtl TTJ£ JtAEllQU, W£ EQYUOLU ()TJAU()tl rtou JtUQUYEL UI.;LE£ XQtlOTJ£. Q£ TETOLU, OIlW£, llJtUQXEL -{lJ[O TTJV JtAE1JQU TWV E!1JtOQE1JIlUTWV IlEOU OTTJ ()LU()LXUOLU TTJ£ UVTUAAUYtl£- IlOVO OTO anoTEAEOIlU TTJ£, OTTJ ()WCPOQOJtOLTJOTJ TWV L()LWV TWV E!1JtOQEllIlUTWV.
H UVTaAAUYtl TWV E!1JtOQEllIlUTWV ELVm TJ ()LU()LXUOLU OTTJV OJtOLU TJ XOLVWVLXtl UVTanUYtl TTJ£ UATJ£, ()TJAU()tl TJ UVTUnUYtl TWV L()LULTEQWV JtQO'(OVTWV TWV UTOIlLXWV JtUQUYWYWV, UJtOTEAEL TamOXQovu xm JtUQUYWYtl OllYXEXQLIlEVWV XOL VWVLXWV OXEOEWV JtUQUYWYtl£ OTL£ OJtOLE£ ELOEQXOVTm tc UTOIlU OTO JtAULOLO Umtl£ TTJ£ UVTanUYtl£ TTJ£ UATJ£. LTTJV UVUJtTlll.;tl roue, OL 0XEOEL£ IlETUI.;U TWV E!1JtOQEllIlUTWV UJtOXQllOTUAAWVOVTm W£ ()LUCPOQETLXOL JtQOO()LOQLOIlOL TOll L()Wll YEVLXOU LOoMvUIlOll xm ETm TJ ()LU()LXUOLU TTJ£ UVTanUYtl£ ELvm TUllTOXQOVU xm ()LU()LXUOLU TTJ£ ()LUIlOQCPWOTJ£ TOll XQtlllatO£. To OUVOAO UllTtl£ TTJ£ ()LU()LXUOLU£, TJ OJtOLU EX()TJAWVETm W£ TO U8QOLOllU TTJ£ UVUJtTllI.;TJ£ ()LUCPOQETLXWV ()LU()LXUmWV, anoTEAEL TTJV XllXAOCPOQLU.
A. ILTOPIKEL I1AP ATHPHLEIL
rIA THN ANAA YLH TOY EMI10PEYMATOL
H UVUAllOTJ nou UVUYEL TL£ Mo JtAE1JQE£ TOll E!1JtOQEUIlUTO£ OE Mo IlOQCPE£ EQYUOLU£, TTJV UI.;LU XQtlOTJ£ OE OllYXEXQLIlEVTJ32 EQYUOLU tl, IlE unu A6YLU, OE OXOJtLIlTJ JtUQUYWYLXtl
32. LT]fL MEt.: 0 MUQS XQT]OqWJ[OLEL J[OA.A.Ee; Cj!OQEe; TT] Cj!QaoT] «reale Arbeit», T] onoto arrooL6EtUL EJ[UXQL~We; we; «J[QuY[lunxi] EQyuoLu». QOTOOO 0 MUQS TT]V XQT]GL[lOJ[OLEL us TT]V EVVOLU TT]e; OUYXEXQL[lEVT]e; EQyuoLue;, YLU TT]V onoto ow KEcpaAaw XQT]GL[lOJ[OLEL TT] Cj!QaoT] «konkrete Arbeit», I1Qoe; arroCj!uyi] G1JYXUOT]e;, T] OUYXEXQL[lEVT] Cj!QaoT] Su arrooLoETUL ow Esi]e; we; «OUYXEXQL[lEVT] EQyuoLu», OEOO[lEVOU on XaL OE aA.A.Ee;
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bQaOTT]QLOTT]Ta, XaL TT]V aVTaAAaXnX:f) al;La OE XQOVO EQyaOLm; iI, ue aAAa A6yw, OE LOT] XOLvwvLXi! EQyaoLa, anoTEAEL LO TEALXO anOTEAEO!la TWV xQLnXWV EQEUVWV TT]t; xAaoLxi!t; nOALnxi!t; OLXOvO!lLat; yw rtnvco cno EVa!lLOT] cuovo, OL oaote; l;EXLVT]OaV OTT]V AYYALa ue TOV William Petty, OTT] raAALa!lE LOV Boisguillebert" XaL EXAEwav OTT]V AYYALa!lE LOV Ricardo XaL OTT] raAALa ue LOV Sismondi.
o Petty avaYEL TT]V al;La XQi!OT]t; OE EQyaoLa XWQLt; va l;EYEALETaL «no TO YEYOVOt; TT]t; El;aQTT]OT]t; TT]t; bT]!lL01JQYLXi!t; TT]t; 6Uva!lT]t; uno qJUOLxOUt; naQayovTEt;. TT] OUYXEXQL!lEVT] EQyaoLa TT]V avnAa!l~aVETaL uno TT]V aQxi! OTT] YEVLXi! TT]t; XOLVWVLXi! !lOQqJiJ, Wt; 1WTaf.1E(JWf.10 rl1~ E(Jyaaia~** . Ami! T]
EUT)VLXE~ [tEtacpQUOW; UJtobLbE'taL [tE 'tOY Lbw toone, UAA.a XaL O'tT)V UYYALXi] [tE'tuCPQUOT) UJtobLbE'taL us 'tT)V UV'tLO'tOLXT) UYYALXi] CPQUOT) (concrete labour).
* MLU ouyxQL'tLxi] [tEAE'tT) YLU tn YQalt'tu XaL 'tOU~ XUQUX'ti]QE~ tou Petty XaL tou Boisguillebert, Ex't6~ uno 'to cpw~ nou Su EQLXVE OTL~ XOLVWVLXE~ UVTLSEOEL~ [tEtas1l AYYALu~ XaL ruULu~ oto 'tEAT) tou 170u XaL UQXE~ tou 180u aLWVU, Su altO'tEA01l0E tn YEVETLXi] JtuQUOtaOT) 'tT)~ ESVLxi]~ uv'tLSwT)~ [tEtaS1l AYYAWV XaL ruuwv emornuovrov 'tT)~ JtOAL TLxi]~ orxovoutc«; H Lbw uv'tLSwT) EJtUVUAU[t~UVE'taL OTT) OUVEXELU O'tOV Ricardo XaL 'tOY Sismondi.
** 0 Petty UVEJt'tUSE 'tOY XatU[tEQLO[t6 EQyuoLu~ oo» JtUQUYWYLXi] b'Uvcun XaL [tUALGta 'tOY UVEJt'tUSE 01' [tEYUA1l'tEQO mbLo ECPUQ[tOyi]~ ouYXQL TLXU us 'tOY Adam Smith. BA.: An essayconceming the multiplication of mankind etc., 3T) ExbooT), 1686, OEA. 35/36. EXEL UVUbELXVUEL to JtAEOVEX'ti][tUta tou XatU[tEQLG[t01l 'tT)~ EQyuoLu~ YLU 'tT)V JtuQuywyi], 6XL uoVO YLU 'tT)V xutaOxEui] Ev6~ QOAOYW1l 'tOEJtT)~, 6Jtw~ EXUVE UQy6'tEQU 0 A. Smith YLU tnv XUtaOXEUi] 'tT)~ ~EA6vu~, uUu ESE'tU~OV'tu~ tcuroxoovc [tLU Jt6AT) XaL [tLU OA6XAT)QT) XWQu orto mv onuxn ywvLu torv [tEYUAWV EQyoo'tumuxwv EYXUTUOTUOEWV. To JtEQwbLX6 Spectator (UYYALX6 AOYOTEXVLX6 JtEQwbLX6 'to onoto XUXAOCPOQ01l0E 0'tO Aovotvo tnv JtEQLobo 1711-1714) 'tT)~ 26.11.1711, UVUCPEQE'taL 0' umi]v tnv «illustration of the admirable Sir W. Petty» (<<EJtEsi]YT)OT) tou UswSU1l[tuo'tOu Sir W. Petty»).
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uV'tL)':rrtjJl] YlU rnv J[l]yi] LOU UAlXO'IJ J[AOUtOU ()E !lEvEL, OJ[(j)£ OLO OUYXQOVO LOU Hobbes, J[EQWOOtEQO i] AlyotEQO axuQrrn, una tOY o()l]yd ornv IIoAmx'lj AQ£8fJ,l1ux'lj, tnv J[QWtl] !loQCPi] !lE tnv onotc 1;EX(j)QL~Ell] J[OAltlXi] oixovoutc (j)£ cuLOtEAi]£ EJtWti]!ll]. QOtoOO, tnv UvtUAAUXtlxi] u1;Lu tnv ovnAuIli3aVEtm EtmoJ[(j)£ ffJ,cpav{[;fTa£ !lEOU ern ()lU()lXUoLu tl]£ UvtUnuyi]£ nov EjlJ[oQEU!lat(j)v, on XQi]!lU, xrn LO L()LO to
H EXTLIl1]01], AOLJI6v, TOU MacCulloch ou TO JIEQwbLX6 SpectatorllJIEQbE'ljJE TOV Petty ue Eva oUYYQaepEa 40 XQ6vLa vE6TEQO dvm Aav8ao[lEV1] (BA. MacCulloch: The literature of Political Economy, a classified catalogue, AovbLVO 1845, OEA. 102).0 Petty bLmo8uvETm ott dvm 0 8E[lEAW)t~~ IlLa~ xru vouQY La~ EmOT~Il1]~. Tur T1] IlE80M TOU AEEL ott bEV etvm 1] «JIaTQoJIaQuboT1]». AVTL, Aom6v, va JIAEXEL OELQE~ ouyxQLTLXWV xm UJIEQ8Enxwv A£~EO)v xm 8EwQ1]nXWv £JTLXELQ1][lUTWV, avaAa!1f3uvEL va [lLMoEL «in terms of number, weight or measure» «<IlE ooo»; aQL8[lwv, BUQou~ ~ [lETQWV»), va XQ1]OL[lOJIOL~OEL £JTLXELQ~llata nou JIQOEQxovTm anoxAEwnxu ceto T1]V aW81]T~ EIlJIELQLa xm va aoxoA1]8d uovo IlE auTU tn ctno, to OJIOLa have visible foundations in nature (EXOUV epavEQE~ BUOEL~ OT1] epU01]). Aep1]VE OE unou~ va E~ETUOOUV tu aL ttc JIOU E~aQTwVTm urto n~ mutable minds, opinions, appetites and passions of particular men (EU[lETUBA1]TE~ LbEE~, n~ YVW[lE~, n~ OQE~EL~ xm tc JIu81] TWV ~EXWQLOTWV av8QwJIwv). (Political Arithmetic etc., Aovo] YO, 1699, JIQ6AOYO~). H ll£yaAoepu~~ T6AIl1] TOU epaL VEtaL, JI.X., OT1]V nQ6tao~ TOU va [lETaepEQOouv 6AOL OL XUTOLXOL xm OL XLVf]TE~ JIEQWUOLE~ Tf]~ IQAavbLa~ xm T1]~ OQEL v~~ LxoTLa~ OTO UJI6AOLJIO [lEQO~ Tf]~ M. Boercvtcc. ME currrv Tf]V XLVf]Of] 8a E~OLXOvollouvTav XQ6vo~ EQyaoLa~, 8a au~av6tav 1] JIaQaYWYLx6T1]ta Tf]~ EQyaoLa~ xm 8a «YLVOVtaV 0 BaOLALU~ xm OL UJI~XOOL toumo JIAOUOWL xm.mo LOXUQOL». (Political Arithmetic, XEep. 4, OEA. 225). 'H, OTO xEepuAmo T1]~ nOALnxrjC; AQ£8/111uxrjC; TOU, OTO OJIOLO cnooeiXVUE ott OTf]V £JTOX~ TOU, OT1]V OJIOLa 1] OnavbLa £rrm~E Evav JIUVta xuQLaQXo Q6AO w~ EIlJIOQLX6 E8vo~ xm 1] raAALa EbELXVE on Sa YLV6tav 1] JIQWTf] EIlJIOQLX~ bUva[l1], anooTOM T1]~ AYYALa~ nrcv 1] XatUXT1]Of] Tf]~ JIayx60[lLa~ ayoQu~: «That the king of England's subjects have stock competent and convenient to drive the trade of the whole commercial world» «<6n OL UJI~XOOL TOU BaOLALu T1]~ AYYALa~ EXOUV £JTaQx~ xm xc-
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XQ~!!a oov 1JJtaQx:to E!!JtOQEWa, oc XQ1JOO xm aO~!!L. 'OVtUi; ()EO!!LO£ tWV JtaQaOtaOEWV t01J VO!!LO!!anXOU ouornucroc, ()l]AWVEL on l] EQyao(a Jt01J ()l]!!L01JQYE( avtaAAaxnx~ a~(a ()EV dvm anl] uno tn 01JYXEXQL!!EVl] EQyao(a !!E mv ortoin E~OQuOOEtm 0 XQ1JOO£ xm to aO~!!L. ~tl]V JtQay!!atLXotl]ta evvoet on l] aonx~ EQyao(a ()EV JtQEJtEL va JtaQaYEL a!!wa a~(a XQ~Ol]£, aAAa E!!JtOQEWa, ()l]Aa()~ !!La a~(a XQ~Ol]£ l]
TUn T]Aa rur08E!laLa YLa va T]YT]80UV TOU E!1JIoQlou OAOXA T]Qou TOU E!1JIOQLXOU XOO!lOU»), ow iou», x£cjl. 10, OEA. 272). «That the impediments of England's greatness are but contingent and removable» «<on tu E!1JIo[)La TOU !lEyaAElou TT]I; A YY Alar; £l vet TUxala xm !1JIoQouv va s£JtEQaoTOuv»), oro iou»; OEA. 247. 'Eva JTT]yalo XLOU!lOQ [)LrurEQVU oAa tc YQrurTU TOU. AJTOOELXVUEL, JT.X., on ntov qm<JLxo T] onaVOla-TO JTQOTUJTO Ex£lvT] TT]V moxi) YLa TOUr; AYYAOUr; oixovouosovoix, ono»; oi)!lEQa T] AYYAla YLa TOUr; oixovouoxovoi»; TT]r; T]JTELQwnxi)r; EUQwJTT]r;- va XaTaXTi)oEL TT]V JTayxOO!lLa ayoQu «without such angelical wits and judgements, as some attribute to the Hollanders» «<xwQlr; TT]V aYYEALxi) Euqm'ta xm xoton JTOU XMOLOL rurooloouv OTOUr; onaVoour;»), ow iou»; <J£A. 175, 176. Y JT£QaOJTl1;,ETm TT]V EAw8EQla TT]r; ouv£lOT]oT]r; oo» JTQoUJT08wT] TOU E!1JIoQlOU, «YLaTl OL CjlTwxol £lvm CjlLAOJTOVOL xm 8EWQOUV TT]V EQyaola xm TT] CjlLAOJTovla xa8i)xov JTQor; TO eEO, ECjlOOOV ~E~ma TOUr; £JtLTQrur£l va OXECjlTOVTm on, ExoVTar; AL YOTEQO JTAOUTO, EXOUV JT£QWOOTEQT] ESUJTVUOa xm !l uaAo YLa tc 8Ela, XUQw!la JTOU 8EWQOUV LOLal TEQT] XaTUXTT]OT] TWV CjlTWXwv». KaTU ouvEJTELa, «TO E!1JIOQLO OE OUVOE£Tm!lE xovevoc £loour; 8QT]oxeto, anu JTUVTa JTLO JTOAU ue TO ETEQOOOSO !lEQOr; TOU OUVOAOU», ow il5£O,OEA. 183-186. LuvT]yoQ£l UJTEQ TWV LOLal TEQWV OT]!lO<JLWV EWCjlOQWV YLa TT]V aVn!l£TWJTLoT] torv ruraTEwvwv, YLaTl £lvm JTQon!lOTEQo yw TO XOLVO va CjloQoAoy£lTm !lOVO TOU YLa TOUr; ruraTEWVEr;, JTaQu va aCjli)VEL va TO CjlOQOAOYOUV curet- ow ioio, OEA. 129. AVTl8£Ta, ouox, ruroQQlJTTEL TOUr; rpoQour; sxetvouc OL OJTOlOL !l£Ta~L~u1;,ouv JTAOUTO cno tu XEQLa TWV ~LO!lT]XUVWV OLa XEQLa av8QwJTwv OL OJTOlOL «OEV XUVOUV TlJToTE uno coro TO va TQWVE, va JTl vouv, va TQayouMvE, va JTal1;,ouv, va xoQEUOUV xm va xavovv l1£racpVaLxfp>' oro ioio, OEA. 198. Ta YQrurTU TOU Petty £lvm JTOAU OJTUVLa OLa ~L~ALOJTWA£la xm UJTuQXouv oxoQJTW OE JTaALEr; xaxEr; ExMoELr;, YEyovor; oxouc JTLO JTaQuSEvo av avaAoywT£l xu-
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OJ[Ola ElVm LXaVr'], ~EO(.o "[l]~ aJ[o1;EvooO~~ nl~ orn (Ha()LXaetc "[l]~ avwAAay~~, va J[aQaow8El oo~ XQUOO~ xm aO~~L, ()l]Aa()~ oo~ XQ~~a, ()l]Aa()~ oo~ aVWAAaxnx~ a1;la, ()l]Aa()~ oo~ aVnXEL~EVOJ[ml]~EVl] YEVLX~ EQyaola. To J[aQU()ELY~U tou cpavEQwVEL ~E curov rov toone X"CUJ[l]"[u on l] avayvwQWl] "[l]~ EQyaola~ oo~ J[l]Y~~ "[OU UALXOU J[AOULOU ~E xavEvav toone ()EV anOXAElEL tnv J[aQayvwQwl] "[l]~ OUYXEXQL~EVl]~ xot VOOVLX~~ ~oQCP~~ ~E rnv onotc l] EQyaola Yl VE"Cm J[l]y~ "[l]~ avwAAaxnx~~ a1;la~.
o Boisguillebert, coro rnv J[AEUQU LOU, avuYEL O"[l]V J[Qayurrnxornt« -{1V xm 0XL OUVEL()l]"[u- mv avwAAaxnx~ a1;la LOU E~J[oQEu~aLO~ OE XQovo EQyaola~, xa80QlsoVW~ tnv «J[Qay~anx~ a1;la» (la juste valeur) ~E tn ooxrrn avaAoYla O"[l]V onoto XmaVE~E"Cm 0 XQovo~ EQyaola~ torv ctouixorv
V£L~ on 0 Petty bEY £L vm uovo 0 JtaTEQa~ tT)~ JtoAmX'rj~ oixovoutoc; aAAU taut6XQova xm JtQ6yovo~ tou Henry Petty ~, bLacpoQEnxu, tou Marquis of Lansdowne, tou Nsorooc tWV 'A YY AWv Out ywv. H OLxoYEVELa Lans-downe rooroco bE Sa unoooooe va ExbwaEL tu Anavra LOU W. Petty XWQl~ va JtQoaSEaEL xarrOLa EwaywY~!lE tn BWYQacpla tou, xm Ebw WxuEL o.n xm YLa tou; nsotoooteooix origines (JtQOJtUtoQE~) tWV !lEYUAWV OLXOYEVELWV tWV Oulywv: The less said of them the better (coo mo Alya ELJtwSouv YL' mrrou; tooo to xaAutEQo). 0 toA!lT)Q6~ oro JtvEu!la, aHu anEQlaxEJtto~ orocnomxo; XELQOUQYO~, 0 onotoc ~tav E1;laou JtQ6Suuo; va AT)atEuEL rnv IQAavbla uno rnv m ylba tou Cromwell xm va EXALJtaQEl cno toy Karl II toy anaQaltT)to YLa to JtALuwLxo tltAO tou Baoovou, £Lvm !luHov !lLa axatuHT)AT) JtQOyOVLX~ axovo, YLa bT)!l6ma JtQoBoM. 0 Petty JtQoaJtaS£L ore JtEQwa6tEQa EQya, tc onotc E~EbwaE EV ~w~, va anob£L~EL ou T) aX!l~ tT)~ A yy Ala~ EqJtaaE oro an6YEL6 tT)~ toy xmQ6 rou Karl II, !lLa EtEQ6bo~T) arrmjJT) YLa toix XAT)QOVO!lLXOU~ EX!lEtaHEutE~ tT)~ Glorious Revolution (Evbo~T)~ ErravuataaT)~ --6Qo~ nou XQT)GL!lOJtOL£L auv~Sw~ T) aYYALx~ wtoQLoYQacpla YLa to JtQa~Lx6JtT)!la tou 1688. To JtQa~Lx6JtT)!la atEQEwaE rn auvtaY!lanx~ !lovaQxla otnv A YY Ala, T) onoto BaGL~6tav oe Eva au!lBLBaa!l6 !lEta~U tWV EUYEVWV ymoxtnuovtov xm tT)~ aanx~~ tU~T)~).
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JtaQaywywv croix ()LaqJOQEnXOU£ XAa()OU£ trl£ ~LO!!l]xaV(a£ XaL JtaQoUmaSOVla£ toy EAEU8EQO cvtovcoviouo W£ 1l]V XOLVWVLXi] ()La()LXaO(a JtOU ()l]!!LOuQyd aUli]v rn OWOli] aVaAOvto, TaUl0XQOVa O!!W£, XaL OE aVl(8wl] !!E toy Petty, ()LESayEL Eva qxrvcnouevo aywva evovnn oro XQi]!!a, to onoto !!E 1l]V JtaQE~OAr] tou 8a ()LaLaQaooE, oJtw£ LOXUQ(SE1aL, rn rpuOLXi] LOoQQoJt(a i] 1l]V aQ!!ov(a 1l]£ aVLaAAayi]£ lWV E!!JtOQEU!!alWVXaL to onoto, oa qxrvtconxo; Moloch, 8a dXE 1l]V aSLWOl] va 8umaolEL YL' cuto OAO£ 0 qJUOLXO£ JtAOUto£. Ano rn !!La !!EQLa ami] l] JtOAE!!LXi] xaLa rou XQi]!!ato£ 0XE1LSE1aL !!E OUYXEXQL!!EVE£ LOtoQLXE£ OUV8i]xE£, aqJou 0 Boisguillebert JtoAE!!aEL evovnc 01l]V 'tUqJAr] XaLaolQoqJLxi] AaL!!aQy(a YLa XQuoo 1l]£ A UA i]£ rou Ludwig XIV, lWV EX!!L08wlWV lWV qJoQWV33 (Finanzpachter) XaL lWV EUYEVWV 10U*, EVW 0 Petty, ESU!!VE( rn AaL!!aQy(a YLa XQuoo, 8EWQWVLa£ 1l]V to LOXUQO x( Vl]1QO to onoto w8d Eva Aao JtQo£ 1l]V avUJt'tUSl] 1l]£ ~LO!!l]xav(a£ XaL 1l]V xctoxtnon 1l]£ JtayxOO!!La£ ayoQa£. LE au- 10 to onueto EQXElaL JtaAL 01l]V EJtLqJaVELa l] ~a8ulEQl] ovn-
33. U)LriltE~ i] O!laOE~ LOWltWV, <JTOU~ onotoix avaTL80Tav eoto TO xQaTO~ TO xa8i]xov Tl]~ <Junoyi]~ TWV cpoQwv. ITLO <JUYXExQL!lEVa, OL LOLWTE~ aUTOL lTA.i]Qwvav lTQWTa OL LOLOL <JTO xQaTO~ TOU~ cpoQou~ TWV UlTl]XOWV Tl]~ lTEQLOXi]~ TOU~ xm <JTl] <JuvEXELa lTQO<JETQExav <JTOU~ rpoQOA.OyOU!lEVOU~ YLa va <JUYXEVTQW<JOUV TOU~ cpoQou~ lTOU TOU~ ovcxovoooov, nQo<JaUSl]!lEvOU~ xUTa <Jl]!lavTLxa noon tc ortotn xa80QLsav <JXETLXa au8aLQETa. Aur« rc noon, nnvr» ono TO cpoQo, rotoTEA.Ou<Jav xm TO XEQOO~ TOU~.
* LE aVTL8wl] ue m «!lauQl] TEXVl] Tl]~ oixovoutco Tl]~ TOTE E1tOxi]~, AEEL 0 Boisguillebert: «La science financiere n' est que la connaissance approfondie des interets de I' agriculture et du commerce.» (<<H E1tWTi]un Tl]~ oixovoutcc; OEV ELvm TLlTOTE ano, naQa l] Ba8La yvw<Jl] TWV <J1J!lCPEQOVTWV Tl]~ YEwQyLa~ xm TOU eunootou») Le Detail de la France, 1697, EXOO<Jl] TWV «Economistes financiers du XVIII. Siecie» TOU Eugene Daire, ITaQLm, 1843, TO!l. I, <JEA.. 241.
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8EG'll aQXwv 'll onotc ErtaVaAa[.l~aVEtm W£ [.lOVL[.l'll aVt(8EG'll cvoueoo ern yvr']ma aYYALxi! xm rn yvi!ma yanLxi! OLXOVO[.l(a*. 0 Boisguillebert ornv rrQaY[.lanxot'llta ~AErrH [.lOVO to UALX6 rrEQLExO[.lEVO tOU rrAOUWU, tnv a~(a XQi!O'll£, tnv unoAaUO'll**. Kutn tn YVW[.l'll tou, 'll aonxi! [.loQCPi! t'll£ EQyao(a£, Cl'llAaCli! 'll rraQaywyi! a~LWV XQi!O'll£ [.lE rn [.lOQCPi! tWV eurtoQEU[.latWV, xa8w£ xm 'll ClLaClLxao(a t'll£ avtaAAayi!£ tOU£, arrOtEAd rn cpumxi! XOL VWVLXi! [.lOQCPi! ue tnv onoto 'll ctouixi! EQyao(a rrEtuxa(VH curov to OtOXO. Onou, AOLrrov, EQXEtm cvnuetconoc us tov ELClLXO xaQaxti!Qa tOU aonxou rrAOUWu, 6rrw£ ow XQi![.la, 8EWQd on EXOUV rraQHocpQi!oH ~Eva OcpEtEQwnxa otOLxda xm E~aV(Otatm evovttov t'll£ aonxi!£ EQyao(a£ otn [.lLa t'll£ [.lOQCPi!, EVW rnv (ClLa onY[.li! tnv Ex8ELasEL outomonxc ornv an'll t'll£ [.lOQCPi!***. 0
* OXL T1]V OLXOVO~La TWV Aanv£luiJv XWQWV, acpou OL ITaA.oL xm TWV 6110 OXOA.WV, T1]£ N<illoA.1]£ xm TOU MLA.aVOU, aJtA.W£ avruwQayouv T1]V aVT(8W1] cvcueon OT1]V ayyA.LXT] xm T1] yaA.A.LXT] OLXOVO~La, EVW OL loneVOL T1]£ naA.m6TEQ1]£ rnoXT]£ EL TE EL vm aJtA.a E~oQoxQaTE£ xm ~aA.LOTa naQaUaY~EvOL E~noQoxQaTE£, orton; 0 Ustariz, ELTE ELvm oav TOV Sovellanos (1)1... tc Obras TOU, BaQxEA.WV1] 1839/1840),0 onoto; T1]QEL ~E TOV A. Smith T1] «XQuoT] TO~T]».
** «La veritable richesse ... jouissance entiere, non seulement des besoins de la vie, mais meme de tous les superflus et de tout, ce qui peut faire plaisir a la sensualite.» «<0 nQay~aTLx6£ nA.OUTO£ ... EL vm oA.6xA.1]Q1] 1] an6A.auo1] 6XL uovo TWV anaQaL T1]TWV YLa T1] ~wT], ana xm TWV JTEQLTTWV xm oxorv EXELVWV aou OLVOUV EuxaQLOT1]01] OTL£ m08T]oEL£.») Boisguillebert, «Dissertation sur la nature de la richesse etc.», oro £&0, OEA.. 403. Evw 0 Petty unT]QSE Eva£ anEQLoXEJTTO£ nA.LaTOLXOA.6yo£ xm Eva£ TUXOOLWXT1]£ XWQL£ xaQaxTT]Qa, 0 Boisguillebert, naQ6A.o nou T]TaV Em~EA.1]TT]£ TOU Ludwig XIV, unoOTT]QLSE ~E nVEu~a xm T6A.~1] TL£ xcTanLE~6~EVE£ TaSEL£.
*** 0 yanLx6£ 00OLaA.LO~6£ OT1] ~oQCPT] TOU Proudhon naOXEL uno T1]V LOLa E8vLXT] XA.1]QOVO~LXT] v600.
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Boisguillebert !!at; JtQoaxo!!LsEl tnv aJtOClEL;ll on 0 XQOVOt; EQyaaLat; unooet va 8EWQll8EL o« !!£TQO WU !!Ey£80Ut; Tllt; a;Lat; TWV E!!JtOQEU!!aTWV, JtaQOAO rtou aUYX£El rnv EQyaaLa II onoio ELvm aVnXEl!!EVOJtOLll!!£Vll otnv aVTaAAaxnxi] a;La xru !!ELQL£Tm !!E TO XQOVO, !!E tnv a!!ECJll CPUCJLxi] ClQaaTllQLOtnro TWV aLO!!WV.
Tnv JtQWTll auvELClllTi] xm xa8aQi], aXEMv EXAa'LxEU!!£Vll avaywyi] Tllt; aVTaAAaxnxi]t; a;Lat; os XQOVO EQyaaLat;, tnv BQLaxoU!!E oe evo» av8QwJto LOU Neou Koouou, aTOV ortoto OL aanx£t; ax£aElt; JtaQaywyi]t; ELai]x8llaav TamOXQova !!E LOut; cpoQELt; TOUt; xm avaJtL1Jx8llXaV YQi]yoQa oe Eva £ClacpOt; aLO ortoto II £AAEL'tjJll WTOQLXWV ncocoocecov avnaTa8!!Lornxe uno rnv uJtEQacp80vLa or YOVL!!O xw!!a. A mot; 0 av- 8QwJtot; dvm 0 Benjamin Franklin, 0 onoto; ern VEaVLXi] LOU EQyaaLa, YQa!!!!£Vll TO 1729 xm L'UJtW!!£Vll TO 1731, ClLaLUnroos LO 8E!!EALWClll VO!!O Tllt; aUYXQovllt; JtOALnxi]t; OLXOVO~tLat;*. ~Laxi]Qu;E tnv cvcvxciornrc Tllt; avasi]Tllallt; EVOt; aAAou !!£TQOU TWV a;Lwv aVTL TWV EUYEVWV !!ELaAAwv. Kot curo LO !!£TQO, WxuQLsELm, dvm II EQyaaLa.
«ME rnv EQyaaLa !!JtoQd va !!ELQll8d II a;La LOU nomuo» E;Laou xaM OJtWt; xm II a;La xa8E aAAou JtQay!!aLOt;. At; uJt08£a01J!!E, Jt.X., on £vat; av8QwJtot; aaXOAEL TaL !!E tnv xaAAL£QYEla anaQLOU, EVW xaJtOL0t; aAAOt; !!E rnv E;OQU;ll xm LOV xa8aQw!!o LOU aall!!LOU. LLO T£AOt; LOU XQOVOU i] !!ELa cno !!La onoioCli]JtOTE aAAll xa80Qw!!£Vll XQOVLXi] JtEQLoClO, TO ouvoALXO JtQO'LOV TOU anaQLOU xm LO auvOALxO JtQO'LOV
* B. Franklin, The Works of etc., Exbo<JT] 10U 1. Sparks, rou. II, Bo<Jt6vT], 1836: «A modest inquiry into the nature and necessity of a paper currency.»
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TOU aoruuou aJWTEAOUV qJUOLXES TLilES TO EVa YLa TO aAAO XaL, av TO Eva EL VaL 20 !lJtOUOEA XaL TO aAAo 20 OUYXLEs, TOTE !!La OUYXLa aoi]!!L 8a a~L~EL TOOl] EQyaotc 00l] XQl]OL!!OJtOLi]8l]XE YLa va JtaQax8EL Eva !lJtOUOEA oLTaQL. Av 0WDs, !!E Tl]V avaxaA'U'ljJl] EYYUTEQWV, EUxoAOTEQa JtQoo~aOL!!WV XaL mo aJtoClonxwv !!ETaAAELWV, !lJtOQEOEL Evas av8QwJt0s va JtaQaYEL 40 OUYXLE£ coiuu !!E Tl]V LClLa EuxoALa rtou JtaQi]yaYE JtQOl]yoU!!EVa 20 OUYXLE£ XaL av 0 XQovo£ nou cmnTEL TaL YLa Tl]V JtaQaywyi] 20 !lJtOUOEA OL TaQLou ncoo!!EVEL 0 LClLO£ non XQELa~OTaV JtQOl]YOU!!EVa, TOTE OL 2 OUYXLE£ aoi]!!L ClE 8a a~L~ouv JtEQLOOOTEQO an' 000 l] LClLa EQyaoLa rtou XQELaOTl]XE YLa Tl]V JtaQaywyi] EVO£ !lJtOUOEA OLTaQLOU XaL TO !lJtOUOEA, TO OJtOLO JtQOl]YOU!!EVa a~L~E 1 ouyxLa aoi]!!L, 8a a~L~EL TWQa 2 ouYXLE£, caeteris paribus". 'ETOL, 0 JtAOUTO£ !!La£ XWQa£ JtQEJtEL va UJtOAOYL~ELaL !!E Tl]V J[oa6T1}Ta T1}~ eovaouu; rtou unooouv va ayoQaoouv OL xaTOLxoL Tl]£.»*
o XQovo£ EQyaoLa£ JtaQouoLa~ETaL uno Tl]V aQxi] OTOV Franklin !!OVoJtAEuQa, coto OLXOVO!!LXi] ciJtO'ljJl], w£ !!ETQO TWV a~Lwv. H !!ETaLQOJti] TWV JtQay!!anxwv JtQO'(OVTWV OE aVTaAAaxnxE£ a1;LE£ 8EWQEL TaL ClEClO!!EVl] XaL ETOL curo JtOU !!EVEL ELVaL TO ~i]Tl]!!a Tl]£ E~EUQWl]£ EVO£ !!ETQOU TOU !!EYE- 80u£ Tl]£ a1;La£ TOU£.
«EJtELCli]», AEEL, «TO E!lJtOQLO ClEV ELVaL YEvLxa TLJtOTE aAAo uno Tl]V aVTaAAayi] EQyaoLa£ evovu EQyaoLa£, 0 mo OWOTO£ TQOJtO£ UJtOAOYW!!OU Tl]£ a~La£
34. Ll]!l. MEt.: ME om8EQou£ OA.OU£ tou; UA.A.OU£ JWQUYOVtE£.
* B. Franklin, The Works of etc., OEA.. 265: «Thus the riches of a country are to be valued by the quantity of labour its inhabitants are able to purchase.»
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OAWV TWV rrQaY[laTWV £LVm ue tnv EQyaoLa.»*
Av E6wavnxmaoTi]oOU[lE TT] A£~T] «EQyaoLa» [lE TT] cpQaOT] «OUYXEXQL[lEVT] EQyaoLa», avaxaAUmOU[lE a[lEOW£ on 0 Franklin OUYXEEL TT]V EQyaoLa OTT] [lLa [lOQCPi] ue TT]V EQyaoLa OTT]VaAAT] [lOQCPi]. ErrEL6i], rr.x., TO E[lrtOQLO OUVLOTaTm OTT]V aVTaAAayi] TT]£ EQyaoLa£ LOU LOayxaQT], LOU [lETaAAWQUXOU, LOU uqxrvn], LOU sWYQacpou XArr., [li]rrw£ ELvm mo OWOTO va urrOAOYLOT£L T] a~La TWV nnnourouov ue TT]V EQyaoLa TOU SWYQacpou; 0 Franklin aVTL8ELa urrooTi]QLsE on T] a~La TWV nonoutouov, TWV mvoxcov XArr. xa80QLSETaL crto TT]V acpT]QT][lEVT] EQyaoLa, T] onoto 6E 6La8ETEL Xa[lLa rrmonxi] 6LacpoQa xm YL' «uro etvoi [lELQi]m[lT] [lOVO OE oooi»; rrOOOTT]Ta£**. ErrEL6i] O[lW£ 6EV cvcorruooei TT]V EQyaoLa non rrEQLAa[l~aVETm OTT]V aVTaAAaxnxi] a~La oov TT]V acpT]QT][lEVT], TT] YEVLxi], TT]V xmvwvLxi] EQyaoLa T] onotc arroQQEEL «no TT]V oMrrAEuQT] arrO~EVWOT] TWV mO[lLXWV EQyaoLwv, YL' ourov LO Myo rraQEQ[lT]VEUEL avayxaonxa LO XQi][la, a6uvmwvTa£ va xmaMf3EL on rrQoxEL TaL YLa TT]V a[lWT] [lOQCPi] urraQ~T]£ auTi]£ TT]£ arrO~EVW[lEVT]£ EQyaoLa£. H EQyaoLa nou 6T][lLOUQYEL XQi][la xm T] EQyaoLa nou 6T][lLOUQY£L aVTaAAaxnxi] a~La LOU cpaL VOVTaL, Amrrov, oc va [IT]V EXOUV Xa[lLa WWTEQLXi] ouvccpELa, aVTL8ETa 8EWQ£L LO XQi][la Eva E~wTEQLxa35 ECPEUQT][lEVO EQyaA£Lo YLa TT]V TEXVLXi] 6LEUXOAUVOT] TWV aVTaAAaywv***.
* B. Franklin, The Works of etc., ad .. 267: «Trade in general being nothing else but the exchange of labour for labour, the value of all things is, as I have said before, most justly measured by labour.»
** ~TO ioio: «Remarks and facts relative to the American paper money», 1764.
35. Lll!l. MEL.: Qe; ngoe; TllbLubLxua[u Tlle; UVTat..t..uyije;.
*** B. Franklin, The Works of etc.: «Papers on American politics», «Remarks and facts relative to the American paper money», 1764.
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H aVaAU(JT] "[T]t; aV"[aAAmmx:r']t; a1;Lat; aJ[0 'tOV Franklin 6EV EtXE xallLa allWT] EJtLQQO'r'j ern YEVLX'r'j nocetc "[T]t; EJtL(J"['r'jIlT]t;, YLmL JtQaYllmEu"[T]XE IlEIlOVWIlEva 1l0VO sT]"['r'jllaw "[T]t; JtOALux'r'jt; oixovoutcc, IlE acpoQIl'r'j xaJtOLEt; (JuYXEXQLIlEvEt; rtocXUXEt; avayxEt;.
H aV,,[L8wT] ovcueco (J"[T] (JuYXEXQLIlEVT] XQ'r'jGLIlT] EQya(JLa xm "[T]V EQya(JLa rrot: 6T]IlLOUQYEL avwAAaxux'r'j a1;La cno(JXOAOU(JE rnv EUQwJtT] OA6XAT]QO 'to 180 nuovc IlE "[T] 1l0QCP'r'j ton E1;'r'jt; JtQo~A'r'jlla'tOt;: nOLO L6LaL ,,[EQO Et60t; (JuYXEXQLIlEVT]t; EQya(JLat; aJto,,[EAEt "[T]V JtT]Y'r'j tou orrnxou JtAOU"[OU; 8EwQouvwv, 6T]Aa6'r'], 6E6ollEVO OU 6E 6T]IlLOUQyEt allwa JtAOU'to xa8E EQya(JLa nou JtQaYlla'tOJtOLEL tnt (JE JtQO'LOVW 'r'j, IlE aAAa A6YLa, xa8E EQya(JLa rtou Ilat; 6L VEL JtQO·LOVW. Itc toix cpu(JLOxQa,,[Et;, oxrrooo, oJtwt; xm YLa ,,[OUt; avuJtaAOut; roue, 'to CPAEYOV s'r'j"[T]lla avuJtaQa8wT]t; 6EV 'r'jwv "[O(JO JtOLa EQya(JLa 6T]IlLOUQyEt a1;La, aAAa JtOLa EQya(JLa 6T]IlLOUQyd VJr£Qa!;[a. E1;naso'UV, AOLJtOV, 'to JtQo~AT]lla (J"[T]V JtLO (Juv8nT] 1l0QCP'r'j tou, JtQLV cxouo "[0 AU(JO'UV (J"[T] (J,,[OLXELw6T] tou 1l0QcP'r'j. E6w WXUEL O,U WXUEL xm (J"[T]V W'tOQLX'r'j JtoQELa OAWV rorv EJtw"[T]IlWV, OL OJtOLEt; 06T]yOUVWL (JUt; JtQaYllaUxEt; acpE"CT]QLEt; WUt; 1l0VO IlE(Ja aJ[0 Eva JtA'r'j80t; Ao1;06QoIlLWV xm (J"[QLCPoyuQwlla"[wv. ~E aV,,[L8wT] IlE UAAoUt; aQXL ,,[EX'tOVEt;, T] EJtW"['r'jIlT] 6EV aQxEt WL va (JXE6LasEL JtaAaua orov aEQa, aAAa U\j!WVEL xLoAat; IlEQLxa L6LaL,,[EQa xmOLx'r'jGLlla 6LaIlEQLourrrc tou X"[T]QLOU, JtQLV oxouc !lJtEL 0 8EIlEALOt; At80t;. XcoQLt; va xa8u(J,,[EQ'r'j(JOWE aAAo IlE roix cpuGLOxQa"[Et; xm acpou ayvo'r'j(JoUIlE IlLa OA6XAT]QT] (JELQa I"[aAwv otxovouoxovorv OL OJtOLOL IlE JtEQL(J(JO,,[EQO 'r'j AL YO,,[EQO JtE,,[UXT]IlEVEt; L6EEt; JtQO(JEYYLsouv"[T] orootn avaAu(JT] rou E!lJtoQEullmOt;*, at; (J"[Qa-
* BA.., n.x., Galiani, «Della Moneta», rou, III, croix Sctittoti classici Italiani di Economia Politica (ExM6T]XE orto TOV Custodi). Parte modema,
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cp01J[lE a[lEOc.o£ orov rtQcirw BQELaVO 0 OrtOLO£ mE~EQyaOTl]XE to OlJVOALXO OUOTl][la Tl]£ aOLLXtl£ OLXOVO[lLa£, TOV Sir James Steuart*. Ortc.o£ OL acpl]Ql][lEVE£ XaLl]YOQLE£ Tl]£ rtOALLLXtl£ OLXOVO[lLa£ ~QLOXOVTaL oxouc 0' curov OTl] (Ha()LXaotc tou ()Laxc.oQLO[lOU roix «no to UALXO roix rtEQLEXO[lEVO XaL YL' aUTO E[lcpaVL~OVTaL QEUOTE£ XaL axa80QWTE£, to L()LO WXUH XaL YLa Tl]V XaLl]YOQLa Tl]£ aVLaUaXLLXtl£ a~La£**. LE Eva Ol][lELO xa80QL~H Tl]V JrQaYf1anx~ al;ia [lE TO XQOVO EQyaoLa£ (what a workman can perform in a day -6,LL unoQEL va EXTEAEOH Eva£ EQyaTl]£ OE [lLa [lEQa), aUa aXQL~w£ ()LrtAa cpLyouQaQouv [lE oUYXUOl] 0 [lL08o£ XaL OL rtQWTE£ UAE£36. LE Eva aUo Ol][lELO, l] ()LartaAl] ton [lE to UALXO rteQLEXO[lEVO E[lcpavL~naL mo XTurtl]Ttl. OVO[la~EL TO CPUOLXO UALXO rtou rtEQLExnaL OE Eva eunooeuuo, rt.X., TO aOtl[lL OE Eva aOl][lEVLO aVLLXEL[lEVO, £Oc.oT£QtX~ a~La tou eunooeuaoTO£ (intrinsic worth), EVW TO XQOVO EQyaoLa£ nou rtEQLEXELaL 0' aUTO TOV OVO[la~EL al;ia XQ~a'flr; (useful value).
«H rtQWTl]», AEEL, «ELVaL xaLL to rtQaY[laLLXo ceto uovq Tl]£ ... EVW, aVTL8na, l] a~La XQtlOl]£ rtQErtH va UrtOAOYWTEL oU[lcpc.ova [lE Tl]V EQyaoLa rtou XOOLLOE YLa va rtaQax8EL H EQyaoLa nou ~O()EUTl]XE YLa rn ue-
Milano, 1803. «La fatica», A.£EL, «e I' unica che da val ore alia cosa» [«0 )(.6J[0~ (fatica) ELVaL 10 !lOVa6L)(.6 J[QuY!la nou b[ VEL a'l;[a oro aVtL)('EL!lEvo»], (JEA.. 74. 0 xaQa)(.t1]Qw!l6~ t1]~ EQya(J[a~!lE m A.£'I;1] fatica ELVaL xaQa)(.t1]QwtL)(.6~ YLa WU~ Nonoix.
* To £QYo rou Steuart, An Inquiry into the principles of political economy, being an essay on the science of domestic policy in free nations, EIlCPav[(Jt1])('E YLa J[QWt1] cpoQu 10 1767 (JE 61)0 rououc (JE (JxiJlla retcoro (JW Aovb[ YO, 6£)(.a XQ6vLa J[QLV 10 £QYo tou A. Smith Wealth of nations. OL J[aQarro!lJI£~ uou EL VaL uno t1]V £)(.6001] tou ~OU~A.[ YOU tou 1770.
** Steuart, oro iou»; tou, I, OEA.. 181-183. 36. L1]!l. MEt.: Q~ J[1]Y£~ t1]~ a'l;[a~.
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TaTQOJt~ TT]~ UAT]~ aVTLJtQoaWJt£U£L EVa !l£Qo~ TOU XQovou evo; av8QwJtou XAJt.»*
AUTO JtOU s£XWQLs£L TOV Steuart uno TOU~ JtQO()QO!lOU~ TOU XaL TOU~ ()LaMxou~ TaU £LVaL T] aUaTT]Q~ ()LaXQWT] avaueoo aTT]V £L()LX~ XOLVWVLX~ £QyaaLa T] onotc JtaQWTaV£TaL ue TT]V aVTanaXTLX~ asLa, XaL TT] aUYX£XQL!l£VT] £QyaaLa T] onoto ()T]!lLOuQy£L asL£~ XQ~aT]~.
«TT]V eovootc», A££L, «JtOU ue TT]V aJtos£vwa~ TT]~ (alienation) ()T]!lLOuQy£L Eva Y£VLXO tooouvcuo (universal equivalent), TT]V ovouctro {3WI1Tfxav{a.»
TT]v £QyaaLa w~ ~LO!lT]xavLa ()£V TT]V ()LaxQLv£L !lOVO coto TT] auyx£xQL!l£VT] £QyaaLa, aAAa XaL cno aAA£~ XOL VWVLX£~ !loQCP£~ TT]~ £QyaaLa~. I't.' curov T] £QyaaLa w~ ~LO!lT]xavLa anoT£A£L TT]V aaTLx~ !loQCP~ TT]~ £QyaaLa~, oe aVTL8wT] ue tu; aQxaL£~ XaL !lWaLWVLX£~ !loQCP£~ TT]~. KUQLw~ TOV £V()Lacp£QH T] aVTL8WT] ava!lwa ornv aanx~ XaL TT] cp£OU()aQXLx~ £QyaaLa. TT]v T£A£maLa TT]V £Lx£ JtaQaTT]Q~aH aTT] cpaaT] TT]~ noQax!l~~ TT]~, rooo ornv L()La TT] LxoTLa, coo XaL ore !l£yaAa TOU TasL()La otnv T]JtHQwnx~ EUQwJtT]. 0 Steuart ~s£Q£, cpuaLxa, JtOAU xaAa on TO nootov £JtaLQv£ TT] !loQCP~ TOU eunoQ£U!laTO~ XaL TO eunooeuuc £JtaLQv£ TT] !loQCP~ TOU XQ~!lUTO~ axo!la XaL otr; JtQoaanx£~ £JtOX£~, ana aJtO()£LXVU£L ()L£sO()LXa on TO eunooeuio, w~ ~amx~ aTOLX£LW()T]~ !loQCP~ TOU JtAOUTOU, XaL T] aJtos£vwa~ TOU, w~ xUQLaQXT] !loQCP~ L()LOJtoLT]aT]~, ovnxouv aJtoxA£Lanxa ornv aanx~ Jt£QLo()o TT]~ JtaQaywy~~, xorc cuvsnuo, XaL 0 xaQaxT~Qa~ TT]~ £QyaaLa~ Jtou ()T]!lLOuQy£L aVTanaXnX~ asLa £LvaL H()LXa aanxo~**.
* Steuart, oro £/5£0, rou. I, OEA.. 361-362: «Represents a portion of a
man's time.»
** Tnv JtUtQLUQXLXtj YEwQylu II oxoto JtQoouvutoA.L~6tav cueoc
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Acpou OL lCHaLT£Q£e; ~OQCPEe; TT]e; aUYX£XQl~EVT]e; £QyaaLae;, onox T] Y£lOQYLa, T] X£lQOT£XVLa, T] VaUnALa, TO £!..I.JtOQLO XIwt., 8£lOQi]8T]xav ~La-~La ue TT] aaQa on MOT£AOUV reQay~anXEe; reT]YEe; TOU reAOUTOU, 0 Adam Smith avaxi]Qu~£ TT]V £Qyaotc y£vlxa, xm ~aAlaTa aTT] auvoAlxi] TT]e; XOLVlOVlXi] uoocpi], TOV xatoueoiouo in; eovaoiai; lOe; TT] ~ovacHxi] reT]yi] UAlXOU reAouTOu i], ue aAAa MYla, TlOV a~lwv XQi]aT]e;. Evr» reaQa~Arn£l T£A£LlOe; TO qnxnxo aTOLX£Lo xaTa TT] ~£AETT] TOU UAlXOU reAouTou, TT]e; a~Lae; XQi]aT]e;, aUTO TO aTOLXELO TOV xaTa()lWX£l aTT] acpaLQa TOU xa8aQa XOLVlOVlXOU reAOUTOU, aTT] acpaLQa TT]e; aVTaAAaxnxi]e; a~Lae;. 0 Adam xa80QL~H, ~E~ma, TT]V a~La TOU £~oQ£u~aTOe; ue TO XQOVO £QyaaLae; nou re£QlEX£Tm a' aUTO, ana aTT] aUVEX£la ~£Ta8ET£l xm reaAl TO XQlTi]QLO aUTOU TOU xa80Qw~ou TT]e; a~Lae; or«; nooovtcuurve; £JTOxEe;37. M£ ana MYla, aUTO nou TOU cpaL V£Tm aAT]8lVO cno TT]V orenxi] ylOVLa TOU MAOU £~OQ£u~aTOe;, TOU YLV£Tm aaacpEe; crto TT] any~i] nou aTT] 8EaT] aUTOU TOU areAOU £~OQ£u~aTOe; xovouv TT]V £~cpavwi] TOUe; aVWT£Q£e; xm mo re£QLreAOX£e; ~OQCPEe; TOU x£cpaAmou, TT]e; ~W8lOTi]e; £QyaaLae;, TT]e; voioncooooo» Xlwt. AUTO TO ()laTUreWV£l AEvovtr«; on T] a~La TlOV £~OQ£u~aTlOV ~£TQlOTaV ue TO XQOvo £QyaaLae; nou re£QlEX£Tal a' aUTa aTOV paradise lost (oro xa~Evo reaQM£wo) TT]e; aanxi]e; Ta~T]e;, onou OL av8QlOreOL
(JTl]V xaw(JxE'llTj a~Lwv XQTj(JW; YLa TOV XaTOXO Tl]e; Yl]e;, Tl]V 8EOlQEl xaTa (J'llV€JtELa «XaTaXQl](Jl]», 6XL B€Bma (JTl] LJtaQTl] xm tn PW~l] Tj oxo~a xrn (JTl]V lbLa Tl]V A8Tjva, ana (Jlyo'llQa (Jue; BLO~l]xaVLXEe; XWQEe; tou 180'll cuovc. Aun] l] «abusive agriculture» (xaTaXQl](JuxTj YEOlQyla) bEV anOTEA.El «trade» (E~6QLO), ana «anAO ~E(JO ouvnionon;». OJtOle; l] a(JuxTj YEOlQyla ~Exa8aQlsEL Tl] Yl] uno to JtEQLna (JT6~aTa, ETm xm l] a(JuxTj XELQOTExvla ~Exa8aQlSEL tn qJa~QLxa uno rc JtEQL ttn XEQLa.
37. Ll]~. MET.: TLe; moxEe; JtQLVTl]V mL(JTl]~OvLxTj (Ju~OA.Tj tou Adam Smith.
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DEV aVn!-lETWm~aV 0 EVae; tOY aAAO We; x.amtaALatEe;, !-lLa8WtOl EQyatEe;, ymOx.T11!-lOVEe;, EVOLx.LaatEe;, tOX.Oy'AUCPOL X.An., ana !-lOVO we; aV8QWnOL OL onotot anAWe; naQi!yayav x.m aVtanaaav E!!JtOQEU!-lata. LUYXEEL aUVExWe; coto tl] !-lla tOY x.a80QLa!-lO tl]e; a1;lae; tWV E!!JtOQEU!-latwV crto to XQOVO EQyaalae; rtou nEQLEXEtm a' mn«, xrn cno tnv aAAl] toy x.a- 8oQLa!-lO tl]e; a1;lae; toix ceto tnv a1;la tl]e; EQyaalae;' ncoouma~EL taAaVtEUaELe; x.ata tnv E1;Etaal] tWV AEJttO!-lEQELWV tl]e; 8EwQlae; ton x.m naQEQ!-ll]VEUEL tnv aVnx.EL!-lEVLX.i! E1;lotoon rnv onoto ~lma EmcpEQEL l] X.OLVWVLX.i! DLaDLx.aala ueta1;u aVLaWV EQyaaLwv, xcrcvoovtn; tnv oov tnv UnOx.EL!-lEVLX.i! E1;laWal] tWV atO!-lLX.WV EQyaaLWV*. EmXELQEl vc
* 'ETOl, Jt.X., AEEl 0 Adam Smith: «Equal quantities of labour, at all times and places, may be said to be of equal value to the labourer. In his ordinary state of health, straight and spirits; in the ordinary degree of his skill and dexterity, he must always lay down the same portion of his ease, his liberty and his happiness. The price which he pays must always be the same, whatever may be the quantity of goods which he receives in return for it of these, indeed, it may some times purchase a greater and sometimes a smaller quantity; but it is their value which varies, not that of the labour which purchases them. Labour alone, therefore, never varies in its own value. It is, therefore, the real pnce of commodities etc.» «/I(JEe; noooT1']TEe; EQyu(JLue; JtQEJtEl vu EXOUV L(J1'] u'i;Lu, JtUVTOU xm mxvTOTE, YlU EXELVOV rtou EQyUSETm. ME CPUOlOAOYlXT] T1']V XUTU(JW(J1'] T1']e; uYELue; TOU, T1']e; MVUIlT]e; TOU xm T1']e; IlQU(JT1']QlOT1']TUe; TOU xm IlE TO IlE(Jo Bu81l0 T1']e; IlE'i;lOT1']TUe; JtOU llJtoQEL VU EXEl, JtQEJtEl VU 'i;OIlEUEl JtUVW TO LilLO IlEQoe; T1']e; 1'](JuxLue; TOU, T1']e; EAEU8EQLue; TOU xm T1']e; EUTUxLue; TOU. H HilT] JtOU Jt"'1']QWVEl JtQEJtEl JtUVW va EL vet 1'] LlllU, UVE'i;UQT1']W urto T1']V JtO(JOT1']W TWV EIlJtOQE1lIlUTWV JtOU JtuLQVEl YlU UVWIlOlBT] T1']e; EQyu(JLue; TOU. TIQUYIlUH, 1'] HilT] UUTT] llJtoQEL VU uyoQU(JEl JtOTE JtEQW(JOTEQU xm JtOTE AlYOTEQU EIlJtOQEUIlUTU. AUTO nou IlETUBuAAETm, OIlWe;, etvor 1'] u'i;Lu TOUe; xm OXl1'] u'i;Lu T1']e; EQyu(JLue; nou TU uyoQUSEl. KUTU (JUVEJtElU, 1l0VO 1'] EQYU(JLu bE IlEwBuAAEl JtOTE T1']V u'i;Lu T1']e;. I't' UUTO ELvm 1'] JtQUYIlUTlXT] HilT] TWV EIlJtOQEUIlUTWV XAn.»), Wealth of Nations, T61l. I, xsrp. 5.
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reQaY!laLOreOli}o£L 'tTl !l£'tu~aOT] cno 'tTl OUYX£XQL!lEVT] £Qyaot« O'tT]V £QyaoLa rtou ()T]!lLOUQY£L aVtaAAaxnxi} aSLa, ()T]Aa()i} ornv aonxi} £QyaoLa 0'tT] ~aoLxi} 'tT]e; !loQCPi}, !lEOW LOU xataueouuun) Tr]r; eovcouu; '000 ooxrro £L vet on T] L()LWnxi} aVtaAAayi} reQoUre08E't£L 'tOY Xata!l£QLO!lO 'tT]e; £QyaoLae;, UAAO 't000 Au80e; £Lvm on 0 xata!l£QW!lOe; 'tT]e; £QyaoLae; reQoUre08E't£L 'tT]V L()LWnxi} aVtaAAayi}. L'tOUe; xa'tOLXOUe;, re.x., 'tOU Ilsoou urei}QX£ Evae; £smQ£nxu avamUY!lEVOe; xota!l£QLO!lOe; 'tT]e; £QyaoLae;, reaQOAO nou ()£ M!l~av£ XWQa xc!lLU L()LWnxi} avtaAAayi}, Xa!lLU aV'taAAayi} reQo'(OVtWV ue rn !lOQCPi} 'tWV £!lJCOQ£U!lU'tWV.
L£ aV'tL8WT] ue 'tOY Adam Smith, 0 David Ricardo XatEAT]S£ ue oacpi}v£La O'tOV xa80Qw!l0 'tT]e; aSLae; LOU eunooeuucro; uno 'to XQovo £QyaoLae; xru E()£LS£ on 0 VO!lOe; amoe; xUQLaQX£L axo!la xm one; qxu VO!l£VLXU ovuqxioxouoe; ue cutov aonxEe; 0XEO£Le; reaQaywyi}e;. OL EQ£UV£e; tou Ricardo re£QLOQL~ov'tm areoxA£Lonxu oro /1Eye80r; Tr]r; a!;iar; xct, avacpoQLxu ue curo, ()Law8uv£'tm 'tOUAUXW'tOV on T] A£LLOuQYLa LOU VO!lOU £saQ'tutm «no oUYX£XQL!lEV£e; LO'tOQLXEe; reQoUre08EO£Le;. IoxuQL~£'tm, ()l1Aa()i}, on 0 xa80QLO!l0e; LOU !l£yE80ue; 'tT]e; aSLae; crto 'to XQovo £QyaoLae; WXU£L !lOVO YLa tc £!lJCoQ£U!lata
«to onoto 8a unooouoov va reoAAareAaoLao'touv 000 8EAOW£ crto tn ~LO!lT]xaVLa xm torv onouov T] nno«ywyi} xUQLaQX£L'tm cno are£QLoQw'tO cvrovcovrouo». *
A uro ornv reQaY!lanxo'tT]ta OT]!laL VEL !lOVO on T] reAi}QT]e; avure'tUSl1 'tOU VO!lOU 'tT]e; aSLae; reQoUre08E't£L rnv xorvorvtc
* David Ricardo, On the principles of political economy and taxation, 31'] £x6oo1'],AovOlvo, 1821,oEA. 3.
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'tl]~ ~EyaAl]~ ~LO~l]xaVlx.~~ naQay(JJy~~ x.m 'tOU EAEU8EQOU aVLay(JJvw~OU, ()l]Aa()~ 'tl] OUYXQOVl] aOnx.~ xot V(JJvLa. EnLOl]~, 0 Ricardo 8E(JJQEL on l] aonx.~ ~oQCP~ 'tl]~ EQyaoLa~ ELvrn l] mwvla cpumx.~ ~oQCP~ 'tl]~ x.Olv(JJvlx.~~ EQyaoLa~. 8E(JJQEL on oxouo x.m 0 nQ(JJ't6yovo~ 'lj!aQa~ x.m 0 nocorovovoc x.uvl]y6~ aVLaAAaOOOUV a~wa 'lj!aQla x.m 8l]Qa~aLa, (JJ~ x.aroxot E~oQEu~a't(JJv, 010 avaAoYLa ovnororrn ~E 'to XQ6vo EQyaoLa~ rtou £Xu aVnx.El~EVOnOll]8EL 010 am£~ n~ av'taAAax.nx.£~ al;LE~. Ynovocovtcc; ou 0 nQ(JJ't6yovo~ 'lj!aQa~ x.m o nQ(JJ't6yovo~ x.uvl]y6~ OU~~OUAEuov'tm tu; 'tQ£XOUOE~ tt~£~ tou 1817 tou XQl]~a'tW'tl]QLOU tou AOV()L YOU nooxaueYOU va Ex.n~~oouv La EQyaAELa 'tl]~ ()OUAEla~ toix, 0 Ricardo YAw'tQaEl orov avaXQovw~6. <paLvE'tm on 'to «naQanl]A6YQa~~a tou X.UQLOU Owens" ELvm l] ~OVa()lx.~ x.Olv(JJvlx.~ ~oQCP~ rtou YVWQWE Ex.'t6~ orto tnv aonx.~. rraQ6Ao rtou ELvoi ()£O~LO~ curou tou O'tEVOU aonx.ou oQLsOVLa, 0 Ricardo avaA UEl tnv aonx.~ oixovout« -l] onoto 0't0 ~a80~ EL voi teAEL(JJ~ ()lacpoQEnx.~ an' o.n cpaL vetm ornv emqxrvetn- ~E retour 8E(JJQl]nx.~ ol;u'tl]La, nou 0 A6Q()o~ Brougham unooou- 010 va nEl Yl' mrrov:
«Mr. Ricardo seemed as if he had dropped from another planet.» (<<0 x. Ricardo qxuvotcv on va £nE- 010 cno ano nAav~'tl].»)
LE a~wl] nOAE~lx.~ ~E tov Ricardo, 0 Sismondi 't6VlSE EJtL-
38.0 Ricardo avaCjJ£QEL TO «J1aQanllA6YQa!J,~w TOU XUQLOU Owen» (JTO £QYo TOU On Protection to Agriculture, (JEA. 2 I. LW ouromxc TOU (JX£ClLa xorvorvixorv !J,ETaQQUS!J,L(JEWV, 0 Owen J1Qo(JJ1aSou(JE va aJ1OClEL~EL on TO(JO urto orxovourxt] UJ101jJll ooo xm aJ10 an01jJll OLxwnx~s; J1QaxnxoTllTas; Sa nrcv J1Qon!J,oTEQo OL oixiouot va £Xouv TO (JX~!J,a J1aQaAAllAoYQa!J,!J,wv ~ TETQayulvwv.
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al]~ TOV HC)LXU XOLVWVlX6 xaQaxt~Qa tl]~ £Qyaala~ JWU Ol]I-UOUQY£l aVtaA.A.axnX~ a~la*, al]I-lWDVOVta~ taut6XQova on emOt£A.£l «xaQaxtl]Qwnx6 yvwQwl-la tl]~ OLXOVOl-llX~~ I-la~ nooooou» vc avuy£tm TO I-lEy£80~ tl]~ a~la~ aTOV avavxaio XQ6vo £Qyaala~, otn
«aXEal] JtOU UJtUQXH aVUl-lwa ornv avuYXl] oMxA.l]Ql]~ tl]~ XOLVWVla~ xm mv noootnro tl]~ £Qyaala~ l] onoto maQX£l Yla vc txovonomoa. mrtnv tnv avuyXl]». **
o Sismondi o£v etvoi me OEaI-lLO~ tl]~ UJto'!Jl]~ tOU Boisguillebert on l] eovcoto rtou Ol]I-lLOUQY£l aVLaA.A.axnx~ a~la vofleustru coto to XQ~I-la, aA.A.u xatayyEA.A.£l to I-l£YUA.O BLOI-ll]xaVlX6 XHpUA.mO, 6Jtw~ 0 Boisguillebert XatayyEA.A.£l TO XQ~I-la. Evr» urto TOV Ricardo l] JtoA.mx~ OLXOV0l-lla aVtA.£l tu; t£A.£ULal£~ tl]~ 8£wQl]nXE~ JtQo£XtUa£l~ xru u' cutov XA.£lV£l tOY XUXA.O tl]~, aTOV Sismondi OA.OXA.l]Qwv£tm mrto to XA.£lmI-lO ue tnv JtaQaoox~ tWV aWPlBoA.lWV tl]~ lOla~ tl]~ JtoA.mx~~ OLXOVOl-lla~ Yla TOV ecuro tl]~.
o Ricardo ourtunrooe xm aVEJttu~£ ooo YlV£tm me xo- 8aQu TOV xa80Qwl-l6 tl]~ avtaA.A.axnx~~ a~la~ nno to XQ6- vo £Qyaala~, OA.OXA.l]QWVOVLa~ etrn rnv xA.amx~ JtoA.mx~ OLXOV0l-lla. I'r' cuto TO Myo 6A.l] l] JtOA.£l-llX~ rtou EYlV£ orto OLXOVOl-llX~ JtA.£uQu auyx£vtQWVH La JtuQu tl]~ muvw tou, A ut~ l] xQmx~ I-lJtOQ£l vc ouvoiptotst, av ~£xa8aQWt£l orto
* Sismondi, Etudes sur l' economie poJitique, TO!!. II, BQU!;Ef, .. AE£, 1838. «C' est I' opposition entre la valeur usuelle et la valeur echangeable a laquelle Ie commerce a reduit toute chose,. «<Elvm n aVTl8EOl] aVU!!Eoc OTl]V a!;la XQt\ol]£ xm Tl]V avmAAaxnxt\ a!;la, OTl]V onoto TO E!1Jl:OQLD EXEL avuYEL TO OAO ~t\Tl]lla.»). OEA. 162.
** Sismondi, oro ioio, oEA.163-J66.
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rnv JtaL()aQlW()l] IlOQCP~ tnv ortotu EXEl W; JtEQwa6tEQE~ CPOQE~*, oro ax6Aou8a al]IlELa:
Ilodrtov: H L()la l] EQyaaLa EXEl aVtaAAaxnx~ al;La XaL ()lacpoQEnXE~ EQyaaLE~ EXOUV ()lacpoQEnXE~ aVtaAAaxnXE~ al;LE~. TIQ6XEltaL Yla cpaUAO XUXAO otov xa8wtouIlE Illa aVtaAAaxnx~ al;La IlEtQO tl]~ aVtaAAaxnx~~ al;La~, YlatL l] L()la l] aVtaAAaXnx~ al;La, l] onotc XQl]GlIlEUEl w~ IlEtgO, XQEl(X~EtaL Xl aut~ IlE tn aElQa tl]~ to IlEtQO. Aut~ l] evorcall avaYEtaL oro El;~~ ~~tl]lla: TIw~ !lJtoQd va El;l]Yl]8d 0 EQyanx6~ Ilw86~, av 8EwQ~aoullE w~ C)E()OIlEVO ou 0 XQ6vo~ EQyaaLa~ aJtOtEAEL to WWtEQlX6 IlEtQO tl]~ aVtaAAaXnx~~ al;La~. H ()l()aaXaALa tl]~ Ilw8wt~~ EQyaaLa~ 8a Ila~ ()WaEl tnv cnrrvtnon.
LleVTeQOV: Av l] avtanaxnx~ al;La Ev6~ nootovto; dVaL ton IlE to XQ6vo EQyaaLa~ rtou JtEQlEXEtaL a' curo, tore l] aVtaAAaxnx~ al;La Illa~ l]IlEQa~ EQyaaLa~ dVaL Lal] IlE to nootov tl]~. 'H, IlE aAAa A.6Yla, 0 Ilw86~ tl]~ EQyaaLa~ JtQEJtEl va ELvaL Lao~ IlE to noorov tl]~ EQyaaLa~.** AAAa otnv
* TT]v JUO ITaLOUQLWOT] !loQCPi] tT]V ~QLaXOU!l£ UVU!lCPL~OAU ore ax6- ALU rou Say ern YUAALXi] !l£tucpQuaT] tou Ricardo UIT6 toy Constancio XaL tT]V JUO axoAuauxu !l£yuAOaXT]!lT] !loQCPi] tnv ~QLaXOU!lE oto ITQ6- acputu oT]!lom£U!l€vo «Theory of exchange» (ITQ6X£LtaL YLU to rercoro XECPUAaLO rou €QYou tou Henry Dunning Macleod The Elements of Political Economy, !\OVOLVO, 1858) tou XUQLOU Macleod.
** Ami] T] €vawaT] £VUVtLOV rou Ricardo, T] OITOLU €YLV£ UIT6 tnv ltAEUQU tWV corcov OLXOVO!lOAOYWV, UL08Eti]8l']x£ UQy6tEQU XaL coto roue aomUAWt€e;. M£ tT]V ltQoUlt68wT] tT]e; 8£wQT]uxi]e; oQ86tT]tue; tou tlJJtOU, XaTT]yoQi]8T]x£ T] ltQu~T] EltELOi] ~QLaXEtaL oe UvtLcpuaT] ue tl'] 8£WQLU XaL xAi]8l']x£ T] uauxi] XOLVWVLU vt: E~UY£L W ultou8€!l£vU nocXUXU aU!lJT£Qua!luw W OltOLU UltoQQ€OUV coto tu; 8£wQT]ux€e; tl']e; UQX€e;. M' curov tOY toone toUAUXWtoV atQ€'IjJuv£ XUltOWL AYYAOL oomUAWt€e; to QLxuQvuuv6 tVITO tT]e; UVwAAuxuxi]e; U~LUe; £VUVUU omv ITOALtLXi] OLXOVO!lLU. Itov xVQw Proudhon EJUcpuAuaa6wv v« UVUXT]-
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reQUI;T] OwBaLVEL to avtL8Eto. Ergo (XatU ouvsnetn), aut~ T] EVOtaOT] avuYEtm OtO EI;~e; ~~tT]!la: rIwe; !lJCoQEL T] reaQaywy~ tT]e; aVtaA.Aaxnx~e; aI;Lae;, T] onoto xa8oQL~Etm areoxAELoux« crto to XQovo EQyaoLae;, va owBLBaotEL ue to YEYOVOe; on T] avtaA.Aaxnx~ al;La tT]e; EQyaoLae; ELvm !lLXQOtEQT] nrto tT]V avtaA.Aaxnx~ al;La tOU reQo'COVtoe; tT]e;; To reQoBAT]!la auto to AlJVOU!lE OtT] !lEAEtT] tOU KECpaAaLou.
TQiTOV: H n!l~ tWV E!lreoQEWUtwV otnv ayoQu reEcptEL xUtW ~ aVEBaL VEL reuvw crto tnv aVtaAAaxnx~ toix al;La, avuAoya ue tTl !lEtaBanO!lEVT] 0XEOT] «voueou ornv nooocpoQu xm rn ~~tT]OT]. H avtanaxnx~ al;La tWV eunooeu!lUtWV xa8oQL~Etm EJfOf1EVW~ cno tn 0XEOT] avu!lwa ornv noooooo« xru tTl ~~tT]OT] xm 0XL «no to XQovo EQyaoLae; rtou reEQLEXEtm 0' autu. LtT]V ouoto to reaQul;Evo auto OU!lJCEooouo EYELQEL areAWe; to EI;~e; EQWtT]!la: rIwe; ovcnruooetor, orn BuoT] tT]e; avtanaxnx~e; aI;Lae;, !lLa n!l~ otnv ayoQu OLacpoQEnx~ nno tnv avtanaxnx~ al;La ~, ruo OWOtU, rewe; 0 VO!lOe; tT]e; aVtanaxnx~e; al;Lae; reQaY!latOreOLEL tru !lOVO !lEow rou avn8EtOU tou; Auto to reQoBAT]!la 8a Au8EL OtT] OLOaOXaAl,a tOU uvrcvcovtouou,
TEWQTOV: H tEAEutaLa aVtLcpaOT] xm T] cpmVO!lEVLXU mo WxuQ~ -orcv OE OLatUreWVEtm, orewe; ouv~8we;, ue tTl uoo-
QU1;fL 6Xl uovo tll8E~EA.lcil()ll uQX~ tll~ J1UA.UX£, ocv uQX~ tll£ xorvouoYlU£ XOlVWVLU£, una mut6XQovu xm va ()lUXllQu1;fL tOY ecuro tOU EqJEUQ€tll tOU tUJ10U OtOV 0J10LO 0 Ricardo OUVO'ljJLSfL to YEVlX6 OU~€ocouo tll£ XA.UOlX~£ UyyA.lX~~ OlXOVO~LU£. 'EXfL arrO()Elx8d ou xrn II L()lU II ouromonxn EQ~llVELU tOU QlxuQvnuvou tUJ10U ELXE xl6A.u£ 1;Exuotd ornv AyyHu, otov 0 XUQlO~ Proudhon tOY «uvUXaA.u'ljJE» ornv anll J1A.EuQa tou Kcvcxiou (tll£ MaYXll£). (LUYXQlVE to €QYo uou:
Misere de laPhiiosophie etc., DUQLOl, 1847, tnv J1uQaYQuqJo YlU tn valeur constituee.) [81...: Marx-Engels Werke (MEW), Dietz Verlag, 1961, tou, 4, OEA.. 77-105.]
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cpi] JWQaC)o1;wv reaQaC)Hy~aTwv- ELVm: Av YI aVTanaxnxi] a1;La C)£V £L vru TLreOT£ aAAO, reaQa 0 XQOVO~ £QyaaLa~ re01J ncQLEX£Tm oe EVa eunooeuuo, mo~ unooouv £~oQ£u~aTa tn onotc C)£v re£QLEX01JV xa~La £QyaaLa va EX01JV aVTanaxnxi] a1;La i], ue ana MYLa, crto reou reQoEQX£Tm YI aVTanaxnxi] a1;La re01J EX01JV C)LacpoQ£~ areAE~ cp1JaLXE~ C)1JVa~£L~; Auto TO reQo~AYI~a 8a A1J8£L aTYI C)LC)aaxaALa TYI~ ymoreQoaOC)o1J.
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~£lm:Qo K£<paAmO
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L£ ~ua OUS~Tl]Ol] OLO XOLVO~OUALO Yla LO VOflO J[£QL TQaJ[£SWV39 LOU Sir Robert Peel w; XQOVlE~ 1844 xm 1845,0 Gladstone" J[aQaT~Ql]o£ on OUT£ 0 EQWTa~ ()£V TQEAav£ J[£QWOOT£QOU~ av8QwJ[ou~ an' o.u OL aTEAHWT£~ aVasl]T~OH~ Yla Tl]V ouotc TOU XQ~flaLO~. MlAOUO£ ou Boetcvoc; O£ BQ£tcvoix. AVTL8£Ta, OL OnaV()OL, av8QwJ[OL rtou O£ nuouo TWV afl<pl~oAlWV TOU Petty ()lE8£Tav novtc Eva «8£L0 nveuuo» Yla tn XQl]flanX~ xsooooxomc, ()£ oJ[maA nocv J[OTE auTO LO J[V£Ufla orr; 8£wQl]nXE~ aVasl]T~O£l~ Yla LO XQ~fla.
H ~aolx~ ()UOXOALa OTl]V aVaAUOl] LOU XQ~flmo~ s£Jt£QaOTl]X£ rn onYfl~ rtou xaTavo~8l]x£ l] J[QOEA£UO~ LOU uno LO
39. M£ oroxo to ~£Jt£Qaa!1a rcrv buaXOALWv t1']e; avtaAAayi)e; toone~OYQa~l!1atLWV !1£ XQua6, 1'] ayy ALXi) xuB£Qv1']a1'] anocpc'taw£ !1£ J1QultoBouALa tou Robert Peel to 1844 t1']8£ama1'] evo; v6!1oU YLa tn !1ETaQQu8!1w1'] t1']e; TQc'tm~ae; t1']e; A yy ALae;. A uro; 0 v6!10e; J1QO£BA£JtE m bLaLQW1'] t1']e; TQc'tm~ae; os bUo tEAELWe; aVE~UQt1']ta t!1i)!1ata!1E ~EXWQWtU tQam~LXU XEcpc'tAma: To TQam~Lx6 T!1i)!1a (Banking Department) to 0J10LO EXt£AOUaE ru; xa8aQu tQanE~LX£e; AELtOUQYLEe; xm to Exoouxo T!1i)!1a (Issue Department) to 0J10LO avaAu!1BaVE rnv £xboa1'] tWV tQan£~oYQa!1!1atLwv. Tam6XQova anayoQEut1']XE 1'] £xboa1'] TQanE~oYQa!1!1atLwV uno ne; UJ16- Amme; tQa:rrE~Ee;. A mu tn YQa!1!1una £:rrQ£JtE vc £Xouv tn !16VL!11'] XUAu\~1'] evo; ELbLXOU an08£!1atoe; XQuaou, va unoooirv b1']Aabi) v« usrcrocnow onourorptors anY!1i) os XQua6. H £xboa1'] tQanE~oYQa!1!1atLOlv tc 0J10La bEV XaAUJ1tOVtav aJ16 XQua6 J1EQLOQL~6tav ore 14 EXato!1!1uQLa ALQEe;. Kurd tn bLuQxaa torv mXOVO!1LXWV xotoetov tOU 1847 xru 1857, XatU ne; 0J10LEe; 1'] avuyx1'] YLa XQi)!1a ntov LbLaLtEQa !1EYUA1'], 1'] aYYALxi) xuB£Qv1']a1'] E8wE J1QoaOlQLvu sxto; wxuoe; to v6!10 tou 1844 xm aU~1']aE to c't8gma!1a nov tganE~oyga!1~latLOlV m 0J10La bEV xaAumOVtaV aJ16 Xgua6.
40. EXEL vn rnv EJ10xi), !1EAOe; rou UJ10UgYLXOU awBouALou t1']e; xuBEQV1']a1']e; tou Sir Robert Peel.
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lOLa to EIillOQE1Jlla. ME OEOOIlEVl] am~v Tl]V XmaXTl]al], uuto JW1J arrOIlEVEL oxouc va xmaVO~a01JIlE xa8aQa d VaL OL a1JYXEXQlIlEVE~ 1l0Q<PE~ tou XQ~llato~, xmaVOl]al] n01J 01JaXEQal VETaL xma xanOLo toone ceto to YEYOVO~ OLlOAE~ OL oonXE~ aXEaEL~ EIl<PavlsOVTaL XQ1JaWIlEVE~ XaL aal]llwIlEVE~, EIl<paVlsOVTaL Ol]AaO~ on XQl]llaLlXE~ aXEaEL~ XaL yl' outo n XQl]llaLlX~ 1l0Q<P~ <pal VETaL va Ola8ETEL Eva nEQlExollEVO anELQl]~ nOA1JlloQ<Pla~ to onoto dVaL I;EVO XaL nQo~ currrv Tl]V lOla.
Ka8' OAl] tn OlaQXELa Tl]~ aVaA1Jal]~ n01J axoAo1J8d, nQEnEL va EX01JIlE oro ll1JaMlla~ OLl nQOXELTaL 1l0VO Yla Ll~ 1l0Q<PE~ tou XQ~llmo~ OL onote; nQoxuJ['t01JV allwa crto Tl]V aVLaAAay~ TWV eunooeuucnov XaL 0Xl Yla Ll~ 1l0Q<PE~ tou XQ~llmo~ n01J aV~X01JV os aVWTEQE~ ~a8Ill0E~ Tl]~ naQaywYlX~~ OlaOlxaala~, omoc, n.x., to motoruxo XQ~~a. nQO~ xaQlv Tl]~ anAonOll]al]~, w~ XQl]~aLlXO E~nOQE1J~a 8a unoTl8ETaL zovto» 0 XQ1Jao~.
1. Metoo nov a~Lwv
H nQwTl] OlaOlxaala Tl]~ X1JXAo<poQla~ etvci, a~ noullE, 8EWQl]Llxi] olaolxaala, l] ortotu nQoETOLllasEL Tl]V nQay~aLlXi] X1JXAo<poQla. Ta ElilloQEu~ma La onotc 1JnaQxo1Jv W~ al;lE~ XQ~al]~ Ol]~La1JQYouv aQXlxa tn ~oQ<P~ ornv onolc E/1- cpav{~ovTm lOmra TO Eva unooor« oro aAAo W~ aVLaAAaXLlXE~ al;lE~, W~ xa8oQwllEvE~ nOaOTl]TE~ aVnXEL~EVOnOLl]~EV01J YEVtXOV XQOV01J EQyaala~. H noorm avayxala nQaI;l] am~~ Tl]~ olaolxaala~ d VaL, onw~ Eloa~E, va I;ExwQla01JV tc EllnoQEu~ma Eva ELOlXO ElilloQEWa, a~ rtouue to XQ1Jao, W~ allWl] 1JAOnOll]al] tou YEVlXOU XQOV01J EQyaala~, i], IlE aAAa MYla, W~ YEVlXO wo6Uvallo. A~ EmaTQ£1jJ01JIlE Yla Illa aLlYIl~ otn ~oQ<P~ IlE Tl]V onotc La E~noQEu~ma ~ETmQEno1JV TO XQ1Jao oe XQ~~a.
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1 tOVO~ OU')11QO~ = 2 ouyxu~~ XQuoo~, 1 xouooreo ot taQl = 1 ouyxla XQuoo~,
1 WEVTVEQ41 Xa<PE~ uox« = 1/4 ouyxla~ XQuoo~, 1 tOEVtvEQ norcoc" = 1/2 ouyxla XQuoo~,
1 tOVO~ ~UAO BQaslALa~ = 1 1/2 ouyxla XQuoo~, 1j!' E[lJtoQEU[la = X' OUYXlE~ XQuoo~.
LE aut~v tn oElQa nov LOOt~tWV, 0 oLo1']Qo~, to mtaQl, 0 xacpE~, 1'] notnou XAn. JtaQoumasovtm to Eva oro aAAo W~ uAoJtoL1']o1'] O[lOlO[lOQCP1']~ EQyaoLa~, 01']AaO~ EQyaoLa~ UAOJtOl1'][lEV1']~ OE XQuoo, Ot1']V onotc EXEl O~~OEl EvtEAW~ xa8E lOlmtEQOt1']ta tWV OUYXEXQl[lEVWV EQyamwv rtou JtaQLOtavovtru ot«; olacpoQEtlXE~ a~LE~ XQ~01']~ tOU~. Q~ a~LE~ tc E[lJtoQEU[lata auta ELvm rcuroonu«, uAoJtoL1']o1'] t1']~ iouu; EQyaoLa~, ~, ue aAAa A6Yla, 1'] iota uAoJtoL1']o1'] t1']~ EQyaoLa~, XQuoo~. Q~ O[lOlO[lOQCP1'] uAoJtoL1']o1'] t1']~ LOla~ EQyaoLa~ noQoumasouv [lOVO [lla olacpoQa, t1']V JtOOOtlX~ olacpoQa, ~, ue aAAa A6Yla, JtaQoumasovtm W~ olacpoQEtlXa a~laxa [lEYE- 81'] YlatL oru; a~LE~ XQ~01']~ toix JtEQlEXOVtm aviooi XQOVOl EQyaoLa~. Q~ ueuovousvu E[lJtoQEU[lata OxnLsovtm t1']V LOla Otly[l~ to Eva us to aAAo oov ovnxeuievonotnon tou YEVlXOU XQovou EQyaoLa~, EJtElO~ OXEtLsOVtm ue tov Low to YEVlXO XQovo EQyaoLa~, oJtw~ auto~ EXcpQasEtm OE Eva unoXAElOtlXO E[lJtoQEU[la, to XQuoo. Aut~ 1'] Low 1'] °XE01'] , 1'] onoto EXEl xaQaxt~Qa olaolxaoLa~ (prozessierende Bezie-
41. ITaA.L<l Ilovuba IlETQT]OT]£ TOU BUQou£. ELvUL oXEMv OUVWVUIlO IlE TT]V rral..Lu ayyA.Lxr) Ilovuba IlETQT]OT]£ hundredweight. Av XUL urruQXEL /)LacpoQorrOLT]OT] cno XWQa OE XWQa, ouvr)8w£ XQT]OLllorrOLELTUL oav EXcpQaoT] YLa BUQo£ rrEQLrrou 50 XLA.WV.
42. H XOLVr) ovoucoto TOU av8QaxLX01J XaA.Lou. XQT]OLIlOrrOLELTUL YLa TT]V rraQaywyr) ourtouviou XUL yuaA.LOu.
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hung) xm !J,EOW T11~ onotce; naQLOtaVETm to Eva oro aAAo w~ avtanaxtLxij a1;la, naQLOtaVEl xm to XQ6vo EQyaola~ rtou nEQlEXEtm OtO XQu06 w~ YEVlX6 XQ6vo EQyaola~, uno tOY ortoto !J,la ClEClO!J,EV1'] nooornrc tOU EXcpQasEtm OE CllaCPOQEtLXE~ n006t1']tE~ OlClijQOU, <JltaQLOu, xacpE xAn., !J,E Alya A6Yla OtL~ a1;lE~ XQij01']~ 6AWV tWV E!lJ[oQEu!J,atWv, ij 1;ECllnAWVEtm a!J,wa Ot1']V atEAElWt1'] oElQa tWV tooouvcurov E!J,noQEu!J,atWv. Acpou tc E!J,noQEu!J,ata EXCPQasouv oA6- nAE1JQa tL~ avtanaXtLXE~ rou; a1;lE~ OE XQu06, tote xm 0 XQu06~ EXCPQaSEl !J,E rn oElQa tou a!J,wa rnv avtanaxtLxij tou a1;la OE 6Aa tc E!lJ[oQEu!J,ata. rrQOOCllClovta~ tc E!lJ[OQEu!J,ata to Eva OtO ano t1'] !J,oQCPij t1']~ avtaAAaXtLxij~ a1;la~, nQooCllClOUV xm oro XQu06 tn !J,OQCPij tOU YEVlXOU LOOClUva!J,OU, Cl1']AaClij tn !J,OQCPij tou XQij!J,atO~.
EnElClij6Aa tn E!lJ[OQEU!J,ata !J,EtQOUV tL~ avtaAAaXtLXE~ toix a1;lE~ !J,E to XQu06 -Ot1']V avaAOYla oU!J,cpwva !J,E t1']V onoto !J,la xa80QLO!J,EV1'] nooornrn XQUOOU xm !J,la xa80QlO!J,EV1'] nooomrc E!lJ[OQEU!J,atO~ nEQlEXOUV t1']V lClla noootnta XQ6vou EQyaola~ -, Yl' auto 0 XQu06~ Yl vetru /1ETQO a;uiJv xm aQXlxa El voi uovo Clla!J,EOOU mrrou tou xa80QLO!J,OU tOU W~ !J,EtQOU tWV a1;lWV, W~ xatL rtou !J,EtQaEl t1']V a1;la tou a!J,Eon OE OA6XA1']QO tOY XUXAO tWV LOOClUva!J,WV E!lJ[OQEU!J,atWV, nou xa8l0tatm 0 XQu06~ YEVlX6 LOOClUva!J,O ij XQij!J,a. An6 t1']V an1'] !J,EQla, 1'] aVtanaXtLxij a1;la 6AWV tWV E!J,nOQEUucrrov EXcpQasEtm tWQa OE XQu06. LE cutov tOY toono EXCPQao1']~ nQEnEl va CllaxwQlooU!J,E Eva noicnxo xru Eva no- 00tLx6 OtOlXElO. H aVtaAAaXtlxij a1;la tOU E!lJ[OQEU!J,atO~ ucplOtatm w~ uAOnOl1']01'] tOU lClLOU ouoiouooqou XQ6vou EQyaola~. To !J,EYE80~ t1']~ a1;la~ tOU E!J,noQEu!J,ato~ naQlOtaVETm Xoutov nAijQw~, acpou, oro ~a8!J,6 rtou tc E!lJ[OQEu!J,ata E1;lowVOVtm !J,E to XQu06, E1;LOwVOVtm xrn !J,Eta1;u roue. An6 rn !J,la !J,EQla naQoU<JlasETm 0 YEvo{6~ xaQaxtij-
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Qa£ 'WU XQOVOU £Qyao(a£ JtOU Jt£QLEx£tm O£ autU xm uno t1']V UAA1']Il£QLU JtaQOUOLUs£tm 1'] JtOOOt1']ta uutou tOU XQOYOU 0'W XQUOO iooowcuo toix. H avtaAAaXtLxi] a~(a tWV £!lJtOQ£WUtWV £XCPQaoIlEV1'] w£ Y£VLXi] iooouvcutc xm ouvXQovw£ w£ ~a81l0£ auti]£ t1']£ woouvall(a£ O£ oooix svo; £Lo LXOU £!lJtoQ£ulla'W£ iI, 11£ UAAa AOYLa, 1'] ExcpQa01'] t1']£ aVtaAAaXtLxi]£ a~(a£ 11£ IlLa 1l0VaoLxi] iootnto tWV OLUCPOQWV £IlJtOQ£UIlUtWV 11£ XUJtOLO £LOLXO eunooeuuc, auto dvm 1'] tuui. H tLlli] £( vet 1'] JtaQaAAaYIlEV1']1l0Qcpi] 11£ t1']V onotc Efltpaviceta: 1'] aVtaAAaXtLxi] a~(a tWV £IlJtOQ£UIlUtWV IlEOa Ot1'] OLaOLxao(a t1']£ XUXAocpoQ(a£.
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TU~A1']T1'], TOTE !J,La YEVLX~ au~1']<J1'] TWV nWDV (JE XQU(JO etvc. Cl1JVaT~ !J,OVO OTaV OL aVTaA"-aXnXEe; a~lEe; OAWV TWV E!DT0- QEU!J,UTWV au~uvovTm. To aVTl(JTQOCPO (Ju!J,~alVEL (JT1']V JtEQlJtTW(J1'] !J,Lae; YEVLX~e; JtTw(J1']e; TWV nuorv TWV E!DTOQEU!J,UTWV. Av 1'] a~la !J,Lae; OUYXLUe; XQu(Jou !J,ELw8EL ~ aU~1']8EL we; (JuvEJtELa T1']e; !J,ETaBoA~e; TOU emu TOU!J,EVOU YLa T1']V JtaQaywy~ TOU XQovou EQya(Jlae;, TOTE !J,ELWVETm ~ aU~UVETm (JTOV iou: (3a8fl61'] a~la OAWV TWV UAAWV E!DTOQEWUTWV xrn, xcTU (JUVEJtELa, (JUVEXlSEL va JtaQL(JTUVEL, onox xm JtQLV, cnevcvn (JE OAa rc E!DToQEu!J,aTa Eva XQovo EQya(Jlae; (5f15oflEvov !J,EyE80ue;. OL lClLEe; aVTaAAaxnxEe; a~lEe; UJtOAOYlsovTm TWQa (JE !J,LXQOTEQEe; ~ !J,EyaA UTEQEe; JtO(JOT1']TEe; XQu(Jou (JUYXQLnXU!J,E JtQLV, aAAu UJtOAOYlsovTm (JE avaAoYlEe; uvti(JTOLxEe; !J,E tc a~Laxu TOUe; !J,EYE81'], ClLaT1']QOUV EJtO!J,EVWe; T1']V lClLa a~Lax~ (JXE(J1'] !J,ETa~u TOUe;. H avaAoYla 2:4:8 JtaQa!J,EVEL 1'] lClLa!J,E T1']V 1 :2:4 ~ !J,E T1']V 4:8: 16. H ClLacpoQEnx~ noooT1']Ta XQu(Jou (JT1']V onotc UJtOAOYlsovTm OL aVTaAAaxnxEe; a~lEe;, OTaV !J,ETa~uAAETm 1'] a~la TOU XQu(Jou, ClEV E!DTOCllsEL (JTO EAUXWTO T1'] AELTouQYla TOU XQu(Jou we; !J,ETQOU TWV a~Lwv, oJtwe; 1'] XaTU 15 cpOQEe; !J,LXQOTEQ1'] a~la TOU a(J1']!J,LOu (JuyxQLnXU !J,E TO XQu(Jo ClEV TO E!J,JtOCllSEL va EXTOJtlSEL TO XQU(JO crto aUT~V T1'] AEL TOUQyla.
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