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NOAM CHOMSKY - ΤΑ ΜΜΕ ΩΣ ΟΡΓΑΝΟ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΟΥ ΕΛΕΓΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΒΟΛΗΣ

NOAM CHOMSKY - ΤΑ ΜΜΕ ΩΣ ΟΡΓΑΝΟ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΟΥ ΕΛΕΓΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΒΟΛΗΣ

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Published by: ΘΑΛΑΜΟΦΥΛΑΚΑΣ ΘΑΛΑΜΟΦΥΛΑΚΑΣ on Apr 25, 2011
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rou Tcxsp Kat 'taOOE'tat urrep TIJ~ KOAAeK'tt~tdnKi)~ Kat cruVDtKaAtO"nKi)~ rrapaDOO11~, EJ.lrrvEO).l£VO~ arro 'tOY Mnmcouviv. 0- 0't000, DEV 8EWPEi 'tOY avapXtO~O My~a, ana eva toropuco peU~a OKe'l'T}~ Kat Dpa011~, 'to onoio eXEt rroAAou~ rpoaoi»; yta vu avarr'tUx8Ei Kat 'to onoio 8a urrapXEt yta rrav'tU oTIJv 10'tOpia. <<EKeiVO nou rrpoowrrtKa ).1£ EAKUEt orov avapXto~o»,orrw~ DT}~ooiw~ rrapaDeXE'tat, «sivci at 'taoE~ rou, ot onoieq npoorra80uv vc cvnuercmtcouv 'to rrpO~AT}~a n1~ AEt'toupyia~ noAurrAoKa opyavw~vwv ~to~T}xaVtKcOV KatVWVtcOV, ~oa 0' eva rrAalmo EAeu8EPWV 8EO~cOV Kat DO~cOV».12 AKPt~cO~ uuro npoorra8ei vc KaVEt Kat 0 wto~ 0 Tcouoxi 0' oAa ru rroAmKa Kat KatVWVtKa DOKif.1ta rou,

"tln:p MapaaA.

1. NouJ! TaoJ!(JJ(1, A7ro TrTV epunveia TOO KO(J)J.OV f1TrTV a.U.ay~ TaV KO(J)J.OV:

7rpop).~)J.ar:a YVWrJ1fr; xat E:A.E:Vfkpiar; (ma WlJV1.Kcl, EKooaeu;

EAEY0EPOL TYIlOL, U7t0 fu<1>00"l]).

2. NOUIl TaOIl(JJ(1, 0 AVapXl(J)J.Or; (EIl1tl;Pt£XEtU1 ero Pt{3A.io ron Toouoxt, 01 L\1UV00UfJ£V01lCat to KpcitoC;, EKOOGeu; EAEY0EPOl: TYIlOl: U7t6 .fu<- 1>00"1]).

3. ITwA M1tClPlCEP, Noam Chomsky's Two Worlds, New Society (2 A1tptAiou 1981), G. 61.

4. LtO i1>1O.

5. TGOIl(JJ(1, Language and Responsibility (Nen YOPKTJ, Pantheon Books, 1979), G. 77.

6. TaOIlO"1Cl, For Reasons of State (Nsu YOPK1l, Pantheon Books, 1973), G. 395-6.

7. TaOIl(JJ(1, 0 AvapXlU]lOr;, l'p. ep, LtTJV O"I]IlEWO"I] tOl) tip6pol> autou, 0 TGOll0"1C1 m>yKpivE1 ta axoAlU rou Mn;U1COUV1V 1tEpi tOY VOIlOlV t11<; UtOIl1- Ki)<; <pU<J11C; ~ tTJV 0001 roo 1tPOG{;yyurrJ t11<; 01JJ!1Ol>pyucfJC; 0"1C{;1jI1J<; ma {;p-

7

yo. rou, Cartesian Linguisties (1966), Kat Language and Mind (1968). (New York, Reniew of Books, 21 Melon 1970).

8. k1>Vev'tCVSrt (ITOV n(paXo.l! Mno, Open Road (KaAoKatPl 't01> 1984).

9. kXEnKu ILE rqv Ei;E'tMll 'tou !cmavtKOU EWPUAiou IIoU~LOu, ~A. TcrO~lma, Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship (EIL1tEplliXE'tm (ITO ~t~Aio: Ot ~lavOOUI!SVOl Kat TO KpuwC;, EAEY0EPOk TYIIOk, uno f:KOOcrT]).

10. kUVev'tCVSrt cr'tTjV E<I'lllLEpilio. Guardian. (14 Icvouoptou 1989).

11. BA. 'to ap9po rou T~rop1:~ rOUV'tlCOK, Chomsky' s Anarchism. 0'tt1V Freedom (16 NOEIL~piou 1974), onon Unocr'tTjp~El on 0 Toouoxt stvct «o.Pl(ITEPOC; lLapSlcrtTtC;»' 'tT]v «Etcro.yroyrp> ron Kapt..oC; O'tEPO (ITO ~l~Aio rou Toouoxi, Radical Priorities, (MOV'tPEaA, Black Rose, 1981) Kat 'to ap9po rou IIroA Mapaat.., Chomsky' s Anarchism. Bulletin of Anarchist Research. No. 22 (NOf:IL~P.lOC; 1990), cr. 22-6, 0 onoioq unOcr'tTjpi~El on 0 Tcouoxt ElVo.l evo.c; au9SV'tlKOC; avo.pxuc6C;.

12. kUVev'tCVSrt oro: The Chomsky Reader, (Serpent's Tail, 1978), aEA. 22-3.

8

TA ME:EA MAZIKH:E ENHMEP!l:EH:E (MME)

(Toco 'll cruVEvtEU~'ll aurij, oco Kat ot alli~, EXOUV D08ei arro tOY Toouoxi, orov Nttl.~l.vt Macpocuicv).

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o Mnout: Maxiaiovo aTO xpootpato fJlfJAio TOV, T'7k7rlKOIVWviec, Miaa EV'7ptpwO'1'/~ tau Anuoxaatia; 7rcplyparpcl kmof.lCpw~ T'7 6IapaX'7 yIa TOV tAc)xO TOV PablOrpWVOV am; HIlA, pcro.~v 1928 «at 1935. Iloui r,rav '7 eKfJaa'7 aVTr,~ T'7~ 6IapaX'7~;

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9

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Av Kat stvct Kanros nsptepvo, at E1t1XEtP11lla"[ieC; KEp()tcrav 1l1a tOEOAoytKil viK1'] Enlcrlle;, UnOOTIlPlSoV'tae; on TJ napaoooTJ rou paDlOcprovou 0TIlv tDtronKilnpro"[opoUAla eVlcrXUE TIl OTJJ.I,Oxpurin, 010n napElXE croix; av8pronous nOAAEe; EmAOyEC;. Aun)

10

sivtn IHa rrcpi.ePYll arro'VT) rrcpi bT)~OKpa'tiae;, eoocov T) B~ouaia cou a'tTjp~B'tat oro zooo nov bOAapirov nou Ka'tEXc~ Kat ot BmAOYEe; oou rrBptOp~OV'tat ava~aa os exeive; zou KUpta 80- uouvnn ornv ~aOT) rrpay~a'tttale; aUYKEV'tpOlOT)e; cSouaiae;. AAM au'to 'to yeyovoe; BiXe yiVBt, rrapoAa aU'ta, rrAa'tta arrobeK'tO aKo~l1 Kat arro roue cpWAeUOePOUe;, Ole; 11 bll~oKpanK'il Mall. Arro ru usou ~EXPt rc 'tEAll 'tTje; OeKac'tiae; ron 1930, 'to rratxvibt eiXe oixncorucd Kpt8ei.

Auro; 0 ayoovac; erravaATJCPe"KB orov UrrOAOt1tO xoouo, rrepizou ~m beKa€'tia apyO'tepa, otnv E~cpavia'tTjKe T)'tTjAeopaaT). :Ene; llllA, Sev EytVe Kavevae; ayoovae; Kat T) 'tTjAeopaaT) e~rropBu~a'torrotTJ8T)Ke xOlpic; Ka~ta aUYKpou011. Ana Kat rraAt ane; xepiocorepe; aAAee; xoopBe;, iaOle; Kat oe OAee;, 11 'tTjAEOpaallrrEptTJA8e oro OT)~o()to rouse,

L'tTj bcKae'tia'tOU 1960, T) 'tTjAeopa011 Kat 'to pabtocpOlvo c~rropcu~a'torrotTJe"Kav ~ptKooe; os aUte; xoopce;, evo T) ibm auYKMPOlO11 lbtOl'tttale; csouaiae; xou ouvcvrouue a't~ llllA, Ota~Otpaa'tTjKe cvcueou orn ol1~oam Aet'toupyia rou pabtOqxovou Kat 'tTje; 'tTjAeOpa011e;. Tnv ibm crroxTl, oru; llllA, urrftPSc EVU ~tKPO avOty~u npoe; 'to bll~O()tO pabtocpOlvo Kat 't'llv 'tTjAcOpUOT).

Ot /..6yOt yt' unto 'to ycyovoe; bcV EXOUV btepcuY110Bi os paOoe; (urr' o.n yvOlp~Ol), ana cpaivc'tat on Ot lbtOl'ttKEe; stmpeiee; ~'tuMaBOlv Ka'taAapav on TJ'tav uvonofn 13K uspoi»; rouq vn eiVUt urroxpeOl~EVee; vc uorvosotouv ne; 'tUmKEe; anat'tftae~ rou Ouoonovduncoo :EU~~OUAiaU EmKOtVOlVtOOv, oro onoio acpwpOlVUV ~poC; tou npoypal111anal10U roi»; yUl /..6youe; 811l1oaiou au~cpEpOV'tOe;. 'Erot, 'to CBS, Aoyouxapll, TJ'tav avaYKaa~vo vu bmOE'tBt Eva ~yaAo ypacpeio us rroAAOUe; UrraAATJAOUe; Ot ozoiot Kaee xpovo npo~anav I1Ul ae1pa arra'tTjAooV anat'tftaBOlV ym 'to nooe; 8a aV'tarreSEPXoV'tUV a' uUnl 'tTjv VOJ.llKTJ Ku'taorcon. 'Hrcv EVa<; novoKEcpaAOe;.

11

Krinotn crT1YI1", a7to<pacrtcrav <pdvEpa on ea "mv e\)KOAOTEpO yt' amouc; vn a7tallayouv a7tO aUTO TO ~apu ooprto Kat vu E7tt'tPE'I'OUV rnv 0l1l1tOupyia EVOC; I1tKPOU Kat Xal111AOU 7tpOU- 7tOA01tcrI10U Snuooiou crucrnll1a'tOC; J.lE'ta06crEcov. 'Erot, 8a 117t0- pouonv vc U7tocr'tllpU;OUV on OEV "mv U7tOXPECOl1tVot va zpooospouv 7tAEOV aUnl rnv U1tllPEcria. AUnl ,,'tav 11 Ka'taycoY1l rou 011110crlOU paolOcpcOVOU Kat 'tllA.eOpaCJllC;, rn onoia rropu XPl1l1a'tOoo'touV'ta1. a7to E7ttXEtp"crEtc; cs Ka8E 7tEpi7t'tcocr11. H PBS (~l1l1oata Ymjpsotc Eoroumov) cruxva Ovol1a~E'tat «I1E'tpEAalKil y 7rllpEcria EK7tOI17tcOV»: AOYCO uutrov rrov xpl1l1a'tOOOnlcrECOV.

Auro 'to YEYOVOC; sivct ,.ua aKol111 EKcppacr11 rrov cruI1CP£povrorv EVOC; E7ttXE1Pl1l1anKOU crucrnll1a'tOC; J.lE U'I'l1AO ~a8110 mstKilc; cruvEio11cr11C; LO onoio cruVEXcOC; ol£say£t I1ta EV'tOYll mstKil 7taA11. Aur« ru 8tl1a'ta E7taVEI1<paV~OV'tat ce crxtCJll J.lE 'to '1- V'tEPVE't (Eva 7taYKocrl1lO oiK'tUO U7tOAoyta'tcOv) Kat 'ttc; VEEC; aAAl']MVOETEC; TEXVOAoyiEC; 7tAl']POCPOPl']CJllC;, 07tOU aVUKUAU7tTOUJ.lE suva aKpt~cOC; 't1lV iOta crUYKPOUCJll, 11 onoin ~PtcrKE'tat os ESEAtS11 UUnl 'tll crnYI1"·

~EV ~M7tCO yta'tt 8u E7tPE7tE vc EXOUJ.lE Ka7tOl£C; l1aKp07tVOEC; EA7tioEe; yta Kan OtucpopEnKo. H EI17tOPEUl1u't07tot11J1EYll PUOtoqxovia 8u EXEt 7taV'to'tE Ka7totOUe; cruYKEKptJ1EVOUC; crK07tOUe; - UKPt~cOC; exsivou; 7tOU Ku80p~ouv ot uv8pco7tot 7tOU 't1lv Ka'tEXOUV xm rqv EMyxOUV.

07tCOe; txco ava<ptpEt 7tP011YOUI1EVU, OEV 8EAOUV Uv8pc07tOUC; 7tOU eivm cs 8tCJll vu a7to<pucr~ouv KUt vc crul1J.lE'ttxouv, nport/lOUV EVU 7ta~nKO Kat U7tUKOUO 7tAl']8ucr/lO 7tEAUTcOV KUt 7tOA1.rucrov 8WTcOV - I1ta xowomrc uv8pc07tcoV 7tOU sivm roco aLOI1tK07tot11J1EVOt Kat U7t0110VCOflEVOt, cOcr'tE vu fl11v fl7t0POUV vn evrooouv ru neptoptousva LOUe; U7t08EflU'ta 0Uvafl11C; KUt vo xn-

• ~tM Aoyo7tniyvto IJ£ rn apxtKIl tTJC; Public Broadcasting Service.

12

rucrouv )lUl uvt::~o.pnl'tTj, t<JXUpf} OUVU)lTj Tj onoin 9u OtumtOuos TT)v cruYKEvrPW)l£"'1 E~OU<Jl.a..

H 1~IOKTrfl1ia Ka()opi(ez mvra TO neplex_OpeVO;

ME TT)v EUPEl.a. €wOUl 'tOU opou, vat, Oton nv 'to 1tEPWXOusvo U1tEP~El ru optc ru ozoin )l1tOPOUV vc aVEX'tOUV Ot tOtOK'tft'tE<;, uuroi 9a <J1tEU<JOUV yUl vc 'to zsptopicouv. Ano. U1to.pXEt apKEnl EA.am:tKoTT)'ta <J' aUnl TT) ABt'toupyia. Ot t::1t!oVOU'tE<; OEV 1tTjyaivouv oro crouvno TT)<; TT)A.eopa<Jl1<; yUl va OtampaA.i<JOUV on 0 1tpO<JKEKAl])levo<; Kat 0 Ol])lomoypo.<po<; )lUl<; 'tomKlt<; EK1tO)l7tf}<; Sa Ko.VOUV au'to 1tOU ot 1tpo)'tat geA.ouv. Y 1to.pxouv o.A.A.Ot, OUlKpt'ttKO'tEPOt Kat 1tOA.U1tA.OKO'tEPOt )ll]xavt<J)loi 1tOU E~a<J<paA.U;ouv <JE )lEYo.A.O ~(9)lo 'to on at o.v9pw1tat 1tOU ~yaivouv orov aepa Sa Ko.VOUV coro 1tOV geA.ouv Ot tOtOKnl'tE<; Kat at E1tEVOU'te<;. Y 1to.PXEt )lta oMKAl]Pl1 )laKpo. otaotKa<Jia E1tt.A.Oyf}<; (~EKa9api<J)la't0<;) 1tOV E~a<J<paA.U;Et 11 onoin E~a<J<paA.isEt TT)V 1tpoc09l]<Jl] Ko.1tOlWV av9pc01twv <JTT) ge<Jl] .'tOU owuSUVnl, rou apXt<Juv'to.KTT) KA1t )lOVOV cv uuroi EV<J'tEpvU;OV'tat 't1<; asiE<; 'tWV tOtOKTT)'tcOV.

Azo uuro 'to <Jl1)lElO Kat )lE'to., curet )l1tOPOUV vu 1tEptypo.eoov 'tou<; EaU'tou<; roue 00<; a1toA.U'ta EABu9EPOU<;. 'Etot, ouvcvro.<; 1tt::Pt<J't(l<JUlKo. Ko.1tOtO <pA.OYEPO aVE~o.pTT)'tO <ptAEABUSEPO ru1tO onv 'tOY TO)l rOUiKEp 0 ozoioc ypo.<PEt: KOt'to.S'tE susvc, DEV )lOU Em~o.A.ABt KavE\<; ri vc 1tW. 0a A£.W 6,'tl. SeAm. Etvci eva a1tOAU'tw<; EABu9EPO aU<JTT))la.

k' o.n a<popo. EKeiVOV, nuro t<JxUEt. A<pou a1tEOEtSE, 1tpo<; txcvoxoinon rrov a<pEvnKcOv 'tOU, on EV<J'tEpvi<JTT)KE n<; OlKe<; roue asiE<;, a<pe9TjKE EvrEA.cO<; EABu9EPO<; va ypo.<PEl o,nDf}1to'tE 8sABt .

.EvXVG, toao 1'/ PBS OUO xai 1'/ NPR.(E()v'K~ Anuoata P~lOffJ(J)via) ~txovral e1Cz()tuel~ orl eivai aptatepoi opyavlupoi.

13

AuTft dvat J.ua ev5tacpepouO'a J.topcp~ KptTUCt)e;. LTIlV 1tpayJ.tanKOTIlTa, 11 PBS Kat 11 NPS sivm eArtiO"ttKOt Oeouoi 1tOU sx<ppu1;;ouv cs lleYUAO ~u81l6 ne; u1t6'1'etc; KUt TU eJUJl<pepoVTU 1tAoucrtroV E1tuyyeAJlU'tuOv xpooxetuevou; croix emxetp11JlunKOUe; KUKAOUe;, crull1teptAaJl~uvoJ.L£vrov KUt emxetp11llunKwv eKTeA.eO'nKWV O'TeA.exWV, 1tOU wnUvet va sivm <ptA.eA.eUeepot a1to KU1tatU U1to'l'l1.

Fie 1tapUOetYJla, av ote~uye~ JlUl 011J.lOO'K01t11<JTt Ile'tu~u trov eKTeA.ecrnKwv cr'teA.exWv rov emxetpi]crerov ytU 'to OtKuiroIlu crqv eK'tpro<JTt, U1tOAoyi1;;ro on at U1tuVTi]cretc; roue 8u sivrn au't"ee; 1tOU Sa ll1topoucrav va Serop11eouv <ptA.eA.eUeepee;. Y 1tOmeuoJlut ott 'to ioto tcrxnet yta 1tOAAU xowoivucc 8eJlCL'tu, 61troe; rc 1tOAt't'tKU OtKUuOJlCL'tU Kat 11 eA.euSepiu eK<ppa<JTte;. Tsivouv vc Jl11v sivnt eJUVTTtP11nKoi xptcrnavoi, yta 1tapuoetYJlu KUt icrroe; vn exouv 't'llv 'tucr11 va eivm ce JlEyaAUTepo ~u8llo KU'tU 't'lle; eavanKi]e; 1tOtvi]e;, a1tO TO yeVtKO usoo opo 't'OU 1tA118ucrJloU. Eiunt a1tOAUTa ~e~UtOe; on 8u ~pehe JlEYUAO upt8Jlo eiotpooronorv 't'lle; tOtronKi]e; tOtoK't'llcriue; Kat 't'lle; emxetp11JlUnKi]~ e~oucriue; va U1toO''t'llpi1;;ouv 't'llv . AJlEptKUVtKll 'Evoxrn Iloxuuccov EA.euSeptwv.

A1to TIl crnYJli] zon au'tu a1tOTeAOUv 1tA.evpee; TIle; KOtVCOvtKi]e; 'tU~l1C; 1tpUYJlUTroV U1tO TIlv onoin a1tOKolli1;;ouv Kepo11, eXouv rnv 'tU<JTt va TU U1tocr't'llpi1;;ouv. Me uU'tu ru xpmipin, at uv8pco1tot at onoiot KUptapxouv 0"t'11 xwpa eXouv rqv 'tucr11 va eivct <ptAeAeu8epot KCLt uu'to em~e~auOveTat os evu 8ecrJlo 0- 1troe; 11 PBS

Exere eueavtoie! uovov 060 rpopec; aTTfV NP R xat uta rpopa (]TO c5eAriO clO~O'cWV reiv Max NiA Atx_vcp, xato: tnv OlapKclo. inc clKOO'o.eTOVC; napooaioi; rovc;. eO. V1t~PXc Ko.7COlCL OlCLrpOpo. o.v elxo.rc euoavtotei 10 rpoptc; O'T'1v EK7COp7C~ iWV Max NiA-AtXVEP;

14

'Oxt j.l£y6.A11, En' suxntpiu, Ssv Et}.lllt IlnoAf.l'tC))(; ~E~llto~ yt' IlU'tOU~ 'tOU~ Ilpt8}.lOU~, 11 }.lvil}.ll1 }.lOU bEV eivci roco mxupl). 'EXro n6.Et oe 't01ttKOU~ a't1l8}.lou~ 'tll~ PBS oe K6.nOtC~ noA.e~.

Eyw flZA.W yza TO E(}Yuco aiKrvo.

~'tllV nplly}.lllnKo'tll'tIl, nta'tEuro O'tt IlV ot btCu9uV'tE<; rou aua'tft}.lll'to~ nponlly6.vDIl~ l)'tIlV €uq>UEa'tEpOt, ell EnpEnE VIl emrpezouv j.l£YIlAU'tEPIl nEpt8oopta. npIlY}.lllnKWV Dta.cprovtcOv Kill KpmKl)~. Auto 81l tbtVE rnv EvWnroal] nAllw'tEprov 1;u}.loocsrov Kilt au1;l]'tftaErov Kilt ell A.et'toupyouaE cnv nllpayoV'tll~ VO}.lt}.lOnOt11O"l]<;, EVoo bEV 81l npoKIlAouaE Kilt j.l£y6.Al] 1;l]}.lill, DEDo}.ltVl]~ 'tll<; 'tEpaO"'ttll<; nponllyavbll<; Ilno rnv anl] nAEupa. En' EUKlltpill, IlU'tO 'to aUa'tll}.l1l nponllyavDIl<; nEptAll}.lp6.vEt OXt }.lOVO 'to noo<; 'til YEYOVO'tll nllpouaill1;oV'tllt a't~ EtDl)aE~, IlAM Kill EniO"l]<; 'to noo<; nllpouata1;oV'tllt ern \jfUXllyroytK6. npoypa}.lurrru - IlU'tft 'tllv rspccnu oocipu reov MME 11 onoin IlnA6. IlaxoA.el't1lt j.l£ 'tOY Ilnonpoallvu'toAta}.l6 rorv uvepoonrov, Ku8ta'twv'tIl<; "COu<; zsptcoorepo l]Ai9tou~ KUtnu81']nKou~.

Auto Dev O"l]}.lUtVEt on sium EV'tEAoo~ UV'tieE"CO<; ue 'to VU 1tl]yUiVEt KUVE~ ore MME, uAM VO}.li1;ro on eu eiXE iv« nOAu nsptoptouevo uno'ttA.ea}.lll. Auto nou xpEill1;E'tUt ElVUt xcn nou vu nupouaill1;Et Ku81']j.l£ptva, j.l£ ,.nll Ka8apl) Kat Ka'tavo11'tft }.lOpcpl), }.lta. Dta.cpopEnKl) EtKOVa 'tOU KOa}.lOU, utn EtKOVa nou va aV'tavaKAa 't~ tyvOtC~ Kat rc au}.lcptpoV'ta rou anAou xoouou Kat l] onoiu aXE'ti1;E'tat us 't~ ano\jfE~ nEpi Dl]}.lOKpa'tia~ KUt au}.lj.l£'toxi1<;, av8poonrov, onro<; 0 Nnoui Kat 0 T1;tcpEpaov.

Dzore aU}.lpaiVEt auto - Kat EXEt au}.lPEi aKO}.ll] Kat cs aUyXPOVE<; xowoivte; - eXEt anOtEMa}.la'ta. ~'tllV AYYAia, yta.napaDEty}.la, 'to riptO MME l)'tIlV 0 Tuno~, }.ltxpt 'tll DEKaE'tia rou 1960 Kat UU'tO auvtpaA.e oro vc Dta.'tllPl]8Ei Kat vc evDuva}.lOl-

15

8d IlUl KOUA:w6pa tT)~ EpyClnril<; 'ta.ST)<;· EiXE llEya.AT) EnilipucrT) na.voo <HT) ~PE'tUVl1C1) KOlVOOv1a.

Iloia eivai Yf anolfl~ aoi; Yla TO 'Ivtepvet;

Ihorsixo on una.pxouv KUAa. <HOlXeia a' uu'to, una. una.pXOUV Kat nAeupEe; TOU nou us Ka.VOUV aKE1tTllCtarij KUl uviJauxo. Aurf eivm IltU oluta8T)n1C1) UVTilipUaT) - Bev Ilnopw vu TO unooe~oo - una. VOllisoo on uno TTJ cmYllit nou 01 a.v8poonOl oev eivm cpurvoi it pouzot, T) a.)lEaT) oUlnpoaoonl1C1) enuq>it sivm EVU nOAv aT)IlUVTtKO IlEpOe; TTJ<; uv8pw1t1.VT)e; ~ooite;, Olon ~0T)8a.· aTTJ KUraVOT)aT) TOU EUU'tOU KUl aTTJv Uva.1tTUSTJ IltUe; uy1Ov<; npOaOO1t1.KOTTJTUe;.

'OVTOOe;, EXetc; IlUl OUlcpopen1C1) aXEaT) IlE Ka.nOlOV, O'tUV'tOV f.Xele; unEVUVTi cou, nupa. orcv nAT)1C'tpOAoyei<; crov unoAoytaTit cou KUt ouv una.vTTJaT) nuipvetc; Ka.noUl aVIl~oAu aTTJv 0- 80VT) TOU. Yn0'lIta.SOllut on T) enEK'tuaT) uurij<; TTJe; uq>T)pT))lf.VT)e; KUt uno uovoi 1l£VT)e; aXEaT)e; uvri TTJe; a.)lEaT)<; npoaC01t1.Kite; snn<pite;, 8u £xel ouaa.pe<He<; E1t1.nTWaetc; oe 0, rt u<popa. TTJV nrnoTTJru TCOV uV8pwncov. NOlltSOO on 8u unopu8lli?et TTJV Uv8pco1t1.a.

TOU<;. .

(1994)

16

TO :EY:ETHMA TIPOTIAr ANA-AI:

(1:uvEV'n>US11 rou Too~o1Cl. 1tpO~ 'tOY N'ta{~1.V't M1tapoa~l,(iv M1tO'OAV'tSP, Kosopcvro, 24-10-1986).

Nt.M1t.: EXeTe anx_oAIJBe£ exietauiva J1,e TIJV 7rOAmK~ TIJr; YAW(J(Jar; xai TIJr; (JIJJ1,aCJzoAoyiar; xai txeTe net: «Ilpexet va atpazpt(JovJ1,e JZaJ0XZKo. W 7rt7rAa TIJr; JZaaTpt{JAW(Jf(r; yza va Jovtu: TIJV aA~Beza». H epwTf((J~ f.1.0V eivai f( aKOAovBf(: (fL1]V e7rOX~ rov OpyOVeA. xai ue JeJOJ1,tvo TO eK7raz&vTZKO abotnua TWV Hll.A, noui eivoi ra JZavOIJTZKo. epyaJ..eia 7rOV 7raptX6Z TO (JV(fL1]ua (fLOVe; tpOZTytTte; yza va a7rOKwJzK07rOZ~(JOVv, va anOKpV7rTOyparp~(Jovv tau va uetaopaaoov aVTOVe; TOVe; opvooeuavoi»; 0- pooc;

A: E7rS'tPE\jITS 110U, (WXtKa, vu Kavro Ka7rOtO O"X6Ato oxsnKa 11' aUT6· cv Kat 6AOt l1a~ Kat syro S7riO"llC;, OVOllasOUIlS rnv E1tOxi\ auTIj, sn:oxi\ TOU UPYOUSA, 11 n:paYllanK6LllTa sivrn on 0 DpyoUSA s~cpaviO"LllKs apya ern O"Kl1VJl. H uuspucdvucn ~toll11- Xavia C>l1~oO"irov O"XEo"SroV, 11 onoia eivut Ilta n:oA'O n:spiTsx.vrt ~toll11xavia, itC>l1 an:6 nc; apXEC; TOU 1920 EXSt avan:wsst au'ta rc spyaAcla, EXSt ypa\jlst yt' aU'ta KOK. LT11v n:paYl1anK6Lll'ta, aK61!11 Kat vroptrspu, KaTa rnv c>mpKSta TOU A' Ifuyxooutou IIoAE~ou, ot uuepuccvot tcropucoi n:POocpEP8rlKav orov zpoeSpo Touvrpo Fouisoov, vc smTsAEO"ouv Eva O"T6xo 'tOY onoio ov61!asav «IO"ToptK6 Lxsc>taO"Il6», evvorovre; 11' auto LOV O"XsotaO"I16 rrov ysyov6'trov 'tllC; tcropic; ue rpozro nou ea S~U1I:l1psrououv Lllv n:oAmKft rou xpcrouc. Auto eivm 0pyouSAtav6 noAU nptv apxiO"st vc ypa<pst 0 DpyousA. Aiyo ~sTa an:6 uuro, uuepucdvot C>l1l10O"toypa<pot 6nroc; 0 rOU6ATSp Aizuuv, 0 ota- 0"ll~0C; cuspuccvo; C>l1~oO"tOypacpoc;, dn:av 'to 1921, on 11 'tEx.vrt 'tllC; C>l1I!OKpa'tia~ an:at'tet o.n ov6l!a~av «pto~l1xavia 'tllC; au-

17

vctveorj;», o,n II ~tollTjXuviu OllJ.lOoirov oxeoerov OVOIlUSf: «crXeolucrllo TIl~ ouvutvsorp;», evue; aAAO~ opoc Yl~ TOV OpyOUeAtUVO «f)..erxo TIl~ crKf.'I'Tj<;». H toeu ijTav on, o ' eve KpaTO~ oro oxoto II KU~epVllOll Ssv unopst vc eMy~el TO Aao otu TIl~ ~iu~, TO KaAUTepo 1tOU eXel VU KaVel sivrn vu eMX~el TIl crKe'l'll TOU. 'Erot, aUTO clXe yiVel os llCyaAo ~a9llo xcrcvonro zpw TOV DpyoueA xnt at TeXVlKee; clxav crXeOtucrTcl Kat clxav socpuoorei £upero~.

Ooo ytu TO Ti OtO<lcrKOUV TO. oXof..ciu yta. va. zpoctureucouv TOU~ av9p6)1tou~ a1to auTij rnv KaTaoTaOll, Tj a1taVTllOll etvm a1tAij, T{1tOTa. LTTjV 1tpawcrtlKOTTjTa, TO. oxof..cia ~piOKOVTUt crnv aVTt1tePU oX9Tj, eivrn j.l€.poc; 'rOU IlTjXUVlOIlOU 1tapa1tATjpO<p0PTj<11lC; KUl aUTO etvci a1tOAtnU KUTaVOTJTO, enicrTje;. Eivm KUTaVOTJTO aKOIlU KUt uno rou; <ptf..cf..cUgePoue; btuVOoulleVOUe;, TOUe; geroPTJTlKOU~ Tll~ OTjlloKpaTiue; Kf..1t. AUTO cpaiveTat, YIU napabelYlla, crTll 0llllUVT1Kij j.lCMTll H Kpi(J''1 r'1C; A'1f10Kpariac;, Iltu 0pYOUeAtaV'fJe; eWOtuc; eKgeOll nov «UPXWV Tlle; bTjIlOKPUTiUC;», nou eK869TjKe uno rnv Tplllepij Emrpom], Jltu bW9vfJ eAiT, cptf..cMugeprov, KUpiroC;, Survoouusvoiv, uV9pwnrov rov ozoirov TUnlKOe; eKnpooro1tOC; sivrn 0 Kuprsp. EKclVOl nou e1taVbpWVUV TOV JlTjXUVlcrJlO TIle; btoiKTjcrTJe; TllC;, (lvacpepOVTUl ore crXOAclU onv gecrJloue; U1teu9uvouC; ytu TIlv «KUTTJXTlOll TIle; VCOAuiuC;», cpucrtKa cr' UUTO TO xeiuevo JltAOUV j.lCTa~U TOUe;, uuro Ssv sivm Kan 1tOU (j1J~TjTciT(ll bTjJlOotu. Ana UUTOe; swrn 0 Tp01tOe; 1tOU UVTtAa.Jl~aVOVTUt ru 1tpaYJlaTu. Tn crxof..ciu eivrn Oeouot ytU KaTTJXT]crTj, Yla e1tt~OAfJ 1tetSuPxiae;, ytu U1tOKMtcrJlO TTje; buvuTOTllTac; uva1tTU~Tje; uVeSaPTllTllC; crK£'I'TJe; KUt 1tU~OUV eva SecrJlIKO POAO oe iv« crucrTTjJlU EMrxOU KUtE1tt~oAije;. Tu UATJStVa crX0f..ciu So. e1tpf:1tE vc 1tpocr<pepouv moue; avSpw1tOUe; TEXVtKee; UUTOaJlUVUe;, aAAa aUTO Su crTJJlatve TTjV btbacrKuAia Tlle; UAfJSEtae; ytu TOV KOOJlO Kat rnv xorvrovin KUt TU crXOAEiu bEV Su unopououv vc E1tl~lrocrOUV yta 1tOAU, uv eKuvav xrm T€.TOto.

18

N't.Mn.: 0 E.II.Ori:po, 0 osoioc /:xcz cKJO(fGlllla OlJMOYt7 JOKZpiwv cos; ue ThAO, Pzt;oanaaTlKi:<; IIpoTcpalOT'1Tc<;,typalJl£ aTOV 1CPOAOYO aVTOV TOV ftzfJAiov: «To OAOKAYfPWTlKO aVaTYff1a cAtyXOV TYf<; aKtlJl'1<; eivoi nOAv AZYOTCPO oxotessapouxo ano TO 6'1- f10KpaTlKO, £q;oaov TO enionuo 6oYf1a nov nanaYaAit;eral ano 10V<; t5zavoOVf1EvOV<; nov Bpiaxovuu aT'1V tmnpeoia TOV KPa.TOV<;, eivai EVKoAa avayvcopimuo aav Ka(Jopt7 nponay6.vt5a xat aVTo fio'l(Ja. aT'1V aneA.ev(JepwaYf TYf<; aKelJl'l<;». Ano T'lV illYf, ypa.q;cz: «To 6'1f10KpaTlKo abatnua emt;'1Ta. va xcdiopiaei xai va neptopiaet OAOKA.'1PO TO q;6.af1a T'1<; oxbpnc, f1'1 avooepouevo Ka(JoAov atu; (Jef1eA.lwt5ez<; nopaJoxf:<;. eewpovvral ~e~of1f:ve<; aAJ..a. &-v axooetxvbovtas»,

A: Auto etvm anoAu'tw~ aKptPe~ Kat Eyei:> Eni<JT)~ exw ypaIjfEt yt' uuro 'to 8{;).la nOAAi~ <pope~. AnAa aKE<p8ei'tE, nap'tE yta napUOEty).la, jnn xei:>pa TJ ozoin ppiaKEmt DtOtKTJnKa, aKptpei:>~ oro aV'ti8E'tO aKpo rou <paa).la'to~ czo E).la~, rnv ~opt£nKi] 'EvW<JT). Eivat utn xei:>pa nou ~acrtKa KVpEpva'tat Dta ponaAOu, eva Kpa'tO~ Dtamyei:>v. To Kpa'tO~ EA£YXEt Kat 0 Ka8eva~ pacrtKa £K'tEAd EV'tOA£~. H A£t"tOUpyia rou sivm mo nOAl)1tAOKTJ an' o.n rnv nEptypa\jla).l£, aUa pacrtKa E'tO"t A£t'toupyEi. EKEi sivm, nOAU EUKOAO vc npocotoptorei 'ti sivut nponayavDa, o.n napay£t 'to KPU'tO~ stvct nponayUvDa. Auro eivrn 'to EWO~ 'tll~ Ka'tUcrracrTJ<; nou nEptypa<pEt 0 OpYOUeA oro 1984 - tva Oxt Kat nOAU KaAO PtPA10, napE).l7tt1t'toV'tWC;. 'Evcq ana roue AOYOU~ zou eivct roco DTJ).lO<ptUc; eYKEtmt oro on sivrn Kunw~ xoworozo, evro evac; aUoc;, EnetDll acrxoA£i"tat us roix; Ex8poue; ).lac;, npaY).la nou 'to KaVet DTJJ.lO<ptUe;. Av acrxoA£1TO ).l£ eva cropapo npoPATJ).lU, ).l£ e).lUe; rou; WtOU~ n·x. tors DEV 8a ll'tav rooo OTJ).lO<plA£e;, crnv npaY).la'tlKO'tll'ta, n18avei:>c; va ).lTJv eiXe Kav eKo08ei. Es J.lta Xffipa 01t<O<; a.unl, onou umlpx£l eva. Ei.ooe; Y 1toupyeio

19

AA:i18Etae;, 11 7tp07tayavoa eivrn 7t0A:U eUKOM avayvroptatl-l11. 0 Ka8EVae; yvropi1;Et 'tl sivct Kat uzopst KaVEte; vn c7tV-E~ct vc rqv ava7tapayct, cv ron upsost, a"AJ v a ~acrtKa auriJ OEV EmOtWKct va cAEy~ct 'tll aKE'V11 7tapa 7tOAU, U1tAU 7tcpVU mv KOJ.lJ.lanK1l ypaJ.lJ.lil. AEct: «Auto ElVat 'to Em<JllJ.lO MYJ.la, orov ~aaJ.lO 7tOU OEV 'to 7tapa~aivE'tE, OEV Sa EXE'tE KavEva 7tpo~A11J.la. Auro 7tOU aKE<p'tEa'tc OEV EXct I-lCYUA11 a11l-laaia yta xcvevov. Av nnpsxdivc'tc a7to 'tll ypal-ll-lil, aa aae; nl-lropilaoul-lC yta'ti EXOUI-lC 'tll ouval-l11»·

Ot Ol1J.lOKpanKEe; xowovie; OEV J.l1tOPOUV vc A.et'toupyf)aouv Ka't' uuro 'tOY 'tP07tO, Siort 'to KpUTOe; OEV J.l7topEi vc cUy~ct rnv OUJ.l1tEPUPOPU J.lE 'tll pia. E7toj.ltvroe;, 7tPE1tcl va EAEy~Et ri OK£<p'tEO'tE. Savu, oi 8eroP11nKoi 'tlle; 011J.lOKpa'tiae; 'to €ixav aV'tV-11<P8ciau'to, EOW Kat 50-60 x.pOVta Kat u7tflp~av 7tOAU cu<PEte; 7tUvro a' uuto ro 8EI-la. Av 0 AaOe; unopsi va llv-iloEt, KaA.6 aa stvm vc cAEnEt<; ri Met, 7tpuYl-la 1tOU onuuivet on 7tPE7tEt va EMY~Et<; ri aKE1t'tE'tat. H j.lt80ooe; 1tOU uvuespet 0 O'tEPO, eivci utn a7to ne; KUPlEC; 1-lC86ooue;. 'Evcc a7tO roue TP07tOUC; 7tOU 10- AEnEt<; Ti aKE7t'tov'tat oi uv8pro1tOl, eivm 0l1J.ltoUpywv'tae; rnv aio811<Jll on 0 ot<iAoyoe; 7tOU OtE~uYE'tat, o<p€iA.et vc 7tapaj.ltVel j.ltaa os 1tOAU creve 7tAaiata. ~l1Aaoil, 7tPE7tcl vu E~ao<paAioEt<; Kat cero 'tt<; OUO 7tA.eUpEe; 7tOU Aall~UvouV j.ltpoe; crov OtUAOYO, on a7tOOEXOV'tat optouevec U7t08EaEt<; at 07toiEe; 'tEAtKU a7tOoEtME'tat on eivrn TO oucrnuc 1tp07tayuvoae;. Ttn 000 xmpo, a7tOOeXOvTat OAOl TO aua'tllJ.la 1tpo1tayuvoae;, 0 otUAoyoe; J.l1tOPEl va OtE~UYETat.

o 7tOA.eJ.lOe; rou BlE'tVUJ.l €ivat Eva KA.aauco 7tapUoEtYl-la. r'ta KUpta MME, roue New York Times il 'to CBS il KU1tOta ana - rta 'tllv aKpi~Eta, a' OM rc llilKll KUlla'tOe; TOU <puolla'tOe; EK'tOe; a7to rnv 7tOAU a7toJ.laKpuoj.ltVll nspupepetu, 11 ozotc OEV E1t11PEU~Et aXEoov xcvsvcv - ora MME 7tOU E1t11PEU~OUV rnv ouvrpt- 7tnKil1tA.elO'V11<Pia TOU 1tAl18uoJ.lOU, U7tflPXE ~roV'tav6e; OtUAoyoe;.

20

At£~ayorav )lETa~U av8po.moov 1tOU oVo)lui;OVTav «aeptorspio» Kat av8po.moov 1tOU ovo)l<ii;oVTav «yepuna». Ot uv8pOO1tot 1tOU OVO)lut;oVTav «yepuKta» eAeyav: «A v emusivouus c' uurov, 80. VUcT\crOU)l£», evro ot uv8poo1tot non OVO)lut;oVTav «nsptcreptn» eAeyav: «Axour; Kat vn emusivouue cr' uurov (TOV nOAe)lo) m8avov vc )lll )l1topecroU)l£ vu vtxncouue Kat EKTO<; auTOU, m8avov va crKOToo80uv 1tOAAOi uv8poo1t0t», it Kun TET01O. Kat ot Duo 1tAeupe<; Kat rc «YEpUna» Kat TO. «aspiorspio», crU)l<POOvououv os Kun: eXOU)l£ TO DtKaioo)la va E1tm8e)lE8a oro N. Bisrvcu. l:Lllv 1tpaY)lanKOLllTa, OUTE xcv 1tapaDExoVToucrav on cruvE~qtVE uuro. To ovo)lat;av «u)luva TOU Notiou Bt£TVU)l» , XPllcrt)101totffiVTa<; Lll At~ll «cuovo» crLll 8ecrll Lll<; «e1tieeCJl1<;», us TOV OOcrtKO 0PYOUEAtaVO Tp01tO. l:Lllv 1tpayurmxotrrru, sxovov E1tiOeCJl1 evcvriov TOU Nortou Btervau, 01too<; aKpt~ro<; Kat Ot procrot eKavav Eni8ECJl1 evuvtiov TOU A<pyavtcrTuv.

AKPt~ro<; 01too<; Kat uurot, crnv apm EYKaracr-rftcra)l£ )lta KU~epYl1crll 11 ozoic )la<; KUAecrE ern xropa Kat )ltxpt vc rnv EyKaTacr-rftcroU)l£, itJ.lamav avaYKacr)ltvot v« cvctpsnouue Lll J.lta KU~epYl1crll )l£TU rnv UAAll. TEAtKu, ~pitKaJ.lE J.lta 1tOU J.la<; KUAEcrE vc E1teJ.lPOU)l£, nv Kat pptcrK0J.lacrTav exsi E1ti xrovta, Emn8£J.lEVot TOcrO crnv u1tat8po oco Kat crTOV uoruco 1tAll8uouo. AUTO Kat av etvm Em8enKo't"llTa. Kcvsvuc DEV crKe<pTllKE on aUTO itTav A<i80<;, it )lUAAOV, 01to1OcrDit1tOTE oxscrorcv on it"Cav Au80<; Sev ytVOTav a1tODEKTO<; orn crut;itLllcrll. Av itcrouv «aeptorspi», U1tocr-rftptt;e<; 't"llv E1tt8enKoLllTa, nv itcrow «YEPUKl», £KavE<; TO W1O. H avn1tapu8Ecrll «xepiorepucv» Kat «yepcxuov» itTav E1tO)ltVOO<; Ka8apu 8eJ.la TaKnKf]<;: «M1tOpOUJ.lE vc <pepOU)l£ TOV 1tOAeJ.lO oe nepa<;; Eivm 1to/...U 0.1- J.la't"llPO<; it 1tOAU Da1taYl1P6<;;». OAa aUTU ~acrtK6. itTav E1tOUcrtroDll. H oucin stvcn on 11 Em8EnKoLllTa swrn Au80<;. Ornv ot pcooot etcrtpaAav crLll TcrExocrAopaKia, TO. KaTU<pEpav, DEV crKO-

21

rroouv 1tOAAOUS avepro1tOUS, aAM. EiXav KaVEt Meos, OtOO 1'l E1tteEnKO'tTl'ta sivrn Aa80s. DAot 'to Ka'tavOOUIlf:. AAAa OEV f..l1tOPOUIlf: vc E1tt'tp£\jIOUIlf: va EKcppaSE'tat Ollf..loO"ta, aUTI)ll av't1All\jlTj, orcv O"XE'tiSE't(ll, OAO<paVEpa us 'tt<; ~iates 1tpa~Et<; 'tOU Kpa'tOUS f..las. Av elXallf: EOro Eva OA.oKA.llPronKo KPU'tOS, 'to Yzoupveto AATl8Etas a1tA.6. ea eiXE nst: «Etvrn orocro vc Etcr~uUoullf: oro Btsrvcu». Auro OEV Em8EXE'tat af..lcptcr~Tl'tTl(JT]. Ot av8pu)1[ot 8a yvroPtSav on au'to sivm 'to crUO"'tTlf..la 1tp01tayuvbas Kat Sa f..l1topouO"av vn o"KEcp'tOUV o.n Tl8f:A.av, 8a uzopououv vc bOUV on EIlf:t<; £1ttn8£1lf:8a oro Btsrvau, 01troS unoPOUf..lE vu OOUf..lE on ot procot E1tt'ti8£v'tat oro AcpyavtO"'tuv. l1£v 8a f..l1tOpOUO"£S vu £1tt'tp£\jI£t<; ouo»; aUTI) 'tTlv aV't1All\jlTj 'tTlS 1tpaYf..lanKO'tTl'tas 0"' aUTI) 'tTl xropa, eivut 1toM £1ttKlVOUVTj. Ot uvSpro1tot EOro' sivm 1tOA.U mo EA.£U8£pOt, f..l1t0POUV vc sxrppuorouv Kat vc OpUO"OUV. E1tof..l€.vros, Tl'tav avaYKaio va npoonn- 8Tl0"£t<; vu cA.Ey~et<; 'tTlv O"K£\jIll, vu 1tpoO"1ta8TlO"et<; vn rnv KUVet<; vc £f..lcpavlSe'tat, onv Kat 'to f..l0VaOtKO SEf..la 1tOU UnTlPXe vc Tl'tav curo 'tTlS 'taK'ttKTlS: f..l1tOpoullf: vc 'ta ~yUA.OUIlf: 1tEpa f..l' uuro 'tOY 1tOA.ef..lO; l1ev 'tteE'tUt 8Ef..la O"rocr'tou Tl A.u80uS. AUTI)ll rnxnKTl Af:t'tOVpyllO"e Ka'tu tva f..l€.pos aAAu Oxt cruVOA1KU. l:'touS KOA1tOUS 'tOU 1l0p<prof..lEVOU 'tf..lTlf..la'tOS 'tOU 1tAllSucrf..lOU, AEt'tOUp'Y1lcrf: O"XE86v us a1tOAU'lT) e1tt'tUXia. Y 1tUPXOUV KaMS Ilf:M'teS 1tUvro 0"' uuro TO SEf..la Ot 01tOleS OelXVOUV, f..le TO EA.6.XtO"'W f..lOVO O"'tUTtO"'ttKO O"cpuAlla, on fl£'ta~u rrov mo f..lop<prof..l€.vrov O"'tProllurov rou 1tAll8uO"f..lou, 'to crUO"'lT)lla 'IT)S KU~EpVTjnKf)s 1tpo1tayuvoas ytVo'tav a1tOOeK'tO xropi<; Kaf..ltU af..lcptO"~Tl'tTl(JT]. A1tO 'tTlv UAAll f..lEPtU, uorepu a1to f..l1.U f..laKpU 1tEpiooo Aa'iKf)s au8oPf..l1l'tTlS aV'ti8E(JT]S, uvnppncerov Kat opyuvro(JT]S, 0 YEvtKoS 1tA118uO"f..los ~E<PUYE a1to 'tOY £A.£"(X0. AKOf..lll Kat 1tpoO"<pata, 'to 1982, crUf..lqxovu ue tt<; tEA.£UtateS 01lf..l00"KOm)O"Et<;, to 70% rou 1tAl18uO"f..lOU e~aKoAou80uo"E vc Met, E1ta.vaAall~uVoVtaS· rnv opcosoAoyia 'tTlS 011f..l00"K61tTJ0"11S, on 0 1tOAef..lOS Tltav «~aO"tKU Aav8a-

22

O")levo~ Kat avf]8tKO~» Kat OXt a7tAcO~ eva «A6:80~». ~l1AaOT], 11 <J1)vrptmtKf] 7tA.etO'Vl1<pia ron 7tAl18uO")lOU O€V sivci ours «YEpaXUl» OU'tE «zsptotspta», aAAa avrt'tieE'tat crnv E7tt8Enxorrrrc. A7to rnv aAAl1 )!Cpt&., 'to )lOp<pro)ltvo 't)lT])lU rou 7tAl1- euO")lOU 7tapa7tAavf]~KE. Tt' cure, U7tapXEt )lOVO 'to 'tUK'ttKO 7tpopAl1)la «YEpaKUl» evcvriov «zeptorspuov». Ilopeumzrovrox, uuro OEV eivat nepispvo. H 7tP07tayavoa <J1)XVa A.et'toupyd KaAlm:pa )!C'ta~u rcov uopqxouevorv 7tapa )!C'tU~u rmv auopqxorcov, Au'to to"xUEt cs 7tOAA£~ 7tEpt7t'tffio"E~. Y 7tapXOUV 7toAAoi Myot yt' nuro Kat eva~ a7t' au'tou~ etvoi 'to on ot uop<pro)ltVot E1tl1PEa1;ovrat 7tEPtO"O"O'tEPO a7to rnv 7tp07tayavoa~, Sion oUlPa1;ouv 7tEPtO"O"O'tEpO. 'Evcq ano~, 'to on stvm oopek; 7tp07tayavoa~, O"E 'tEAtKf] aVaAUO"l1, 11 EpyaO"ia rouq sivrn iOla )!C au'tf] ttov xouutoonpuov. 0Eropouvrat on eivrn Ot <popd~ rou <J1)O"'tf])la'to~ 7tp07tayavoa~ Kat e'tO"t 'tllv 7tlO"'tEUOUV Kat ot iOlOt. Eivm 7tOAU OUO"KOAO va 7tE~ Kat va Ot8U~E~ Kan, nv OEV 'to 7t1O"'tEUE~. A.no~ Myo~ eivrn 'to on O"E 7tOAU )!CyaAO pa8)lo sivm )lepo~ 'tll~ 7tpOVO)llOUxa~ EAh, srot <J1))l)!Cp{1;ovrat rc <J1))l<pepov'ta Kat ~ avrtAT]'VE~ 'tll~, svro 0 Y£VlKO~ 7tAl1euO")lO~ eivrn 7tlO 7tEpt8ropto7totl1)levo~ Kat O£V <J1))l)!C'teXEt O"E )!CyaAO pa8)lo oro Ol1)lOKpanKO O"uO"'tll)la, 'to onoio stvat eva um:ppoAtKa EAt'tiO"nKo 7tatxvWt Kat Ot av8pro7tot Ot8aO"KOV'tat a7tO 't~ E)l7tEtpie~ 'tll~ 1;roT]~ roix; va exouv a)l<ptpoAie~ Kat 8ta<provit~ Kat ovrros exouv, aAAU au'to sivm eva 'tU7t1KO 7tapaOEty)la. E6ffi exou)!C )lUl 7tEpi7t'troO"lll1 ozoic stvct EVOUl<pepouO"a, olon EVcO 11 'tEXVtKf] rou EA£rxOU O"JS:e'Vl1~ A.e1'tOUPYllO"£ 7toM a7to'tEA.eO")lanKa, yUl rnv aKpipEta T]'tav 100% a7to't£A.eO"llanKf] uvcuscc 0"'t0 uopqxousvo 't1lT])la rou 7tAl18uO"IlOU, o)lro~, uO"'tEpa a7to 7tOna XPOVUl ro)lO'tf]'trov Kat O"<payffiv Kat sxcrovrcocov XtAt&.6rov VExprov, aPXtO"E va XaV£t rnv a';t07t1.O"'tia 'tll~ cvcusou 0"'t0 YSVtKO 7tAl1euO"IlO. Y7taPXEt aKolla Kat Eva ovouo yUl 'to ouwcuevo au'to, ovolla1;s'tat «ro crUvopollO rou Btsrvdu». MUl 8avaO"lll1l

23

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26

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27

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28

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29

f.10VTl1Cl>pepVTlcrrt, avalfficra ~ xOOpEe; amee;, 1too 1tpOcr1t(i~crE vc pEA:rtfficr£l 'to plonKO mbt£()o nov qmoxoov, ylU TI}v uxpiP£lU, 7tpoepTJ ce KOlVOOVUCTj uvuKamvoflit 'tOOV 7tAOU't07tUPUYOOytKOOV 7t0POOV, suva Kan UVUf.1<PtcrpitTI}'to . .oe; 7tpo<; uU'to 'to yeyovo<;, uxopst; va avu'tpes£t<; cr'tt<; cvcoope; TI}<; IlcvcuspuccV1Ki!e; Tpa7tEt;ue; AvamuSTJ<; it cs aUu eV'tU7tu TI}<; ()tKi!e; oou E7ttAOyit<;. 'Erot, uU'ta sivrn f.1aUov ()UO xapa1CtTJptcrnKa yEyOvorc rc onoin ()lUCPOP07tOlOUV TI}V Nuccpcvouc U7tO TI}V Touc'tEflaAu, 'to EA LUApuMp Kat, crTI}V 7tPUYf.1UnKOTI}m, UKOf.1a Kat TI}V OV()OUPU 07tOU 0 fllcrO<; 7tATJErocrf.10e; Atf.10K'tOVEl. Au't£<; 01 rpsu; Xoop£<; Kat £l()lKa TJ rOUU'tEf.1aAU Kat 'to EA LUApuMp, eiVUl IffimSU 'tOOV 1ttO rpouoxpunxrov KPU'tOOV naYKocrf.1lU. LTI} ()EKaE'tia'tou 1980, eixuv crcpuytacrEt navoo ano 100.000 xuroiKOUe; roue, Iffi TI}v U7tocr."PtSTJ xm ru; WAoyie<; rorv HIIA. I:1EV sivrn 7tapa PialU rpouoxpcrucc KpaTI}. I:1EV 7tpocrcp£pouv rinoru orov 7tATJErocrflo roue EK'tO<; U7tO 'to VU 'tOY crKO'tOOVOUV. H Ov()oupa Stoucetrm U7tO fllU KUP£PVTlcrrt U7tO TI}v onoic ot 7tAOUmot ATJcr'tEUOUV roue cp'tOOXOU<;, au." eivct TJ cpucrTJ TI}e;. 1:11U- 7tpa't'touv oovoi»; 0Xl oro pa8f.10 7tOU 'to xrrvouv ot KUptot crUf.1- f.1Uxoi 'tOU<;, 0flOO<; 7tepi7tou 'to itfllcr'U rou 7tATJ8ucrflou AlflOK'tOVEl. Avn8£'tOO<;, TJ KUPSPVTlcrrt 'tOOV Luvnvimu<;, 07tOlU Kat uv etvai TJ a7tO\vit oou Yl' uU'tOU<;, ()EV SXEl crCPUytAicrEt 'tOY 7tATJEroouo Kat £XEt 8ecrEt roue 7tOpOUe; TI}<; Xoopu<; crTI}V U7tTJp£cria rou AUOU Kat uu." sivct TJ Eilio7totoe; ()lucpopa. 'Erm, 'to £7t0lffiVO 7tpayf.1u 'to ozoio EPEUVTlcru itmv: nooo cr'UxYa cvuoepovtuv au'ta rc YEYOVO'tU o ' EKeiVU rn 85 ap8pu; To YEYOVO<; on 01 Luv'tlvicrme; elVU1 £K ()lUf.l£'tpOU ()lUcpopEnKoi U7tO ronq cr'Uf.1f.1aXou<; f.1U<;, oro on ()EV crcpuyt6:t;ouv 'tOY 7tATJErocrf.10 roue, ()EV ava<p£p~KE OU'tE flta <popa. To YEYOVO<; on SXOUV 7tpocrcpepEt KOtVOOV1Ke<; U7tTJpEcriee; orouc <P'tOOXOU<;, uVUCP£P~KE f.10VO os 2 q>pacrEt<; 'tOOV 85 ap8poov KUt 'tt<; ()UO cpopse; 0f.1ooe; flOAt<; 7tOU 81- y6'tuv. H 7tpOOTI} it'tuv f.1lU 7tAaYIU uvacpopa it onoin £A.eYE on BS

30

a rriae; 't"OU 1tOA£J.l0U J.lE 't"oue; Kovrpuc, OEY J.l1tOPOUV va cruvEXicouv va npootpspouv xoivorvixe; U1tTJPEatee;, OEV avecpEpE OJ.lroe; ri dXav KaVEt J!EXPt EKdVTj TIJ anYllil. H OEU't"EPlJ uvceopu ilrev J.lta 1ta8taaJ!EVTJ Em8EOT) evcvriov rorv Lavrtvia't"ae;, a1tolCaA.ffivrae; LOUe; OAoKAlJPronKa K't"T]VTj K.a rn onoic, 01troe; il't"av eucuco, dXav 8EaEt 'roue; 1tOpOUe; TIJe; xwpae; aTIJv u1tTJpEaia trov cprroxwv. 'Erot, u1ti]pxav uovov 2 cppaaEtc; oru 85 ap8pa yta Eva rooo OT)J.lUvrtKO OEJ.la Kat KaJ.ltO: cppaOT) ern 85 ap8pa yta ro onuavnxo YEyovoe; On ce avri8EOT) 1tpOe; roue aUllllaXOUe; J.lae;, OEV EXOUV acpaytO:aEt rov 1tAlJ8uaIlO LOUe;, OEV EXOUV cxottocst 100.000 av8pw1toue;. Aomov, au't"T] Kt av sivm 1tEt8apxia.

ME acpoPJ.lil ro YEyovoe; curo, ava't"pEsa a' OAa La ap8pa troy New York Times a1to ro 1980 J!Expt cr1lJ.lEpa - J.lOVO ora ap8pa - yta ro EA LaA~a06p Kat TIJV Nuccpcyouc Kat cuvnVTIJaa ~aatKa TIJv iOta tcropia. Fur 1tapaOEtYlla, oru; 15 0- K"tro~piou 1985 aTIJv Nuccpcyouc, lJ KU~EpVTjalJ Ki]pUSE Ka't"aa'tUOT) 1tOAtopKtae;. Eivm J.lta xwpa, 1tOU uoiotntm E1ti8EOT) a1to Ilta 1tEptCPEPEtaKi] U1tEPOUValllJ Kat EKavE o.n KavaJ.lE EJ.lEtc; orov B' IIaYKoaJ.lto IIoAeJ.lo aTIJv XaBalJ: Ki]pUSE Ka't"aa't"aalJ 1toAtopKiae;, Kan Ka8oAou 1tapaSEvo. Y7ti]PSE o~roe; J.lta rspcana Ka't"aKpauYil: ap8pa, Ka't"aYYEAtee;' uuro a1tOOEucvUEt on eivct OAOKAlJPronKa a'tUAtvtKa K't"T]VTj KA1t; ~uo J!EpEe; J.lE't"a a1t' mrro, oru; 17 OK"tro~piou, ro EA LaABa06p avavstaae TIJV xntaa'tUOT) 1tOAtOpKtae; crTIJ xwpa. Aurf eivci J.lta Ka't"acr'tUOT) 1t0- AtOpKiae; 1tOU KlJpux8l)KE crnv xwpa LOV Mnpno rou 1980 Kat uvcvecovenn EK't"O't"E Em J.llJvtatae; ~acrEroe;, EVW eivat 1tOAU 1t10 crKAlJPil a1to TIJv Ka't"acr'tUOT) 1toAtopKiae; aTIJ Ntxuprryouu. Avacr't"EAAet TIJV EAeu8Epia EKcppaOT)e;, TIJV EAeu8Epia J.lE't"UKiVTjOT)e; Kat ouotconxc, OAa ru 1tOAtnKa OtKatOOJ.la't"a. Eivut ro 1tAaicrto 1tOU VOJ.ltIlO1tOld TIJv J.laS1Ki] mpaYil, 0 ctpcroq 1tOU Ellde; opjuvroocue, EXEt OtU1tpaSEt J.lUstKa Bacravtcr't"T]pta Kat acpayee; Kat EsaKOAouOd va ro KaVEt.

31

To 1l0VO nou EXE'tE vn KUVE'tE sivrn vc KOt'tUSE'tE TIJV 'tEAEU'tCliCl ClVclCj>OPU TIJ<; L1tE8vou<; AIlVTJO"'tia<;. 'Erot, e()W, !!EO"Cl O"E DUO !!EPE<;, 1') Nucaprryouu JdjpUSE KCl'tUO"'tClO"l') EK'tClKTIJ<; uvcYK1')<; Kat 'to EA l:ClA~ClD6p ClVClVECOO"f: TIJV DtKi} 'tOU, ern nACliO"tCl TIJ<; onoiCl<; EXOUV DtClnpClx8Ei IlClstKE<; O"Cj>ClYE<; xut ~ClO"ClVtO"nlpur, H KCl'tUO"'tClO"l') nOALOpKiCl<; O"TIJV Nuccpcyouc 8ECOPll81')KE ~UVclUO"l') COIlOTIJ'tCl, 1') KCl'tUO"'tClO"T] nOALOpKiCl<; 0"'t0 EA l:ClA~ClD6p zon ll'tClV nupCl noM o"KA1')pO'tEP1') Clno uno'IfTI !!E'tpcov xm 0"\)vEnEtWV, ClnAu OEV ClVClCj>£p81')KE KClV Kat, E1ttnAEOV, OEV ClVclCj>£p- 81')KE nO'tE. L1Ev unUPXEt OU'tE IltCl AEST] nou vc ClVClCj>£PE'tClt O"TIJv 'tEAEU'tCliCl, O"E nspizou 180 Up8pCl, own eivut «DtKOi IlCl<;. uv- 8pconot» xm srot DEV npEnEt vn IltAUJ.LE ytCl uuro, eivrn IltCl EUVOIlOUIlEVTJ D1')lloKPCl'tiCl xm E'tO"t DEV eivui DUVCl'tOV vc EXOUV KCl'tuO"'tClO"1')nOALOpKiCl<;. l:TIJv npClYIlClnKOTIJ'tCl, 0 Tuno<; Kat ru OeA'tiCl £t0llm;COV ytCl 'to EA l:ClA~ClD6p, ClVClCj>EpOV'tat 0"' uuro, O"ClV vc £XOUJ.LE vc KUVOUJ.LE J.LE 1l1Cl Kunco<; IlE'tptOnCl8i1 KEV'tPWCl KU~£PVTJO"1')nou O£XE'tClt Eni8EO"T] Clno 'tPOIlOKPU'tE<; TIJ<; ClP10"'tEpu<; KCl8w<; KCl1 uno 'tPOIlOKPU'tE<; TIJ<; OES1U<;, xrrn Evn:AW<; clV01')'tO xm 'l'EuM<;. Ku8E £PEUVCl y1Cl ru Clv8pwntvCl OtKCltWIlCl'tCl, 1') EKKA1')O"iCl 'tOU EA l:ClA~ClD6p, ClKOIlCl xm 1') WtCl 1') KU~EPVTJO"l') ern ClnOpp1')'tCl EYYPClCj>U TIJ<;, nClpClOEXOV'tClt on 1') 'tPOIlOKPCl'tiCl uoxsirm Clno TIJV KEV'tPWCl KU~£PVTJO"1'), ClUTIJ sivat 0 'tpOIlOKPUTIJ<;. TCl ClnoO"nUO"IlCl'tCl 8ClVU'tOU sivm ClnAW<; oi OUVaIlEt<; ucocAEiCl<;. 0 N'tOUUp'tE sivm ClnAU 1') ~l'tpiVCl 'tCOV 'tPOIlOKPCl'tWV xm 'to SEPEt, ClAM ClU'ta OEV IlnopEi<; vo ru nEt<; 01')1l00"tCl, Sion KCl'tClO"'tPECj>OUV TIJV copClLOnOt1')Il£VTJ EtKOVCl. Mnopsk vu O"uVEXiosu; TIJv epsovc nEpClt'tEPCO, ClAM clU'tU eivct ESCltpEnKu SpcIlClnKu nClpCloeiYIlCl'tCl TIJ<; ClnoAuTIJ<; OOUAtKOTIJ'tCl<; rrov MME O"E EninEoo KOPUCj>ll<;. L1Ev smrpenouv Oxt 1l0VOV Up8pCl, ClAAU xm o,nOllno'tE nClpEKKAivEt Clno TIJV EniO"1')Il1') YPClllllll, EnEtOll stvut nOAu EntKivouvo. ME 'tOY WLO rpono, KCl8' OA1') TIJv OtUPKEtCl 'tOU nOAEllou 0"'t0 BtE'tVUIl, OEV Uni1PSE OU'tE EVCl O"XOALO

32

(J"[OU~ New York Times it OE 01tOl.UOit1t0'tE UA.A.ll E<pll!.1EPl.OU, 1tOU YVOOP1SOO, 'to ostoio va tAEYE on ot HIlA OtE1tpU~UV MSo<; E1ttnSt!.1EVE<; oro N. Btsrvcu. Eoro, tXOO vc npotstvoi tvu 1tpOypu~~u tPEUVU~ yw. 01tOtOV Evom<ptpE'tul: Av ~noptoEl vc PPEt KUVEt<; to'too Kat ~w. A.t~ll OE 01totoorl1t0'tE OX6A.1O 01t0w.ooij1t0- 'tE E<Pll!.1EP{Ou~ ij ern MME, (1)"[6 Su ij'tUV 11 ~EYUA.U'tEPll £KnA.ll~ll Y1U ~VU. ~eV tXOO OtapUOel 'tU nuv'tu, <pUatKU, unu 1tU~ PUKOAoUSro rc yeyov6'tU 10K LOU aUVeyyu<; yta 1toA.M x.p6vw. KUl 1tO'tt OeV tXOO Pret Ku~ia A.t~11.

NT.M1t.: Eivai 0 eM:)xo~ rov KcrpaJ.aiov, '1 7r'1yit, TO v1fo/3a()po inc; c,ov(Ji~ ato auepuoivtxo KpaTO~;

BePuiro~, OeV UnUpXel U~<P1POA.ia yta curo. 0 7rPro'tO~ 1tp6eOpO~ rou AVOO'tULOU ~lKUO'tl1piou Kat Ilposopoq 'tl1<; LUV'tUKn~ Kij~ LuvtM:U011~, TscOv Tsuu, 'to eiXe ()lUW1tcOOel ~e UKpipew.. «01 UVSpoonOl non KU'ttXOUV 'tl1V tOlOK'tl1cria O'tl1V XcOpU, 1tpe1tel KUt vc mv KUpepVOUv». KUt hcrt yiVE'tUl. Y1tUPXOUV 6A.OOV 'tOOV el()WV at ~l1XUV1cr~0i. 0 A.OyO<; sivrn on £XOUV rc ~cru ym vc crU~~e'ttXOUV cr'tl1 nOA.tnKij. Mnopouv vc txouv rnv nA.llpo<p6~ P11011, unopouv VU UcrKOUV 1ttEcre1<;, unopouv VU crXll~u'ticrouv O~U()e<; Emppoij~, ~1tOpOUV VU crXe01UcrOUV 1tOA.tnKU 1tpoypu~~ ~U'tU, etvrn, 6V'too~, 11 1tpuy~unkl1 uyopu yw. rc 1tOA.l'tlKU K6~~ ~U'tU, UU'tO{ emrpsaouv ore KO~~U't(l VU U1tUPXOUV. LteAEXro~ VOUV 'tl1V eK'teAEcrnKij e~OUcria ce !.1EyUA.O puS~O, cr'teAEXroVOUV UKO~l1 Kat 'to KOYKptcrO. EmnA.£ov, uv 01tOW.Oij1tO'te KUP£PV11~ crl1 ~e<pUye1no't£ uno rnv ypu~~ij, tcr'too KUt oro eA.<ipcr'tO, uzopOUV vu rrtv E1tUVU<p£POUV crnv 'tU~l1, cr'tU~U'tcOV't(l(; ru; E1teV~ . oucre1<;, !.1E'tu<ptpoV'tU~ UMOU ru Ke<pUA.UtU 'tOU~ K'tA. Auto eOW OeV eivrn 1tPOPAl1~U, o16n at srmpeie; KU'ttXOUV roco OAOUl1- poonKU rnv KUPtpV11011, roors uuri) oev ~1tOpei nO'tt vc nnpsxUiVel U1tO rnv 'YpU~~ij. D~oo~, cs ulli~ XWpe<; Kat EtOtKU oru;

33

xropec; TOU Tplron Koouou, UVUKlntTet umo TO ?tpO~A;rlllll KUl TOTE, UV 11 1C\)~EPVl]O'T) 1tpoO'1tU8d vu 1tPUYIlUT01tOtTJO'Et KOtvWVtKE<; IlE'tIlppU8IltO'EtC;, TT)V O'TUIlUTOUV?UXtO''tIl. Turri O'Uf.lPU1VEl UUTO; ~tOn cpxei EO'TW KUt 11 1tUPUf.ltKpTJ U1tOO'UPO'T) KE<pUAUtWV ym VU TO 1tETUXEt, Ku8roC; UUTO 0'T)IlU1VEt TUUTOXPOVU OTt 11 xropc W8Eltm O'TOV IlIlPUO'IlO. ME UUTO TOV Tp01tO, 0 U1tOTEAEO'f.lUTtKOC; eAEyxoc; TWV PUO'tKrov E1ttA.OYroV TT)<; KOtvWViaC; PP10'Kc'tllt O'TU xepm tOtWTroV, U1tOAU'tIl O'UYKEV'tPW~O<;, 1tpuYIlU1tOU exEt we; U1tOTEAEO'f.lU Kat TOV EAEyxo 1tUVW 0"t0 KpUTOe;.

(24-10-1986)

34

D flAYED ErKEcf)AAOY ETIE HIlA

Ilnpc rqv mt€PPOAtJdt U7tOKpteria 7tEpi rou avnee'tou, TJ E- 8vtJdt ampaA.cta OEV umiP~E 7to'te 'to lC6pto IffiATJlla trov 7tOAt'ttKrov erXEOtaer'trov xm trov EKAcylffivrov E7tterT]flCOv rorv RITA. Tn toropucd apXEia 'to a7tOKaAU7t'tOUV ~EKaeapa. EAaXtCS'tOt eropapoi avaAu'te~ mipav ere eropapa rnv eeCSTJ rou T~rop't~ Ksvvuv on «OEV Ila<; a7tElAd TJ procrtKTJ crpcnormoi terxU<; aUa TJ proertKTJ 7tOAmJdt E~oueria» it rrtv er'tCleEPit a7to\jlTJ rou 7tpoeopou A~EvxaouEp on oi procot OEV er't0XEuav ornv er'tpanronJdt xu'taATJ\jITJ TIl<; fl. Eupro1tT)<; Kat on ° lC6pto<; POAO<; rou NATO T]'tav «va 7tpoercpepEt Ilta aier8T)CSTJ aU't07tE7toieECSTJe; croix; a7tEtAOUflEVOU<; 7tATJ8uerllou<;, TJ ozotc ea roue Kaeter'touerE terxopo'tEPOU<; 7tOAtnKa, er' o.n acpopa rrtv Ka'ta7tOAEIlTJCSTJ TIle; KOIl- 1l0uvternJdt<; otderouCSTJ<;»·

Ullom, oi IllIA a7tEppt\jlaV t~ meaVoTIltcC; ym etpTJVtKft cmAUCSTJ TIle; 'l'UXP07tOA.clltJdtC; crUYKPOUCSTJ<;, TJ 07toia ea acpTJVe rnv «7tOAmJdt a7telAT]» aKEpatTJ. :I:TIlV tcropin tOU, 0 MnK'tSrop'tS Mmrvru ypacpet on «yvroPtSEt 7tOAU KaAa on OeV u- 7tapxEt eropapT] 7tpo'tClerTJ nsptoptouou trov 7tUpTJVtKroV 07tAroV ... on ot paAAterttKOi 7tUpaUAOt ea E7tpE7te Ka'ta Ka7tOtO rpono vc a7tayopeueouv ue Ka7tOtO eiooe; CSUIlCProvia<;, nporou XPTJcrtllo- 7tOtTJeouv», cv Kat uurol it'tav TJ 1l0VTJ ouvaflEt ertpanffi'ttKT] a- 7tElAT] evdvnn er't~ lUIA, evro TJ «7tOAmJdt» a7telAT] 'tau A.cyOlleYOU «xouuouviouou» it'tav 7tavtOte 'to lC6pto IffiATJlla. E>uIlTJeche oit 0 «KOIlIlOUVterll0<;» sivrn evaC; eUpU<; opo; Kat nsptAallPaVEt 6A.ou~ EKeiVOU~ 7tOU exouv «TIl ouva'toTIl'ta vc EAEY~ouv lla~tKa uvijllata ... Katt 7tOU EIlE~ OeV exoullE TIl SuvcroTIlta vc IltIlTJeOUflE», 07tro~ 7tapa7tovto'tClV ce Ilta tOtffinJdt CSUVO)lv.ia tOU ue tOY aOEACPO roo AlJ..£v, Ol.EUeuvtft TIl~ CIA, °

35

U1tOuP'YO~ E~OYt£pt1(mv, TScOv <Doon:p NrclA.A£<;: «a7t£uSUVOvtat cru; ~clS£~ rov qnroXcOv», 7tpo08en:, «oi onoie; aVEKa8ev ij8eMV vc A.110te'l'0uv rou; 7tA.OUOtOU~)}. 'Erot, 7tpe7t8t vc ~p800UV eK't'O~ 7tatxvt8tou yta. vn 7tpootat8u8ei to 86y~ ~a~ on Ot 7tA.OUotOt 7tPE7t8t vc A.11oteUOUV roue qnroxou<;.

<DuOtKcl Kat Ot OUO, tOOOv ot HIIA 000 Kat 11 ELL~, Oa zporuiooouv a7tA.cl vc 8~a<pclVtSav 11 ~ta rqv clA.A.ll. AUcl a7tO 't'll ony~ij 7tOU auto 8a oij~atv£ tOV a~ot~aio tOU~ £K~110£Vt- 0~0, eYKaOlopu811K8 eva ouo't'll~a 7taYKoO~ta~ Ota.XeiptOl1~ ~8 to ovouc \}Iuxpo~ IIoA£~o~.

Lu~<prova ue 't'll Ka8t£pro~ cl7tO'l'11 , 0 \}Iuxpo~ IIoA£~o~ yttav ~ta. c:ruYKpouOl1 ~ta~u Suo U7tepOuvcl~rov, 7tOU o<pelA.£to orqv oopt£nKij £1tt8£nKo't'llta, crnv onoin e~~ 7tpoo7ta80uonue vo, avaxattioou~ rqv LOpt£nKij 'Evro011 Kat vu npootntE'I'OU~ tOV KOO~O a7t' autij. Av autij 11 cl7to'l"rl eivm eva 8£0- A.OytKO 86y~a, Ssv xp£tclL;£tat va rnv OUL;l1tijooU~. Av o~ro~ EX8t ro<; otOXO va <prottOEt KCL7tro~ rnv Icroptc, ~7tOpOU~E £UKOA.a vc rnv E~£tclOOU~, EXOvta~ mrvrc Katcl YOU Eva 7tOA.U a7tA.O 7tpcly~a: uv 8eA£~ vn xmcvonosu; 'tOV \}Iuxpo IIoA£~o, 7tpe7tet vc epeuvncsu; ru y£yovora rou 'Puxpou TIoU~ou. Av to Kciv£~ auto, 7tPOKU7t't'£t ~ta 7tOA.U Ola<popenKij eucovo,

A7tD LOptenKij<; 7tA£upci~, ru yeyovDta. 'tOU \}Iuxpou IIoUuou ittav ouvexet~ E7t£~~clO£t~ ornv avatoA.tKij Eupc01t11: clp~ata OtO aVatOA.tKO Bspccivo, rn BOUOa7tE0't'll Kat rnv IIpclya. AUte<; Ot 87t£~Pcl08~ eM~av xwpa Kata~itKo<; rou cl~ova 7tOU XP11ot~o7totit811Ke yta. em8£011 svuvriov 't'l1~ Prooia~ npoxsuisYOU vc Katampa<pei OA.OKA.11pronKcl, rpsu; <pOPE~, uovov crov 200 alcOva. H etopoA.it OtO A<pyaVlOtclV eivct eva 1tapcl081y~a 81tE~paOl1~ eK't'o~ autou tOU clsova, av Kat to A<pyaVlOtclV ~picxetm Ot11V LOptenKij ~eOptO.

36

A1to TIlV 1tAcUpa nov lllIA, TJ Entll~acrTJ fJ'tav os 1taYKOcrllta KAillaKa, avravaKA.cbv'tUe:; TIlv 9E<JTJ 1tOU Ka'tEixav ot lllIA onv TJ 1tpwTIl1tpaYllanKfJ 1taYKocrllta ouVallTJ ornv Ioropio.

L'tO eororspuco jlE'tC01t0, 0 'Puxpoe:; lloAcIlOe:; ~ofJ9TJcrE rnv LO~tEnKfJ 'Evco<JTJ va eopatfficrn rnv orpccnmrucoypmpeuncpunKfJ apxoucra 'ta~TJ TIle:; ornv E~oucria, npootpepovrce; cr'tl<; lllIA Eva 'tP01tO yta va u1toxpewcret 'tOY 1tATJeucr~O TIle:; va emooLiJcret TIl ~tollTJxavia U\jlTJAfJe:; 'tExvoAoyiae:; . .1ev EiVat EUKOAO va rc em~allil<; oAa aU'ta orouq romxouq 1tATJeucr~OUe:;. H rsxvtKfJ 1tOU XPTJcrtll01tOtfJ9TJKE fJ'tav TJ 1taAtU OOKt~acrjlEVTJ ouvreyfJ TIle:; eypfJyop<JTJe:; E~at'tiae:; 'tOU CPO~OU yta Ka1totO llEyaAO EXepO. 0 'Puxpoe:; lloAcIlOe:; 'to 1tpocrcpepE Kat uuro E1ticrTJe:;. AcrXErox; rou noco E~co1tpaYllanKfJ fJ'tav TJtOEa on TJ LO~tE'ttKfJ 'EVCOcrTJ Kat rc 1tAOKallta TIle:; cr'tpayyaAt1;av rrtv .1ucrTJ, TJ «uutoxprrropic 'tOU KaKOU» I1TaV ovro»; KaKfJ, mo» uuroxpnropin Kat I1rav KTItVWOTJe:;. KaeE U1tEPOUVaIlTJ, EAcyxe 'tOY 1tpCO'tUPXtKO ex9po TIle:; - 'tOY wtO TIle:; 'tOY 1tATJeucrIlO - rpouoxpcro» vra<; 'TOV ~e ru (eV'TEAW<; 1tpay~anKa) e'YKAfJ~a'Ta 'TOU aAAOU.

LTIlV 1tpaYllanKOTll'tU, e1tojlEvcoe:;, 0 'Puxpoe:; 1l0Ac1l0e:; fJ'Tav Eva ewoe:; rmcnxou otaKavovt<JlloU jlE'ta~u ELL.1 Kat HlfA, jlE 'tOY onoio Ot HI1"A otE~fJyayav roix; 1t0AEIlOUe; roue evcvriov 'tOU Tpirou Koouou Kat EAcyxav roix; eupco1taioue; cru~llaXOue:; 1OUe:;, evw Ot cro~tE'ttKoi KU~EpvfJ'tEe:; OtaTllPoucrav rnv crtOepEVta Aa~fJ roue ornv ecrco'teptKfJ uuroxpcropin roix; Kat croix 00- puoopotx; roue TIle:; AvaLOAtKfJc:; EupW1tTJc:;, oro ~aellO 1tOU TJ KaeE 1tAcUpa XPTJcrtl101totOucre rnv aA.A.TJ yta vn OtKatOAoyfJcret rnv Ka'ta1tte<JTJ Kat TIl ~ia 1tOU coxoeoe orqv crcpaipa E1ttppOfJc:; TIlC:;·

Fur 1tOtO Myo AOt1tOV 'tep~a'ticrTllKe 0 'Puxpo<; lloAc~oc:;,

Kat 1tWC:; aA.A.a~E tn 1tpaYlla'ta; LTIlV oeKae'tia rou 1970, rc co~tE'ttKa Ecrooa IlTJOevicrTllKav Kat 'ta ecrCO'teptKa 1tpO~AfJlla'ta oucoropeuovrcv, us rqv otKOVOIl1.KTJ Kpi<JTJ Kat "["l<; au~avollEvec:;

37

meO"EtC; yUl 'tEpflanO"flO 'tT]e; 'tUpawuClle; 8Ul1Cl)~EpV110"T)e;. H 0"0- ~l£nKf} to"x;6e; EiXE apxiO"Et va usuoverct Dl£8vwe;, O"'tT]V 1tpaYflarucorrrcc, uuro cruvt~atVE· EDW Kat 30 XPOVUl, 01tffie; a1ttDEU;E flta flEAe'tT] ron Kevrpon AflUV'ttKWV r1AT)po<poptffiv, 'to 1980. Aiya xpovta flE'ta, 'to O"O~l£nKO O"UO"'tT]fla xcrsppsoce. 0 'Puxpoe; IIoA£flOe; eAT)~£ us 'tT]V viKT) £KEiVOU 1tOU nrrvrore i}'taV 0 1tAOUO"tO't£poe; Kat to"XUpO't£poe; a1tO roue aV'tt1taAOUe;. H 0"0~1£nKf} Ka'tapp£uO"T) i}'tav flepoe; 'tT]e; Y£VtKO't£pT)e; oucovouucn; xu'taO"'tpo<pi}e; 'tT]e; D£Ka£'tiae; tou 1980, 1tOU i}'tav o~u't£pT) oru; u- 1tO't£AEie; 0"'tT] ~uO"T) xwp£e; 'tOU Tpirou KOO"flOU a1t' o.rt orqv O"o~l£nKf} uuroxpctopin, Oxo»; ex,oufl£ i}DT) Dta1ttO"'twO"£t, 0 'Puxpoe; IIoAeflOe; 1t£Pl£iX£ cnucvnxc O"'totXEia 'tT]e; cr'6YKpOUO"T)e; Boppe-Norou (yta va XPl1O"tflO1totitO"OUflE 'tOY Kael£p<Ofl£vO CU<PT)fltO"flO yUl 'tT]v Ka'taK'tT]O"T) rou KOO"floU a1to rou; supomniouq) M£yaAo fl£pOe; 'tT]e; 0"0~1£'tlKf}e; curoxpuropic; u1ti}p~£ npoyevectepu T)flta1totKUlKa £~ap'tT]flevO ozo mv ~uO"T). H ~o~l£nKf} 'EVffiO"T) aKoAou9T)O"£ flUl av£c;ap'tT]'tT] zopeto, 1tapexoV'tae; ~oit9£ta 0"£ O"'toxoue; DU'ttKWV £1ttgeO"£ffiv, a1to'tpe1toV'tae; 'tt<; x£tpo't£p£e; cruve1t£l£e; 'tT]<; DunKf}e; ~i(le;. M£ 'tT]v xcrcppeuon 'tT]<; O"of3l£'ttKyte; rupuvviuc, flEyaAo flepOe; 'tT]<; £1ttKpa't£t<l<; 'tT]<;, uvnusvetm va emctpsurst ornv 1tapaooO"UlKf} Ka'taO"'tacrT} 'tOU, us rc npovsvscrepu cvorrepu KAtflaKUl 'tT]e; ypa<p£toKpa'tta<; va 1tai1;;ouv'to POAO rorv £Al't 'tOU Tpirou KOO"flOU, ot onoisq 1tAOU'ti1;;ouv, £~U1tT)p£'twv'taC; rc ou fl<pepoV'ta rrov c;evffiv £1t£Vou'twv.

AUa evro au." 11 cruYK£KPtfl£V11 <paO"T) eX£t 't£Aetffio"£t, ot cruyKpouO"£t<; Boppc-Norou cruv£xi1;;oV'tat. H utn 1tAeupa unopsi va ex£t a1tocrup9ei a1to 'to 1tatxvwt, aUa oi HIIA cruv£xi1;;OUV Kat flaAtO"'ta, O"'tT]V 1tpaYflanKO'tT]'ta, ps flEyaAU't£pT) £Aeue£pia xrvnosrov, £<pOO"OV 1tAEOV T) O"O~l£'ttKyt cnotporrf avf}KEt 0"'t0 1tap£A90v. ~£V ea e1tp£1t£ va £K1tAitO"O"£t xcvevov 'to. on 0 T~wp't~ M1tOUC; ytOp'taO"£ 'to O"Ufl~OAtKO 'tEAOC; 'tOU 'PuX,POu IIoAEflOU, mv 1t'tWO"T) 'tOU TEixouC; 'tOU Bspos.ivou, £to"~UlloV'tac;

38

orov Ilcvaud xm cvoxowovovruc a1tpOKO:AU1tLa on ot Ill1A eO. ave-rpE1taV rc a1ton:AeO)la-ra rrov EKAOYWV TI]e; NtKapo:youae;, 1tapa-reivovrae; rov OtKOVO)ltKO o-rpayyaAto)lo TI]e; Kat ne; o-rpanOHtKee; E1tt8EOEte; J.t£xpt vc Vt1C1)OSt «TJ Ot1C1) )lae; 1tAEUPO:».

06-rE xpEtaso-rav )lSYO:ATJ 0~U8ePKEta SK J.t£poue; rou 'EAtm A)l1tpa)lc;, vn 1tapaTI]P11oEt on TJ EtO~OA11 reov Ill1A ctov 110.va)lO: 11LaV Ko:n acruvfl8to't0, E1tEW11 )l1tOpOUOE vc 0t€~ax8Ei xO)pic; 'tOY epo~o )ltae; oo~t€n1C1)c; avrilipaoTJe; 01tOU0111to'tE aAAOu, 11 EK )ltpoue; 1tOAuo:pteJlffiV 0XOAtao-rwv Ka'tO: TI]V ()to:pKEta TI]e; Kpionq crov KOA1to, va 1tpo08e-rouv on -rwpa ot Ill1A Kat TJ AYYAia €ivat EAEuSEpEe; vc ao1C1)oouv a1tEptoptOTI] Pia evavriov rou EXSpOU Tpirou Koouou, aepou DEV 1tapE)l1tODiSovrat a1to TI]V oo~t€n1C1) a1to'tpE1tn1C1) Mva)lTJ.

Bepata, 'to 'teAoe; ron \fuxpou I10Ae)lOU oTJ)ltDupyd xm au'to La OtKO: rou 1tpOpA11)la'ta. 'E1tPE1tE v' anO:~El, t8tat'tepO)e;, TJ -rEXVt1C1) EAeYXOU 'rOU )lTJ'tp01tOArnKOU 1tATJ8uo)lou, eva 1tpO~ATJ)la 1tOU 11-rav yvO)o'to a1to TI] 8EKaE'tia ron 1980, 01t0)e; 110TJ OTJ)lEtWoa)lE. 'E1tPE1tE va E1ttVOTJSOuv xmvoupvtot EXSp0t. Eivm rropu OUOKOAO'tEPO vc a1tOKpu\jJEtc; 'to YEyovoe; on 0 1tpay)lanKOe; ExSpOe; l1'tav 1to:vrO'tE «oi ep'tO)xoi 1tOU 1tpoo1ta8ouv vu ATJotE\jJOUV rou; 1tAouO"toue;» Kat EtOtKO'tEpa, ot «axpelot» 'tOU Tpirou Koouon 1tOU 1tpoo1taSouv va a1taAAaYouv a1to 'tOY pMo rou OOUAoU.

o 1l'6AeJ1o~ evuvriov (OP10'J1EVroV) V«PK(O'tlKcOV

'Eva unoxcrdoruro TI]e; U1tO E~aepO:Vt<JT] curoxpuropfn; 'tOU KaKOU, 11LaV TJ a1tEtA11 'tow suzopcov vupxomxrov TI]e; Aanvt1C1)e; A)lSpt1C1)e;. ~ttc; apxee; ~E1t'tE)l~piou rou 1989, 0 1tpOEOpOe; E~a- 1t~AUOE )lta )lSYO:All E1ti8EO"l1 )leO"O) rrov lCUpEPYllnKWv MME. Eicsivo 'to )ll1va, 'to. KaAw8ta rou Accootetvrsr I1PEC;, )lStciOO)ocv 1tEptoOO'tEPEC; Et0110Etc; Kat tcropisq yta vapKOl'ttKO: a1tO

. 39

oO'ee; ym TIJV Au't1.VUC11 Auspuot, TIJV MEO'11 AVU'tOA:fl KUt TIJV A<pptKJl )lu1;t. Av 1tUPUKOAouEloUO'ee; TIJAeO~UO'11, J.l£yUAO )lEpOe; KuEle Behiou eWfJO'erov fJ'tuv u<ptePro)lEvO oro moe; ru vcpxomKU KU'tUO''tpe<puv TIJV xotvcovin )lac;, KUEllO''tUJ.l£VU 11 J.l£yuAU'teP11 U1tetA.fJ ytU TIJv U1tUpsfJ )lue; K'tA.

To U1tO'tEAeO')lU em TIJe; Kotvf]e; yvffi)l11e; fJ'tuv uJ.l£O'o. Orcv, o Mnou; KEpBtO'e 'ttc; edOYEe; 'to 1988, 0 AUOe; EAeye on 'to J.l£yUAU'tepo 1tPO~A11)lU 1tOU uvnJ.l£'tffim1;e 11 Xffipu fJ'tuv 'to EAAet)l)lu orov 1tpOU1tOAOYtO')lO. Movo 'to 3% 7tepi1tou uvu<pepe rc vcpxornxc; Mere 'tOY )lU1;tKO ~o)l~upBtO')lo U1tO 'tU MME, 11 UVTjO'UXia ym 'tOY 1tPOU1tOAOytO')lO J.l£wEl'l1Ke KU'tU 1tOAU Kat 11 UVTjO'uXia ym ro vupKronKu uvf]AEle SU<PVtKU 0''t0 40% us 45% 1tepi1tou, 1t00'00''t0 7tOAU uauvf]EltO''tO ytU )lm 1tepwptO'nKJl sproTIJO'11 (ym TIJv ozoic Sev U7tUPXOUV 1tPOKuEloptO')lEvee; U1tUV'tl]ostc).

Trope, ornv KU1totO KpU'tOe; - 1teAUTIJe; 1tupu1tovehut on 11 KU~EPVTjO'11 rorv HIlA Bev rou XOP11yet upxsrd xpfJ)lu'tU, Sev }.Eve 1tm «ru xpem1;o)luO''te ym vc O''tu)lu'tl]O'ouJ.l£ rou; prooouq» UAAU «tn xpem1;o)luO''te ym vn O''tU)lu'tl]O'ouJ.l£ 'to e)l1topio vcpxornxrov». U1troe; KUt 11 O'o~tenKJl U1tetAfJ 1tUAto'tepu, E'tO'l KUt uu'toe; 0 exElpoe;, 1tUPEXet )lm KUAfJ BtKUWAOyia ytU TIJ crprmcmxn znpouofn trov HIlA exei 01tOU U1tUPXet snnvcctnnKJl BpuO'TIJptOTIJ'tU fJ UAAOU etBoue; avu'tUpuXIl·

'Erot, «0 1tOAe)lOe; evcvriov rrov vcpxomxciv», ote9vffie; 1tUPEXet utc KUAmV11 ym 'ttc; e1te)l~a.O'etc;. 1:e romxo em1teBo, orpopu eAciXtO''tu ru vcpxronx«, aAAu EXet J.l£yuA11 O'XEO'11 J.l£ 'tOY U1t01tpoO'UVU'tOAtO')lO rou 1tA11EluO')lou, J.l£ TIJv uUS11O'11 TIJe; KU'taO''tOAfJe; O''ttc; <p'troxoyet'tOVtEe; rorv 1tOAerov KUt TIJv (11)lWuPyju evoc di)lu'toe; U1tOO''tl]ptS11e; ym )lm e1tiEleO'11 KU'tU trov 1tOAmKffiveAeuBepwv.

Auto Sev O'11)luivet on «11 KU'tuXP11O'11 onouov» Bev sivct Eva O'o~apo 1tPO~A11J.lU. T11v e1t0Xll1tou eSU1tOAuEl'I1Ke 0 1tOAe)lOe;

40

EVaVtlOV 'tON VapKCO'tlKWV, 01 SaVa'tOl ano 'to Kanvtcr)la 'l)nOA.Oyil;oV'tav oa 300.000 nEpinO'l) ETIJcrico<;, )lE icrco<; aA.A.o'l)<; 100.000 Elava'to'l)<; uno 'to aA.KOOA.. AA.A.n Ssv TJ'tav aUTa ru vcpxomxd zou 11 KU~epVl'jcr11 Mzoix; epUA.E oro cr'toxacr'tpo. K'I)vi)Y11crE ru napavo)lU vcpxorrucd ern ozoia ocpeiAov'tUv noA.u A.tyO'tEpOt Elava'tOl - navco ano 3.500 ETIJcrtco<; - crU)lcpcova ue roue snicn)l0'l)<; 'l)noA.oytcr)lOu<;. 'Evnq Myo<; Yla TIJV Ka'ta8tco~11 mmov rrov vcpxomxrov TJ'tav 'to on 11 XPTJcr11 CO'l)<; ueuovorov cr'tuSEpa ru 'tEA.e'l)'taia XPOVlU, erot 11 KUPepVl'jcr11 Mnou<; unopoucs us acrcpaA.Ela va npOpA.e'VEl OTt 0 nOA.E)lo<; svavriov rorv vcpxomKWV Ela «KU'tOpSCOVE» va ueuoosi TIJ XPTJcrl'j VUPKCOTtKWV 0'1)ouov.

H KUPepVl'jcrl'j Entcrl'j<; epuA.e oro cr'toxucr'tpo TIJ<; TIJV uaptXO'l)avu, 11 ozoin 8EY eXEt npOKUA.£crEl, un' o,n yvcopil;o'l))lE, xuvsvu Elavu'to uva)lEcru oru 60 EKu'tO)lllupm xpTJcrTEC;. LTIJV ouoin, U'l)'ti) 11 KUTUcrTOA.TJ Exet EniliElVwcrEt TO npopA.11lla TCOV vupxornxrov - ot XPTJcrTEC; lluptX0'l)avu<; crTpacp11Kav un' unto 'to crXE'tlKa apA.UpE<; VapKCO'tlKO, oe mo EnlKlvouva VapKCO'tlKa 0- nco<; 11 KOKaiVl'j, 11 onoin KpUPETat E'I)KOA.o'tEpa.

MOA.t<; Kl'JPUX8l'jK£ 0 nOA.e)lo<; svcvriov roiv VapKCO'tlKWV )lE )lEyaA.e<; cpavcpape<;, 'tOY LEn'tEIlPplO rou 1989, 11 Avcxpmxf Emrponf Eunopiou rou Koyxpecou trov lillA o1£~TJyaYE )lm npoavaKptcrl'j crnv Ouaowyxrov ym v« ESETacrEl TIJv atTIJcrl'j Kanom<; KanvoptOIl11xavia<; yta EmpOA.TJ xuprocerov crnv TatA.aVo11, ccv cvrbtowu yta n<; npocrna8EtE<; TIJ<; va anuyopEucrEt 'tt<; EtcraycoYE<; Kat TIJ OtaCPijlltcr11 KU1tVWV. Ken TeT01£<; npaSEt<; 't1'J<; KUPepVl'jcrl'j<; tCOV ID1A dxuv crtEiAEt ijOl) a'l)TO to 8avacrt)lO E8tcrttKO VapKCO'tlKO ore Aapuyym tCOV KaTaVaA.coTWV crnv Icmovic, TIJv N. Kopec xat mv Tatpav, )lE avElpwmvE<; anwA.e1£<; rou )lEYE80'l)<; non ijo11 uvacpepa)lE.

o apxtXEtpOUPYOC; rrov ID1A, 'EPEPE't Koon, Ku'te8EcrE crnv AvaKpt'tuetl Emtpo1ti} Euzoplou rou Kojxpeoou rorv ID1A on

41

«orcv E~ic; lCaVOU~ ElCrl:fJO'E~ 1tpO<; ~ ~tvE<; lCU~EPvftO'E~ vn O''tUf..LUn)O'OUV TIl pof TIl<; lCOlCUiVll<; 1tpO<; TIl XWpU f..LU<;, 11 E~UyroY11 lCU1tVOU U1tO ~ Ill1A sivrn 'to UlCpOV uro'tOV TIl<; U1tOKptO'ia9>. Krn 1tP00'8EO'E: «Y O''tEpU U1tO KU1tOta XPOVta, 'to E8vo<; f..Lu<; 8u UVU'tPE~Et 0" UUn) TIlV Eq>apf..LOY11 TIl<; 1toAmKil<; rou EA.cU8EpOU suzoptou KUt 8u rnv 8EroPllOEt O'KUvOuAWOrp>.

Ot 'tuiAuvooi f..LUpruPE<; OtUf..LUprupllEhlKuv, E1tiO'1l<;, 1tpo~M- 1tov'tu<; on 11 O'UVE1tEta rorv lCUPWO'Erov ttov Ill1A 8u ll'tav 11 uvccrpoof TIl<; ~iroO'1l<; ron KU1tViO'f..Lu'to<;, 1tOU dxuv 1tE'tUXEt Ot exotpcreie; TIl<; lCU~EPVllm1<; 'tOU<; EVUvnOV 'tOU -Ka1tViO'f..Lu'to<;. AnuV'twv'ta<; crov to'XUptO'f..Lo rcov uuepucrvtxrov KU1tVO~tOf..LllXUVtWV, on rc zpotovrc roix; eivct ru KUAU'tEPU orov KOO'f..LO, tva<; 'taiAav&o<; f..Luprupac; EinE: «Kat E~i<; ~t~ata O'TO Xpuoo Tpiyorvo EXOU~ ~PtKU ano ru KUAu'tEpa npoiovru rou KOouou, UAAU nO'tE OEV Slln)O'U~ va unux80uv O'TIlv apxf) rou EA.cu8EPOU suzopiou (L'tM EWOEi rnv llProiVll KUt uAAa nupuyroyu rou oniou nou napuyov'tat EKd). AV'tt8t'tro<;, ru unuyoPEUOU~». H KpmKil uun) Enuvaq>epEt O'TIl f..Lvftf..Lll 'tOY nOAEf..LO ron oniou, 150 XPOVta vopirspc, otnv 11 ~pE'tavtKillCU~EpVllO'1l avuYKaO'E TIlV Kiva vu avogEt ru; nUAEe; TIle; O''tO onto nou npoEPX0'taV uno TIlV ~PE'tUVtKf) Ivoia, EntKUAou~Vll U]toKpmKu n<; apE'tE<; rou EA.cu8EPOU suzoptou, EVW EnE~UA.c J..lE TIlV ~ia O'TIlv Kivu f..Lta EUPEia<; clif..LUKa<; 'to~tKof..Luviu.

Eow, exou~ TIlV mo Kaun) dOllO'll TIle; llf..LEpa<; yta rc vcpxornxo; <I>aV'tUO''tEl'tE roue 1t11xuuiou<; 'tl'tAOUe;, «H lCU~epVlloll rorv Ill1A, 0 f..LEyaAu'tEpOe; Ef..Lnopo<; vcpxornxov orov KOO'f..LO». Liyoupu, 8u nouAouO'E q>UAAU. Anu 11 EiollO'll nEpaO'E xropi<; vc yiVEt Ku80AOU cvorpopd 0" aun) Kat xropi<; OU'tE xov f..Lta vU~ll yta rc EUAoya O'Uf..LnEpuO'f..La'ta.

Mtn anll 0\jf11 'tOU npo~Allf..La'to<; tmv vcpxomxdrv, O'TI)V 0- zoic OEV &oEhlKE KUf..LtU O'XEOOV npoO'oxf), sivca 0 lCUpiapXO<; poAO<; TIl<; lCU~EPVllO'1l<; trov Ill1A O'TIlv Ev8uppUVO'll TIl<; OtaKiVll-

42

CJI1~ VUPKCOTtKcOV U1tO rqv E1tOxf] rou B' Ilcvxooutou IIoA.8).lou. Auto O'UVE~T}, KU'tU EVU ).lEpO~, O'tUV ot HIIA UPXtO'UV vu npoXcopOUV ornv E<PUp).lOyi] rou ).I.E'tU1tOAE).ltKOU O''toXOU roue, OT}Aaol), 'tll~ U1tOVO).I.EuCJl1~ 'tll~ UVTt<pUO'lO'TtK1)~ uV'tiO''tuCJI1~, EVcO, 'tuu'tOXPOVU, 'to EpyU'ttKO KlVT}).lU EylVE EV~ U1tO rouq 1CUptoU~ O''tOXou~ roue,

E'tllv rUAAla, T} U1tetll) 'tll~ 1tOAmK1)~ 8uvu).lT}~ Kat 'tll~ e- 1ttppol)~ rou EPYUTtKOU Ktv1)).lu'to~ EKUVE E).l<pUv1) 'tllV nnpoucin 'tll~, ).lEO'U U1tO 't~ 1tpOO'1tU8EtE~ rou vc e).l1tOoiO'Et'tOV ES01tAtO').lO 'tcov YUAAtKcOV ouvu).lecov nou e1teOicoKUV VU UVUKU'tUAU~OUV rnv 1tUAtU unoucin roue, 'to BtE'tVU).l, ).I.E U).I.EPtKUVtKT} ~0l)8EtU. Tic 'tOY A6yo ouro, T} CIA UVEAU~E 'to KU81)KOV VU U1tOOUVU).lcOO'Et KUt VU OtaO'1tUO'Et 'to YUAAtKO EpYUTtKO KlVT}).lU ).I.E 'tll ~Ol)8EtU xopuqxrkov U).I.EptKUVCOV epyUTtKcOV T}ye'tcOv, ot onoiot l)'tUV U1tOAU'tU u1tepl)<pUVot ytU 'to POAO roue,

o O''tOXO~ uu'tO~ U1tUt'tOUO'E U1tEpyoO'1tuO''te~ KUt 'tpU).l1tOUKOU~ Kat 0 1tpO).lT}8EU'tl)~ U7t1)PXE, T} ).lu<piu. $uO'lKU, Ssv UVEAU~e uu'tl) 'tllv OOUAetU ).lOVOV yta OtUO'KEOUCJI1. 'H8EAe KU1totU UV'tU).lot~l) yta 't~ 1tpoO'1tu8etE~ 'tll~. Km mv EAU~E. ESOUO'lOOO'tl)8T}KE VU E1tUVUO'UO''tl)crct 'to OiK'tUO Au8pc).l1topiou T}pcoiVT}~ 'to onoio ciXE esup8pco8ei U1tO ru; <pUO'tcrnKE~ KU~Epv1)crE~ - 0 1tEpi<pT}).lO~ «yuntKO~ crUvOcO').lO~» 1tOU KUptaPXOUO'E 0''t0 E).l1tOpto VUPKCOTtKcOV ).lExpt 'tll OEKUc'tla rou 1960.

E'tll O'UVEXEtU, 'to KEV'tPO E).l1topiu~ VUPKCO'tlKcOV ).lE'tUKtv1)- 8T}KE O''tllV Ivooxivu KUt EWtKO'tEPU, 0''t0 Auo~ Kat tnv TuiAuvOT}. Au'tl) T} ).lc'tUKiVT}CJI1l)'tuv SUVU U1tO'tEAeO').lU ).lta~ E1ttXeiPT}CJI1~ 'tll~ CIA - rou «).lUO'TtKOU 1tOA.8).lOU» 1tOU OtESuyo'tuv 0" en'tE~ 't~ XcOpe~, KU'tU 'tll Ot<iPKEta 'tOU 1tOA.8).lOU oro Bisrvcu, U1tO EvU orpcro ).ltO'80<popcov, ot onoiot ij8cAUV <pUO'lKU ).ltU U).lOt~ij yta rnv O'UVEtO'<pOpU 'tOU~. Apvorspc, O'tUV T} CIA ).I.E'tE<pcpc 't~ opUO''tllPtO'tll'tE~ 'tll~ 0''t0 IIUKtO''tuv KUt'tO A<pyuvtO"tuv, 'to Aa- 8PE).l1tOpto VUPKCO'ttKcOV clVStO'E EKd.

43

o flUenl.lc6~ n6Mflo~ svcvriov TT)~ Nl.lca.pO:youa~, 1tpOoeq>Eps flta. a.1c6flT) suxmpin croix; 8taKtvrrree; vcpxomxdrv TT)~ 1[Eptoxfle;, Ka8cOe; ot 1tapo:voflEe; 1tn)OE~ 1tOU opjuvrove T) CIA yta. flE'taq>opo: 01tAtOflOU one; flt080q>optKee; 8uvO:flE~ rmv IDlA, 1tapdxav evav EUKOAO 'tP01tO flE'taq>opo:~ vopxornxrov nioto o't~ IDlA, eviors, J.Ul.AtOLa, 8ta flEoou cuepucrvuonv aEp01tOpucov ~O:OErov, 61tro~ avaq>epouv ot 8taKtVT)'tec;.

Ot O'tEvee; 8ta.cruv8eoE~ flELaSU Aa8pEfl1tOpiou Kat 8tEevou~ 'tpofloKpa'tiae; (1tOU opiousve; q>opee; OVoflo:sE'tat «avnEseyEpOT)) fJ «XaflT)AfJe; evracrT)e; OUYKPOUOT)) fJ flE O:AAOUe; EUq>T)flt- 0flOUe;) 8EV sivm KO:Tt nspiepyo". Oi IlUOTtKEe; £1ttX£tpfJoE~ 0.- 1tanOUV flEYO:Aa xpT)flanKO: 1t000:, La onoin 8£v 1tpe1t£t vu sivrn aVtXVEUcrlfla Kat Y1' uuro a1tat'touv EYUT)flanKee; EvepyEtEe;. To. U1tOAOt1ta etvm q>UcrlKO: E1taKOAou8a.

o 1touJioc; efvm ElP1}V11, 11 ElEu9Epia ElVal <fKAaPUl 11 ciyvola etvm Oilvafl11

Ot opot 'tOU 1tOAtnKOU A.6you exouv 'tU1ttKO: Suo ewotE~. H flia stvm T) evvoto 1tOU 8WELa1 a1t6 'to MStK6 Kat fJ O:AAT) sivat flta. evvour T) ozoic eivat XPfJcrlflT) crnv Esouoia - T) 80YflanKf) evvoia,

Ae; 1tO:POUflE TT) MST) ~'1f.lo1Cparia. ~Uflq>rova flE TT)v £WOta.

TT)e; KOtvfJe; AoytKf)e;, flta xowcrvin sivrn 8T)flOKpanKf) 0't0 ~a8- fl6 1tOU ot o:v8pro1tot fl1t0POUV vc cruflflE'teXouv us iva» ouotnoruco rpozo crnv 8taXElptcrT) rrov U1t08eOEcOv roue, AUo: T) 80YflanKf) ewota. TT)e; ~'1f.lo1Cpariac; eivm 8ta.q>0pEnKf) - avaq>ePELat 0' eva crUoTT) 110. 0't0 onoio ot a1toq>o:oE~ A.a.fl~O:VOVLat

• ~'tM BA.. To Meyw.o Ilpa(IK01CYfj.la UfC; Hpcoivnc: j.lVaT1Kec; imnpeaie; tpouoxpatia; Ju::(}v~c; tpoatauoc xat vopxomxa, £K06m;~ EAEyeEPO~ rYDOL (U1tO tKOOOT)).

44

l1tO 'tOI.lEi~ 'tl\~ E1tl.XEtP11I1Il'ttKi]~ xowornrcc; KIlt'troV GUVOEOIlE- . IroV IlE IlUnlV EAh. 0 pOAO~ rorv IlV9pW1trov 1tEptOP~E'tllt oro "11 efvm Il1tAOi «9£1l"te~ 'tl\~ 8pU<TI)~» Kilt OX! «GUI1IlE"texovn:~», )1tro~ exouv E~11YliOEt KOPU<PlliOt 9EroP11"ttKOi 'tl\~ 811JlOKPIl"till~ (0' IlUnl rrtv 1tEpi1t"tro<TI), 0 I' OUOA-tEP Ain:!1Ilv). Touc E1tl.'tpe1tEtilt VIl E1tl.KUPWVOUV "t~ Il1tO<pUOE~ nov upionov Kilt VIl 1tllpeXOUV rnv U1tOOnlP~" "tOU~ O"tOV eVil" "tOY uno 1l1t' uurouq, iXt OJlffi~ Kilt VIl IlvllllEt'yv6oV"tllt OE 9EI1Il"tIl1tOU 8EV sivm 8tKi] "tOU~ U1to9E011, 01tro~ 11 8T11100tll1tOAmKi].

Ecv KU1tOtE~ IlEpi8E~ rou AIlOU EYKIl"tIlAehvouv 'tl\v Il1tU9EtU "tOU~ Kilt IlPXioouv VIl OPYIlVWVOV"tllt, EtOEPXOIlEVE~ orov 1tOA!nKo o"ti~o, Ilu"to 8EV stvm 811110KPIl"till Ilnu l1unOV fila xpian 7:yt~ JytflOKpari~, IlE rnv op9i] "tEXV1Ki] XP"O"l1 rou opou, I1tll Il1tEtA" 1tOU 1tpe1tEt VIl ~E1tEPIlO"tei IlE "tOY eVil" "tOY UAAO "tP01tO:

I:"tO EA I:IlA~Il86p, IlE "til Il1tOO"1tUI1Il"tll 9Ilvu"tou, o't~ HIIA, IlE mo 8t1lKpmKOU~ Kilt EI1IlEO"OUe; "tp01tOU~.

'H 1tUP"tE rrtv <ppU<TI) tk6Btpyt t7rlxeipytuyt, eVIl~ opoc 1tOU 11- vll<pepE"tllt ouciaorucc OE iv« O"UO"'tl\JlIl 811JlOO"tIl~ xpTlJlIl'to86- 'tl\<TI)~ Kilt t8tronKou KepoOUe;, IlE EUPEia~ clil1llKIle; KPIl"ttKO 1tllpEI1~lln0I10 ornv OtKOVOl1ia ytll VIl 8t1l'tTJPTl9ei 11 EUTlllEpia rorv 1tAouoirov. Ouoia, Ku9E unTl <ppU<TI) 1tOU 1tEpttXEt 'tTJ A£~TI «EAeu9EP09T1», cruvi]9ro~ <TI)!1IliVE1 'to avri9EtO a1to "to 1tpaY!1Il"ttKO 'tTJ~ vonun.

'H 1tUP"tE 'tTJ <ppU<TI) 6.pvva evavtiov in; etadenxotntos; Jltll <ppU<TI) 1tOU XPl1O"tJlO1tOtEital, Ka"tu KOpOV, orov 9EAe! KaVE~ vc Ilvll<pEp9ei O"'tTJv E1tl.9E'ttKO'tTJ"ta. Orcv oi HIIA E1tl."tE9TJKav 0't0 N. Btervcu O""t~ Ilpxe~ 'tTJ~ oEKaE"tia~ rou 1960, 0 <ptAeAeU9EPO~ "prolle; AV"tAa.'( I:"ti~EVo"OV (1lE"tIl~U UAAroV) E~"Y11o"E on U1tEPIlo~OUIlE "to N. Btsrvcu ccro 'tTJV «ecorrspucf E1tl.9E'ttKO'tTJ"tIl» - 811Aa8", rnv E1tl.9EnKO'tTJ"tIl rrov vo"tto~tEtvllJ.!Ei;rov aypo"twv evcvriov 'tTJ~ 1tOAEJltKi]~ ueponopiaq rorv HIIA Kat EVO~ cueptKIlVOKlVTJtOU OtPIl"tOU Jlt090<poprov 01 onoiot roue EOtroXVIlV

45

ano 'ta mrlna 't01)~ leal 'tOU~ E(H8AVaV 0'8 0''tpa'ton80a O'UY1CEV'tf)(.o<J'11~ ozou Il1tOpouO'av vc «ppouv zpocrcotc» ano 'tOU~ uvrcprs; ron vorou. k'tllV npaYf.lanKo'tll'ta, nutoi 01 aypo'tE<; unoO'nlPu.;av roue aV'tup'tE<; f.l£ rnv 8tATJCJ1) 'tOU<;, £VW 'to Ka8eO''tW<;, nou ,,'tav neM'tll<; TWV HIIA, 08V anOAUf.lpaVE, crnv npaYf.lanKO'tll'ta, 'tll<; Aa'iKi)<; unoO'nlP~TJ<; xrn Ulno 'to yeyovo<; ,,'taV napaDEK'tO ano OM<; T1<; nMupt<;.

To DOYf.lanKO crUO''tllf.la ntwx£ 'tOO'O noM 'tOY O'Kono rou WO''tE aKOf.lTJ Kat O'''f.lEpa, 30 XPOVta upyotspu, TJ uno'VTJ on Ot HIIA E1tlTE8TJKaV 0''t0 N. BtE'tVuf.l OEV avacpEpETal OlOAOU xm sivui Kun aDlavOTJ'to yta 'tllv f.lEyUATJ nM1o'VTJcpia. Tu npayf.lUnKu yeyovo'ta 'tOU noAEf.lOU, OEV unuPXEl rcopu KaJltU n18avornrn vc O'USU'tlleOuv. 01 opoupoi 'tll<; nOAtnKi)<; opeo'tll'ta<; uzopsi vc stvct anoAU'ta unEp"cpavOl yta Eva Enl'tEUYf.la nou 8a ,,'tav OUO'KOAO vo EnavaATJcp8d aKof.lTJ Kat O'€ Eva KaAu opyaVWf.l£VO OAOKATJpwnKo KpaTo<;.

'If nap'tE 'tOY opo £lPI1VcVrzK~ t>1at51KMia. 0 acp€A,,<; unopsi vu O'KECP'td on avacptpE'tat 0''t1<; npoO'nUeEtE<; E~EUPEO'TJ<; E1pTJV1Ki)<; AUO'TJ<;. ME aUnl rnv EwOta TOU opou, ea Atyaf.lE on TJ E1PTJvEunKi) blab1KaO'ia O''tll MtO'TJ A va'tOA" nEptAaf.lPUVE1 'tllv O'Uvei)KTJ etp"VTJ<; nou npoO'cpEpE 0 npoEbPo<; 'tll<; A1yUn'tou kaV'tu't oro lO'pa"A 'to 1971, Ul08ETwV'ta<; f.lta ypaJ1J1i] rnv ozoic OUO'laO'nKa unoO'nlPu.;E OAOKATJpO<; 0 KOO'f.lO<; O'Uf.lnEptAaf.lpavousvrp; Kat 'tll<; EnlO'TJf.lTJ<; nOAmKi)<; rrov HIIA. To 'Vi]cptO'J1a rou kUf.lPOUAiou AO'cpaMia<; 'tOY Icvouupto ron 1976, nou xn'tu8EO'av 01 KUptO'tEPE<; ApaP1Kt<; XWPE<; f.lE rnv unoO'nlP~TJ 'tll<; OAIT (OpyavwO'TJ yta rnv AnEMuetpWO'TJ 'tllS rraAatO''tiVTJ~) KaAOUO'E yta tva btaKavov10'J10 'tll<; apapo'iO'paTJAtvij<; Otaf.laX'1<; f.l€ 'tll OTJJ110upyia Duo xpetrov, uno 't1<; cuAOyie<; O'XEOOV 0A6- KATJPTJ<; 'tll<; naYKocrf.lta<; xoivornrcc; 01 npootpopeq 'tll<; OAIT, ornv 01UPKEta 'tll<; OEKaE'tia<; rou 1980, vc otanpaYf.la'tEu'tEi f.lE 'to lO'pa"A yta af.lotpaia avayvwptO'TJ Kat rn €nlO'ta 'VTJCPiO'f.lam

46

TIJ~ Tevuop; :EweAeUcrTJ~ 'tOU ORE, ue 1tl0 1tpocr<pa'to, exeivo 'tOU ~eKellPpiou rou 1990 (eYKpiB"Ke us 142 ""TJ<Pou~ u1tep Kat 2 Ka'ta) 1tOU KaAoucre yw. 1lW. 01£9vfJ cruvot<icrKe'V11 1tavro oro apapoYcrpa11AtnKo 1tPOPA11lla KA1t.

AUa Ot U1to'Vw.cr!!Evot KamAapaivouv on aU'te~ Ot zpocr1ta8el£~ Ssv ouvtorouv !!EPO~ TIJ<; £tp11VeunKfJ~ otaotKacria~. 0 A.6yo~ eivat on 'to v0111lU 'tOU opou stpnveunxf Ow.8tKacria oro :EucrTIJlla I1oAmKfJ~ Op8oTIJm<;, ava<pepemt oro ri 1tpa't'tet 11 KUpepYllcr11 rcov HIIA - oru; 1tept1t'tCocr£~ 1tOU fto11 eXOUIlE eve<pepet - 1tOU sivm 111tapell1to8tcr11 rorv 81£8vwv 1tpocr1ta8etwv yw. e~eupecrTJ £lP11VtKfJ~ Aucr11<;. Ot 1tept1t'twcre~ 1tOU 1tapa'teB"Kav Bev ell1tinouv ern opin TIJ<; £tP11vcunKfJ<; Ow.8tKacria<;, oton ot HIIA U1tocr'tftpt1;av TIJv a1tOppt'V11 TIJ<; 1tpocr<popa<; 'tOU :Eav-ra't, a1to 'to IcrpaftA, 1tpoepa'Aav pe'tO oro 'Vft<ptcrlla 'tOU :EUIlPouAiou Acr<paAeia<; Kat avn'teB"Kav cru; Ow.1tpaYlla'teucr£~ Kat TIJV allot~aia avayvwptcr11 TIJ<; OAll Kat 'tOU lCipaftA Kat crUIl<provouv, us 'to IcrpaftA uoviuroc, av-rm8eJ.t£ve<; ce Ka8e 1tpocr1ta- 8£w. yw. 1lW. £tp11VtKfJ Bl.1tArollanKfJ ol£u8eTIJcr11 orov O.H.E. ft Ka1tOU aUou - ouotnonxc, ow. TIJ<; 1tPOPOAft<; pe'to.

H £tp11v£U'ttKll Ota8tKaCiia 1t£ptOp~£'tat oru; 1tpro'tOPOUAl£<; trov HIIA .oi 01t0l£<; KaAouv yw. 1lW. avtcrTJ cuepuccvozveuom 81£u8eTIJcr11, xropi<; rnv avayvwptO"ll rov 1taAatcrnVw.Kwv £8vtKWV 8tKairov. Au'to<; eivm 0 rpoxo; A.tt'toupyia<; TIJ<; Kat ocoi eivm uvixavo; vu 'to aVtlA11<P80uv au'to, 1tPE1tEt vc ava.Sl1Lilcrow aUo e1tayyeAlla.

y 1tapxouv 1toUa. aUa 1tapa8£iYlla'ta. Ilcpre 'tOY opo EZ&Ktl (J'Vlupepovra. Tn XP11IlU't080'tOuJ.t£va a1tO 'tOU<; pe1tOUIl1tAtKaVOUS crucrLillla'ta ~11llocrirov :EXecr£rov TIJS oEKaE'tias 'tau 1980, KaTIJyopoucrav cruVEXWS 'tOU<; 0111l0KpanKou<; on ftmv 'to KOIlIlU rmv eilitKWV crull<pepov-rrov: tmv YUVatKWV, rorv epya'twv, TIJ<; v£OAaia<;, rorv aypo'twv, KOv-rOAOyft<;, rou 1tAl18ucrllou. Ynftpxe 1l0VO tv~ to!!E~ tOU 1tA118ucrllOu 1tOU Ssv Kataypa<P11Ke

47

1tO'tE ecv etblKO O'UJl<pEPOV: 01 ennpsie; Kat yevlK6. 01 emxetp1)- . O'e~ Kat curo swm AoytKO. LTI1V YAcOO'O'a TI1~ 1tOAtnK't)~ op80- TI1'ta~, To. (etblK6.) O'UJl<PepoV'to. roue sivm 'to c:BvZKO uvpqJepov oro onoio OAOt 1tPE1tCl vc U1toKAtvoJlaO''te. Ot 011JlOKpanKoi aV'ta1t6.vTI1O'CLV, otCLJlapwPoJlEvot on &v sivci 'to KOJlJla. 'tow etbtKcOV oujupepovrcov: fM:YCLV on unnpersf 'tCL e8vtKo. O'UJl<pEPOV'tCL. Auto 1)To.V op80, CLUo. 'to 1tPO~AllJlo. roix; eYKCt'tO 0''t0 on Ssv ow8eTo.v TI1V JloVOAt8tK't) To.~tK't) O'UVelOllO'11 'troy pezouJl1tAtKo.vrov CLV'ti1tCLAcOV 'tOU~. 01 'teAcu'tCLiot, Sev EXOUV KCLJltU CLJl<po~oAia ytCL 'to 1to.tO~ eivct 0 pOAo~ 'tOU~ ro~ eK1tpoO'c01trov trov tbtoKTIJ'tcOv KCLt rcov otCLxetptO''tcOv TI1~ KOtvrovia~, Ot onoiot ote~o.youv eva O'KA"lPo 'ta~tKO 1tOAeJlO svavriov rou yevIKov 1tAl18uO'JlOV - utoge'tcOv'ta~ O'UXVo. JltCL XUoaia Jlap~tO'nK't) pnroptK't) xm a1to",e~, 1tpoO'<pevyov'tCL~ O'UXV6. O'TI1V e9v1KtO'nK't) uorspie, 'tOY <po~o, 'tOY 'tPOJlO Kat 'to OEO~ ym roue JlEyo.Aou~ llYE'te~ Kat o.lli~ OOKtJlCLaIlEVe~ 'teXV1Ke~ eAEYXOu rou 1tAl18uouoo, Ot 011JlOKpanKoi elvui Atyo'tepo O'a<pe~ ro~ 1tpO~ 'to 'ti morsuouv Kat U1tOO'TI1PU;OUV xm, e1tollEvro~, eivci Alyon:po CL1to'teAeO'JlanKOi croix; 1tp01tayCLvOtO'nKov~ 1tOAEJlOU~.

TeAo~, 1to.p'te 'tOY opo uvV't'1P'1TlKOC;, 0 onoioc exet Ka'taA1)set va ava<pepeTo.t crouc u1toaTl1ptK'te~ evo; taXUPou KPo.'tOU~ 'to onoio 1tCLpeJl~aivet a1t0<pCLatanKo. crnv O1KOVOJlia KCLt TI1v xowcovucn <;ro1). Y1toaTl1PU;ouv 't~ U1tEpoYKe~ KpCLnKE~ OCL1to.ve~ KCLt TI1v JlEtCL1tOAeJltK't) KOpU<proO'11 troy xpoorcteonsrov llE'tprov KCLt TI1~ CLa<p6.Ae~ EVCLV'tiov troy Ktvouvrov 1tOU CL1tetAOVV TI1v CLyOpo., 1teptOpU;oV'tCL~ 't~ CL'tOJltKE~ eAeu8epit~ om llEaou vourov ,KCLt OtKCLO'nKcOv CL1to<p6.aerov, zpocrcreuovrcc 'to 6.ytO Kperoq CL1tO CLOtKCLtoA6Y11'tou~ eAEYXou~ troy o.0'Xetrov 1tOAt'tcOv, KoV'toAoyi~, CLU'to. tCL 1tpOypo.JlJlCLtCL 'tCL ozoic stvm 'to CLKPt~cO~ CLV'ti8e'to rou 1tCLpCLOOatCLKOU ouvrnpnnouoo, Ihorsuouv xm sivm a<poatroJlev01 oro 06yJlCL on «oi 6.v8pro1t01 1tOU sivm Ot

48

tOtOKTIl'W; TIJ~ xOlpa~», E1tO~VID~ «1tPE1tEt Kat vc TIJV KU~EPVOUV», f..I£ ru Myta rou I1a"CEpa rou 'Eevou~, T~Olv T~6:u.

Am eivrn 1tpay}la"CtKu roco O'6crKOA.o, a1tO- TIJ cruy}lll 1tOU avuA.a}l~UvE"Cat KavEU; "COu~ xovovec. Fie vn EXet vonun 0 1tOA.tnKO<; Myo~, sivct avaYKaio vc rov f..I£taq>pumm: crTIJV "CPExoucra yA.Olcrcra, a1toKcootKo1totOlV"C(l(; TIJV Ot1tA.ll YAOlcrcra rmv MME, rrov aKaolJ}la'iKOlv xotvorvucov emornuovrov Kat ron eyxocuiou tspcrsiou YEVtKo"CEpa. H Aet"Coupyia rou 1tOAtnKOU Myou Ssv eivci roco oxoretvr]: "Co SElla eivm vu Ka"Cacr"CEi aOUveto vc ~peSouv AE~E~ yta vu }ltAllcrEl. KaVel<; yta SE}lUta uvSpOl1ttVl)<; cr1tOUOatOTIJta~ f..I£ Eva cruVEK"CtKO rpozo, Mrropei vc otacrq>aAtcrtei "Co on Sa yivEt eAUXtcrta xcrcvoqro "Co 1tOl<; Aetroupyei lJ xoworvicc; }lac; Kat "Co "Ci crU}lPaiVEt orov xoouo - }lta "CEpucrua ouvetceopc crTIJ o'lJ..l.oKpa"Cia, 01tCO~ evvost rov opo lJ' 1toAtnlCfl opSotl)"Ca.

Mnopsi KavEU; vc cru~lJ"Ca yta rnv EWOta rou opou «crOcrtaAl.cr}lO<;», aAAu EUV au"Co~ crlJllaivet Kun, crlJ}laivel.· rov EAeYXO TIJe; 1tapaycoyfl~ a1to rouq Wl.OUe; roue EpyU"CE~, 0Xl. a1to roue t8l.0K"Cfl"CE<; Kat rouq OtEueuV"CE~ at onoiot roue E~OUcrtU~ouv Kat. eAErxOUV OAee; "C~ a1toq>ucre~ sire 1tpOKel."Cat yta }lta Ka1tt"CaAtcrnlCfl e1ttXEiPlJcrlJ EhE yta Eva a1tOAu"CapXtKO KPU"CO~.

To vc avaq>Epouf..l£ TIJv LoptEnlCfl 'Evoion ouv aoatasumK~, sivat jnn EVOtaq>Epoucra 1tEpi1t"CcoOl) 8oy}lanlCfl<; Ol.1tAlle; yA.Olcrcrae;. To }l1toA.m;pi1Cl.KO 1tpa~t1(01tlJlla "COu OK"CcoPpiou rou 1917, 1tapEococrE TIJv KpanlCfl E~OUcria croix; 1\EVtv Kat T poroxi at onoiot Ecr1tEucrav vaotaA.ucrouv roue 1tpOltIlOUe; crocrtaAtcr"CtKOU<; SEcr}lOU~ 1tOU avamx8l)Kav Ka"Cu TIJv OtUpKeta tl)e; Aa'ilCfl~ E1tavucrtaOl)<; tCOV 1tPOlJYOU}lEVCOV unvrov, 0lJAa811, tn eprootccrtaKu cru}l~OUAta, rc cro~tEt Kat tEAl.KU, KUSE opyavo Aa'iKou

49

EAi:Y'X01/ Kat vn JlE't'a't'pt",oUV't'TlV Epyanril OUVaJ.l11 OE o,n 0- V0J.lat;av «spvcnxo orpcro» U1tO ru; OUl't'(l'YE~ 't'OU l1'YE't'Tl. n1tro~ xt cv aV't'tAaJ.lPUvEOat OUOUlO't'tKU "COv OpO «cocicxiouo;», ot J.l1tOAO"epiKOl EO"1teUO"av aJ.lEo"(j)~ vc KU'tuO"'tpbjfOUV rc U1tJpxoV'tU O"'tOlXeta 'tOU. Kauui O"OO"UlAtO"nKil 1tapEIDt(j'fl OeV EXet E1tt'tPU1tet EK'tO'tE.

Au'tE~ Ot e~eA~e~ OEY E~E1tA11~av 'tOU~ xopuecloix J.lap~tmE~ OUlVOOU~VOU~ Ot 01tOiOl e1tEKptVav em x.pOVUl 't~ eEropiE~ 'tOU AEVtV (01tro~ EiXE KUVet Kat 0 Tporoxt), Stort OomouO"av ornv O"U'YKEV'tProO"l1 't'Tl~ E~OUO"~ ore XEPUl 'tOU KOJ.lJ.la'tO~ 't'Tl~ 1tpro't01tOPta~ Kat rrov l1'YE'toov 'tOU. Fur rnv aKpipetU, OeKae'tiE~ nptv, 0 avapXtKo~ O"'toxaO"nl~ M1tUK0uVtV EiXe 1tpO~A£",et on 11 aVaOUoJlEVll 'tU~l1 reov OUlvOOu~vrov ea aKOAOUeOUO"E evo» a1tO 'tOU~ OUO Spououc: eire ea 1tpoO"1taeOUO"E vn EKJlE't'(lAAcU'tet 'tOU~ Aa'(Kou~ a'Yoove~ 'YUl vn Ka'taMi~et rnv KpanKil E~OUO"ta 1tpO~ iotov O<peAO~, KUetO"'tuJlEVll J.lUl KTIlvOO011~ Kat xcrcmeonKil KOKKtVll 'YpU<petOKpa'tta it ea 'YtVO'tuv 0 OtEueuvnl~ Kat 18eoAO'YtKO~ a1tOAo'Y11nl~ rrov xpcnxrov KU1tt'taAtO"'ttKOOv KOtVroVtOOv, nv a1to-rUrxuvE 11 AatKil !muvUO"'t'(lO"l1' ij'tav J.lUl EU<pUit~ nnpunlP11(j'flKat ro~ 1tpO~ ru OUO 't'Tl~ O"KEA11.

Tu OUO K'6pUl 1taytcoO"J.lUl ouO"nl~'ta 1tpo1ta'Yuvo~ OEY ouuqxovonv os 1tOAAU, alli ovro»; ciuJ.l<provouv ornv xpiJ(j'fl 'tOU opou «O"OO"UlAtO"J.lO~», 'YUl vc ava<pepeOUv crnv UJ.leO"l1 xn'taO"'tpo<Pit KUee O"'tOlXeloU O"OO"UlAtO"J.lOU a1tO 'tOU~ J.l1tOAO"epiKOU~. Auto Ssv 1tpE1tet vc J.la~ eK1tAitO"O"et. Ot J.l1toAO"e~iKOl ovoJ.lut;ouv 'to cn)O"'t'TlJ.lU 'tOU~ aootaiiattxo, 'YUl vc eKJlE'taAAcUeOUV 'to 11etKo K'6po~ 'tOU O"OO"UlAtO"J.lOU.

H ~UO"l1 utOeE't'TlO"e 'tOY tOtO opo 'YUl TOV aV'tiee'tO AO'YO: 'YUl vc OUO"<P11J.litO"et rc e1ti<po~a eAcUeepUlKU 18eOO011, OUVOEOV'tU~

• ~'tM BA.. rK0J.l1t£V-POKEp-APpt'tC;, H PwmK'I E7raVaUTaUrr 'I a7rOTVXia rov xpauxob KamraA1Ul-lOv, (EKOO(rEtC; EAEY0EPO~ TYI10~).

50

rc ue 'to flnOAaepiKtKO KVOU'tO, yta vc uzovoueuoet TIl A.a.'ildt nenoi9sOlJ on flnopd npaYflUttKU vc unup~et 1tpOOOO~ 1tpO~ flta 8tKato'tePll xowrovia j.I£ 811floKpanKo tA.eyxo 1tuvro orou; paO"1.KOU~ geoflou~ TIl~ Kat flEptflva yta ru; av9pcOmve~ aVUYKe~ Kat 81KatcOflata. Av 0 aOOtaAloflO~ eivm 11 rupcvvia rrov Aavlv xm L'tUAIV, rots KUee AOYIKO~ uvepro1tO~ eO. zet: Jev uoo TalPl6.(E:l Kat nv aUnl sivut 11 flovaolldj evanaKttldj AUOlJ orov crunOYIKO Kpa'tlKO Kam~aAloflO, rots 1toA.Aoi uvepro1tOl eO. UnOtaX,eouv Ot~ e~ouotaonKE<; OOflE<; tOU, onv TIl flOVl1 AoYlldt EmAoYit.

ME TIlv Ka'tuppeuoll rou oOptenKOU OUOnlflatoc:; 1tpoo<paperm flta EUKatpta. vc avaptcOoet 11 ~rovmvfJ Kat oeevap1) eA.eu- 9Eptaldt ooolaAtotucfl 0"1(£\)% 11 onoin 8EV fl1tOpeoE vu avra~el, on<; 80YflanKac; Kat KamOmA.nKac; em9aoe~ rcov lCUpiapx,rov OUOTllflU'trov E~oUOia.C;. To noco j.l£yuAll dvat aUnlll EA.nioa Ssv to yvrop~OUj.l£, aAAu touA.<iXlO"tOV aXEl erleiljfEl Eva suzoow npo~ aUnl TIlV KU'tEU8uvOlJ. Me aUnl TIlv svvotc, 11 e~a<puvicn TIl~ LOptenldj<; 'EvroO"ll<; sivm flta fltKp1) vixn rou cooicAtaflOU, 'toOll 00lJ Kat 11 1)'ttu tmv <paOtottKcOV QUVUj.I£rov.

Tu MME

To. onuuvrucorspu MME eire Ovoflu~ovrat «<ptA.eAeUeepa» eire «ouvrnpnnxc», stvct opycvtouoi nou uvrpcouv os aKoflll p.eyaAu'tepou~ ofliA.ou~ ermpeuov Kat ouvOEovrat O"'tevu fl' au'tOU<;' onroc; xm ot UAAOt opycvtouoi, nouAouv Eva 1tpo'iov 0TllV aropu, aU't1) 11 ayopu eivci ot Ota<PllfltO'tt<;, 0l1Aa(1), Ot UAA.e~ Emx,etp1)oe~. To npotov sivm ro KOtVO. To. xopueuio, eAnionKa MME 1tOU xapuooouv rou; paolKac; ypaflflE<; t~ onoie; Ol unOt uwge'touv, ax,ouv roc; npowv 'to ax,e1:tKU npovoflwuX,o KOlVO.

51

'ET(H, EXOUJlE JlElSOvee; opyaVtcrJ,lOUe; 7tOU 7tOUAOUV, os Eva UCaV07tOl11TtKO ~a9J,lo, elmopo Kat 7tPOVOJ,ltOl>XO KOtVO ce UAAee; e7ttxetpl)cretc;. Aev 7tpE7tet Aomov vn J,lae; eK7tAl)acret TO on 11 sucovc TOU KOcrJ,lOU 7tOU 7tapOuatU~Ouv, uvnzpocomcoer ru crTEYU Kat J,lOV07tAeupa crull<p£pOVTa Kat a~i£e; TCOV 7tCOA11TcOV, TCOV ayopaaTcOV Kat TOU 7tpO'COVTOe;.

AUOl 7tapUYOVTee; evta:x;6ouv TTJV uha OtacrTpE~ACO<JTJ. Ot OteUWVOVTee; TTJV KOUAToupa (eKMTee;, xopueuiot ap9poypaqioi) £XOUV KOtVU Ta~tKU crUIl<P£pOVTa Kat crx£cretc; JlE TO KpUTOe;, TOUe; OteU9uVT£e; e7ttxetpl)aecov Kat uUOue; 7tPOVOlltOUxOUe; KAUOOue;. Y 7tupxet 7tpuYllan Ilta crTagepl) pol) av9pc07tcov 7tpOe; Ttc; ennpeisc; TTJv KU~£PVTJ<JTJ Kat ru MME. Ot 7tpoa~uaetc; crTTJV KpanKl) e~ouaia eivm <JTJllaVTtKOe; 7tapuyoVTae; yta vn btaTTJpl)cretc; J,lta KaAl) 9£<JTJ, Ot «Stnpposq» etbl)crecov, yta 7tapa8etyJ,la, eivm cruxvu KaTacrKeUUaJ,laTa Kat a7tUTee; TTJe; e~oucriae; cs ouvepycotc JlE Ta MME, ru onoin npocnoiouvnn on bev yvcoPlSOUV TTJV 7tPO£Aeucr1) TOUe;.

Lav aVTuAAaYlla, 11 KpanKl) e~oucria a7tatTel a7to aUTU onvspjucin Kat U7tOTay1). AAAa K£VTpa e~oucriae;, e7ti<JTJe;, £Xouv J,l11xaVtaJ,lOUe; nJ,lcopiae; yta TUXOV 7taperuiaetc; a7to TTJv opflooo~ia, 7tOU KUJ,laivOVTat a7to TTJv ecrKeJ,lJ1EVTJ 7tTcO<JTJ TCOV nJ,lcOv TCOV JlETOXcOV J1EXPt Eva a7tOTeAecrllanKo Il11XaVtcrllo OtacruPllou Kat bua<pl)J,lt<JTJe;.

To a7tOT£AeaJ,la OEY eivct <pUcrtKU a7tOMTCOe; OJ,lOtoJ,lOP<Po.

Ttn va e~u1tTJpeT1)aouv ru crull<P£POVTa TCOV taXUPcOv, rc MME 7tp£7tet va 7tapoucrtuaouv J,lta pWAtanKl) eucovn TOU KOcrJ,lOU. 'Eroi, 11 e7tayyeAJ,lanKl) aKepatOTTJTa Kat ruuomru evicts eveJlEtyvUeTat JlE TTJv 7tpCOTapxtKl) U1tOcrTOAl). Ot KaAoi b11Il0<JtOypU<pOt sivat TU7ttKU 7tAl)pcoe; eVTJJlEpCOJ1EVOl yta TOUe; 7tapuyoVTee; 7tOU OtallOP<PcOvouv TO 7tpo'COV TCOV MME Kat 7tpocr7ta90uv vc XP11<JtJ,lo7totl)aouv T£TOta cvoiyuntu, OTaV TOUe; 7tap£xeTat 11 euxmpic, To a7tOT£Aecrlla eivm on uzropei Kaveic; va btbax9d

52

1tOna a1to Ilta KPt'ttK1l Kat 1tpocrSK'ttK1l avaYVIDO"ll atYrcOv 1tOU 1tapayouv La MME.

Ta MME sivet a1tM fl£po~ SVO~ SUpU'tSpOU OOYlla'ttKOU crucrTillla'to~· ana fl£Pll 'tOU sivm ot EYKUPS~ SCPllflCPios~, ro crXOA£ia, La 1tavsmcrTilllta, Ot aKaOllllatKS~ uxorpoote; Kat tu ncpouotn, rVIDpU;OUflC 1tOAU 1tSPtcrcro'tspa yta ru SYKUpa MME, oton ot xpmxoi avaAms~ 'tll~ t8COAOyia~ SXOUV ecrnaest rnv 1tpocroxfl roue cr' aU'ta. To supurspo cr'6cr'tlllla Sev SXSt flCA£'tlled roco 1tOAU, oton sivm 1tOAU mo OUcrKOAO va 'to speuvncsu; crucr'tllllanKa. AAAa u1tapxouv tcrXUpoi Myot 1tOU Ila~ xovouv vc morsuouus on SKcppasSt rc iOta crullcpepoV'ta ~ rc MME, 01tID~ ea uveueve Kavs~.

To Soyunruco crucr'tlllla, 'to ozoio 1tapayet o.n ovollaSou~ 1tpo1tayavoa, oruv crusll'ta yta 'tOU~ ex9pou~, SXSt OUO ~eXIDpiorou; cr'tOxou~. 0 eva~ cr'toxo~ sivm o.n sviore ovollat;eLat «1tOAt'ttK1l 'ta~l1», 'to 20% 1tepi1tou rou 1tAl19ucrllou La onoio sivrn crxenKa 1l0PCPIDfl£vo Kat Aiyo-1tOAU apepcOVSt Ka1totO 1t0- At'ttKO Myo, 1taU;oV't~ Ka1totO POAO cr'tll ATt'Vll a1tocpacrsIDV. H SK fl£POU~ 'tOU~ a1toooxfl 'tOU 86Ylla'tO~ eivrn pacrtKO ysyovo~ oton sivut os geO"ll vu crxeot6.crouv Kat vc sccpuoooov 1tapayoV'ta~ rrtv 1tOAt'ttK1l.

'Y crepe, u1tapxst 'to ano 80% nspizou 'tOU 1tAl19ucrIlOU. Auroi eivat Ka'ta 'tOY Ai1tllav «01 eW'te~ 'tll~ Opa0"ll9>, roix; onoiouq avacpepst ID~ «ro cruYXUcrfl£vo K01taot». Auroi U1to'ties'tat on 1tpe1tst va U1taKOUOUv os SV'tOA€~ Kat vc Il11V cppat;ouv 'to OPOIlO 'tIDV onuevrucov aV9pc01tIDV. Eivct 0 cr'toxo~ 'tIDV MME: 'tIDV AatKcOV SCPll~pi8IDv, 'tIDV KIDlltKcOv crTtPtaA, 'tIDV 'tllA£1tatyvtotffiv KA1t.

Auroi ot roueiq ron oOYllanKou oucrnunro; XPllcrtlleUouv orov a1to1tpocrava'tOAtcrllo 'tIDV llat;cOv Kat EVtO"xOOUV 't~ ~acnKS~ KOtVIDVtKE~ ~i£~: rnv a1ta9sta, tnv U1to'taYit cmv s~oucria, 'tllv U1tep'ta'tll apETil 'tllC; a1tAllcr'tE~ Kat 'tOU 1tPOcrID1ttKOU xsp-

53

ooue;, TT1v EANml"l J,liptflVae; yta 'toue; uUoue;, 'to cpo~o yta 1tpaYflanKOUe; 1) cpaV'taOnKOUe; Ex9poue; KA.1t. 0 O'tOxOe; eivct va 1tapaflClVEt oUYXUOJ,livo, 'to ouyxuoJ,livo K01tUOt, uuro OEV xpEtUse'tat va 1tPOPA1']fla'til;E'mt flC 'to 'ti oUflpaivEt orov xoouo, LTTlV 1tpaYflanKOTTl'ta, uuro stvm aVEm9Uflll'to, oton av OEt flCYUAO flEPOC; TT1e; 1tpaYflanKo't1']'tac; au't1)e;, fl1tOPei va geA1)oEt va 't1']v aAAu~Et.

Auto Sev O"Ttflaiw:t On rn MME OEY fl1tOPEi va E1t1lpEaorouv a1to 'tOY YEVtKO 1tA1']9uOflO. Oi KUplapXOt 9EOflOl - 1tOAtrucoi, oucovouucot 1) OOYllanKoi - OEY sivrn a1tpOopA1']'tOt a1to 'ttc; AatKte; 1ttEOEtc;. To ave~uPT11Tn (EvaUaK'ttKu) MME fl1tOpoiiv va 1ta~ouv emO"Tte; Eva O"TtllavnKo pOAO. Av Kat EXOUV OXe06v 1,tuV'ta e~' opiouou tUet'l'l11t0prov, Kepoil;ouv OE 01tOUoato'ta'ta flC 'tOY WlO 'tP01tO 1tOU 'to 1te'tUxalvouv ot AatKtc; opyavrooEtc;, OU01tEtprovoV'tae;, 011 AaO'tl, av9pro1touC; us nsptoptojltvoue; m)pOUC;, ot onoioi 111tOPOUV va 1tOAAa1tAaOtuoOuv rnv a1to'teJ...eOflanKO't1']'m Kat avriA1']'I''tl roue, usoro TT1e; UflOtpuiae; UUllJ...e1tWpucr1)e; roue - UKpt~roe;, 1'] 0l1flOKpunK'tl U1tetA.'tl rnv onoic roco 1tOAU cpopouV'tat Ot KUpiupxee; eAl't .

. 54

01 HllA KAI 0 KOl:MOl:

BpTJKa Kanro<; avtcrTl TIlv KaAU'Ifll, EK ~pOU<; TIl<; nAElO'Ifllcpia<; rrov MME, ocov acpopa 'to ME~lKO, Ka'ta TI]OmpKEla TI]<; O'USTJTI]crTl<; ylU TI]V NAFT A O:uflCP(J)via EAeu8EPOU Euaoptou Bopstcq AflEP1Kf]~). Ot New York Times E1t!hpE'Vav fllU crElpa apeprov non avecpEpo.v On 11 micrTlfl11 OlUcpeOpa TJ'to.v - xm dva.l. - eupururc olaoEoo~ oro ME~lKO. Fin TI]v aKpi~Ela, crE eva 1C6plO ap8po anAa Enl~E~airovav on 0 :Eo.Aiva<; voueuoe 'tU anO'tEAecrfla'ta 't(J)V npoEoplKWV Ecloywv rou 1988. Turri au'tf] 11 nA11pocpopia TJpeE cto cpro<;~

NOfllSro nro~ TJ'tav aMvaw va 8acp'tBi, u1tf]p~av aKofl11 xm KanOlES flEflovroflEVB~ avacpope<; croix Times ylU 't~ Aa1Ke<; olUflap'tUpie~ evcvriov TI]<; NAFTA. 0 Tiu rKOAV'tBV, 0 anEAcr'taA~vo<; roue oro MES1KO, EiXE cr'tBlAel fllU uvrceroxpton, fllU-OUO E~ooflaoE<; nptv ru; Ecloye~, m8avws oru; apxes NOEfl~piou ron 1993, ornv ozotc avecpEpe on nOAAoi flES1KaVOl epyan:s aV1'\O'UXoucrav yta 'to on rc l1flEPOflicr8m rou; Sa usuovovrcv flE'ta TI]v NAFT A. Tnv KaeffiprocrTl, aKoAou8T1crE 'to mo EVolUcpepov flEpOS 'tOU aveKOOWU.

El1tw8T1KE on au'tf] anoouvaflcOvEl ru; eecre~ av8pwnrov 6- nros 0 Pos Ilspeo xm aAAOl, nou mcr'twav on 11 NAFT A eO. e~Aa1t'te rouq aflEptKaVouS epya'tes npoS ocpeAoS rrov flEstKavrov O'UvaO€Acprov roue, Me aAAa MylU, 'to yeyovos on DAm ea xnrcmsctouv napoucrlacrTI]Ke onv fllU KplnKf] svavriov rorv nvepwnrov nou o.V'tt'tieBV'tat orn NAFTA, eOw cr't~ RITA!

/lEV U1tf]PSE crxeoov Kaflm O'USTJTI]crTl eow ylU 't~ flEYaAl1<; cliflaKaS Aa1Kes OlUflUpmpie<; oro MestKO, cr~ ozoie; onuus'teiXE, ylU napaOetYfla, 11 flEyaAu'tepl1 fl11 KU~epV1'\nKf] epyanKf] evrocrTl (11 1C6pta epyanKf] evrocrl1 sivtn crxeoov eSicrou avesap-

55

'tTl'tTl J.L£ ~ (:mPl£'ttlCEe; EpyanKEe; EVoocrEtc;, aill U1tapxouv Kat opiousve; aw:sap'tTl'tEe; 7tOU aV'mux8rjKav ern ouurpcovia).

Ta m:ptpaAAOY'tl.1CU KtvYJllUTU KUt La neptcoorspu a7tO La aUa AatKa 1C1.vYJJ!u'ta uvTt'rux811Kav £7ti01le;. H LUVOOOe; MEstKavO)v EmcrK01tO)v EmOOIcillucrE OAO'VUXu 'tTl 8E01l 7tOU mlPuv ot AanvoaJ.L£ptKaVOt E7ticrK07tOl., orcv cruvuvril811KUV cr'tTl LaY'tu Nrouivuco (7tPo)'tEUOUcrU 'tTle; ~OIl1.VtKUvYJS ~l1lloKpa'tiac;) 'tOY ~EKEIl~Pl.O rou 1992.

H cruYKEVTPO)01l cr'tTl LaY'tu Nroutvuco, TJ'tav 11 7tpoo'tTl J.L£iSO)v LUVOOOS To)V AunvouJ.L£ptKUVO)V emoxozorv J.L£'ta U7tO EKElVEe; crnv IIoUEIl7tAU (oro MEstKO) Kat oro MEY'tEUiv (ornv KOAOIlPia) cr~ OEKUE'tiEe; TOU 1960 xm rou 1970. To Brmxnvo 7tpocr7ta8rjcrE va rnv £AEYSEt auriJ 'tTl q>opa Kat va E~acrq>aAicrEt on OEV 8a U7tocrriJPtSUV UU'tES Ttc; 7tUpUAoyES tOeES 7tEpi 8EOAOyiaS 'tTle; a7tEAeu~epO)01lS KUt 7tpOVOlltaKfJe; U7tocrriJPtS11e; 1tpOS roue q>'tO)xOUe;. AUu 7tupa rnv 7tapoucriu 'tTlS crt011pas 7tUYIlTJe; tou Benxovou, ot enicxoaot EIlq>uvicr'tTlKav EV'tEAooe; evcvriov 'tOU VEOq>tAeAeu8EptcrIlOU Kat To)V OOlltKOOV npooupuovdrv KUt 'tTlS 7tOAtnKfJs rou EAeugepou sunoptou, 7tOU crTpeq>oY'tuv Ku'ta rcov q>'tO)XOOv. Auto OEV aVUK01.VOO8rjKE EOOO, a7t' o.n yvO)pit;O).

Y mlPSuv llEyaAeS OtcOs£t<; TO)V EpyanKOOv EVoocrEO)V oro MES1KO. H cIlopY't Kat 11 cIloASPuYKEv etvci OUO O1lIlUV't1.KU nnpaOElYIlULa. Aiya XPOVlU vropirspu, 11 cIlopY't U7tAa a7tEAucrE DAO TO ll£~tKaVtKO EPyunKo OUVUlltKO 'tTle;, E7tava7tpocrAall~uvovrcq 1l0VO Il£ Xall11AO'tEPU 111l£pOllicr8lU EKElVOUe; ot onoiot ouuqxovouccv vu Il11V avYJKOUV cs KUIlt<l EpyanKfJ EvO)01l. L' UUTO, 11 cIlopY't ElXE rnv U7tocrriJPtS11 rou lCUPEpVOY'tOe; PRJ (TO LuY'taYllanKo Enrrvaotrrruco Kouun, TO onoio EMYXEt 'to ME~tKO U7tO rnv oEKaE'tia rou 1920).

H 1tEpimO)01l 'tTle; <I>OASPUYKEV Elvat 7tEpi7toU OIlOlU. A1tehcrav Epya'tEe; 7tOU U7tocrriJPtSuv utn uVE~ap'tTl'tTl EpyunKfJ E-

56

voxm KUt E1tUVU1tPOcr£AUPUV )J£ XUIlTJAO'tEPU TJ)J£POlltcr8ta EKElVOU<; 1tOU cruflCPOOVT)cruv vu IlTJV 'tTJV U1tocr'tTJP~OUV.

AiYE<; EP<>OIlU<>E<; )J£'tu 'tTJ 'l'TJ<Po<popia yta rnv NAFTA crn<; HIlA, U1tOAu8TJKUV U1tO rc EPY0cr1:Ucrta rorv TStPVEpUA EUK1:ptK KUt XUVtYOUEA EpyU'tE<; AOyro cruV<>tKUAtcrnri}<; <>pucrll<;. dEV stpro 1tOtO 8u eivct ro 'tEA1.KO U1to't£AecrllU, uUu aU'to<; Eivrn 0 cr'tOXO<; crull<Provtc:OV 01tro<; TJ NAFTA

1Ml1 a7CO Tl(;" apXt(;" Iavovapiov TOV 1994, ace; e£x.e (l1Tl1Bd oxo TOV ela50Tl1 Tl1<; Washington Post va 7Capai5WfTGTe tnv 7CpWTOXPOvux tva 6pBpo yta tnv e~tyePfTl1 rl1<; Totanac (uta nositeia aTO N. oxpo rov Me~lICOV, M7CAa atn Touaxeuasa). Htav 11 7CPWT1l oop« 7COV 11 Post aai; (~Tl1fTe va ypaljlGTe x/at;

Nat, TJ'tUv 1tpuYllun TJ 1tpoo'tTJ <popU. ME Ese1tATJSE KU1tro<;, u<pou 1to'te OEV uon dXE STJ'tTJ8d vc YPu'l'ro yta AoyuptacrllO Ilta<; E<pTJ)J£pilia<; E8vtri}<; EllpeAeta<;. 'Erot, eypa'l'U iv« up8po - 1tpOoptt;o'tUV yta 'to ev8E't0 'tTJ<; E<pTJ)J£pioa<; 1tOU OVO~E'tU1. KuptaKaTlKl1 A7COljll1 - aAAU DEV 'to DTJllocr1.Eucrav.

DX1.. Azo o.rt yvropit;ro £<p8UcrE oro W1toypa<pdo. 0 EKM'tTJ~ 1tOU 'to dXE 1tUpaYYEtAe1. uon 1:T)Ae<pOOVT)crE, 1tpo<pavoo~ )J£'tu 'tTJ ATJSTJ 1:T)<; 1tP08Ecrllia<;, on sxstvoc 'to dXE EYKpiVE1., aUu U- 1tAU UKUpoo8TJKE TJ <>TJIlOcr1.EucrfJ 'tOU U1tO U'I'TJAO'tEPO KA1.IlUKl.O. /j.EV sepro 'ti1to'tU neptooorspo Y1.' nuro 'to 8e1lU.

AUu Il1tOpOO VU llaV'te'l'ro. To up8po coopouoe 1:T)v Tcr1.U- 1tu<;, UAAU coopouos E1ticrT)<; Kat 'tTJV NAFT A Kat 1ttcr't£uro on TJ Washington Post TJ'tuv UKollTJ 1t1.0 nxpuin Ka1. a1to roue Times, apVOVf1.€Vl1 vc E1t1.'tP£'I'£1. 01tOta0TJ1t0't£ cruSTJ'tTJcrll 1tUVCI) 0' 0.'01:0 'to 8tllU.

57

'O;n OUV€~l1 <m1V Tat6:7t~ Sev tl'tav 1e:at rooo a7tpOa!-l£Vo.

I:'tllV apm, 11 1CU~tpVl1Ol1 morsus on ea ,.I.7tOpOUaE a7tAa vc Ka'taa'tElA£t rnv E~tYEPOl1, Ecpapf.lo1;oV't~ 'tpof.laK'ttKTJ ~ia, aAM !-I£'ta U7tOxroP11aE Kat a7tocpaataE vc TO KaVEt !-I£ mo EKA7t'tUaf.l£vE~ f.lOpcpt~ ~ia~, orov Kavtva~ OeV ea 7tapaKOAOUeOuaE 7tA€OV rc YEyovoTa. 'Eva a7to T(1 aTotXEia TOU AOYOU yta TOV onoio U7tOxrop11aav, tl'tav aiyoupa 0 cpo~o~ TOU~ on U7tfJPXE • mipa 7toUtl OUf.l7ta9Eta 7tpO~ 'tllV E~tyEPOl1 a' oMKA11PO 'to ME~tKO. Av 7tpot~atVav ce aypta KaTaa'toAtl, ea 0l1f.ltouPYouocv orov WU'to 'tOU~ 7toAM 7tpOpA~f.laT(1 cs OAO TO ME~tKO, f.l£XPt't(1 mrvopo; !-I£ T~ HI1A

Ot tv8t<ivot Mayta aTllv T atana~, eivat, a7tO Ku9E U7tO'IfTI, Ot mo xnrumeousvot uv9pomot aTO ME~tKO, 7tUV'tro~ ru zpo~Atlf.laTU TOUe; sivm K01va !-I£ aUTU Tlle; !-I£YUAllC; 7tAc1O'lfTlcpia~ TOU f.lE~lKUvtKOU 7tA118uaf.lOu. Au~ II O£KaeTia trov VEOCPtAc-, Acu9EProV !-I£Tappu9f.liaErov ElXE roc; a7tOTtAcaf.la £AaXta'tll 01- KOVOf.l1KTJ 7tpOOOO aTO ME~lKO, aAAU tXE1 7tOAroaE1 opaanKU mv xotvrovin. To !-I£pi010 trov £pyaTrov a7tO TO £9vtKO EtaOOll)la tXEt !-I£troeei Opa)lanKU. 0 aplef.lO~ rorv Ota£KaTOf.lf.lUPtoUXrov aV't19tTroC; aU~tl~K£ 7toM.

IE exeivo TO aveKdoTo 6.p8po TTf~ Post, yparparE on '1 r5,ap.apropia TroV lvduxvrov aypottav 0T1l T(Jl6.n~ xpoooipe: «uovo uta ap.vr5p~ E:lKOVa rerv roPOAOYlaKWV POJlPWV nov avousvetai va expayobv xai 0Xl f.lOVO ato Me~lKo». Tt eiyoxe Dnoll''1 (J~;

Ildprs TO vorio KEV'tPtKO Ao~ 1\ V'tS£Ac~, yta 7tClpa8ctyf.l(1.

A7to 7tOAA€~ 7tAcUPE~ eivct EV'tcAro~ otacpop£nKt~ xowovie; pt~ata, aAM U7tUPXOUV opiousvo. KOtVa Ol1!-1£ia !-I£ rnv c~tYEP- 011 ernv Tat6:7tac;. To vono K£V'tPtKO AoC; 1\ V't1;£AcC; tlTav KU7tOrs tva f.lEpOC; 07tOU ot uv9pro7tot EiXav £pyaaia Kat tva KU7totO ~tOnKO £7ti7tcOO, ama Of.lroc; EXOUV Ka'taaTpacpEi - oe !-I£YUAO

58

pa9J.L0 ano 'ttJ; KotVCOVtKOotKOV0J.LtKe<; otaotKao1£<; yta ru; ono1£<; J.LWlJ1£.

Tm napci8etYJ.La, tn spyootdotn erinAcov J1£'ta<p£p~KaV O'tO Me~tKo, onou J.Lnopouv vc JloMvouv TIlV a'tJ.Loo<patpa J.Le Aty6Tepa e~ooa. H noA.eJ.LtlCl) P1OJ.L11Xavta, Ka'ta Kan010 tpozo, exet napet rnv Kanouoa . Ot av9pcon01 eppt(J1(av epyaoia ern Pt0J.LTJXavia xaAupa Kat 'toopa Ssv PpiOKOUV mn, e'tm e~eyep9TJxcv, H e~eyepoTJ oTll Totanu<; ij't(lV 'teA.eico<; Ota<popenlCl). 'Hrnv noM mo opynvrouevr] Kat nOAu mo OTJJ.LtoupytlCl). Aun] stvm 11 Ola<popa Jle'ta~u J.Lla<; xowoivtcc nou eXet xaoet 'teAeico<; 'ttJ; TJ9tK£<; TIl<; u~1£<; onco<; au'tij rou voriou xsvrpucou Ao; A v't~eA.e<; Ka1 J.Lta<; KOtVCOVta<; zou OtaTllpei Kan010 ewo<; a~tOnpenEta<; Kat xoworuop; ~coij<;.

Av cruYKpivouJ1£ 'to Ka'tavaAconKO Enim':oo, avaJ.L<pipoAa ot XCOP1KOi ornv T mana<; stvm <p'tCOXO'tEPOl ano roue av9poonou<; rou vortou KEV'tPtKOU Aoc AV'tSEA.e<;. Ynapxouv AtYO'tepe<; ouoKeue<; TIlA.eOpaOTJ<; ava xrrrouco. AAAa J1£ aA.Au OTJJ.LUVnKO'tepc KP1'tijpta - onco~ 11 K01VCOV1Kij cruvoxT1 - 11 T otUna<; sivut mo avamuy~VTJ. ~'ttJ; lillA, exouJ1£ Ka'top900oel, 0Xl J.LOVO vu noA.rooouJ1£ 'ttJ; xoivorqre; uA.Aa eriOTJ<; vc Ka'tuo'tpe'l'OUJ1£ 'ttJ; oo~<; roue, Au'to<; sivm 0 A6yO<; nou unapxet axuAlvcoTll Pia.

Ain]

AI; ueivooue atn AarzvIK~ AP.cPIK~ xat tnv KapaipIK~, tnv 0- xoia (0 1CpdJ'lV V1COVPY01; llOA£P.OV rwv HllA) 0 Xkvpo Etiuaov ovop.a(c «'l P.lKpf! 1CcplOX~ tuu; c&h <5i1CAa, 1COV &v cVOXA"(Jc 1COr€ Kavevav». 0 Zuxv Mneptpavt Apurtivt c?dky'l npoeopo; r,,1; Air~1; ue 0, rl cVP€WI; 1CcplypaqJ1JKc WI; dd)()epcl; xca b1Jp.oKparZK€1; eKAoy€~, M1Copeire va oxoAzooere ra yeyovora 1COV onvtP'l(Jav bcrore;

59

Orev 0 Apiortvr KepOtcrE 'ttJ; EKAoyec;, 'to AEKell~pto rou 1990 (aveAapE KaeitKOvta 'tOY <l>E~pOUUptO rou 1991) ll'tav Ilta JlEYUA11 eK7tA11~l1· Ave~l1KE ornv E~oucria JlE 't11 ~OlleEta EVOC; Sucniou AatKWV ayponKwv opyuvrocsrov 7tOU ovollu~Ovtav Lavalas - 11 7tA11IlIlUpa, 011Aaoll - yta rqv u7tap~l1 rou ozoiou at ~evat 7tapa't11P11'tee; DEV EiXav rnv 7tapalltKPll t8Ea (jun Kat OEV 7tapa't11pouv 'to 'ti crull~aivEt JlE'ta~u rcov q)'troxwv. 'Hrcv Ilta 7tOAU EK'tE'tUJl€VTt Kat E7ttWxile; oPyuvrocr11 Kat 11 EIlq>UVt01l au- 1"1)e; 't11e; lla~tKile; AaiKile; oPyuvrocr11e; a7to 'to 7tOUeEVU, Ka'tuq>Ep£ vn OD11YllcrEt 'tOY U7to\jlllq>tO 't11e; cr'tllv E~OUcria.

Ot HIIA ll'tUV 7tpo8uJlEe; vc U7tocr't11P~OUV ru; 0111l0KpanKee; EKAoyee;, U7tOAoy~Ovtac; on 0 U7to\jlllq>tOe; roue, Eva 7tPW11V cr'tEMxOe; 't11e; I1ayKocrlltae; Tpu7tE~ae; ovountt Mcp« M7ta~EV, ea Kepo~E UVE'tU. AtEeE'tE 6Aoue; rou; XP11llanKOUe; 7tOpOUe; Kat U1tocr1"1)P~l1 Kat qxnvotnv ouv pE~atoe; VtlCll1"1)e;. TEAtKu, eAa~E 'to 14% rov \jIllq>rov evw 0 Aptcrivt nepinou 'to 67%.

To uovo £pw'tlllla 1tOU ea Il7tOPOUcrE va 7tEpUcr£t a7to 'to IlUaAO KU7tOtoU 1tOU Ka'tEXEt opioueve; tcropuca; YVWcrEtJ; ll'tav: 1tWe; at HIIA ea e~ya~av a1tO rnv Jl€01l 'tOY Apurrivr; H xntncr'tpoq>ll 7t1)PE IlEyaM'tEpEe; Dtacr'tUcrEtJ; roue 1tpw'toue; 7 IlllV£C; 't11e; Dta1CU~epVTt01le; rou Aptorivr. Y 7t1)p~av KU1tOtEe; 1tpaYllanKU EK7tA11KnKEe; E~EA~EtJ;.

H At1"1) sivm q>UcrtKU Ilta q>'troxil xwpa JlE a1taicrtEe; cruveitKEe; ~rolle;· 0 Aptorivr 1tuvtroc; uPxtcrE va KEpO~Et novrouq. Mnopeos va JlEtfficrEt 't11 otaq>eopu ce JlEYUAO ~aellO Kat va neptopiost 'tllv U1tEP~OAtKU OtOYKroJl€VTt KpanKil ypaq>EtOKparto, Kspdtcs rroUoue; otE8vde; E1taivoue; yt' curo, aKoll11 Kat a1to roue OtE8vEic; DaV£tOOOnKOUe; opycvtououc, at onoiot rou 7tpocrq>Epav oav£ta JlE £UVOtKOUe; opouc yta'ti £~£'till11crav oou EKav£.

E7tt1tAeov, 1t£ptOptcrE rnv otaKiVTtO"l1 rerv vapKronKwv. H POll 'tOY 7tpocrq>uyrov zpo; ru; HIlA ouotcorucc aV£K01t11. Ot

60

<.OflOnrn:s 1tOU oul1tpunovrav i)Tav Atyon:pES a1t' o.n OTO 1taPEASOV i) a1t' o.n So. i)mv 0"'t0 flEAAOV. Y 1ti)pxE o"llflaV'ttKO 1t0- OOOTO Aa'iKi)s O"UflflETOX'lS OTa opWflEva, uv Kat ot avnSEOEt<; EiXav apxioEt i)011 vo Efl<pavil;oV'tat Kat u1ti)pxav zepioptouoi OTO Ti fl1tOPOUOE vc KUVE!.

VAa aUTU EKavav 'tOY APtOTiV't AtyOTEPO a1tooeK'to a1to 'tl'lv 1tAEUpU 't<.OV HIlA at onoisq 1tpoo1tue"oav vn TOV U1tOVOflEUOOUV flE au'tu 1tOU ovoflu1;ouv - <pUOtKU - «1tPOypUflflam evioXDo11S 'tl'lS 011flOKpaTtas»· Ot HIlA, ot ozoie; 1tO'tE OEV EiXav EVOta<pEp9Ei yta 'tOY OUYKEV'tPOHtOflO 'tl'lS E~OUOtas crnv A'iLi), orcv at Succi roue EUVOOUflEVat OtKTUWPES i)'tav E1ttKE<paAi)s, ~a<pVtKU UPXtcrav va 011fltOUPYOUv EVaAAaK'ttKU tOpUflam 1tOU oTOXEUav ornv U1tOVOflEU011 'tl'lS EK'tEAEonKi)s E~OuOtas, unori- 9ETat 1tpOS O<PEAOS fltas neptocorspo OtEUpuflEV11S Ci11flOKpa'tias. 'Eva; apt9flOS a1t' aUTES'tt<; Cii)9EV OfluCiES Epyaoias Kat uv- 9pwmv<.Ov CitKatroflUT<.OV, a1tETEAEOav tt<; KUpEPV11nKES apXES flE'tU 'to 1tpa~tKo1t11fla 1tOU EytVE oru; 30 ~E1t'tEflPpiou TOU 1991.

o Opycviouo; Auepuccvucrov Kpurrov, ouv aVTiCipao11 1tpOS 'to 1tP~tK01t11flU, Ki)pU~E Efl1tUPYKO evcvtiov 'tl'lS A'iLi)s Kat at HIlA 'to Ut09E'tl'loav, us <pavEpi) ouo»; a1tp09Uflla. H KUpepV11O"1'l M1touS ecrince 'tl'lV 1tpoooX'1 cru; Cii)9Ev <.OflO'tl'l'tES Kat avnCi11floKpanKES Opao'tl'lPtO'tl'l'tES 'tOU Apiortvr, u1topa9- flil;oV'tas ru; flEYUA£S <.OflO'tl'l'tES 1tOU eywav aflEoroS flE'tU 'to 1tpa~tK01t11fla. To. MME aKoAoue"oav mv ypaflfli) rou M1touS, <pUCitKU Kat evro 0 AaoS o<paytal;o"cav OtOUS CipOflOUS rou IloptO-ITPEVS (1tpro'tEuouoa 'tl'lS A'iLi)S), 'to. MME Eo'tia1;av rnv zpo- 00X'l rou; OTt<; Oi)9EV 1tapapmOEt<; 'tWV av9pro1tiv<.Ov oucat<.OflUrcov Em KUPtpV11O"1'lS Aptcrivr.

011tpOO<pUYES uPXtoav 1tUAt vn <PEUYOUV, oton 11 KaTuom- 0"1'l Em8Ewwvo'tav pay8aia. H KUPEPV11O"1'l M1touS roue Efl1t08t- 1;E - Ki)pu~E VaUt1KO a1tOKAE10flO yta rnv aKpipEta - Kat tOUS tOTEAVE mow. Meon OE 8mO'tl'lfla ouo fl11vwv, 11 KUPtpV11O"1'l

61

M1toue; ElXE lt011 U1tOVOJ.lZ6crEt 'to EI.l1telpyKO, KelVOV'tae; ,ua ,UKPlt EsaipE<J11 - Ot aJ..LEptKaVtKfte; tOtOK'tllcriae; etmpeie; Eixuv 'to OtKairolla vu 'to xntucrpurrryouv, Oi New York Times ovouoouv au'tft 'tllv EVEpyetu «otooro ouvroviouo» rou EJ.l1telpyKO ytu 1tporo(hW11 'tlle; U1tOKa'tacrm<J11e; 'tlle; ol1Il0Kpa'tiae;!

L'tO J..LE'taSu, Ot Ill1A, 1tOU roe; yvrocr'to stvm tKaVEe; va acrKftcrouv 1tlE<J11 orcv 'to 8EAOUV, OEV j3pltKUV 'tP01tO va E1t11peacrow 01tOlO0lt1tOn: UAAO vu lCllPUSEt EIl1tapYKo, OU'tE KUV 'tllv YEt'tOVtKft ~OlltVtKavft ~111l0Kpu'tia Kat 11 OA11 U1t08E<J11 ESEAiX811KE ouourcrucc os <papcru. ITOAU cuvrouc, 0 Mcp« M1taSEV, o EKAEK'tOe; rov Ill1A, j3PE811KE ornv Esoucriu ouv 1tpro8u1toupyoe;, ExoV'tae; 1ticrro rou roue KUpiapxoue; cr'tpa'tllyoue;. EKeiVO 'tOY xpovo, 'to 1992, 'to EIl1tOptO trov HIlA J..LE rnv At'tft OEV u- 1toMi1tE'tO rou cruvfteouc;, 1tupa 'to MyOJ..LEVO EIl1tapyKo (oi apt81l0i rou U1toupYEiou Epnopiou 'to a1tOOEtKVUOUV, aAAel OEV morsuro on 0 Tu1toC; 'to cvcxotvoios 1tO'tE).

Kurd 'tll OtapKEta 'tlle; n:POEKAoytKfte; EKcr'tpa'tEiae;, 0 KAivrov Em'tE811KE j3iuta Ku'ta 'tlle; KUj3EPVll<J11e; M1toue; ytu rqv an:avepro1t11 1tOAmKft 'tlle; vu avaYKasEt tou; 1tpocr<pUYEe; vc Emcr'tPE<pOUV c' au'to 'to eaAUIlO j3ucravtcr'tllpirov, 0 onoioq unorsMi, 1tapEllmmoV'troe;, Ilta rolllt n:apaj3ia<J11 'tlle; ITaYKocrlltae; ~talCllPUS11e; Av8pron:ivrov ~tKUtroJ.1.U'trov, mv onoic tcrXUptl;oucors on E<papll0/;ouJ..LE. 0 Ks.ivrov tcrXUpicr'tllKE on ea elAAU/;E OA11 au'tft rnv Ku'tacrm<J11, uAAa 111tPro'tll rou EVEPYEta J..LE'ta rnv EKAOyij ron, nptv uKolla avuAaj3Et Ka81lKoV'ta, ijmv vc Emj3uAMt aKolla crKAllPo'tEpa J.1.E'tpa yta vc avaYKacrEt tou; npootpuyEe; va Emcr'tpE'I'ouv cr' EKEiVll 'tllv KOAU<J11.

'EK'tO'tE, stvm a1tM eEJ.l!l vc 1tapaKoAou~cret Kaveic; n sfooue; Aemo'tll'ta ea XP11crtll01tOtEl'tO yta vc Esacr<paAtcr'tEl 'to on 11 EKA.eyJ.1.EVll U1tO 'to AUO KUj3EPYllcrll 'tll<; A'i'tfte; OEV ea aVEAelllj3uve savel 'tllv OtaKUj3EPVll<J11 'tllC; xropue;· DEV 'tllC; EXet a1tOIlElVEt, ESelAAOU Kat 1tOAUC; xpOVOC; yta vu KU j3epvftcrEt (oi e1toJ..LEvee;

62

EKAOYE~ EXOUV 1tPoypaflfla'tt(J'mi yUI 'tOY dEKEfl~.p10 rou 1995), eroi 01lll1A, Aiyo 1tOAU, KEpolcrav 'to 1talxviol.

• Ev tCO flf:'t~u, 11 rpouoxpunn xm 01 COflO'tll'tE<; auc;aVOV't<ll. 01 A.<l'iKE<; 0p.yavoocrE\<; a1tOOEKa'ttSOV'tal. I1apoAo 1tOU 'to A.l':yousvo q.i1tapYKO 1tapafl£VEt EV lcrxUt, 'to Efl1tOPlO ue 't\<; IillA crovExii;;E'tat xm, yUI rnv aKpi~eta., auc;1)BrjKE Ka'ta 50% E1ti KAi\¢ov. H A'i'tl), Eva vnot 1tOU AlflOKtOVEi, ESaYE1'tpo<plfla crt\<; IillA 1tcpi1tou 35 <pOPE<; nsptcoorspu 'toopa Em KAiV'tov, a1t' 0, 't1. Ec;1)yaYE rnv e1toxtl 'tOU M1toU<;.

Ta fl1taA.aKta. tou fl1tEtl;-fl1tCOA <pElavouv EOOO a1tpocrKoma.

Ilupuyovtm crE EpyOO"1:acrta. aflf:plKavlKl1<; tOlOK'tllcria<;, 01tOU 01 yuvaiKE<; 1tOU rn Ka'tacrKEuai;ouv Aafl~avouv 10 OEV't<; 'tllv oopa - o» Ka'ta<pepouv vn 1tapuyouv 'tllV KaEloptcrflEVll1tOOo'tll'ta Kat E1tEt01) 'to va 1tapuyouv mv KaEloplcrflEVll 1tocro'tll'ta stvm rsA.l':ico~ aouva'to, A.<lfl~UVOUV, crnv 1tpaYflanKo'tll'ta, 1tEpi 'ta 5 OEV't~ (13,5 Sp.) rnv oopa.

Ta fl1taA.aKla 'tOU OO<P't-fl1tOOA a1to rnv A'i'tl) ota.<P11flii;oV'tal o't\<; lll1A ouv EsatpenKU KaAa, olon Efl~amiSoV'tal ue to XEPl os Ka1t010 X11fllKO 1tapacrKEuaofla 1tOU ru KaEllcr'ta 1t10 avEleKnKE<;. 01 Ota<P11flicrE\<; OEV ava<pEpouv oflco<; on au'tl) 11 XllfllKl) ouoin sivct TOS1Kl) Kat on ouv e1taKOAouElo, ot yuvaiKE<; OEV aV'texouv yta. flf:yaAo omcr'tllfla cr' au'tl) rnv Epyacria.

'OLav 0 Apurrivr 1)'tav ornv EC;Opia, rou dXE Sl1'tTlEld va KaVEt 1tapaxcop1)oE\<; omv orpunomxf xouV'ta Kat 'tTl oEc;m E1t1- XEtP11flanKl) 'taC;l1. AUto sivm Ka1tCO<; 1tEpiEpyO, 'to eUfla - 'to aOtKoUflf:VO flEpo<; - va KaVEt1tapaXCOPTt0Et<; orov ElU'tll rou,

Eivrn oflCO<; a1tOAu"tco<; xcrcvonro. H 1CU~EPVllO"l1 'tOU Aptcrwr ElXE flUI EV"tEA.ro<; A.<lvElacrflEVll ~uO"l1 U1tocr'tl)Ptc;l1~. Ot lll1A 1tpoo1taElouoav yta. 1tOAU xmpo va 'tOY nsioouv «vc OtEUpUVEt 'tllv 1CU~EPVllcrft rou 1tpo<; O<PEAO<; 'tll<; ol1floKpa'tiac;».

Aur« cr1)flatVE va a1tomioEt 'ta OUO rpiru rou 1tA11Elucrflou ~ou 'tOY \jI1)<ptcrav Kal va <pEPEt oro 1tP001C'fJVlO au'touc; 1tOU ovo-

63

lla1;ovtut )lETpt01tU9it (YWtXEta 'tlle; E1ttXEtpTII.l.unKile; Ta91e; - LOUe; vromouq tOt01crTtTEe; tl OtEUOuvtee; trov epyocrucirov 7tUpUyroYlle; u<paallaTrov Kat ImaArov TOU ll7tet1;-Il7troA Kat aUTOUe; 7tOU cruvoeovtat )lE TIc; aYP0LtKee; E1ttXEtPtlaEtc; rorv lITIA To vc ll11v Bpioxovnn aL11v E~ouata uuroi, OEV eivm 011JlOKpaLtKo.

Tn cxpuin aT0tXEta 'tlle; E1ttXEtP11llanKile; Ta~l1e; 1ttaTEUOUv on U7tAa 7tpe7tEt va TOUe; a<pa~ouv OAOUe;, va TOUe; KO\jlOUV KOIlIlUTaKta, va 7tapallop<proaouv TO 7tpoaro7tO TOUe; Kat VU LOUe; 7tELa~ouv Jleaa am upoeunKa KaVaAta. Ot JlETpt07tUeElc; maTEUOUv on 7tpe7tEt va TOUe; eXEtc; VU Epya1;ovtat crnv uAuaioa 7tapayroytle; cou yta 14 osv«; (38 opaX)lEe;) rnv ropu, KaTro a7to auVetlKES 7tOU OUTE KUV Il7tOPOUV va nepwpnoouv.

<I>epTE AOt7tOV LOUe; )lETpt07taede; aTO npooxnvio, oroaTE TOUe; rnv E~ouaia KUt TOTE eu eXOU)lE utn 7tpaYJlunKt) 0111l0- xpctic, 0 Apiorivr, ovrcq, Ka7troe; «omofloopouuco;» Kat «1;oPtKOC;», OEV tlmv 7tpOOuJlOe; vc LO OEXTd.

H 7tOAtnKt) TOU KAivtov eXEt yivst rooo KUvtKil KUt npoKA11nKil roors eXEt xaaEt aXE06v OA11 rnv EaroTEptKt) u7toaLt)pt~11 eni TOU eellaTOe;. AKOJla Kat ot E<P11)lEpiOEe; Llle; E1ttKpaTOUaae; TaO"lle;, TOV Ka'tllyopouv yt' UUTO. 'Erot, eu 7tpe7tEt VU U7tap~ouv Ka7tOtEe; a7tAroe; OtaKOaJl11nKee; aUayee;.

Av, Ollroe;, OEV U7tap~Et )lEyaA11 AatKt) riEO"ll, 11 7tohnKil Ilac; eu cruVEXtO"Td Kat 7tOAU ouvroun ea exou)lE TOUe; «JlETpt07tUeElc;» aL11v E~ouaia.

Ae; 7tOUJlE on 0 Aptcrivr «u7toKa8iamTut». ME OEOOJlEVll 'tllv KaTuaTpO<ptl rmv AatKrov opycvcooeorv Kat L11 OtaAUO"ll LOU KOtVroVtKOU urrou, 7tOWe; stvut at npoozrtxsq 7tOU eXEt rooov UUTOe; oco KUt 11 xropa;

Ka7tOtEe; U7tO ne; EK TOU crUvEyyue; 1tUPU'tllPtlaEtc; exouv ytVEt U1tO rnv America's Watch (juc opyavroO"ll yta rnv zpoorcoio trov uvepro7tivrov OtKutroJlaTrov us eopa Ttc; lITIA)· eoroaav a' UUTO LO 7tPO~A11IlU, Jlta a7tavL11O"ll rrtv ozoic EYro 8Erop11aa a-

64

A.1l90<pavr,. I:W; apx'EC; rou 1993, SUtav On 'to. 1tpa:Ylla'ta EXOUV <p9aaEt ce 'tE'tOto CJ1lllEio, roan: Ka\ av aKOjl(J. 0 Apiorivr unoKaOicrta'to, 11 i;;collPTt xm a<pp\Y1lA.Tt 1t0A.\'t1.1Cl) xowmvin 1tOU ~a<nl;6'tav a'Ctc; aypO'CtlCEC; opyavroaEtc; Ka.t 'tOY dXE <pepEt. CJ't1lV E~ouaia., eXEt a1tooelCa'ttO"'td cs reroto ~aajl6, roa'tE dva\ amOavo va E1..Et O1tOtaOTt1tO'tE A.a.Uc:tl U1toO"ti]Pt9l y1o. ve xen>XE\ Ka'tL

6.ev yvcop~co o» sivat aA.Ttee1O. Tt oX\, Own lCavEvae; Oev yvcop~et rinoru 1tf:ptO"aon:po y1o. 'to zooo \axupec; ll'tav amee; at ojl<ioec;, tore ornv apm. Oi a.vepC01tOt o1O.et'touv a1tOeellata Oappoue; rn onoic CJUX,Va eivct OU01(OA.O va <paV'taa'tel Kaveic;. DJ.Wle;, ma'CcUco on aU'to eivci 'to axeota - vc a1tOOSKanmouv at opyavroaf:tc;, va f:lC<po~ta'touv at avepro1tOt roco lOOA.U, roate va Jlllv SVOxA.Ttaet av yivouv 01l1l0KpattKee; sdoyee;.

y n1lP~S Jl1O. svo1O.<pepouoa :EuvoooC; 1tOU eytvs a1to 'Coue; 111- couirsc TaU EA. :EaA.~a06p, cpxsrou; IlTtVSe; zpw a1tO Ttc; SKA.oyee; a~ xropa. To 1toptajl(J. TI\e; 069'tlKf: CJ't1l 0llll0OtOTI\Ta TOV Icvoudpio TaU 1994. MtA.ouoav ym TI\v 1tpOf:'COtllaoia TCOV slCA.oyrov Kat. rnv u1tapxouoa rpouoxpurin 11 onotc lltav cvcu<pi~oA.ll. Avcespouv on 'to llaKp01tpOeeaJlo a1tOTEA.cOlla ~e; TpOIlOKpattac; - a1to TI\v onoia elXav Kat curot apKsTit f:Jl1tStpia - eivrn 0 1tSptaptalloe; roiv 1tpoaooKtOOv «ov av9pro1tcov, KavoV'tae; roue vc ma'tE'Vouv on Of:V u1tapxouv f:VaA.A.a1CTIKEc; A.uastc; Kat. v« a~llost E'tO\ KaOe f:A.1tWa. A1to TI\v mtYJ.1ll1tOU to 1tf:TUYXa.Vf:tc; nuro, jl1topeic; va O\E~ayetc; SlCA.oyEC; xcopic; v' aVllCJUXsic; U1tSp~OA.tKa.

Av 0\ av9pco1to\ EK<popta'touv a1tO'tEA.c0jl(J.'ttKa., av 0\ A.a.lKee; opyavrom:tc; Ka'tampa<pouv as \KaV01tO\llt\KO ~aOjl6, av 0\ av8pco1tOt xetaeouv O't\ eece e' a1tooex90uv TI\v ~ouaia SKdvorv 1tOU EXOUV 'to. 01tA.a. sirs Ota<pope'ttlCa Oa ~llaouv Kat Oa 1tSOavouv J,Ltaa as J.11O. a9spa1tsuTI\ q>'troXE1O., 'ton: Ot S1CA.oyEC; 1tOU

65

l)lS~clYEtJ; en EXOUV 'to anO'tEAEO'JW nou E1tlEh>I.l.d.C;. Km OMll Sa ~T)'tOlKpauyru;ouv .

01 Kou~avoi 1tpOO'CPUYEC; SEOlpouV'tal 1toA.tnKoi 1tpOO'CPUYEC; xm ytvoV'tat aJ,liO'Ole; OEK'tOt 0''ttJ; lffiA, EVcO oi a'invot 1tpoO'cpuyEC; OVOI,Ul~oV'tat OlKOVO).l.tKOi 1tpOO'cptJYEe; Kat BEV roue; E1tlTPSm'tal 11 EwoBoe;.

A v KOt't~etJ; O"ta aPXEia, 1tolloi a7to 'toue; a'invouc; 7tpOO'CPUYEC; O''tOUC; 01t01oUC; Bev 8681')KE 7tOA.tnKO clO'UA.O a7to ttJ; IffiA, £m18i! Ssv 8EOlpi!8T)Kav 1tOAt'tlKOi 1tpoO'cpuyec;, ppe81')Kav AiYE<; J,liPE<; apyo-tEpa Ka'taKp£OtJp'YTJJ.1lvol croix; OpO).l.OUC; 'tT)<; Aitil<;·

Y 1t'fIp~av ).I.£PlKEC; evl)taCPEPOUO'EC; 8taPPOE<; a7to 'tT)v INS (Y 1tl1p£O'ia AUooa1tcOv Kat I10A.t'tOypclCPT\0'T)<;). H ).I.ta a1to Eva O''tEAEX0<; 'tT)<; INS '[0 onolo eiX£ EpyaO''[ei ornv 1tpeO'~£ia ).I.a<; 0"t0 Ilopr-o-Ilpevc, L£ ).I.ta O'UVEV't£u91 roo' 1tp6<; 'tOY Nrevu; Mnspcrcv rou KPF A, £VOC; paotoO''taS).I.Ou 0''t0 M1tspKAEU 'tT)<; KaA.tcpopVta<; 1tOU XPTJ).I.Il'[oBon:iTllt Il1tO 'tOUe; IlKpOIl'tEe;, mptt'Ypa'l'E ).1.£ A.e1IToJ,lipsta 1t0l<; Bev KclVOUV ours KIlV 'ttl; 'tU1tlKtC; evEPYEte<; Vcl eA.ty~ouv Til a1tOOStK'ttlCcl O'TOlXEta aVSpc01tOlV 7tOtJ U7tO~clMOUV ai'tT)O'TJ yta 1tOAtTtlCO <lO'UAO. TTJv Wta 7tepi7tou E1tOm, ottppeuO'e tva eyypClcpo Cl1tO 'to 't!.l.i!JW 1tP0O'TClO'tac; rorv O'U).I.cpepoV'tOlV ,[OlV HilA O''tT)V A~clVIl (ro 01tOW e~E'tru;El TtJ; altilO'£tJ; ylCl clO'UAO O'TtJ; HI1A) 07tOU OlStU1tOlVClV 7tClpa.1tOVa on Ssv ).I.1tOPOUV va ~pOUV OlKatOAO'YTJJ.1lV£<; 1t£pl1t'tcOO'£tJ; yta 7tClpOm clcrUAoU. EKetVOl 1tOU 1tpoO'sPXOV'tat yta vc U1tO~a.UoUV Cli'tT)0'T), ClOUVcl'[OUV va a1too£il;ouv on OV'tOl<; uoicruvtrn OtcO~EtJ;. L'tT)V KaAUrEPTJ 1tepmOlO'T), 1tpO~clMOUV 0lC; Cll'tia ota.cpopa dOT) 'tClAaUtOlPiac; 7tOU UcpiO''tClV'tCll, 'tCl oxotc OJ.l.CO<; eivci ClVE7tapKf) 1ta Vcl OllClll.OA.oy'fIaouv TO lli'tT)).I.a. TOU<;. 'Erot, EXOUV 01 OUO zsPl1t'tcOO'Etl; orClV Ttl; ClV'tUtClpCl~aMOU).I.£.

llPE1t£l vc ClVClcpepOl on TO Y 7tOupyEio A1KatocrUVT)C; 't0lV lillA, ).I.OAtl; 7tpOS~T\ os ).I.ta ).I.1KPi! rpo7to7toiT\O'T) 'tT)<; O'xenKilc;

66

VO~Oaecria.c;, TJ ozoin KaatO'ta 'tTJV 1tapapiaOTJ rou ~l£evoUC:; ~tKaiou Kat 'tTJ~ rra"(KOO~ta<; ~taKUPll91e; Avepromvrov ~tKat(J)JUl'trov a1tO ~ ffilA aKO~ 1ttO pavauOTJ. Tropa, ot a'Lnvoi 1tpoocpuyec:;, 1tOU <p'tavouv roe:; ex aau~a'tOC:; oru xroptKa uoa'ta reov ffilA, ~pouv va o'taAouv rrioto. Amo Ssv e1ttrpe1t6'tav 1tO'tE 1taAul Kat a~cptPaUro av allEe:; xropee:; 'to em'tpE1tOuV.

N1Kapa:yo'UCI

ev/.lamE 'to 86pvpo 71:OV EixE ~EUTfKro8d, atnv &Kacria 'tOO 1980, vta TO on ot Eavtiviotoc xatoxieia» TOV~ zvazavov~ MtUKirO~ TCOV (OV(Jav OT'Z~ oxtb; rov AdavnKov, OT'17 NZKapayOVa. o TCp6eapo~ Piyxav, ue to aveTCavIM17TCrO tau VTCepTCrZKO vrpo~ TOV, tJ..Eye on t1rav «uta exatpateia TCpaypaTzKt1~ YEVOKT'ovi~». H TCpe(JpEzpa rcov HiiA, Tiiv KtPKTCO:rPZK, mov liyo TClO (JVYKpar17PEv17, T17V OVO/.la(E «17 TClO pa(ZKt1 xatasiean TroV av8proTClvrov aZKazrop6:rrov atnv KEVT'PZKt1 ApepzKt1». Ti (JVppaivEz ubpa ue TOV~ MlUKiTO~;

o PiYKav Kat TJ Kepiorcrpuc ~tA.ouoav yta tva e1teWOoto O'tO onoio, oU~cprova ~ rnv America's Watch, apKeTEe:; oeKaoee; MtOKiTOe:; OKo'tro9l)Kav Kat.1toUoi aUot ~aKtvfJ9l)Kav a1to 'ta Om'tta 'toue:; ~ov IlE PiatO 'tp01tO, Ka'ta 'tTJv oulpKeta ron 1toAt~ou us rouq Kovrpcc, Oi 'tpo~OKpanKEe:; ouva~tc:; rev IITIA eiXav ewpallEt ornv 1tEptoxil Kat ot LavnviO'tac:; ovrsopaoav Ka't' au'to 'tOY 'tp01tO. Bepairoc:;, e1tpOKet'to 1ta roJ.L6nl'tao AUil T]'tav a~A11'tEa oe OXEOTJ f.l£ Ttc:; ro~6'tTJTee; - yta Ttc:; ozoie; 11 T1;iv KtpK1ta'tptK 1taV11rUpU;s - 1tOU ota1tpanoV'tav O'~ rSt'tOVtKEe:; x,ropec:; 'tTJV iOta e1toxil, eVro 0''tTJ NtKaparOua, TO ~raAutepo ~po~ ttov ro~On1TroV Ql£1tpax9l) a1to TOUe; AeyOJ.lGvouc:; «MaX'l'tEC:; 'tllc:; EAeueepiac:;».

67

Ti mJflPnivEt 'tmpCL ue 'tOU~ Mundroc; Orev mlYCL ern NtmpayouCL 'tOY OlC'tro~pw rou 1993, EKKlrlotao'ttKe~ 1tTJye~ - KUpioo~ 11 Xpurncvucn EUCLYYEAtKit EKKA.11O"ia. 11 onoia OPCL ~ CLKTe~ rou A'tA.aV'ttKou - EtXCLv CLvCLcpepEl. on 100.000 Ml.OKl'tO~ Al.flOKTOVOUOClV OCLV CL1tO'teM~flCL 'tTJ~ 1tOAtnKitt;; 1tOU ECPCLpflOi;CLflE Cftl1 NtKCLPUyOUCL. CU'tE flta AtSll OEV ClcptEproVE'tCLl. 0' CLUTO 'to YEYOVO~ CL1tO 'tCL MME Eom ('tmpCL 'tEMUTCLia eytVCLV KU1tOtE~ EAUOOOvEt;; CLvCLcpopet;;).

Ot uvSPC01tat, EOW o'ttt;; HI1A, CLVrtmJXOUV ym 'to YEYOVOt;; on Ilm'tUmKit O"Uve1tEta trov epmll~cov ttov HI1A crov Tpiro Ko- 0110, ElVCLt on oi XWPEt;; 'ttt;; onoie; U1tOtuoO"OUflE, ytVOvtCLt CLflEO"COt;; flEYUA.a KevtpCL OtaKlV1'J<rrJt;; VCLPKCOttKWV. Auto OcpdMTCLt O"E evCLv OO~CLpO ).6yo: ElVCLt flEpo<; tOU mJO"ritflCLtOt;; CLyOp~ 1tOU rouq EmpUA.A.aflE.

H NtKCLPUYOUCL KCLtUA11SE VCL yivEt evCL IlEYUM OmflEtCLKDflW'ttKO KevtpO vClpKconKwv. Min llEYuA11 1tOOO'tTJtCL vnpxomKmv 1tEPVU Ota flEO"ou tCOV CLlC'tmV tOU AtA.aV'ttKOU, tropCL 1tOU OM to KU~EPVrtttKO cr'6O"'tTJflCL 'tTJ<; NtKClpuyOUCL<; eXEt KCLtCLppE'60EL 1:ttt;; 1tEptOxe~ flEtCL<pOptCOcrTJ~ VCLpKconKWV, O"UvftSCOt;; 11 XPlt<rrJ VCLpKconKWV 1tPOo"ACLIl~UVEl OtaO"tUOEtt;; Em011llta<; KCLt CLUTO mJll~CLiVEt TWPCL CLVUflEO"CL O"TOUt;; Murxiroq xm xupto»; cVUflEOCl OTOUt;; UvtPEt;; 1tOU KUVOUV KClTaOUO"Ett;; yta VCL CLAtEUO"OUV ClmCLKOU~ KCLt mCL ompCLKOOEpflCL. Tooo 0'tTJ N1.KClPUyOUCL 000 xnt <JTTJV OvOOUpCL, ClUTOi at Mtoxircc OUtEt;;, uvnYKui;ovtat, Myco rorv O1.KOVOIl1.KWV zsptcrccecov, vn KUVOUV KaTaOUaEtt;;. os IlEYUACl Pue", xcoptt;; TOV KClTUUllAO ES01tAtaIlO. o EYKecpaMt;; tOU~ ucpiatClTClt ClVE1taVop9cotE~ ~Ni~Et;; Kat 1tESatVOUv os ouvrouo XPOVtKO oma'tTJlla. ilPOO"1tCl9wvtCL<; va qrruO"ouv to 1tpOKaSoplO"flEVO opio Cl1t0I50<rrJt;;, Ot OUtE~ KUVOUV XPltcrlJ KOKatV1'J~, own rouq ~o1l9u vc ClvtESOUV tOY novo.

E1tEt01) U1tUPXEt aVrtO"Uxia ym rc VClPKo)ttKU EOW an<; HI1A, avvt 11 ioropic 1tEPVU O"tOV TU1to. ApiJ. KClvEtt;; OEV EVotacpepE-

68

'tat roco rroAV yta ru; cruv911K€<; €pyaaiw;. TeA1Ka, €ivat Kat aUn1 IJ.ta KaeteproJ1SVIl 't€XVUCil rou eAeVeepou euzopiou. Ymlpxet lJ.€yliAo rrA£Ovaa).Ul avepromvou OuvaJ.l.tKOv Kat E'tat urroxp€rovouv 'tou<; ome<; vc epyw.;ovtat Ka'tro arro CPPtXtE<; cruveitKe<; epyaaiac; Kat o'tav KWtOt01. rre8aivouv, WtI..cl zpoaAalJ.l3<ivouv Ii/J..ou<;.

Kiva

A<; IJ.tAilaoulJ.€ yta La. avepromva OtKatcOJ.l.a'ta ornv Kivc, Evcv a1to roue KVptOU<; eJ.l.1toptKoV<; 1J.u<; e'taipou<;.

Ka'ta mv cStlipKeta 'tTl<; avaKe\jlll<; Kopucpil<; rcov xroprov 'tTlC; Aaiac; 'tTlC; 1teptOXllC; rou Etpnvucou, zou f:ylve oro EtIi'tA (rov NOEJ.l.PPtO rou 1993), 0 KAivtov avaKoivroo€ on eO. apxil;;aJ.l.f. vn O'tEUOUJ.l.f. xeptooorspo €S01tA.talJ.o U'lfllAllC; 't€xvoAOYiw; ornv Kiva. Auto i1'tav rrapapia01l 1J.ta.<; arrayop€U01l<; nou eiXe err$Alleei yta vc nlJ.ropilo€t rnv Kiva yta rnv avalJ.€~i1 'tTl<; ornv rrapayroyil 1tUPllVtKrov orrArov. H eK'teA£cr'tlKil esouaia arrocpaotoe vc erravese'taaet rnv arrayopcu01l, roo'te vc J.l.1toPOUIJ.€ vc cr't£UoUIJ.€ ornv Kiva 1tUPllVUCoU<; avtt.Opacr'tflpec;, oopucpopou<; U'lfllAllC; 'texvoAoyiac; Kat U1tf.PU1tOAOYlcr'tec;.

AKptproC; Ka'ta 'tTl OtliPK€ta aUn1C; 'tTl<; crt>aKe\jlllC; Kopucpilc;, J.l.ta eWl101l eJ.l.cpavicr'tTlKe ora \jItAa ttov eCPlllJ.€piorov. L'tTlV cvBoucra e1tapxia KouaVTyKV'tOyK, 1tOU esropehat 'to OlKOVOJ.l.tKO 9auJ.l.a 'tTlC; Kivu<;, 81 yuvaiKec; KallKav ~rovtavec;, olon nc; eiXav rlet.Orocret a' eva spyooreoto. duo epooJ!lioec; upyorspu 60 epya'te<; ppilKav 'to Sava'to os eva epyoorcoto t.OtOK'tT]criac; rou XOvyK Kovpc, To K1.Ve~lKO Yzonpvsto Epyaaiw; uvseeps on 11.000 epya'tec; aKo'tro~Kav cs PtOJ.l.llXav1Ka. a't'l>XllJ.l.U'ta uovo croix; rrpro'tou<; 1J.1lvec; tou 1993, OmMlcrtOl arr' o.n rov rrpollyoulJ.€vo XJlovo.

69

Au'tou rou eiOoue; Ol1tpmC'tl1CEe; 1tOTE Bev cvcxrvouvtm ane; cro~l1titaetc; yID 'ta av9promva otlcatcOJ.Ul'ta, evro EXet 1tpOKA11gei ~yUA.oe; aw.oe; yID 'tTl XP11atIlO1toi11Ol1 'tTlC; epyaa~ reov <pUAa- 1CWJ.1ivroV, a1t6 1tpro'toaEA.t8a up9pa croix; Times. Ilou tyKet'tat 11 OID<pOpa.; noM a1tAO, 11 epyaaia 'tow <pUAa1CWJ.1ivrov stvm KpanriJ emxeip11Ol1, Ssv ouvstmpepei oro t01.OOnKO KEpOOe; Kat yta 'tTlv aKpi~eID 'to unovoueust, e1tetOli avtayrovil;e'tat rnv t- 01.OOnriJ ~tOlll1xavia. A.lliJ. 'to vc ilitOrovetc; yuvaiKee; a'ta spyoa'tuaID 01tOU Kaiyovtat ~rovtavEe;, auve<pepet 0'[0 w1.OOnK6 KEpOOC;.

'Erot, 11 XP'llatIlO1toil1Ol1 'tTle; £pyaaiac; rov <puAa1C1.aJ.1ivrov a1to't£A.ei Ka'ta1tu'tTlOl1 'tIDV aV9promvrov OtKa1.OOJ.1U'tIDv, CLUa, Sev U<pia'ta'tal'tO olKairolla 'tOU va ll11v Kaetc; ~rovtaVOC;. npE1tel vc JlEYtO'[01t01iJaou~ 'to KEpOOe;. Aoyro nurou 'tOU ~tcOJ.UlTOe;, 6MI 'ta uUa etvm avayKaiec; auve1tetee;.

Pcooia

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o rttA't(J1.V li'tav TO aKAl1P6, amaPXlK6 a<pevnx6 'tOU KoJ.1- J.1OUVW'ttKOU K6J.1J.Ul't0e; oro k~epvtM<paK. 'EX£t auJ.11tEPWl~el a'tTl Ku~epY11ai] TOU 1taAtOUC; KOJ.1J.1a'ttlCoUe; J.1la90<popoue; 1tOU oIDx£tpil;ovtav tn 7tpa:YJ.1(l'ta yID ).oyapIDaJ.16 TOU U1t6 TO zpoyevEa'tepo aO~tenK6 aUO't'T1J.1a. H ~UOl1 TOV U1tOO't'T1pil;£l £1t£tOli sivrn aoia'taK'tOe; Kat Bwn slvm 7tpo9uJ.1oe; vc £<papJ,16a£l 'ttc; ).ey6J.1EVee; «~'tappUe, .. da£tc;» (J.1ID eUllX'1 A.t~11).

AU'tEe; «01 ~'tuppueJliaetc;» exouv axeoIDO'[£i yta va £1tavcoepcuv 'tTlV 'tEroe; kO~tenriJ 'Evoon oro e1ti1teoo TOU Tpirou K6aJ.10u, oro ozoio ~ptaK6Tav em 1tevtuK6ata XP0Vla1tPlV 'tTlV

70

e1tava<TtaaTJ nov Jl1t0f...crepiKroV. 0 'PuXjJ6C;; I10Ae~0C;; 01£;fJX9rJ KUpiroC;; A1Yyro 'tllC;; a1tai'tllaTJC;; va e1tavsAge1 au'tfJ TJ 'tepacr't1a 1tEPlOxTl 'tOU K6cr~ou - ~Ul 1tEP10xTl 1tponrov UA.OOV, ayopoov Ka1 <p'tTJV11C;; epya'tt1Ci}c;; ouva~TJ<; yta 'tll ~ucrq - <m}v xpoyeveCftepTJ Ka'tamacriJ 'tllC;;.

o ntA'tcrtv TJyei'tat 'tll<; o~aoac;; 1tOU 1tporo9ei nc; «usrcppu9~icre1<;», apa stvm «OTJ~OKpa'tllC;;». Amouc;; ovoJ.LCll;ou~ OTJ~OKpa't€C;; cr€ OAO 'tOY K6cr~0, ooou; aKoA.ou90uv 'to ouruc6 emxetpTJJ.lO.'tlK6 1tp6ypa~J.lO..

Mera T17V €1tunporpr, Gat; anD tva 7rpOGrparo r~ir5l GT'1v NlI'apayova, uou eiyoxe 1C€l on yiveral 0..1.0 «ai OVGKo..l.6repo v ' avoxaA.VI{f£ZC; p,a Olarpopa per~6 OIKOVOP0A.OyCQV KaJ yzarpwv TCQV Na(i. TI evvOOVGaT£ P • aoto;

Y1tapxet ~UI cvcoopc 'tllC;; UNESCO (yUI rnv 01toia Ssv elBa va yive'tal Ka~tU avacpopa ore MME rrov IllIA) 1tOU U1tOAoy~el 'to av9poomvo K6a't0c;; a1tO 't1<; ~'tappu9~icret<; 1tOU· e1tavacptpouv crtya-crtya 'tllv ava'tOAlKTJ EupW1tTJ <Ttt<; 't.u;E1<; rou Tpitou Koouou,

H UNESCO U1toAoyii;e1 on 1tE9aivouv 1tEPi.n:ou 500.000 avSpro1tot e'tllcriroc;; cr'tll Proaia a1to 'to 1989, yEyOVOc;; 1tOU stvrn a~cro a1to'tsAecr~ rrov ~'tappuS~icrerov, 1tOU 1tPOeKU'I'e a1to 'tllv Ka'tuppeuaTJ rou cruanl~a'toc;; uyeiac;;, rnv aU;TJaTJ roiv noBsveuov, 'tllv aul;1')aTJ rou unocrnouou KA.1t. Tov Savato ~lcrOU 81Cato~~upiou avepoo1trov uno 'tt<; ~'tappu9~iaet<;, 'tOY geropouv eva apKe'ta oUcrUIcr'ttKO em'teuy~.

01 ap19~oi ei.va1 1tapO~OlOt, a."J.J.JJ. OX! roco 9A1Pepoi, yUI 'tllv U1tOA01.1tTJ ava'tOA.t1Ci} Euprom]. L'tOV Tpiro K6cr~0, curoi at apt9~i ~E1tEPVOUV Kuge cpavraaia. Tta 1tapaoEtyJ.lO., ~ta aUTJ

71

avacpopa TT1e; UNESCO U1tOA.oyU;El 6n J11.o6 EKaTOJlJlUpW nmom 1tEeaivouv KaeE xp6vo 0TTlV Acppucft, aua yta va a1t01tA.11- proee{ TO ESOl'tEPlK6 xpEOe;. TIp60ESE, 6X! Esaltiac; 'IOU 6A.OU cpaOJlaTOe; reov JlETappUe, .. ucerov, aA.A.a a1tA.a xm uovov a1t6 TOUe; T6KOUe; 'IOU ESroTEPlKOU xpSOue; TWV xwprov TOUe;. Y 1tOM>yil;ETal 6n 1tEpi1tOU 11 EKa'tOJlJlUpta 1tailim 1tEeaivouv KaeE xp6vo a1t6 eUKOA.a mOTtJlE<; acrEleVElEe;, ot zsptccorepe; a1t6 T~ 01tote<; Jl1t0POUV vc avrlJlETwmcreouv JlE eEpa1tEte<; 1tOU xoori~ouv JlEplKa crevre;. 'OJlw<; oi OlKOVOJl0A.6yOl Jlac; A.eVE 6n av riVEl curo, ea ota'tapaXeouv oi ioopposie; rou crucrnlJla'toe; ayopac;. AUT6 OEV eivat xrrn yeo.

AUT6 Jlae; SuJlU;El1tOA.U TOU<; ~pETavoue; OlKOVOJl0A.6you<;, at 01tOiOl Kat'a TTl ompKEta rou A.lJlOU TT1<; 1ta'taTa<; ornv IpA.avoia, ore J.Ltcra rou 190u cuovc, U1teOEtSaV On 11 IpA.avoia E1tPE1tE va esarel tp6cptJla crnv Bperuvia - Kan 1tOU EytvE, Kata 'tTl otcipKEta rou A.IJlOU - Kat on OEV ea e1tpE1tE va 'tTIe; ooEle{ ~0118Eta oe TpocplJla, yta'ti am6 ea xapa~ia~E TOU<; lEpOUe; Kav6ve<; 'tTIe; 1t0- A.t'tucfte; oucovoutcc, Amse; at 1tOA.l'tlKSe;, 'tUYXavEl va sxouv 1tavrc TT1V aSlO1teptePYTl lOtO'tTI'ta va WCPEA.OUV TOUe; 1tA.oucrioue; xm vc ~11JltOOVOUV TOUe; cpTWXOUe;.·

• L'tM BA. Mapalll M1touK't<rlv, 0 M6fJrx; t'ov Y1C£pTW,fJotlpo6, ElC06- (J~ EAEYE>EPOL TYITOL.

72

TA MME Ql: OprANO KOINQNIKOY EAEfXOY KAI EnIBOAHl:

'Oooi txouv npoaBaall UTa Jltaa JlasLxilc;; £V11WPWffilC;;, OUJln£pLAaJlBavoJltvwv xm 'TWV n£pLO(}tXWV 'TWV OLaVOOUJl£VWV xci £AtyXOUV'TO Jl11xaVLaJl01'11C;; £xna(o£uallC;;, Sa unoooooov va avaq>£pSouv wC;; uio 'TUS11 «xoutocpuov». loou 11 BaaLxil A£L'TOupy(a roue: va aX£OLuaouv, oLaowaouv xci 0l1JlLoupyilaouv tva oixrrnun oOYJlU'TWV xci n£noL8i1a£wv, rc onot« Sa urtovoueuoouv 1'11V av£suP1'111'11 axt'4J11 xaL Sa £Jlnoo(aouv 'T11V Xa'TaV011a11 xci avuAua11 'TWV OL£SVWV

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xcroorcoecov xm 'TWV ouveneuov roue,

Noou Tao uox L

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Όσοι έχουν πρόσβαση στα μέσα μαζικής ενημέρωσης. θα μπορούσαν να αναφερθούν ως μια τάξη «κομισάριων». συμπεριλαμβανομένων και των περιοδικών των διανοούμενων και ελέγχουν το μηχανισμό της εκπαίδευσης. Ιδού η βασική λειτουργία τους: να σχεδιάσουν. τα οποία θα υπονομεύσουν την ανεξάρτητη σκέψη κ α ι θα εμποδίσουν την κατανόηση και ανάλυση των διεθνών καταστάσεων και των συνεπειών τους. διαδώσουν και δημιουργήσουν ένα σύστημα δογμάτων και πεποιθήσεων. Νόαμ Τσόμσκι .

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