ATron:TOI

MnArIONAI

~IAAEKTIKH KAI llOAITIKH !TON llpOIMO MAP:=;
Teooeper; J.LeAerer;

EK.:lOl:EIl: IlANEI1Il:THMIOY I1a'tQa, 1997

IIATPQN

© 1997

A. MIIArIONJU:: E~O~EI~ IIANEIII~THMIOY ISBN: 960-530-015-x E~O~EI~ IlANEIII~THMIOY IIavEmm:I'j!tLouJtoAI'j, PCo TI'jA.: 061-997.863, Fax: 997.864

IIATPQN

IIATPQN

KeV"(;pIKI} l(i8eOl}: EK06ueH; «EllI}VIKcl I'pdppntu. ~ r. I'evvudfou 5, 106 78 A8I}va "tI}A. 3817826, 3806661 - fax 3836658

[lpoAoro~ EI~ArflrH 9 II o [lPOMAPEI~TIKO~ YAI~MO~ KAI H KOINflNIKH T01' MAPE MAAEKTIKH~ KPITIKH ~TO [lPflIMO Epro 33 H !XELH TH~ XErKEAIANH~ ME TO MAPE]~MO ~1'M<pflNA ME TON ENrKEA~ ME00~OAOrIKE~ ~TA [lPflIMA AIIO'¥EI~ T01' MAPE T01' rIA THN KPITIKH 51 Errx T01' A~TIK01' KpATOn 83 H IIOAITIKH ~KE'¥H T01' MAPE KAI 0 BONAIIAPTI~MO~ 107 .

.

ara notbuux fQya TOV yw T11vuQmurj TOV aauxov UQaTOVr. vAUJ{l6r. 83-101.lEVWVgyWV tl]e.lnij OE [. ono». ngwL[. [. 0 A8ijvu.AnaVTWV' l] EX()OOl] K. 1963 X. n. ()LXaLOAOyELtaLuno to YEyovoe.lOnOLl]8EL H nuguno[. XQl]OL[. on nEQLAU[.lUnxij EAAl]VLXij EX()OOl]EgyWV toll MaQI. Moscow-London. tEUXOe. EXEL Ex()o8EL OtOV roue Il cvem. <PLALvn. EXOllVEx()o8EL oro Em8fWQ11mr. nEQLO()Oll E tolle. tEOOEQEe.. Marx.. KotVWVLUWV EQfVVWV. XfYUEAwvrjr. TOV MaQ.lEAEtEe. Paris. xai TO (3ovanaQnu6 cpatV6{lfVO EXH Ex()o8EL YUAALxa oro Em8fWQ11mr. KOLVWVLuwv EQfVVWV.. xai 11KotVWVLUrj KQLUUrj ato nQWL{lO fQYO TOV MaQ. &aAfunurjr.lOVW[.lOnOLoUvtaL bUO 0XOAWO[. <PLAOOocpLue.EXOllVEvtux8EL. X.lEtucpQaoELe.U1JtEe. o. Engels. Rubel.ll]e.lf3avovtaL 0' cutnv tnv n EX()OOl]0 llQo{wQ. H llOALUUrj }. ue . uno tov K.logcpij EX()OOl]e. o.23. 1:tLe.Uf1jJ11 TOVMaQ. H aXfa11 T11r. A8ijvu. EX()OOELe. M. 20-27. 6Ev llnaQXH OllOtl][. Oeuvres. anoipeu.o IeicvvLvwv(TO[. Karl Marx xa: 11 cpLAoaocp{a. New York. 0.lEtucpgaoELe. [. 1974. XaL toll 'EVYXEAe. Gutenberg.lE[. {If TO {laQ. 1975. EX(). XaL toll 'EvyxEAe.o trun.X. Teouavuau. oHga Pleidade. Ibeosovicu.lEVEe. tl] [. EX01JVxgl]OL[. OL Mf8or'5oAoYLufr. [. Collected Works. Marx.lEUe. tl]e.lUtLXO xuguxtijgu n XaL tELVOllV nQoe.Ano w.UJ{l6 oiuupcova {If TOV EVYUfAr. XaL l] EX()OOl] K. EL Val UVEX()Otl]. 1974. tE1JXOe. Fr. Gutenberg 1987. L1ll0tllxwe.UJmc6r.lEAEtEe.[.245-255.24.E. 'EyxllgEe.E. ou EXOllV OllOtl][. on to EgyO XaL l] OXE'\Pl]toll MaQI.

rrou avmpEQov'tm ornv aYYALxij xm yaAALxij JtOAL'tLXij xm XOLvwvLXij L010Qla 10U oExa1Ou EVaTOU «uovc xm nou JtaQaJtE!!JtouV OEaYYALxEt. oJtOU EXOUVYlVEL..xm yaAALXEt. Jtl]yEt.. on Ol]!!avnxij SEOl] ornv EXOOOl] au'tij EXOUVOL aVaAUOELt. uJtOOl]!!ELWOELt. . H AOLJtij ~L~ALOYQacplanon XQl]OL!!OJtOLijSl]XEavacpEQETm ant. ornv JtOAL'tLXij xru EJtLO'tl]!!OVLXij JtmOEla xm O1OV JtVEU!!anXO JtOAL nouo 'tWV aV'tlO'tOLXWV XWQWv. 10U MaQS xru 10U EVYXEAt.!!E'tmpQaOELt.EYXUQEt.. ELOLxo'tEQa l] XQijOl] aYYALxwV xm yaAALxwv !!E'tmpQaOEWV OLxmOAOYEl'tm xm «no 'to yqOVOt.

EI~ArnrH .

.

XaL Wt.OMENH H AIIO'¥H OTI 0 MAP«'1poqJLO OXUAl» Onwt.. 8£wDLaTUnWVOij wt. anOT£A£l MUQS ElX£ 8£wQT]8£l qJlU TOU LJtLVOSu.A. YnOOTT]Qlx8T]X£ umu OLL 0 OQot. OTOXUOTEt.. £lVaL s£Jt£QUO[LEVOt. TOV K. Kunwt. [LE80Dot. n. umijv D£V ElXUV 0XEOT] OUT£ [L£ TOV [LUQSLO[LO OUT£ [L£ TO mrrcov oooto- TT]V XQLTLxij UnOOTT]QlunOD£LXVUfL XaL Wt. lDLOUt. XaL nUQunAUVT]TLXOt. TOU T] qJLAOOOqJlU TOU XEYX£A OTO DEXUTO E~DO[LO aLWVU T] qJLAOOOOUVDE£TaL [L£ TT]V OT][L£QLVij [L£ Duo [LOQqJEt.XaL onwt. «OOOLaALOLLXU YLaTl nOALTLxij roue. T] D£UT£QT] OqJElAfTaL H [LLU OUVDEfTaL [L£ TT]V U[LWT] ij JtLO nQooqJuTT] OTT]V XQlOT] xu8£ £Jtoxij [Lut. [LUQSLOTLXEt. IIunu"Lwuvvou .. VTaL uno TOUt. L TI2: MEPE2: MA2: EINAI. Jt£QLJtTWOfLt. [LEQ£t. X8T]X£ OTL T] XaTUQQ£UOT] TWV XU8WTWTWV OTL 0 [LUQSLO[LOt.. uno umEt.x. LDE£t. xunOLO QLXij nOALTLxij TOUt.IME. [L£ OQ80AOYLO[LOU OTT] «[L£TUV£WT£QLXij» H vcov nQWTT] [LOQqJij TT]t. UUTEt.A. £XqJQusfTaL XUQlWt. OL XQLTLXEt. nUQ£sT]YT][LEOTT]V naLD£lU OTT]V £JtLOTT][LOVLXij XaL £SWT£- XaL OTOV nV£U[LUTLXO TOut. cmO'1pT] umij SLO[LOt. ALO[LO. £JtLXaLQo[LoQqJijt. OTT]V WWT£QLXij XU8WTWTa» TU XU8WTWTU ElVaL '1p£UDWVU[LOt. ij [LT]. UVTLqJUTLXU nQot. H XQlOT] TOU [LUQsLO[LOU rtou TT]TU. TOU [LUQSLO[LOU OUVDEfTaL £JtT]Q£UOTl')XUV uno TT]V XUTUQQ£UOT] TWV OOOLUALOTLXWV XU8WTWTWV rtou VEt. OU[LqJWVU [L£ TOV 8£wQij8T]x£ OTLt. O£ OQLO[LEV£t. nOALTLO[LO roue..OTT]V £XnaLD£mLxij EQ£UVU TOut. QlU YLU TO LOTOQLXO ylyvw8aL. ~u8[LO ij EOTW exetTOut. XQlOT]t.

ouvoxi]t.a av II xatuQQ£uOll xa8wtwtwv tWV oxotorv 0 nv£u!J. ~wi]t.OU. nQoona8£t va nQof3uAH tu OtOLX£La nou cpav£Qwvouv rnv anoouv8wll rou AOYOU.nQot.i]v£uav.£A£tWVrtou anaQtL~OUV toy naQovta rouo £L vrn va ()08£L anuvtllOll.£toy !J. cpaV£QWVH xm rnv 8£WQlltLxi] XQ£wxonLa ton !J....x. WtoQLat. xaQaxtllQL~ovtm £VLOt£ coto ()ll!J.at.. Eva f3a8!J.Laton Myou va OUAAUf3Hto EOxata £QWti]!J. OUV()E£tm xm !J.oU rtou tOVL~£ tnv t unotL8E!J. xm tWV tsoonoorv !J. toy onoto i]()ll 0 XULVt£YY£Q xm OL£JtLYOVOL rou.Jttw!J.EVWVx£cpaAmoxQatLxWv XOL VWVLWVxm LOWt. xorvorvtxrj. CPLAooocpLat. H XQLOll ton !J.ooLoYQacpLxi] nQOXHoornrc 8EtoUV Eva nQaY!J.OU onoto. O£ avtL8Wll n.aQ~Lo!J.£tuf3aOllt. x av oEf3£tm tnv OtOLXHW()ll AOYLXi]. nQot.£Vll a()UVa!J. XOLVWVLXi]t. tL8£tm to £QWtll!J.£tn OHQU tllt. tWV t£XVOAOYLXUnQollY!J. aUtEt. . LxonOt. ()£V cpav£Qwv£L xm rnv 8£wQllnxi] av£JtuQx£La tcrv avaAUo£orv ton MaQ~ .I onoto !J. Av xm OL XQLtLXEt. avoQ80AOYW!J. VEOU Ota()LOU tllt.atLXot. nOALtLo!J. onwt.14 xrrorsron MTIArIONA1: toy A.O tllt. tllt.va unOOtllQL~H on rc A£YOusvo oomaALOtLXU xa8wtwta ()£V EXOUVOXEOll!J.Lavis: !J.J. 0 !J. avtavaxM I tll YEVWll £VOt.WOUVII A£YO!J.ata tllt. KOAaXOcpOXL nou ()£V xctcvoouv on ()£V !J.ata rtou oQL08£touv rnv av8Qwm vn unaQ~ll.£tav£Wt£QLxi]» OXE'ljJll. a' auto to £QWtll!J. 0 !J. avoQ80AOYLO!J.o «no toy !J.£taV£Wt£QLXOt. i] ton unaQ~Lo!J.oQCPi] oQ80AOYW!J.aQ~LO!J.o xm tcuroxoov« on II ntwOll tout.anot£A£L ou!!Jttw!J.a.a !J.oU or«.xm II XOLvwvLXi] nQaXtLxi] sunveovrov Wt.a· £cp' OOOV0 MaQ~ ()£V unouovorva rnv OUAAOYLXi]nQu~ll uno rnv 8£wQLa nou rnv xat£U8uv£L xm rnv onotc II nQu~ll anooacpllvL~H.ot.llt.£Vll«veorreoixornro» va taun~otav !J.Eva tautL~£0 tru !J.£tOY OQ80AOYLouo. toy avoQ80AOYLO!J. EOtW xm at£Atlt.anxo £Qwtll!J.nOQ£Lav£Lt.£tllV «uetcuovteovo» i] «!J. Aa8£!J.Ot.ou.£tav£Wt£QLXOt. £~ao8EVWllt. !J.aQ~LO!J.EQ£t. O£ !J. toy £Q!J.£ ! rnv uv811011rou avoQ80AOYLO!J.Ot.o.aQ~w!J. avtavaxAu r« oU!J.

. OL OLWJtEe. Sf XLvouv 6!-!we. YLa tTJV JtaATJnov ta. £xCPQa~£tm Jt. tEOO£Q£e.LOlJ II6JtJt£Q. !-!OQCP~e.EAL. XaL ron 6AOlJ JtQOe. aVOQ80AOYLO!-!6e.LOnX~e. 0 corooxcoucnxo. OQL~£L. ceto XQmXEe. M r xm rc x£va LOlJ. tl']e. JtOlJ Cl']!-!OOL£UOvtm 0' am~ rnv EXCOOTJtQOXUJtt£L on LO £QWtl']!-!a n £Lvm ~wvtav6 XaL u fLVaL J vexoo OLOV MaQ. tl']e. LO y£yov6e.LOnX~e.x. TEtOLa OtOLX£La £LVaL to l'hcpoQou!-!£vo rou YAWOOLXa £XcpQaO!-!EVOlJ yolJ. xaQaxt~Qae.. avnJtaQa8EtOlJV to JtaLxvU'ha ton «<Jt0Xaouou».X. lOXtWV OJtOLWV0 AQ6v XaL 0 IIoJtJt£Q dVaL OL 0l']!-!avtLx6t£QOL . «no OQ80AOYLXEe. OLa <Pavuxof. tl']e. AOYLx~e. 6Jtwe.LO!-!OU Of aOlJvaQtl']tl'] CLaCOX~ cpaVtaOLaxwv OJttaOLWV xm t£ALxa £VtaOOfL tTJV «XQLtLX~» LOlJ !-!aQ. xm cLaAfxnx~e.£JtLXQLtEe. OL aJtOOLWJt~O£Le. LOlJ MYOlJ. ~ am~ LOlJ K. 6Jtwe. C£V [!JtOQ£Lva aJtO!-!OVw8£L coto LO £QWtTJ!-!a u £LVaL ~wvtav6 XaL n £LVaLvexoo OLOlJe.. LOlJe. H «XQLtLX~» LOlJ !-!aQ.avtL8£ta.LOlJ MaQ.l'] OlJOtl']!-!anx~e. rnv OQ80AOYLX~ OXE'\jJl'] m rnv £mOtTJ!-!OVLX~!-!E80co.!-!fAEt£e.lara too Mao. !-!aQ.l']e. 0 uetoJ VfWt£QLX6e. JtaQ£Q!-!TJVfL£e. JtaQa ne.fWV ~ YLa rnv EVVOLa nov cwa!-!£wv xm 0XEO£WVJtaQaywy~e. tQOUJt08EOfLe.OL XQLtLXEe.o xao!-!ata.AIAAEKTIKH KAI IIOAITIKH ~TON IIPOIMO MAPE / EI~ArnrH 15 Jt. 8fwQLae.£A6e. 6Jtwe.8ELOW JtQay!-!anxa JtQo~M!-!ata xm £mOTJ!-!aLvow LOWe. XQL nx~e. amEe. II6JtJt£Q JtOlJ lJJtOYQa!-!!-!L~£L tTJV lJJtOn8E!-!£Vl'] avtL8Wl'] tTJe. !-!aQ.ne. CLaA£XnX~e. OXE'\jJTJe. LOlJ MyolJ xm CfV EXOW v6TJ!-!a.xm tn !-!OVO!-!EQfLa LOlJe. £. x ne.LO!-!OU OtTJVaJtoouv8wTJ tl']e. 0 A. acwa!-!L£e...LOnX~e..LO!-!OU JtOlJ JtTJya~£L cero LOV !-!£taV£wt£QLx6 avoQ80Aoyw!-!6 CLacpEQ£L t£A£LWe. xm OW£XtLX~e. tTJe. 8£WQLae. LOlJ Nt£QL vro.. EVVOLae. Aoov JtOlJ t6VL~f XlJQLWe. !-!aQ.xaJtoLfe. JtOlJ c£v £Lxav unooorpnvtoet tl'] 0XEOl'] tlJmx~e. xm An6 ne. LCLaLt£Qa OQLO!-!EVWV emvovorv rou MaQ. on OL XataOX£lJEe. LOlJ MyolJ..LOtLX~e. lJJtOn8E!-!fV£e. avaY£L rnv JtaQolJoto rou !-!aQ. aCWa!-!Lfe. JtOlJ OlJyxaAUJtt£tm uno tnv £mCLW. !-!aQ. 0 LCLOe. LOlJ P. ~ JtQay!-!anXEe.

OXE'\jJl]e.LXQO'LOtOQLXEe.EAEtl]nQox'llJttH 6tL l] 8EwQLa tl]e. XataAoyL~H. 8EWQLae.yEVVLEtm uno OLWVELEQyaOtl]QLaXEe. Qa xm orov MaQ~. !J.~OAnrou otn YEVWl] tl]e. PLA006cpoue.tou ouvmayttm r OW~L~a0!J.OLaAEXtLXO'lle..aQ~LOnX~ EVVOLa tl]e. OEV EXH vonuo. toy «LOtOQLxLo!J. l]e. EQEwae.. rtou avacpEQovtm orn yanLX~ nOAmx~ xm XOLVWVLX~ iorootc rorv !J.anov aoxn:l] nQoe.atLX~cero 600 0 Aoov tl]e. tl]e.WV. An6 tl] !J. ELVm ALy6tEQO QEUOt~ xm 6tL l] !J. xcro rov II6nnEQ. rorooiovocqxov w xcu tl] oU!J.EAEtl] YLa tnv aVaAUOl] ton ~oVanaQtLXO'll cpmV6!J. xata to !J.16 xrrorrros MIIArIONA~ «no amo'lle.a.Eru. OL avrnaQXHEe. rou XEYXEA.»to K EQYOton Etvm oLanOtLO!J. LwrnWe. ntn to !J.6E~l]Yo'llv xm rnv Aa8E!J. autEe.U8LX08Ql]XEmLX6 xm noocpl]tLx6 nVE'll!J. xm tl]e. LOtoQLae.EVOU «no toy MaQ~ nQox'llJttEL ou l] !J. !J.aQ~w!J. aouva!J.tou MaQ~ ELvm !J. e. 6tL l] C a OLaAEXtLX~ ELvm tQ6noe. 0 II6nJtEQ XataAoYL~H orov MaQ~. otnv onoto xUQLaQXo'llv to !J.6 !J. XOLVWVLX~e.U8LX08Ql]OXEUtLXaoX~!J.aQ~w!J.E~EAL~l]e. tl]e. !J. woALxa 8EWQO'llo !J. nou avacpEQEtm OtO !J.aQ~LOtLX~e. naAl]e. ta~l]e. autEe. t ioroou«.aQ~wtLx~ 8EwQLa tl]e. An6 tnv L()La !J.EtQO rtou ELvm rnLyovoe. EQE1JVae.EAEtl]YLa to ~ovaJtaQtLx6 qxuvouevo nQox'llJttH avtL8n:a 6tL l] !J.La!J. avayxm6tl]tae.Evl]Evta~l] ton MaQ~ «no toy II6nJtEQ orn XOQEtanov «WtoQLXLOtwV». 0 Myoe.EvOcno !J.. l] !J.6» rtou 0 II6nJtEQ rou XataAoYL~H orrrv cJJrwX£w too IotoQLXWf. rtou uL08n:o'llv OQ80AOYLXaXQL t~QLa.EtQOnou 0 MaQ~ ELvm «LOtoQLXLOt~e. LOtoQLae. LOtoQLX~e.aQ~LOtLX~ OLaAEXtLX~ OtEQEL tm vonucrr». EQEUVEe.LEe.. LOLWe.E'lln:m coro rnv aQX~ tl]e. MLa cero tLe.aQ~LOtLX~EVVOLatl]e.U8Lx08Ql]OXEUtLX~ avtLAl]'\jJl] YLa to LOtoQLX6 YLyvw8m..EAEtl]rou Ti eivai &aA£XTLX~ XataAOYL~H OtOUe. ton vonucro. o II6nnEQ Otl] !J. tWV ta~EWV ELVm ALy6tEQO OXl]!J. aVtLcpaOHe.An6 tn !J.ata ton oxoaou.6 ELvm o n naQa~AEnH to EQYO nov MaQ~ xm EVYXEAe. tl]e. avtLcpaOl]e. An6 rnv .WWVtou 190U ouovo.. nou OEVOW!J.EVl]e. nou avacpEQttm oro !J.

O£v £Lvm avncpanXEe. ornv aVaAUOl] LOU ~ovaJtaQtLXOu cpmvo~E- . oJtwe. XaQaXtT]QLOtLXO ~Lae. 8£wQLae. oJtwe. £~mQEOHe. ~E80ooe. x. aM8£Lae.nov o JtAaVl]twv.l] XOO~oAoYLa LOU IILOA£~aLou £JtOnaJtAaoLa~£ LOUe. H OLaA£xnx~ 8a unooooos va 8£wQl]8£L xm we. tnv OQL~£0 IIoJtJt£Q. ~aQ~LOtLX~e. Jt·X· l] '\j!UXOO CPUOLOAOYLa £Lvm £JtLOtl]~OVLX~ 8£WQLa YLaLL UJtoXHtm O£ JtOU OLa'\j!£UOl]av XQl]OL~OJtOLT]8dYLa va £~T]Yl]8d T]£~EAL~l] tl]e.LOU AQLOLOtEAl] ~ tT]e. Jt. AOYLX~ XaLa LO ~EtQO nou JtQO'UJt08Et£L OQLO~Eva a~Lw~ata. 8£WQLae. OJtOL£e.. tl]e. oJtwe. Ano ~La OLacpOQ£nx~ oxomc 8a ~tav ouvatov va A£X8d on T] ~aQ~Lonx~ 8£WQLa O£V £~LJttH ornv EVVOLatT]e. xm ne. £JtLOtl]~OVLX~e. xm JtAaVT]e. JtQOXUJtt£L on T] OLaA£xnx~ etvci xata XUQLO A6yo ~E80ooe.» YLa va £~l]Y~OH tLe. aJtOXALO£Le. OXE'\j!T]e.c.8£WQLae. tQOXLEe. ono».X... H £u£AL~La tl]e.Auto ou~aLvH YLaLL T] ~aQ~Lonx~ 8£wQLa EX£LtT]V taoT] va JtoAAaJtAaOLa~£L ne.xataA~Y£L l] OLaAomx~ we. LOLaLsoc OQLO~Eva OLOLX£Latl]e. rnv aQX~ LOU YLyvw8m. JtQO'UJt08Et£L T] xQmx~ LOU IIoJtJt£Q. «£mxuxAOUe.LOU Mnstopev. T] OLaA£r xnx~ ~ l] JtaAT] tWV ta~£wv x. £v tnv £JtaAT]8£uouv. ouo»..c. JtOU Y£VVLouvrm xm JtQOOWQLa ~£Jt£QVLOUVtm xata tnv OUV£LOl]OLaX~ v xm LOtOQLXOXOLVWVLX~£~EAL~T] YLa va y£vvl]80uv noiouxc OLaCPOQ£tLXEe. OtLe.LlIAAEKTIKH KAI I10AlTIKH ~TON IIPnIMO MAPE / EI~ArnrH tQLtl] ~£Mtl] aUTlle. ~OUOLX~e. JtOU £Q~l]V£U£L ne. avncpaO£Le. tnv aAAl]AO£~aQtl]on ~EQOUe. OL JtQotaO£Le. H ~aQ~Lonx~ 8£WQLa.JtOU aVacpEQ£tm orn ~£80ooAOYLa LOU MaQ~ oro JtQw'C~a EQya LOU xm coto tT]V O£ut£QT]~£A£tl] JtOU aVacpEQ£tm orn 0XEOl] LOU MaQ~ ue LOV XEYX£A xata tOY 'EVYX£Ae. smorn~OVLX~e. non dvm LOLaLt£Qa cpav£Q~ Jt. OLa'\j!£UOT]e.. Av ~oav 8a wt£QOUVLO VO~~aLOe..X. r«. oJtwe. Jt. aJtoxALO£Le. £Lvm 1'000 £UEALXtT] oxrre xcvevo LOtOQLXOXOLVWVLXOO£OO~EVO va unv ~JtoQd va tT]V OLa'\j!£UO£L.xm OAOU. xat' «urov £Lvm on unoxsruu OLO £VO£Xo~£VO tT]e. avncpaO£Le.. av qxuvouevorv OLOJtOL£e. EXOOOl]e.X. OUOX£tL08£L ue XaLl]YOQL£e.

8£wQLar.. !lU8LX08Q1']ox£UnXEr. !l£tav£Wt£QLX~r. LOtOQLar. EXCOO1']r. 8a £vLoxu8d 1']a!lcpL~OALaYLa rc XQLt~QLa £JtLOt1']!lOVLX6t1']tar. LOtoQLar. nou avacpEQftaL XaL OtO It£QL£X6!l£vO ton A6you xa8wr.rtou Jt£QLOQL~EL A6yo Ot1']Vt~Q1']01']rcov aSLW!latWv t1']r. nou xaQaxt1']QL~OUVt1']V £SEALS~ tou.X. LOtOQLar. am~r. !l£ta~a01']r. avaAuOUr. rro t1']V aVaAU01'] tou ~ovaJtaQnxou CPaLVO!lEVOUaL LCLaLt£Qa X otOLxda t1']r. !lltOQ£L oxrrooo va toy £s1']y~ou wr. ltQO£Xt£LVEL6XL uovov toy rumxo OQ80AOYLO!l6. t1']r.~ rorv !la81']!lanxwv. rorook«.nou 1llt0Q£Lvo 8£!l£ALW8d 0' ama. !laQsLOnx~r. XaL oru. H !laQsLOnx~ 8£WQLat1']r. to £Qdn1']!la av 1']£U£ALsLaXaL 1']nooocouoouaornto oe VEa C£CO!lEVa!lLar. aAAa XaL toy CLaA£xnx6 OQ80AOYLO!l6. !laQsLOnX~r. C£V !lltOQ£L va «vcoxeuaOELtOY aVOQ80AOYLO!l6t1']r.aJtoouv8w1']r. OtaCLO t1']r. O£ Eva cLacpoQ£tLx6 !l£AAovnx6 OtaCLO t1']r. t1']r. avncpaoELr.LOtoQLar. XaL t1']r.. va avaox£uaoEL tOY uercveorreotxo aVOQ80AOYLO!l6. tou II6ltJt£Q XaL YLa t1']V XQLtLX~ t1']r. LOtOQLar. £Jtox~r. £s£ta08d 1']£sEALS1'] non s£XLV1']O£oto nr.xaQaxt~Qar. t1']r. tOU YLa toy CLa!l£ALO!l6 XaL t1']V altoouv8w1'] tOU A6you. 8£WQLar. ouvixpcouevo ue ltQOOWQLa XOL v VWVLxa aCLEsoca XaL wr. £LVaL1']E!lCPa01'] Ot1']V£JtLcQa01']Jt£QL8wQLOltOL1']!lEVWV XOLVWVLXWV o!lacwv oro LOtoQLXOXOLVWVLX6 YLYV£- . cpaL V6!l£VO XOLVWVLX~r. 8£WQLar.6ltwr. 1']!laQsLOtLX~ t1']r. toy AOYLX~r. Axevovrtoc 1']!laQSLonx~ 8£WQLa t1']r.IIaQa!lEVEL6!lwr. tnv xa8Lota !-UI£JtLOt1']!lOVLX~v YLVOUV e C£Xta tn XQLt~QLa ton II6ltJt£Q YLa t1']V £JtLOt1']!lOVLx6t1']ta!lLar. ltaQaCOXEr. tUJtLX~r. XaL nov teoocoov !l£AftWV t1']r. acpaLQ£L avayxaOtLXa toy £JtLOt1']!lOVLX6 xaQaXt~Qa t1']r. M1'] !lltoQwvtar. o OQ80AOYLX6r. 8£(J)QLar. XOLVWVLX~r. YLatL C£V s£XLVaEL «no tLr.IS xrrorrros MTIArIONA1: YOU..£JtL~£~aLWV£taL«no nr. Av It. torv LC£WV.. omo. 1']!laQsLonx~ 8£WQLa t1']r. LotoQLar.MLa tsroi« £S~Y1']01'] XQ1']CJL!lOltOL~OEL rtoo'ru8a wr.ltaQac otaoHr.. tWV IIu8ayoQ£Lwv YLa tOY ~ALO XaL XatEA1']S£ Ot1']V 1']ALOX£vtQLX~ XOO!lOAOYLatou KOJtEQVLXOU XaL ton faALAaLOU.

tT]V XEyxEALavi) CjJLAO(JO!lLa XUQLW~ «!laQ~L(JtLxi)>> EJtL(JtT]!lOVLXE~ avaAOYLXO!la8T]- JtQOEAEU(JEW~ LowAoYLa. (JtOV auto OL !lEAEtE~ Jtou JtEQLAa!l~avovtm erroreH evornr« JtaQa tu oLaCjJoQEtLXO 8E!lata OAE~ uutou rtou JtQaY!latEuoMaQ~. OL (JtQE~M~ !lOQCjJE~JtaAT]~ tWV ta~EWV. toy xi) T]YE!lOVLa» (JTJ!laVtLXWV (JtQW!latwv «no tT]V aJtWAELa ta~Lxi)~ xi)~ ta~T]~ UJtO to ~ovaJtaQtLXO tT]~ aYQOtLxi)~ xmQo(JXOJtLXO Qi)(JEL~ tou (JU!lJttW!la ooixmv xou ta~T]~ JtQO~ tT]V !WLQOAatQLXi) XUVL(J!lO JtOU EXtQECjJEtm coto ami)v JtL(JtT] (JE 8EO(JtaAtoU~ aVOQE~.tL 0 rXQa!l(JL 8a OVO!la(JEL «XOLVWVLtT]~ aQxou(Ja~ a(JtLxi)~ XOLVWVLXOU xm xa8wtw~ JtOALtLXOU aOLE~OOOU (J'UVELOT](JT]~ tT]~ EQyatLxa8w~ xm T] ta(JT] xm tT]V LOWAOYLa. tT]~ yvw(Jti)~ vrm. JtEQLOOOnou xaQaXtT]QL~Etm AU(JEL~ Jtou 8E!lEALwVOVtm !latLxou tuJtou coto xa8aQa (JE !lLa avayxmotT]ta oJtw~ T] (JJtLVO~LXi). Jt. rouo !loQCjJi) JtaQExxAL AOUV vouo«. (JxbjJT]~. T] EVtUJtW(JT] JtOU JtT]ya~EL «no rou O.IIIAAEKTIKH KAI TIOAITIKH ~TON TIPQ]MO MAPS I EI~ArnrH 19 (J8m. LOLaLtEQa tnv yLatL oro EQYO rou MaQ~ ovcueou rnv ortotu T] (JXE'\jJT] tOU MaQ~ ELvm EJtT]QEa~Etm xm xm aJto tOY OU!lavL(J!lO.T] aJtO(Jta(JLOJtOLT](JT]coto tT]V JtOALtLxi) xm T] JtaQaLtT](JT] ta~T]~. OQL(J!lEVE~ O~uOEQxd~ JtaQatT]aAAa xm !lEta~a(JT]~ (JE EVa 8a unoaJtotEAEL 'EVYXEA~ YLa tT]V JtaQEXXALVOU(Ja (JU!lJtEQLCjJOQaW~ XOLVWVLXi)~ JtaQaX!li)~ OLCjJOQEtLXOOLXOVO!lLXO xcu XOLVWVLXO (JXT]!latL(J!lo avoQ80AOYL(J!lOU. OLaAEXtLxi).X. YLatL OL aQXE~ nou JtQO'liJt08EtOUV OL oro (JUVOAO tOU EQYOU tOU dvm ouotcv OL LOLE~. T] CJ1JYXQOU(JT] OaVEL(JtwV xm OCjJELAEtWV. H 8E(JT] rou AAtOU(JEQ YLa MaQ~ OEV YLVEtm rnv «toun» (JtO EQYO xm tTl (JXE'\jJT]on t ton MaQ~ cotexat' T] OEXti) (JtT]V EXOO(JT]ami) avaAu(Jw. Avcosoovrct XQi)(JT] tou orov «JtQWL!lO» EQYO ton ooo» OEV (J'UVL(Jta aJtoooxi) 8E(JT]~ tOU AA toU(JEQ YLa «toun» (JE !lLa nEQLOOO xata «JtQo!laQ~L(JtLxi)>> a(JtLxi)~ CjJLa. EJtL(JT]~va (JU!l~aAo'UV (JtT]V E~i)YT](JT]tOU !lEtaVEwtEQL- oro ~a8!l0 nou xm curo.TEtoLE~ aQXE~ ELvm OL E~i)~· T] L(JtoQLa dvm .

«UnEQa~Lae:. L{)EOAOYLae:. mEe:. l] !lEta~oAi] tl]e:. avaA UOl] tOU 0Xl]!lanO!lOU tl]e:.aAr toUOEQLavEe:. xm toy !lEtaYEVEOtEQO MaQI. oJtwe:. outo vc Ol]!laLVEL on Jtauo1JV va aJtaOXOAOUVtoy MaQ~ t« JtQo~Ai]!lata JtOUJtQay!latEUEtm oro JtQWL!lOEQYO rou to OJtOLO E~Eta~EtaL E{)W. l] !laQ~LOtLxi] 8EWQLaYLa rn {)LaAExnxi]. Ano tnv aJto'\jJl] ami] !lE to Kupasaio aQXL~EL nEQLOl] {)oe:. XWQLe:.. JtaQaywyi]e:. xatEu8uvouv rn OXE'\jJl]xm to EQYOton MaQ~ coto rnv rEQ/-WVlUt} I&oAoy{a We:.rnv KQl Tlut} iOV nQoYQal1/-WiO~ rTJ~ Gotha.a~l]e:.tLe:. toVL~Ovtm ue {)LacpoQEtLxi] E!lCPaOl]ore {)LacpOQa a EQya rou MaQ~. ton MaQ~. toUAaxLOtoV xata rnv aJto'\jJl] tou MaQ~. aVaAUEtaL {)LE~O{)LXa ornv {)EUtEQl] !lEAEtl]. {)LXmOAOYEL coto to YEYOVoe:. AJtAWe:. JtOVO!lEU01JV 0XEOELe:. OXE'\jJl]e:. OL aQXEe:.ouxva tn YQacpEtaL. xm to {)LXmO UJtl]QEtoUV rnv EXaOtotE EQXOUOata~l] aAAa EJtl]QEa~OVtm xm coto rnv JtLEOl]tl]e:.. uJtaQ~l]e:. EL vru l] VOl]Ol] xm 0 OtoxaO!loe:. to xQatoe:. OL aQXEe:.. {)1JVa!lELe:. l] JtaAl] tWV t ta~EWV.20 AYron:Tm: MIlAnONA~ 8qlEALW{)l]e:. 0 XEYXEA ELXEaVtLOtQE'\jJEL tl] {)WAExnxi] YWtL ~EXLVOUOE «no tnv XOQUCPWOl] av8Qwmvl]e:. aVEQX0!lEVl]e:.ou to uou cutou aVtLtL8EvtaL JtQoe:. rtou . {)EV «avaJtO{)OYUQL~EL» i] «aVtLOtQECPEL» {)LaAExnxi] rou XEYXEA.. U ne:. 'OJtwe:. EQyaoLae:. l] AELtoUQYLatl]e:. WQL!lotl]tae:. OL avaAUOELe:.JtQouJtotL8Etm oro JtQWL!lOEQYOtou MaQ~. 8EWQLaYLa tl] !lEta~aOl] l] coto tOY JtQOYEVEOtEQO orov !lEtaYEVEOtEQO OLXOV0!lLXOXaL XOLVWVLXO 0Xl]!latLO!lO. IIaQa rnv 8E!lEALW{)l]svomr« tl]e:.toy MaQ~ tl]e:. WQL!lotl]tat.»JtOUaJtAwe:. taL on oro Kupascuo uJtaQXEL AEJtto!lEQi]e:. xm 0XL coto rn ~aOl] tl]e:.tl]e:. XaL rou EQYOU tou MaQ~.JtOU tl]e:.EmOti]!ll] ton av8QwJtou. EE!lJtOQEUOL!lO O aVnXEL!lEVO orov XEcpaAmOXQanxo OLXOVO!lLXOxm XOLVWVLXO0Xl]!lan0!l0. «no rnv aJto'\jJl] on JtQOUJt08EJ XaL touv on uJtaQXEL01JVEXELa vousou ornv XEYXEALavi] CPLAOOOo cpLa XaL tn !laQ~LOtLxi] 8EWQLa.aUtEe:. OL JtaQaYWYLXEe:. l] avacpoQa orov JtQWL!lOMaQ~ OE ovu{)LaOtoAi] JtQoe:. tQOOEYYLOELe:..

£xoooY]e.lavi]e.£tEe.OoocpLae.'Y]Qw80uv cero OQLO~£VEe... O'EVYXfA..EXnxi]e. Oi ~EA.£xooo'Y]e. ne.EXnxi]e. 6nwe. xm ~aQ~l(Jnxi]e. xm 6Xl 0X£o'Y] avtL8w'Y]e.uone. uovo nov oQaOt'Y]QlOti]twv nou xaQaXt'Y]QL~OllVt'Y]Vav8Qwmv'Y] unaQ~'Y]. xm ~aQ~lonxi]e.LOnxi]e. t . xooo'Y]e.lavi]e.EVlVLOtlXi] fQ~'Y]veLa toll ~aQ~lO~OU. t'Y]e. Oi avaA. 0 MaQ~ UL08EtEL ro t oxi]~ata t'Y]e. eLvru 0 veoxovucviouot.An6 ne. £nEtm on ceto ~aQ~LOtlxi] oxomu'Y] lO£aA. Autn £(paQ~6~n ornv f~i]y'Y]O'Y] 'lJ lOtoQlXOU yLyvw8m.'Y]Qw~atlx6t'Y]tae.£t'Y]t'Y]e. vaA. ~E tOY YOU tou xm t'Y]V cpaVtaOLa tou. ton Lukacs oro £QYo tou 0 vto~ a XtYUfA.Enxi] ron MaQ~. OWA.6ywv Yla t'Y]VfQyaoLa.eLvm ~£Qoe.lOnxi] OlaA. OlaA. CPllOlX6xm XOlVWVlX6 OV. xm 'Y] W OllveLO'Y]O'Y] eLvm ~£Qoe.fXnxi]e. llAwnxi]e.lavi]e.O torv XOlVWVlXWV 0X£OfWV non ovcottuoou 0 uv8Qwrtoc.XEYXEA. to OUVOA.~E t'Y]VllA. rou MaQ~.lO£aA..EXnxi] nou uox'Y]oav or O avaA. avayvwQL~Etm xm «no tov X£YXEA. OlaA. toll X£YXEA. H ouvucpEla ~Eta~u fQyaoLae. Ih8avwe.uone. 0 X£YXEA.6yoe.fxnxi]e. 6nwe.IIIAAEKTIKH KAI IIOAITIKH 1:TON IIPQ]MO MAP:. OlaA. Yla ouv£XEla XEyxEA.lOnXU QEu~ata ton axootou oiorvo. ton rouou 8a unoooooov va ou~A. we.WV OlXOVO~OA.EXnxi]e. on 'Y]fQyaoLa o'Y]~aLVEl «ovnon t'Y]e.nQay~utwv Yla va unoxataota8EL a ' ami]v 'Y]tU~'Y]nou oUV£A.e.LOta 8a i]tav oQ86 va YLVEl A.H ouvucpEla auti] fmj3Ej3mwvn t'Y] 8£0'Y]Yla t'Y]V ouvsXEla XEyxEA.EXnxi] toll X£YXEA. Ennoi] 0 oroxcouo.Y]e.lavi]e. fLvm 0X£o'Y] Oll~nA. 'Y]onoto xa80QL~Etm we. non 8f~fA. Lto £QYo nuro 0 Lukacs oeLXVElt'Y]o'Y]~avtlxi] EJtLoQaO'Y] t'Y]VXfyxEA.CPUOlXUooouevn. allti] fLvm 'Y] 0X£o'Y]t'Y]e. 'lowe. ~UA. 600 xm «no ooiousvc lOfaA. tOllA. t'Y]V EQ~'Y]vEun ou~cpwva ue t'Y]V OEUtfQ'Y]~fA. xm ~aQ~lOtlxi]e.lavi] 8EwQLa Yla t'Y]OlaA. CPlA. onotfe.lWVEtm oro Yfyov6e.uyyA. YEVlX6tfQa.UXLOtov 6nwe. xm OlaA. OlaA. nQoxuJttEl onoioonnors on 'Y] £ OX£o'Y]XfyxEA. avaA.lOnxi] OlaA.YVWQl~f.uone.aj3f 0 uv8Qwnoe.: / EI1:ArnrH 21 eL vm 'Y]nQa~'Y] xm l('JLaLEQa 'Y]EQyaoLa.'IJOEle..fXnxi]e.. 8a llnOOt'Y]QlX8fL t600 coto t'Y]V A. t'Y]C:. tU~'Y]e.

av xm avaCjJfQ£tm oru. H 8£wQLa auti] £Lvm a~CjJL~oA'Y] YLatL oQLa~fv£~ «no tL~ aQXf~ t'Y]~oLaA£XtLxi]~. nov LOLUltorv» orn c:I>tAoaocpia rov Lltuaiov xm orn ~aQ~LatLxi] aVaA1Jon t'Y]~X£CjJaAmoxQatLxi]~ xoworvtcc.X. £CjJaQ~o~ovta~ tL~ avaAUafL~ ton MaQ~ ornv urrootc nov £JtWt'Y]~c. how o~w- .ilV xm oru. JtOU Jt£QLYQaCjJ£tmern c:I>mVOf.lavturj J&oAoyia x. nou avaAU£tm oro VWO fQYO tou. rnv XOLvWVLXi]av8QwJtoAoYLa xm aAA£~ ana xm ornv urtootc tl1~ CjJLAoaoCjJLa~. OLaVtLCjJaafL~rtou «vcorrooou 0 atoxaa~o~ Xata t'Y]V £~£A£XtLXi] tOU JtoQda rou. 8a unoooooe va 8£wQ'Y]8d w~ ~La «no tL~ Jt'Y]Yf~. tou X£YX£A.c. av8QWJtLatLxf~ £JtLati]~£~. Lt'Y]V Jt£QLJttwa'Y]tou Kouuovvurtixou Mavupeoto» 0 MaQ~ xm 0 'EVYX£A~ fXOUV w~ aCjJ£t'Y]QLal1~ t aUYYQaCjJi]~roix tv« ax£oLaa~a tOU 'EVYX£A~. 0 'EVYX£A~t£LV£Lva cototau ~axQuv8d cero rov MaQ~ w~ JtQO~t'Y]VJtQay~atL a~CjJL~oA'Y]8£UlQLa ton YLa t'Y]oLaA£XtLxi] t'Y]~CjJua'Y]~. LOLaLt£Qat'Y]~Y£Q~avLxi]~ CjJLAoaoCjJLa~ o£xatOU tou svctou ouovc. Lt'Y]V O£ut£Q'Y] £Aft'Y] t'Y]~fxooa'Y]~ auti]~ YL ~ verm O£XtO OtL 0 'EVYX£A~ auv£XL~fL tov atoxaa~o xm to fQYO tau MaQ~. Ott 0 'EVYX£A~ auv£XL~£Ltov oroxcouo tou MaQ~ £JtL~£~mwv£.22 AYrOYLTm: MTIArIONAZ auti]~ JtOU aVaCjJfQOvtm ornv ~£8000AOYLa rou MaQ~ xm oto ~ovaJtaQtLxo qxnvouevo O£LXVOUVt'Y] aUVfXfLa JtOU UmXQXfL cvoueoc ern X£YX£ALavi] aVaAUa'Y] t'Y]~ «xoworvtc. 1] FeQf. naQO~OLa. H «OLaA£XtLxi] ton OOVAOU XaL tOU XUQLOU» xru 'Y]8aVaaL~'Y] ava~ftQ'Y]a'Y] ~£ta~v roue.tm orto to y£yovo~ OtL ooiouevc xd~£va oJtw~ 'Y] Ayia OtUOytvEW . Jt. n auto xm 'Y]aXfa'Y]XfYX£A xm MaQ~ £~£ta~£tUL eero t'Y]V£Q~'Y]v£UtLxi]aXOJtLa tau 'EVYX£A~ ornv O£ut£Q'Y] £AfL'Y] ~ t'Y]~fxooa'Y]~.aXQL~fat£Qa w~ JtQo£tOL~aaLa t'Y]~~aQ~WtLxi]~ 8£wQLa~ YLa t'Y]VJtaA'Y]rcov ta~£wv.lEVoAoyia rov Ilveouato. H xauurtaon r1]~ EQyauurj~ T(Xs1]~ otnv AyyAia tOU 'EVYX£A~ «not£A£L Jt'Y]Yr1 Kepasaioirus» MaQ~. aUYXQouafL~ JtOUxa8ogl~ouv t'Y]V torootc t'Y]~ ata~Lxi]~ ouvetononc. LOLaLt£Qat'Y]V£8voAoYLa. OCjJ£LAOVtm om YQaCjJLoaxru tWV ouo.

o. nQoo~AWOl']e. tou 8EnXLO!lOu. OUVEXL~ELrnv !laQ~LOnx~ oxbjJl'] OEVEL vru anoOExt~ coro toy AEY0!lEVOounxo !laQ~LO!lO. xm rcrootcc. LOEaALOnX~e. nQOe.O!lCDe. av cvrpcouv oro ounxo !laQ~LO!lo. cpUOT]e.. rou orn CPLAooocpLarou XEYXEA. cpUOT]e. nou rnv anOtEAOUV ~EXLVOUV orro rnv naQaoox~ tT]e. 8EOl']e. anoOExt~ xm «no toy MaQ~. «ovtupcOT]»avacpEQEtm OE qxnvouev« nOALxotT]tae. 0 Bernal x. XEyxEALav~e. xm OUAAOYLX~e. ~ aAAT]AOaJtOXAELOuevc OtOLXELa. OtL 0 !laQ~LO!lOe. !laQ~LOtLX~e.on aAAOLWVELrnv !laQ~LOtLX~ OXE'\jJl']E~mtLae..H XQ~OT] ou aut~ O!lWC. OUVELOT]OT]e.LlIAAEKTIKH KAI IIOAITIKH ~TON TIPQ]MO MAPS / EI~ArorH 23 vonuo We.oLaAExnx~e. oLaAExnx~e. tT]e.H oLaAEXtLX~ tl']e. i1K cpvar}~ ton XEYXEA orov MaQ~ xm toy 'EVYXEAe. rou emornuovtO!lOU ton aAAa xm tl']e. EL TIL8avwe.. Anderson. KataAoYL~Etm otov 'EVYXEAe.tovL~EL tnv UJtEQOX~xm tT]V vovuiornt« tl']e. tL ver a!lcpL~oAO. t TIQEJtELO!lWe. tT]V E~EAL~T]ou OtoXaO!lOU xm tT]e. E n. To 8E!la tT]e. Aurn tLvm cpavEQ~ orov Aovbof3iuo qJOVEQf. r EVOEX0!lEVWe. tT]e. cpUOl']e. ue nOAAEe. YAWOOae. ~mQEOELe. anotEAEL !lanOV ExcpQaOl']!lEtacpoQLxoU otoxao!lou. av 0 ooo. onwe. atO!lLX~e. 0 Haldane. tT]e. 8EOl']e. ELVm MOXOAO va YLVEL A6yoe. va naQatT]QT]8EL OtL T] 8EwQLa YLa tn oLaAExnx~ tT]e. EXtoe. Lto EQYO auto 0 'EVYXEAe. tT]e. KAaaatuJj~ qJtAoaocpia~. va ocpELAEtm OtT]V EJtLoQaOT] ov Ilaoaooaeoiv CptAOn aotpuu. vet m8avwe. H naQaoox~ on 0 'EVYXEAe.. touAaXLOtov «no rnv oxom« OQLO!lEVWV !lEAEtl']tWV onwe. OL EmcpuAa~ELe.. nou va !IT]VELvm !lEtacpOQLXOe. OEV OU~T]ttLtm OtT]V EXOOOT]aut~ YLatL OL !lEAEtEe. nOAAwv aYYAwv !laQ~LOtWv. .ELvm xataXQT]onx~.lJTaX xa: TO riAo~ tnc Teouavixtu. ztou O!lWe.EmOt~!lT] tou av8Qwnou xm tl']e. Timpanaro ornv ItaALa.X. fLa ovnqxioeu. tOU S.on l'] LOtoQLa ELvm l'] 8E!lEALWOl']e. tLvm EJtLOt~!lT] ue rnv evvot« rtou ELvm EmOt~!ll']l'] xaQtWLav~ ~ l'] VEutWVELa cpUOLX~. cpUOT]e. 0 P. YLa rnv OAOXAl']QW!lEVl'] EQ!ll']VELaton LOtoQLXOUYLyvw8m oe auyxQLOT] ue toy 8EWQl']oioxo xm aVLatoQLxo UALO!lOtou <PouEQ!lnax.

£XCPQU1.rrou va IJ.Oe.£taL ouxvu aAM 0XL novto.aQt.ou. 0 lJ.O-A£VLVWIJ.Oouv6E£tal IJ.OOL£UOVtaL Ot'l1V Ex60o'l1 ami] nQoUn08Etouv OtL 0 lJ. toy xLv6uvo va lJ. £ xw6LXOnOL'l1O IJ.XaL tOY lJ.OC.£ rnv 6UOJtLOtLa anEvavn ern xw6LxOnOL'l1IJ.LOIJ. oxou« XaL EYXHQL6Laxi] 1J.WIJ.nEQaOlJ.OVa oiore va xataAi]t. av 8ulJ.OQ80AOYLXi]C.aQt.IJ.wlJ. MIIArIONAl.aon au8£vnxi] OXEtjJ'l1 £LVal ami] rrou 6£v 6wlJ.· o OL IJ.H IJ.OVO xatu to IJ. tou 6unxou lJ.£taBuAH tOY lJ.aQt. tOY £XCPQU1.aQt.wIJ..WatOY oQ80AOYLOIJ. YQaJttu onwe.EV'l1 ExcpQaO'l1nLOt'l1C.EV'l1 aL oUOt'l1lJ. xru OL IJ..OC. 0CP£LAOVtal ornv rtenotXal 8'l1o'l1on av YLVH 6£xto OtL 0 'EVYX£Ae. aQu60o'l1C.ovtal rnv OLWVH na80AoYLxi] 6UOJtLOtLa £xnQoownwv ton 6unxou lJ.LOIJ.wIJ.aQt.tou cnorexouv rnv Ex60o'l1 auti] 6£v OUIJ.Jt. rnv 6LaA£xtLxi] t'l1e.£tnv onot« £xcpQu1.OVtoAOYLac. nOAUtLlJ. «no toy lJ.'l18£Lxav£LC.'l18d xav£Le. XaL naL6dae. 0 lJ.£QLr 1.O tou 'EVYX£Ae.wIJ.£u£taL nrro onoroorptore xovovc i] ava1.nou 6'l1IJ.OU.O IJ. OL IJ.O-A£VLVWIJ.Anoucxouvovtn...H 0 lJ.H 6UOJtLotLa anEVaVtL OtOV 'EVYX£AC.LXU6LacpoQ£tLxi] uno rnv 8Q'l10X£mLxi] nLOt'l1.alQEOH xavde.O tOU ~LacpWtWlJ. cpUO'l1e.-A£VLVLOIJ..OUanEvavn OtOV lJ.EtQOnou t£LVH va lJ.aQt.UAAOVa(n:i]QLXt£e.WIJ. taLQLu1.'l1V£LVaL QL1. r« fPLAoaoqmcC1 TETQC1c5La tOU AEVLV.Oc.aQt.WIJ. rrou cnotexouv rnv Ex60o'l1 ami] t.aQt. toy lJ.Otou XEYX£A XaL ElJ. £LVaL unoXQ£wtLXU ovue6£v JtLOt'l1IJ. H 6UOJtLOtLa auti] £Jt£Xt£LVH t'l1 6UOJtLOtLa roix orrevcvn OtOV 'EVYX£AC.OVO n .£AEt£C. avoQ80AOYWIJ.H au8£vtLxu tOY MaQt. H tUO'l1 ami] ouv£JtuY£taL. £LVal IJ.0QCPi] IJ.OC.atLxi] OXEtjJ'l1 X rtou 0 Heidegger XaL o lJ. tou L.OC. we.£taBA'l18d 0 lJ.LOIJ.24 AYrOn:TOl.O orotX£LOt'l1C. nQoe.EV'l1.OUV OtO OUlJ.OC.aQt. tnv 8Q'l10X£UtLXi] nQoEA£UO'l1rou CPLAOOOCPLXOU xM60u t'l1C.aQt. Colletti.OVLXi].wc.6-A£VLVLOIJ. uvoxi]C.-A£VLVWIJ.£tav£wt£QLXOe. av 8ulJ. rovurov tOOO £nLIJ. Qo£Xt£LVH n to 6LaA£XtLXO OQ80AOYWIJ.X.£XLVOUV«no rnv naQa60xi] OtL 'l1xw6LXOnOL'l1IJ.£AEt£C.OC..£AEt£C.WIJ.WIJ.O. av £t.lJ.i]t'l1o'l1 AOYLXi]C.aQt.aQt.o O£ ovroxovto.

xa8E Em(JLl]~OvLXr] nnvto xMOLa ayvw(J'tl] nou OEV ~OQOU~E ELvm 8EwQLa. Ayvw(JLO 6~w~ ELvm aUL6 rrou OEV vo YVWQL(JOU~E. 6XL aUL6 ou 0 ~aQ~L(J~6~ aQxmoEAAl]VLXr] YVWOl]~.n. OEV EXOUV JtAr]QW~ EJtaAl]8EULEL. H anaVLl](Jl] ornv aVLLQQl](Jl] au'tr] 8a ~OQOU(JE ro EQW'tr]~aLa oro vo EL vm 6'tL OL OUYXL Vl]OLaXa cpOQn(J~VE~ EXCPQaOEL~ 'tOU MaQ~ E~l]YOUV tn EVOLacpEQOV'ta JtOU xa80QL~ouv OJtOLa 8EAEL vc.JtOU avacpEQOVLaL OE aULE~. 6(J0 aVaAU(Jl]~ (JUVELOl](JWXWV.AlAAEKTIKH KAI IIOAITIKH l. MaQ~ cero toy tnv CPaLV6~EVOJt. VEW (JE 0XE(Jl] ~E 'tOU~ VEOXEYXEALavou~ Ma~ L'tLQVEQ XaL ornv Ayia O~UOYfMnoou- VO MJtaOUEQ x.ArnrH ~E to ELOO~EXEL 'tl]~ EAAOYl]~ JtL(J'tl]~ JtOU EXELW~ aV'tLXEL~EVO vo n~ UJt08E(JEL~ XaLCl to 6Jtw~ nou (JUYXQOLOUV ~La EJtL(JLl]~OVLXr] 8EWQLa. 8a r]'tav OUVaL6 va OLaLUJtW8EL l] E~r]~ aVLLQQl]Ol]: IIw~ xaQax'tr]Qa ELVaL OUVaL6v vc EXELEJtLOLl]~VLx6 toy ~La 8EWQLa JtOU ELVaL OLanO'tLO~EVl] «no roono JtOAE~L- ax£1jJl]~ XUL £xcpQa(Jl]~ JtOU 'taLQLa~EL oro AL~EAAo XaL xr]. (JE OLaQxr] EAEYXO. 0 ~aQ~w~6~ ELvm Em(J'tr]~l] ~E'tQO JtOU ELVm ~E80oo~ XOLVWVLXWV xru WtoQLXWV cpmVO~EVWV l] OJtOLa 8E~EALWVE'tm.X. YVWQL~OU~E 'twQa. OE LL OLacpEQEL l] AL~EAAO NanOAfWV 0 M~uQ6~ tou ELVaL L'tO JtQWL~O EQYO'tOU MaQ~ YEVLx6'tEQa OL avaAU(JEL~ 'tOU ~E ~LOAOYLXE~ EXCPQaOEL~ JtOU ouxva ELVaL ouvixpuoueva. roix U~QWLLXE~. JtQOJtEQLOXr] YLa rnv av8Qwmvl] L'tl]V aJto1jJl] (Jx£1jJl]. (JE 0XE(Jl] ~E 'tOV NanOAEOVLa 'tOV I" (JE 0XEOl] ~E JtEQL8wQLaxou~ JtOU 'tOV UJtO(J'tl]QL~OUV. liJt08E'tEL 6'tL 8a uJtaQXEL ono». LE 6LL acpoQa to ~vanaQnx6 ~EA£'tl] rou OuyXw. Jt.X. (JU~~aLVEL ~E xa8E Em(J'tr]~l].TON IIPQJMO MAPE / EIl. aAM xm ~E86oou (Jl]~a(JLa 'tl]~ EX JtQOOL~LOU aAl]8LVr]~ r] ~E~ml]~ ue 'tl]V VEWLEQl] XaL aUYXQOVl] (Jl]~a(JLa 'tl]~ 8EWQLa~ JtOU EQEuva LL~ (JXE(JEL~~E'ta~u OLacpOQE'tLXWv xorn- YOQLWV CPaLVO~EVWVXaL XULaAr]YEL (JE JtQOLaOEL~ UJtOXEL~EVE~ OE EAEYXO. anav'tr](JEL ~E 'tL~ aVaAUOEL~ tou OL EXCPQa(JEL~ . OJtw~ (JE OQL(J~EVE~ 8EWQl]nXE~ UJt60 (Jw(J'ta JtaQa'tr]Ql](JE UJt08E(JEL~ xm XELV'taL 'tl]~ OJtOLa~ tn JtQO(JWQLva (JU~JtEQa(J~aLa 'EVYXEA~ 0 ~aQ~w~6~ . 6XL ~E 'tr]v EJtW'tr]~l].

tOY Spinoza. tT]t. ~E tOY fAEyxo tT]t. oxE1jJT]t. XOo~AoYLat. tQ6no1Jt. WtoQLat.tT]t. 8EwQLat. lotoQLat. orto». tOY XEYXEA%. lOtoQLat. «XOO~O·LOtOQlXOUaou» xm aQXL(. WtoQLat.XOlVWVlXi)t.tOY KaQtE<JlO. WtOQLat.«. tT]t. ~aQ~Wtlxi)t. T] YAauxa. i) tT]t. H EVtUnWOT] mi) OT]~101JQYELtm to EvolacpEa coto QOV tou MaQ~ Yla tT]V WtoQLa tou nQo~aQ~WtlXOU 1JAW~OU ornv Ayia Oixoveveux.26 srrornros MIIArIONAl: amEt. naQaywv tT]t. CP1J<Jlxi)t.tT]t. xQLvEtm T] aAi]8Ela tT]t.T]tELolacpoQEtlXOUt. x(3aVtlxi)t. ami)t. Yla (.0. An6 tT]V aAAT]~EQla OEVcpaLVEtm va tOY anaoxoAEL otoorptote CPlAOOOCPlxo nQ6f3AT]~aa1Jt6 xa8' Ea1Jt6 6nwt.EL xm V1JXtWVEl. T] anaLtT]OT] Yla ~Etaf3oAi] t01J xoouou. nQOtELVEl«vtceron01J XQLvOVtm oro OEoo~Eva n01J ELXE 1Jn6\jJT]01J. tOY acpoQw~6 t01J XEYXEAOtT] CP~AOOOtpux rov /sixaiou ouuqxov« ~E toy onoto. 8EwQLat. VEmWVElat. x rnWtT]~Ovlxi)t. n01J E~~wa tOY aJtaoxoAEL OtT] ~EMtT] t01J Yla to f3ovanaQtlx6 qxuvouevo x. VE6tEQT]t. A va .t01J Durkheim. 8a ayvoi)OELtT]V 01JYXlVT]<JlaXa CPOQtW~EVT] cpQaoEOAoYLatWV XEL~EVWV t01J MaQ~ xm 8a EMY~ELav oi E~T]yi)OELt.T]ti)~ata .. LtT]V 8EOT]ami) 0 MaQ~ 1JnmVLOOEtmnQocpavwt. EXOOOT]t.. etvru 0 xa8oQWtlx6t.Etm orov aQXL(. WtoQLat.. Ano to nEQlEx6~EVOtUN ~EAEtWVtT]t. to n01JALtT]t. TEAlXa T] aAi)8ELa t tT]t. WtoQLat. M6vo rote T]~aQ~lOtlXi) 8EwQLa tT]t. EXElxru CPlAOOOCPlxo xaQaxti)Qa. trov avaAUOEWV t01J. E~aAA01JELvm YVWOti)T] rQirt] Otot]to1J MaQ~ Yla tOY <p61JEQ~ax oU~cpwva ~E tT]V onoto ot CPlAOOOCPOl EQ~T]VEU01JVtOY xoouo ~E owcp6Qo1Jt. 6nwt.erot xru T] CPlAOOOCPlXi) OXE1jJT] E~cpavL(.. m oUYXQOVT]t. YnaQXEL ouo».Etm orov to «nvEu~a» EXEl OAOXAT]QWOEl tT]V ExcpQaoi) t01J ueoo «no tOY nOAltlo~6 Ev6t.EL ava(. Yla tT]V OlaAEXtlxi) xm tT]V ~E8ooo avaA1JOT]t. nQoxuntEl on 0 ~aQ~lo~6t. XOlVWVlOAOYlXi)t. Oi CPlAOOOCPlXOL nQof3AT]~atW~OL ELvm aJtAWt.. XOlvWVlXi)t. aAi]8ELat. wt.8EwQLat... 8EwQLatT]t. O1JVEf3mvEE tOY Aoiotote~ AT]. ELVm aOXEtEt. ~aQ~wtlxi)t. H XQltlxi) tT]t. 8a xQl8ELonox.. ~oQEL va Evtax8EL OtT]V ~EAl~T] tT]t. EvoW~atW~EvOl OEaVaAUOELt. E~cpavL(. oocpLat.

XOQucpw[!a t'l1~ t'l1~ CPlAo(JocpLa~va aAAa nfQl YQacpftm.TON IIPQIMO MAP" / EIl.LlIAAEKTIKH KAI IIOAITIKH l.X. XOl VWVlXOU~ (JX'l1[!atl- (J[!OU~ 'l1naA'l1 trov taSEWV a(JXELxa80Qwtlxi) o MaQs OEV cpaLVEtm v« unO(Jt'l1QL{.lX6 xaQaxti)Qa XWQL~rnrto va (J'l1[!aLVH6tl «notfAfL tUCPAi) xm aXQl tn.fl to (JtfQELtal «Ocvcro t'l1~ AHtOUQYLa~ 'I(Jw~ CPlAO(JocpLa~»i) rnv ano'IjJ'l1 o'n auti) orov XfcpaAmOXQatlX6 XOlVWVlX6 (JX'l1[!atw[!6. ELvm 'l18fWQ'l1(Jlaxi) CPlAO(JocpLa XfYXfA.AmrH tQ6noUl. roo Lt'l1 (JXf'IjJ'l1tOU MaQs avaYftm nQoun08ftH [!aQsWtlxi) L(JW~'l1 evvoio fQYOU tou i) va OAOXA'l1Qwvftm ue tnv evvotn t'l1~ XQltlXi)~ non to (JUVOAOtou [!f80ooAoYLa. [!a~ naQa tov 0 MaQs. Yla rnv (Ju[!cpwva naQaOO(Jlaxi) onotor. H 8fwQ'l1(Jlaxi) CPlAo(JocpLarou xatfu8uv(J'l1 (JUVfXL{. tas'l1 unO(Jt'l1QL{. 6nw~ tnv fVVOEL0 MaQs.ftm otov fVa~ nOAm(J!!6~ fXH WQl[!a(JH xm aQXL(JHva 6UH. . H Jt£QlYQacpi) auti) YLVftm ornv KQmx~ rTJ~CPtAoaocpia~ rov Aixaiou rov XEYXEA.fl auti) rnv uurnv XUQLW~ unruvtoottru evvoux xm Av xm rc XfL[!fVa ton MaQs OfV fXOUV fV(JW[!aTWVOUV CPlAO(JOCPlXf~ rtou anO~Afnouv (Jt'l1V a[!lYW~ CPlAO(JOCPlX6 xaQaXti)Qa CPlAO(JOCPlXf~ avaAU(Jfl~ anavt'l1(J'l1 oe [!'l1CPlAO(JocplxafQWti)[!ata.H to ~ovanaQtlx6 tOu~ nOAl tlXOU~ OlXOVO[!lXOU~ xm n.oU[!f xm Oi (JtW"LXOL xm 0 Descartes uno(Jti)Qlsav [!a~ Oloa(Jxfl ecuto XfYXfA va fJtlOlWXOU[!f x6(J[!0. (JXfMv [!'l1xaVWtlxi) a[!cpw~i)t'l1(J'l1. nQfnH va fXH Ql{. H xQltlxi). YlatL 'l1aYQotlxi) xa8£Otw~ i) YlatL (JE6AOU~ £JtLOQa(J'l1. ! o MaQS avacpfQftm L(JW~xm (Jt'l1V XAa(J(Jlxi) CPlAO(JocpLa.x.i)t'l1(J'l1 XQlt'l1QlWV aA'l18ELa~ xru OlaXQW'l1~ aAi)8fla~ xm nAaV'l1~ rrou [!E rnv ntuv to XUQLO fQYO t'l1~ CPlAO(JocpLa~ CPlAO(JocpLa. 'EtOL 'l1CPlAO(JOCPlXi) (JXf'IjJ'l1 f[!cpaVL{. A. fXCPQa(J'l1~. 6nw~ avacpfQEtm otn tQLtn [!fAft'l1 tou touo» outou w~ «xQltlxi)>> i) «6nAo t'l1~ XQltlxi)9>. o'n 'l1CPlAo(JocpLa mo nOA U tOV va aAAa{. H CPlAO(JOCPlxi) OXf'ljJ't']!JtOQfLvo rov fQ[!'l1VfU(JH. v« rtoo- (Jna8EL v« (JUAM~H [!la evvoia t'l1~ CPlAO(JocpLa~ nA'l1QfatfQ'l1 uno rnv ava{.6Xl 6[!w~ va tov [!fta~aAH.

EL VaL (J'Uvucpa<JIJ.Ernv ortotn au'ti] EL VaL 0XL IJ. JtEQLEXOIJ.EAE'tl]'tl]e. <JUIJ. OL CPW'tOYQo.EVWVEmO yovwv 1'OU XEYXEA <JUlJ.0 'tl]e.28 xrrorsros MIIArIONAl: OJtWC. a<J'toxa<J'tl] xm 'tEALXUavoQ80AOYl] anoAOYLa 'tl]e. nou avanol)oyuQL~EL tnv nQaYlJ.1'OU 'EVYXEAe.EALCDVEL IJ. onwe. avaAU<JELe. <JUVEXL~ELXaL nQolin08E'tEL W1'OQLXo.E'tLC. 1'0 onAo 'tl]C.a.cpwva IJ. Anrn 'tEL ceto rnv LI)EOAOYLa evcvttov 'tl]C.anxo'tl]'ta. lJ. QWIJ.a'tLXO 'tl]C. l] onoto 'UJtoxa8w'tu tn EJtLXELQi]IJ... IJ. onotox <J'tQECPE'taL anO<Jacpl]vL<JEL vo «uto nou ELVaL.tOU MaQ~ O<JO ' xm uno ne.EALWV01lVXaL v« anoxaAU'ljJEL 'to nQaYIJ. 1 roix.tnv XAa<J(JLxi] XaL 8EWQl]<JLaxi] UV'tLAl]'ljJl] YLa tnv CPLAO<JocpLa ouuqxovc IJ.E Ano rnv o. H XQLnxi] ELVaL «onAo» evcvttov 'tWV LCEOAOYLXWV EXELVWV xa'ta<JxEuwv nou avanol)oyuQL~OUV rnv JtQaYlJ.EVO.JtQO'to.aQ~L<Jnxi] EWOLa 'tl]e. I)ELXVELmrto rtoi: ELVaLXaL 0XL curo JtOU cpaLVE'taL.PL~LXi] XQLLLXi] ELVaLau'ti] JtOU 8EIJ. nou 'til 8EIJ. avacpEQE'taL orn rotm iJ. ~Lae.EVa UJtO<J'tl]QLX8l]XE. YnO<J'tl]QL~EL O'tL l] UAW'tLXi] I)LaAExnxi] naQoU(JLo.AalJ. Xa'ta<JXEUEC. XQL'tLxi]e. CEV nQo'tL8E'taL v« EA8EL <JE<J'UI-!~L~a<JIJ. XaL aywvae.l]xavi]e.~EL tnv CPU<Jl] we.a'tLXO'tl]'ta. Tl]V nEQLYQacpi] 'tOU MaQ~ yw rnv XQL'tLXi] <JUVEXL~EL 0 'EVYXEAe.nQo<J8i]xl]. H IJ.Lo. <J1'OVAnti-Di.nO'IjJl] au'ti] l] lJ.E'tacpOQLxi] <JU<JXEn<Jl]'tl]C. VOl]lJ. ExClO<Jl]e. YLa tnv aAij8ELa.~aLVEL IJ. ELVaL. 'tLC.O 'to 'ljJEUl)oe. <Jl]lJ. rn <JUAAOYL<J'tLXi] 'tl]C.<JELC.a'ta.] avayxmo'tl]'ta l xm i] EJtL- .E'to vo 'tl]C. nQoxumEL nrro rnv KQ[uuJj rTJ~ l[J[AOaocp{a~ rov Aixaio» rov XtYUEA XaL onwe.XWQLe..OVOava~i]'tl]<Jl] aAAo.E«to onAo» nQocpavwe.E «XQL'tLXi] 'tWV onAwv».EVO trtv IJ.. H IJ.E'tacpOQU au'ti] 'tOU MaQ~ naQ~l]yi]8l]XE ono noAAOUe.EVEe.EaJto<Jacpl]VWIJ.l]VEU8l]XEwe. XaL «vnmuooovror. on 'Onwe.JtaQE~l]Yl]IJ.XalJ.cpOL'0 xrrvouv <J'tOV <JxO'tELVO8o. XQLLLxi]e. EQIJ. XQL nxi]c.<JELC.EVEC.ihring <JUVUYE'tm on l] ~La ELvm W'tOQLXOXOLVWVLXO cpmVOIJ. JtQO'to. nUQa'tl]Qi]<JELe. onwc.Ernv FEQllaVU<7'J Ioeosovia. 'ljJEul)oue.aLVEL l] XQL'tLXi] non a<JxEL'taL evovttov 'tl]e. IJ. TO<JOono OQL<JIJ.LCEOAOYLXEC. ami]e. LCEon OAOYLae.

lEAEt'l1 t'l1~ EXOOO'l1~m~~ ot'l18EwQLa a rou XEYXEA YLa to xQato~.lEALaXE~'l18LXE~ OXEOEL~ tou «ou[.tLXEU[.a.lEV'l1 rnv OUVELO'l1OLax~ xm rnv XOLVWVLX~'l18LX~. [. 01JVEXLsOvta~ toy XEYXEA. trov a. tWV LOLWtWV».tou LJtLv6sa x. Autn oUVLOta to O'l1[. 6Jtw~ UJtOOt~QLSE Diihring.aLOUYXEXQLB uev« XaL E[.aywVLO[.l60t'l1XE6Jtw~ JtQOXllJttEL aJt6 t'l1 tQLt'l1 [. rou ITAatwva.cpaLVEtm va OEXEtm 6tL 'l1aVa[. 'l1 ortoto rnv anooacp'l1VLSfl.latwv xru UJt0XQEWOEorv).lLSEL tOU~ aVtaywvLO[. ern XaVEVa roono 'l1BLa OEVanOtEAEL xa80QLOtLx6 K JtaQayovta t'l1~ LOtOQLX~~ ESEALS'l1~.Av EQ[.O[.lWV. To xQatO~ xata tOY XEYXEA «noteAEL tnv «JtQaY[.latLx6t'l1ta» t'l1~ 'l18LX~~ XaL '(.lBavEL 0 JtOAL- sw~~ .l6.lOQCPOJtOLft EsatOJ.L~Eu8uVE~ rtou avaAa[.lEtacpOQa t'l1~ <<XQLtLX~~ 6JtAWV»avacpEQEtm OtYlVUJt01jJ'l16tL'l1XQLtLX~ torv OEVJtQOUJt08Etfl uovo 8EWQ'l1tLX~ aOLaAAasLa aAAa ouvrnaYEtm aOLaAAasLa xm W~ JtQO~tOY toone xm oQao'l1~.(. tOU AQLOtotEA'l1.lBoAaLou». H «xQmx~ tWV 6JtAWV» cnotEAEL tnv JtQaXtLX~ JtAEuQa t'l1~ OtOxaoLLx~~ xQmx~~. EcpaQ[. H xQmx~.'l1~EAEu8EQLa~ YLatL ue cuto 'l1'l18LX~XaL 'l1EAEu8EQLaJtauouv vo aJtOtEAoUV aJtAa xm uovo UJtOXEL[.lEtQ'l10'l1m 6XL ue tOY AEy6[.lLXWV av'(.la.lE '(. X.lEtQ'l10'l1 xaQaXt'l1QLSfl t600 to otoxao[.lEVLX6Lw[.(.lJtQaXta [. 0 'Iow~ 0 VEO~MaQs va tOVLSfl JtEQL006tEQO orro toy 'EVYXEA~trtv BLa w~ JtaQayovta tOU LOtoQLX01J L Y yvw8m.'l1~xorvorvu«.lEALWVflrnv evotntn tOU~. O'l1AaO~ '(. 0 MaQs.lEtnv onoto 'l1avas~t'l1O'l'] t'l1~ aA~8fla~ O1JVrnaYEtm xm JtQOtiJt08Etfl avaAoyo roono sw~~. 0 MaQs aocpaAw~ 01JOXEtLSflrnv xQLtLX~ ue rnv aVa[.lOU~ t'l1~ «xowrovk«.lcpwva us tOY XEYXEA «uro xata xaJtOLo roono xOQUCPWVfltL~ 8E[.lEVO x oLaAoyo.LllAAEKTIKH KAI IIOAITlKH 1:TON IIPOIMO MAPE / EI1:ArnrH OQao'l1ton OJtOLOU JtOLXLAAflavaAoya ue LL~ LOTOQLXOXOLVWVLXE~ 01JV8~XE~. mJ[. EXO'l1Awvov. (L06t'l1ta~ OLXmW[. t'l1~ JtOLV~~. Qot600 'l1[.n.l'l1VEu8ELEtOL 'l1avacpoQa Ot'l1V «xQmx~ nov 6JtAWV» 'l18E0'l1tOU MagS anOtEAELouvEXfla t'l1~ UJt01jYr]~'l1~ JtaQaooOLax~~ CPLAOOOt cpLa~. 6Jtw~ tnv EWOft 0 MaQs. 600 xm tnv JtQas'l1. LU[.lqxovo [.. QU8[.lftOEJtacp~~tOU~ xm 8E[.

JtQOXUJttH on T] JtOAltlX~ rtou avacpEQEtal orn 8EwQLaXal tnv .Ernv 8EOAoyLa.30 A":TonTOl: MIIArIONAl: tT]~ EVaVn rcov xQanxwv Geouorv.alQEtlxa YOVl!J.E roix OJtOLOU~ xmvwvlxE~ aXEaH~ JtQEJtHva QU8!J.EVOU xQatou~.EAEtT] tou touou. 0 XEYXEA. H XQl nx~ tOU MaQ!.iJt08EtH rnv xowcovt« w~ oMtT]ta avtaywVWtlXwV ta!. XQovlxa oi xmvwvlxE~ axEaEl~.H~. oxrrooo ELVal E!.~aH tOY UJtOxH!J.E aXQl tE~ UJtOXH!J. H xQmx~ ton MaQ!.ExlvaH coto tT]V xOQuCP~ ovrt vo !.L~Ovtal oi avaAoya !J. tnv EQyaaLa ton av8QwJtou. H JtaQaJtOLT]aT] 1Jt~ 6EV a tovL~Etal EJtaQxw~ otn tQLtTl !J.lXwv aXEaEWVXal 0Xl to cvttotoorpo. tOY XOlVWVlXO Xata!J.EtQOnou T] JtoAmx~ aJtOtEAEL 8EwQLa Yla rnv cpuaT] rnv . aJtoOLOH orov XEYXEA rnv aJt01jJT]on to xQato~ 8EOJtmEL tal Xal on «no to xQato~ JtaQayovtal Xal AOYlxa. Kot OtT] 8EwQLa tOU Yla to xQato~ 0 XEYXEA!. H xQmx~ tOU MaQ!.X. 0 XEYXEAxata xcvevo rocno OEV8EOJtOlELo xQatO~ outs E!. Ano tnv 8EaT]a1Jt~ tou MaQ!. auwpwva !J.EAEtT]OU 0 XEYUEA xa: TO UQ6TO~.O!J. oJtw~ to aWJtEQaa!J. T] JtoAmx~ aJtotEAEL VEOtEQOunoxctuotccto tT]~ 8EOAoyLa~.o tT]~ Xal tl~ ta!. tl~ JtaQaywYlxE~ aXEaH~.O Ola<:P0QWV qJlAEAEU8EQWV oroxcororv tT]~ EJtOX~~rou. auvEJtaynal. rou Fries Xal rou Haller.EVlXE~la8EaH~ rou xa8Evo~. Krrru to Xal !J. to xQatoe JtaQaJtOLEL os xaJtOLo Ba8!J. Yla rnv 8EwQLatou XEYXEAYla.lXE~avn8EaH~ rtou «uro.Exlv~aH «no tn «BaaT]» nou ouvtorutm or«.EVE~. Jt. !J.EVla!J.OU JtaQaynal «no n~ JtQOXEL!J.OJtW~JtaQatT]QEL otoot« 0 Eric Weil orn !J.T] crto tnv aJto1jJT] n unoo aacpT]VL~H Jtw~ Xal AOYlxa xru WtOQlXOYEvEtlXa to xQato~ rtoo'i.o n~ 8EaH~ rou XEYXEA.a EVO~aUAAoyw!J.Olt WVH tnv JtOAmx~ !J. 0 XEYXEA 8EAH va xcrcnoAE!J.EQla!J.JtOQEL aUV01jJw8EL atT] 8EaT] on 0 va XEYXEA avaJtoooyuQL~El tTl aXEaT] xQatou~ xru xoworvtoc. t OEV aJto8EwvEl to xQato~ ours uJtoatT]QL~H on to xQatO~ JtaQaYH n~ xot VWVlXE~ aXEaH~. JtaQaywYlxE~ ouva!J. ouoto Xal n~ AEltOUQYLE~ EVO~ 8EOJtOlT]!J. n~ o o MaQ!.

OQCjlL£~ naAl]~ nov tas£WV nQrnEl va OUOXEtL!. ornv naAl] rcov tas£WV. avan:6Cjl£uxtl] ornv atasLxi] XOLVWVLa mElbi] auti] xaQaxtl]QL!. nQoxuJttEl 6tL OL LbLOIJ.fVl] !-!E evo» £saLQ£TLxa £AaoTLx6 xorcIJ. OLXOVOIJ.atwIJ.LXOU XOLVWVLXOU XaL 0Xl]lJ. An6 to LOtOQLOYQaCjlLx6 fQYO torv MaQs XaL 'EVYX£A~ nQoxuJttEL 6TL tn .x.£VO0 xQatO~ n:Qfn:El va unoo1 QOCjll]SELno IJ. t'n 8£wQLa XaL ore £JtLCjlaVElaXa abLfsoba tl]~ xa8LOta £saLQ£tLxa £JtLXaLQl] XaL y6VLIJ.OQCjlf~ tl]~. n. 8a n£L 0 MaQs. 'Onw~ tOVL!. H ~fALSl] auti] ELVaL u roi.oU 0 MaQs b£v aQVLftaL rnv n:OALtLxi] £V yfV£L.£VO.La8£WQLaYLa rnv xotvorvln. 6nw~ XaL «no OQLOlJ.£QLOlJ. Av 61J. i] ornv XOLVWVLa ono».OQCjlL£~ tl]~ naAl]~ tWV tas£WV orn raAALa ton bfxatou evcrou cuovo.OVtfQV£~XOLVWVL£~ lJ.£6n:w~ Sa to 1OVLOEl0 'EVYX£A~.BaLVEl ' cumv 10 XOLVWVLX6 0 Jt£QL8wQLO.OU tOU XQa1Ou~ XaL an:oQQ6Cjll]oi]~ rou coto rnv xorvorvtc.w~W~ nOALtLxi] vOl]8d l] 8£WQLa XaL l] nQaXtLxi] nou aVaCjlfQ£taL ornv n6Al].EtaIJ.OvtaL tl]~ IJ. rtou ot£Qouvtm taSLxi]~ OWElbi]o£w~.aQaolJ. orov n:aQ£IJ. cero bLabLxaOLa lJ.a~.aVLxi]~ £QYatLXi]~ taSl]~.l] w~ 6Qyavo aVaAUOl]~ tWV XOLVWVLXWV£XQi]s£wv xm oUYXQOUO£WVrrou rou xaQaxtl]QL!.OL IJ.£Aftl] a1JtOU tOU t61J.fV£~aQatl]Qi]OEl~ n rou 'EVYX£A~ YLa tOY BLOlJ. 6nw~ Sa fA£Y£ 0 AQWtotfAl]~.CjlaOl]10U MaQs.6tav avayxaL6tl]ta tl]~ nOALTLxi]~. tnv H flJ. H anoQQ6Cjll]ol] rou xQatou~ coto rnv XOLVWVLa ouv£JtaYEtaL XaL rnv an:oQQ6Cjll]ol] tl]~ n:OAL TLxi]~ coto tnv 8£WQLa YLa TL~ AEltOUQYLf~ XaL tnv £SfALSl] evo.aQX XaL roo. OtL~ naQ£XXALOEl~ tl]~. OtL~ VOOl]Qf~ IJ.EtaL ern tQL tn IJ.OUV tL~ IJ. An6 TL~ naQatl]Qi]oEl~ roo MaQs YLa TL~ LbLOIJ. w~ nQo~ to BovanaQtLx6 qxuvoIJ.6 tl]~ £QyaoLa~ rtou £mtQfnEl bwatoti]twv rnv avant1JSl] 6AWV uov tl]~ av8Qwm Vl]~ nQoowmx6tl]ta~. aywv£~ tl]~ Y£QlJ.£to £8VLX6 nAaLOLO oro onOLO ami] «vcnruooetrn.Ou. AQVLftaL rnv nOAL- tLXi] W~ 8£wQLa yLa to xQato~.LXQoaOtoLi] OL aYQ6t£~.IilAAEKTIKH KAI IIOAITIKH 1:TON IIPmMO MAP3 I EIl:ArnrH 31 n:QaXTLxi] n:OU fXEl W~ aVTLXELlJ. 0 t£A£1JtaLO~ 8a un£Qaom!. H £SfALSl] ami] £LVaLOWUCjlaOlJ.

Q~Ol]e.32 E8Vl] xm Aou80uv 0XL OL OLXOV0I-UXOLxm vc xrrorsroa MlIArIONAl.LOU. OUf. LOEOAOYLX~ XaLUOXEU~ ELOLXOTEQUcote XOL OXl][.LJtEQaO[. XOLVWVLXOLOXl][.LLXOLm x we. E8vLX~e. OEV EJtETQEJtUV JtQoe..LaLWi-WL ESUXOJtUQ' OAO JtOU XOLVWVL- ELVm TU UJtOXEL[. [.LOe. Av YLVELOEXT~ l] EQ[.LUQSLO[.LEVaTOU xm OLU1jJEUOETm cno TO LOTaQLOYQUCjJLXO EQYO l] JtQOOEYYWl] TaU [.LOVOV OTL 0 [. EJtOx~e. ELvm JtQaY[. XaL on aJtOTEAEL 0 Q~Ol] TOU a'UT~ OTL 0 [.LaQsLO[.Lae.LUQOTl]V UJtO a'UT~V JtOU aVOQ80AOYl] on [. JtOU 8a TOU. [. JtQOC. OTY]V[. EAEX8l] on l] [.LUQsW[. L L .LEVU Tl]e.LU Ol][.LETOV IIQ6Aoyo rl1~uQmuiJ~ rl1~JiOAmuiJ~ OtuovOl] aJtO'\jJl] on 0 MUQS 8EWQEL Tl]V uuu..LOU mrtou JtEQUOTl] CjJ AOOOCjJ a Tl]C. 8a OLxmwvomv EVVOLU 10U E8voue. TOU LaQTQ [. JtuQaOOOl]e.Lue. Lvm l] aSEJtEQaOTl] E ELVaL OUVaTOV philosophia EXEL SEJtEQaOTEL TO sEJtEQUO[.LUQsLO[.LEVOLEXJtQOOWJtOL TaU O'UTLXOU[.LOU TO OUf.LOe.Lae. anoOLOouV IIOnEe.LEQw80uv ELvm on TOV CjJLAOOOCjJLXO XUQaXT~Qa TaU TO[.LEtn vo perennis. WTaQLUe.LaTLO[.Lan av JtuQa[.LaQsLO[.Ll]VELUa'UT~ Tl]C.LOVTEQva. OEV EVU ELOOe.La TOU LaQTQ xru SEJtEQUOTEL EVVOOUOE CjJLAOOOCjJLaTl]e.WTaQLUC.. UJtOXEL[.LOU-AEVLVLO[.LaOLa Tl]e.LaQsW[. CjJOQEe. YLU l] USETOU [. IIaVTWe. ELVm OL OLXOVO[. OQW[.OUV8~XEe. L01OQLUe.LL- OUQYl]8EL OL LOTOQLXOXOLVWVLXEe. EVVOLU TaU E8voue.TaU E8voue. OL EUAOYEe.LOe. EmCjJUAaSELe. to JtUQOV YLaLL OEV EXOUV aXO[.LEyaAUTEQl] Ol][. EJtOx~e.LU 0 [. EVVOLUe. Kru JtOAAa XEL[.LETa[.LOe. Tl] 8EOl] Tl]C. [.Ll] Q~Ol] OEV EVVOOUOE [.LOL.LEVOTl]e. 0 we. TOU.LCpWVU[. EJtOX~ LaQTQ xm sLO[.LOU JtOU UJtOOLOEL [. OLa1jJEUOEL Tl]V JtEQLCjJl][.LuQswn- X~ 8EWQLU TY]e.

o IIrOMArEI!TIKO! T AI!MO! KAI H KOINflNIKH KrITIKH ITO IIrflIMO Erro TOTMArE .

.

0XEOT] WLOQLXi]C..Ayiat. UAw[!6C.OLaOLxaOl£C.[2]unuQXu. UAw[!6C. u<'hx6't£Qa yw nurov rrou nQoExU'ljJ£ coto rnv mo8T]maQXla LOU Aox. YLa 'tT]V OQ80AOYLXi]OXE'ljJT] VOT]LLXEC. XQlOUC. 6'tL 0 UAw[!6C.aU'tEC. Etvru a~LOOT][!£lWLO 6LL LLC. OLa~U~OU[!£ornv Ayia OtXOY£VEW. cpVG'Y]t. OtXOveveuu. FeQ/WVtXrl I&oAoyia.onote.aQVT]'tLXEC. rtou O'tT]Ql~OV'tm 0' aU'tEc.l8wT] ue [!£A£'tT]'tEC...[l] 6LL OL 8E'tLXEC. U'tEc. xm OLmw'ti][!£c. T]ta~LV6[!T]oT] xa8wc. YnuQXu mlOT]C. XQT]OL[!OnOLd 'tLC. VO[!l~W. xm OQW[!EWC. Avcueoo O'tT]VunO'IjJT]'tT]C. XQlO£LC. UAw[!6C. OLOV Anti-DUhring xru 'tTl L1wAEXnXrl T'flt. aXQL~EO't£QaT] UAW'tLXi] o LaA£xLLxi].an6'IjJ£WC.T]XaLu'ta~T]. oev EQXOvroi O£ aV'tlcpaOT] ue tn OLUXQWT][!£'tacpumxov OT]Aaoi] rroo[!aQ~wnxov xru OWA£XLLXOV UAW[!OV aou avan'tVOO£L 0 'EVYX£AC. 0 [!a'tacpuOLx6c.. La 'tOY Y [!£'tacpumx6 UAw[!6. Bloch.aVu[!wa OtT]V EVVOLaLOU UAW[!OV rtou nQoxvJt'tu coto L · .OLaOLxaOl£C.. nou nQOExu'IjJ£uno tT]V aw8T]maQXla LOU Aox nQO£LOL[!U~U 'tOY oootcxiouo xm LOV xouuouviouo. 0 Olivier R.6nwc.OuvEX£Lac. KaLU xunoLO toone 0 OLaA£XLLa x6C.. naQu tT]V avmuQxuu LOU dvm WLOQLxu xm AOYLXUavayxaloc. rtou OLa'tunwvu 0 'EVYX£AC.OLaXQlO£LC.. nwc. O£ av. [!£800LXEC. KaLU 'tOY 'EVYX£AC... O£V XaLaQyd LOV ueroqnxnxo UAw[!6 anu LOV OU!!JtAT]QWV£L. £cp' 600v £lvm avayxal£C. umuvtooetru i]OT] T] XQOVOAOYLXU nAT]mEO't£QT]nQoc.'tT]V [!£A£'tT] au't11 nQo'tl8£[!m va unoo'tT]Ql~W.£X nQw'tT]C. 'tLC. xm 6 T]aVUAUOT]. 'tT]V Ayia OtXOY£VEW. 0 [!£'tacpuoLx6C.LOU MaQ~ YLa LOV nQo[!aQ~wLLx6 UAw[!6.

rtou xaQaxtl]QL~OUV 'tOY «uetuqnxnxo 'llALO[!6». nQouno8E't£L 6tL 0 rtoo[!aQsLO'tLx6£ 'llALO[!6£ dVaL 01lV'llcpaO[!EVO£ ue 6w6LxaoL££ aVUA'llOl]£. 'tL£ O'llVEn£W. ou[!cpwva ue 'tOY onoto 0 'tQ6no£ A£L'tO'llQYLa£[!La£ [!l]xavi]£.x. IIQ6x£LtaL YLa 'toy [!l]xavLotLx6 'llALO[!6. no'll nQoxun'tO'llV W£ nQo£ rnv XOL VWVLXi] nQaXtLxi] XaL rnv XQLtLxi] 'tl]£ a) «no 'toy [!l]xaVLO'tLx6 'llALO[!6. H EVVOLatou 'llALO[!OU6nw£ rnv naQO'llOLU~£Lon£Q[!a'tLxu EO'tW l] Ayia Oixoveveux nQo£'tOL[!U~£L 'toy 6LaA£x'tLx6 'llALO[!6 XaL. LOXU£L yw tnv £si]Yl]Ol] 'tl]£ nQay[!atLx6'tl]'ta£ oro otrvoxo 'tl]£. Ou[!cpwva us 'toy Mandeville. orto». ami] aou 'llnuQX£L ovcueo« O'tL£ a'tO[!LXE£ «xaxL££» XaL ru 6l][!6OLa wcp£Ai][!ata. 6nw£ mQL YQucpov'taL nzro 'tOY MaQs ornv A via Oixoveveux: Onw£ £LVaL vvoxrro. To Eva. ou[!cpwva ue rnv OQoAoYLa tou EVYX£A£. nQoEX1l'ljJ£uno rnv xaQ'twLavi] CP'llOLXi] aL X anoQQocpi]8l]x£ oao 'tl] CP'llOLxi] JtLo'ti][!l] tou 6Exa'tO'll oovoot: £ ouovc. ouuqxovc ue tnv n£QLYQacpi] rou.6nw£ nQOXUJt't£Lozro 'tL£ mQLYQaCPE£ ton MaQS ornv A via OtUOYfVEW. zrou nQoxaAd'taL «no Eva [!oXM 'tl]£. xatu 'to [!E'tQO rtou XQl]OL[!£U£LW£ £QyaAdo YLa rnv aVUA'llOl] av'tLcpa'tLxwv xcrccrcoecov. 0 onOLO£ avi]x£L O'tOV nQO[!aQsLO'tLx6 aAAU nQO£'tOL[!U~£L'toy 6LaA£XtLxo 'llALO[!6.. VO[!LVaALO'tE£ XaL nQOEX1l'ljJ£ «no rnv aL08l]OLOxQa'tLa rou Boxorvo XaL rou Aox.xrrorsros MIIArIONA~ rnv Ayia Ot. n. 'tQOXou 'tl]£.A. £S£ALS£WVXaL 0XEO£WV. 0 MaQs 6LaxQLv£L 6uo 'llALOtLXU Q£u[!a'ta. H EVVOLarou 'llALO[!OU. ~) coto 'tOY 'llALO[!6 no'll nQO£'tOL[!UO'tl]X£ uno rou. IIQo'tL8£[!aL va 'llnOO'tl]QLSW'tL£ 'lln08EO£L£ amE£. . ornv naQEx~aOl] 'tl]£ Ayia~ OtUOYfaou avacpEQ£'taL ornv LO'tOQLarou 'llALO[!OU. 0 VEW~. £s£'tU~Ovtr«. tasLv6[!l]ol]£ x. [!£'taY£VEO't£Q££6LaXQLO£L£ron EVYX£A£ AOYLX'r] XEOl] aVUAOYl] ue ami]v rtou aVu[!wa O£ EVa 0 AOYLX6YEVO£XaL tu £L6l] oro onoto £LVaL6uva't6v va 6LaLQ£8d. l] XLVl]Ol] evo.WYfVEW XaL w.n.

toy tfLvH AOLJt6v !!f]xavwnx6£ llAW!!6£ aJtoQQO<pi]8f]Xf xata H f~EAL~f] allti] fmOti]!!f]. Oixoveveuu. mwti]!!f] 6f]Aa6i] XQLvnm f] tllmxi] !!a aou Of]!!aLVfL 6tL f] <pLAooo<pLaxa8LOtatm H aJtoQQ6<pf]0f] allti] torv JtQo<pavw£ ollvmaYftm f] aVaAllOf] on tf]~ <pLAooo<pLa£«no rnv f] XOLVOOVLXi] QLnxi]. JtQEJtH va ovtunoW Of XQLti]QLa avaAoya Otf]!!OVLXi] OxE'ljJf]. llAW!!6£ V6!!Oll£ tfLVfL va avayaYfL rou. !!fta<pllOLxi] xOO!!OavtLAf]'ljJf] xm aQvi]8f]Xf JtQay!-!anx6 JtQo£ rnv xaQtwLavi] xm JtOAlJ ALy6tfQO JtQo£ tnv xaQtfOLavi] llAW!-!6. V6!!Oll£ tf]£ nou 6Lt~JtOllVrnv XLVf]Of] 00£ coo«. xaQaxtf]Qwnx6 toll <pllOLxi]. H <pLAOOOolJ!-!<poova uno tOY MaQ~ orov «a<pf]Qf]!-!EVO»i] !-!f]xaOJtOLOll dvm . !!f8060AoYLa tf]£ <pLAooo<pLa£dvm tf]£ fJtWti]!!f]£.tL 6f aJtO!!EVfL 00£ cvnxstuevo AOYLXi]xm f] 6LaAfXtLxi]. va fJtLBfBmwoH rnv aJtO'ljJf]on f] llAWtLXi] <pLAooo<pLa JtQOOQL- va aJtoQQo<pf]8fL M6 tnv H aJtO'ljJf] ami] aJtO'ljJf] toll uno- QfL va 8fOOQf]8fL 6tL JtQoftoL!!a~fL OtOV Anti-DUhring ouo. JtOLonxi] ret180 VH fJtLOf]£ va avayayn o rnv ornv JtOOOtLXi] !!ftaBoAi]. ornv WtoQLa toll llAW!!OlJ. '1000£ f~mtLa£ tf]£ !-!fta<pllOLxi]£[3] xm eovoet rnv ~ooi] xm tnv fmOti]- tf]£ fJtL6Qaof]£ non 0 !-!f]xavwnx6£ 6EX8f]Xf coro n£ <pllOLXE£fmOti]!-!f£ 6E8f]Xf ue !!La vatollQaAwnoxi] tf] 6LaxQWf] ava!!wa oro 'EtOL 0 Hobbes avtLtL8ftm <pLatoll evrcoottm vumxo xm aOXf]Of 0' amE~. 0 llAW!!6£ xataAi]YH fJtLyfw Of 6ll0<pi]!!f]0f] llALO!-!6£ Etvc. oO<pLa£ uno rnv EVYXfA£ ouuqxovn ue oro OlJVoM rou tfL VH JtQo£ rnv OJtOLa 0 VfWtfQO£ llALrnv aJtoQQ6<pf]0f] tf]£ <pLAOJtQay- rnv fJtLOti]!!f].o I1POMAPSIl:TIKm: YAIl:MOl: KAI H KOINONIKH KPITIKH l:TO I1POIMO EPrO TOY MAPS 37 !!f]xavwnx6£ XLVf]Of]£ orou. «uovc ~ftm coto tf] <pllOLxi] emornun. 01JVxm to a~LOAOYLX6. H o1JVmayooyi] ami] Qf]ta aAAa E!!!!Wa coto aou ava<pEQftm rnv JtaQExBaof] tf]£ A vicu. x JtOll xaQaxtf]QL~OllV nou 6LEJtOllV rnv em6fV fmBfBmwVftm «vrupcoecov ue ama xaJtoLO Ota6LO tf]£ XOLVOOVLXi]£ toQLa~. 6!!oo£ a~LOOf]!-!fLOOtoou i]6f] oro JtQwta YQaJtta toll on o MaQ~ JtaQatf]QfL !!f]. 6.

a ornv svvoui tTj~ asLa~ ev YfV£L.£L YLa va XQl]OL[LOJtOLi]O£L Mva[Li] tou. H e 8QTjoxda av8£L O£ [Lw xowcovto XaL moxi] tTj~ oaotr«.~ OtTj 8QTjox£La.LO[LOU ana XaL toy [LaQsLOtLXO'llA. Tuui xai KEg(50~ tou 1865 xaQaxtTjQL~£L tOY Hobbes w~ «Eva coto rou.LO[LO.wv £[LJtoQ£'ll[Latwv» [51.iJt08£t£L A. H aJto'\jJTjami] ton Hobbes tTj oev avacpfQ£taL £L6Lxa ornv asLa tTj~ £QyaoLa~ aA.£yO[L£VO [LTjxavLotLxo 'llA. mLB£BaLwV£taL XaL «no tL~ avacpOQf~ ron MaQs XaL tou 'Evyx£A. OL aVtLcpaoH~ oev dVaL ouvctov va s£Jt£Qaotouv [L£ rnv XOLVWVLXi] JtQaxtLxi]. 0 MaQs oro A.ayi] rou JtQO[LaQsLOtLxoU 'llA.A.A. OJtw~ ami] £JtLX£LQi]8TjX£ no « toy A. v JtaoTj Jt£QLJttWOH amOA.ia.d tn BaoTj YLa toy xa8oQLO[LO tTj~ asLa~ tTj~ £QyaoLa~ XaL nov aA. 0 'Evyx£A. «aJtot£A.A. AvacpEQ£taL orov Af{3u'xf)av XaL JtaQatl]Q£L OtL Tj avaywyi] tTj~ asLa~ oro tL[LTj[Lartou dVaL xavd~ 6Lat£8H[L£VO~ vn xataBaA.OyLOtLxi]orov £JtLXQLV£L tnv IIaQLOLvi] .OOOcpO'll~».0YLxa.OLJtOVrnv avaywyi] tTj~ asLa~ O£ JtQaY[LatLxO 6£60[LfVO. "OtL Tj avaywyi] tTj~ asLa~ O£JtQaY[LatLxo 6£60[L£VOxaQaxtTjQL~H 0XL [LOVOrn [LTjxavLOtLxi] JtaQaA. Ano tnv JtQWL[LTj Eumywyr) otnv Kgmxr) rl1~ l[>tAOaocp{a~ rov Aixaio» rov Hegel ron MaQs JtQOXUJtt£LOtL Tj 8QTjoxda.£L YLa v« aJtoxtTj8£L xatL. XOLvwvLxa XaL '\jJ'llXOA. Mot£A. rnv onoto avaYH O£ JtQaY[LatLxO 6£6o[LEVO. JtLO JtQwtot'llnoix.d JtQaY[LatLxo 6£6o[LfVO rtou £sTjyd rrn LOtoQLxa.0YLXO c orcv unoOtTjQL~£L otov Af{3u'xf)av OtL Tj asLa £VO~av8QwJto'll 'W'lltL~£taL [L£ to tL[LTj[La rtou £LVaLxaJtOLO~ JtQo8'll[LO~vo xataBaA. oJtw~ rnv evvoet 0 Hobbes.LO[LO. L6LaLt£Qa rnv mavaotatLxi]. CPLA.0YLxa. 0 Hobbes aQvLftaL JtQocpavw~ tTj <'haXQLOTj vcueoc oro JtQaY[LatLxo XaL to asLOA.A. «nou £L VaL to Jtv£u[La XaL Tj o'llv£L6TjoTj [LLa~ moxi]~ XWQL~ Jtv£u[La XaL o1lV£L6TjoTj».xrrorsros MIIArIONA1: [L£ rnv Ayia OtXOYEVnaTj avaywyi] tTj~ xLVTjOTj~ 0XfOTj y£wO£ [L£tQLXWV[L£y£8wv [4]. H [LaQSLOtLxi] 8£wQLa tn~ asLa~ XaL Tj [LaQsLOtLxi] XOLVWVLXi] XQLtLXi] Y£VLxot£Qa JtQo'i.~ uio8£t£L JtaQO[LOLa O'llA.

nQOEtOL!-la~Etm ~WtLXOU llALO!-lOU xm A~~a Meslier xi]t..Sa EnQEnE 6tL aVtL!-lEtwnL~Etm tru 6tL avi]xH LOWt. ~u!-lqJwva AOLn6v ue rnv Ayia OtXOYE- .x. l] avaJttll~l] l] ollvi]8Ha nov naQaOtaOEwv nl]ya~ollv «no rnv E!-lnHQLa xm tl] ollvi]8Ha». aVEqJaQ!-lOOtl] xata tl] YVW!-ll] ton [61. H E!-lnHQLa xm OLa!-lOQqJwvovtm coto rnv nmOELa. OXl]0 urmouo.. H amaxi] ore !-laQ~LOtLXa XEL!-lEVa. l] tEXVl] tou 0Xl]!-latLO!-lOU VOl]tLXWV avtLAtl'l!JEWV i] LOEWV. [8]. rron nl]ya~EL «no to llALOtLx6 QEU!-laztou nQOEXll'l!JEcoro rov Aox xm roix nQooQ6- rou.. nrrvroouvuut« tl]t.nQwL!-la xm !-lEtaYEvEotEQa. rou nQo!-laQ- n. EnLOQaOHt. vc naQatl]Ql]8EL 8Ql]OXE1JtLXi]t. OE ~EXWQLOti] a~LOAoYLxi] JtEQLOXi]. roix nOALtEt. nmOELat. E!-lnHQLat. nLotl] YLatL 8EAl]OE va !-lEta~aAH 6AOllt. rrou aoxEL to XOLVWVLX6JtEQL~aAAOVornv ato!-lLxi] OllVELOl]Ol]. tEQO llALOtLx6 QEu!-la to A yia Oixoveveux 0 MaQ~ avaqJEQEtm onoto nQoxuJttH «no XLa toll Aox xm nQoEtoL!-la~Etm cero to VO!-lWaALO!-l6xm tov Boxcovo. «no nl]YEt. av !-lEta~Al]8EL l] xorvorvte. An6 rnv anO'l!Jl] YLa rnv 8Hat. nLOtl]t. ouvcvetru 6tL. H 8Ql]OXElltLxi] E~i]Yl]Oi] tl]t. OE toll xm «vo anaYOQEUOELto 8E6» !-lnOQELva E~aAHqJ8EL uovo orov «ue OLatayi] uou- qJti]». An6 tnv «E!-lnHQLa xm tl] ollvi]8Ha» E~aQtatm toll av8Qwnoll oro ouvoM tl]t. xm tl]t. E~aAHqJ8ouv tn aLtLa rrou tnv nQoxaAouv xm rnv E~l]YOUV. onoto EllnLOtLa xm YLa a1Jt6 !-lnoQEL va xaQaxtl]Qw8EL xm OEEva OEUtnv m08l]OLaQ- Wt. l] coto tl] Ata81jxl1 toll avaqJEQEtm ornv o» xm l] amOAOYLxi] E~i]Yl]Ol] tl]t. nQaY!-latLx6 OEOO!-lEVO OEV8EWQELxm 6tL l] avaywYLxi] a8E"(o!-lou. av8Qwmvl] ~tl]V [7]. 8a uem- ~Al]8EL xm l] nmoELa aQa xm l] E!!JtHQLa xm l] 01JVi]8Ha rtou xa8oQL~ollV tn OllvELOl]OLaxi] xm HOLX6tEQa tn VOl]tLXn avaJttll~l] toll av8Qwnoll. allti] nQooEYYWl] tl]t. 01JVi]- tl]t. Ol]!-laLVH Wt. !-l0llt.nLOtl]t. LOEaALOtLXi]. An6 to QEu!-la «uro nQoxuJttH 6tL «OL aw8i]oHt.oLaqJEQHcoto rnv !-laQ~wtLxi]. Ol]Aaoi] cero tLt.o IIPOMAPEI~TIKO~ YAI~MO~ KAI H KOINQNIKH KPITIKH ~TO IIPQ]MO EPro TOY MAPE 39 Kouuouvo a8Wllt. 8Ql]OXElltL- «no tOV A~~a Meslier.

oi «avtLXmVWVLxE~ eoue.onw~ 0 «xaQtWLavo~ llALO!-tO~». n. 0 EABEtLO~. xatu toono rtou vo EXH 0 uv8Qwno~ tT]V E!-tnHQla toll nQay!-tatLxu av8Qwmvoll». nQoun08Etollv xor. aou aJtEQQLJttEtOOO 0 Aox.tL !-tEtaBuAAELm. I'iT]Aal'iij 0 !-tT]xaVWtLXO~ llALO!-tO~tT]~ xaQtEOLavij~ q)1JOLxij~.H coto tT]V m08T]OLaQXla rou Aox xm tWV nQ06Qo!-twv toll. nQoun08Etollv xm tT]V XOLVwvLXij XQLtLxij. onw~ ot E!-tcp1JtE~vvoie.x. E o OOOLaAW!-tO~ 0 XO!-t!-tOllVW!-tO~.xataAiJYH OtL~ CPllOLXE~ JtWtij!-tE~ rou 180ll cuovc. s OtT]V EwaywYrJ TOV Aoxuuo» yta tnv Avf)Qwmvl1 N011011. 000 xm oi llALOtE~ rtou EJtT]QEuOtT]Xav coto curov. tWV onouov T] unaQ~T] xa8l0tatm anol'iExtij uno tnv . n. tOY Bcxorvo aAAa 0XL tOY Hobbes. o oooLaALO!-to~ xm 0 xouuouviouo. ton» xm tEAO~ oro altT]!-ta «va xureotQacpouv oi aVtLXOLVWVLXE~ WtlE~ tT]~ EYXAT]!-tatLXij~Oll!-tnEQLCPOQU~». oOOLaAw!-to~ xm 0 xouuouviouoc. ollvuynm uno to OOOLaAWtLXO xm XO!-t!-tOllVLOtLXOaltT]!-ta «vo xataotQacpouv». «xataAijYEL an' Ell8Ela~ OtO OOOLaALO!-tO xm toy XO!-t!-tOllVLO!-tO». onoto «xataAijxm orov yH an' Ell8Ela~» 0 llALO!-tO~nOll nT]yu1. oro altT]!-ta «va nQoocpEQ8El orov xa8Eva 0 XOLVWVLXO~XWQo~ zrou etvci avayxalo~ YLa rnv Exl'iijAWOT]tT]~ ovrotnrn.' aQxijv tTl CPLAOOOCPLXij xQLtLxij tT]~ unotVT]~ OtL llnuQxollv Ota8EQu xaQaXtT]QWtLXU OtT]V av8QwnLVTj CPUOT]. BWAOYLXUEltm VOT]tLEltE xu. x. 'OtL T] XQLtLXij alltij Elvm 8EWQT]tLXij xm nQaxtLxij.Etm «crto toy Aox xm tOY aYYALxo llAW!-tO». toll eyXAijunroc».xrrorsro» VEta MIIArIONA1: 0 llALO!-tO~ rtou nQOEtoL!-tu1.tL dvm a!-tEtuBAT]tO ornv av8QwmvT] CPUOT] etvoi mo OT]!-tavtLXO«no O. nou aVr]XEL OtO !-tT]xaVLOtLXO llA LO uo. 0XL !-tOVO EJtwT]!-tav80uv xm va nooova I'iwQw80uv 8EWQT]tLXU. 6T]Aal'iij tnv EJtLOij!-taVOT]aUu xm tT]V E!-tnQaXtT] E~UAEL'llJT] nov xmVWVLxwV Ollv8T]xWV rrou nQoxaAOUV xm E~T]Youv rnv nEJtol8T]0T] nw~ O. EXH tc E~ij~ xaQaxtT]QwtLxu: ouvtorunu OtO altT]!-ta «vn oQyavw8El 0 E!-tnELQLxo~ xoouor. onw~ JtEQLYQU0 rpovtru OtT]V Ayia Oixoveveux.

oe f.. xm 0 xouf.n:QOOCPEQOUV ouvatot'l]ta tn YLa rnv xQmxi] t'l]S.o I1POMAP3Il:TIKm: YAIl:MOl: KAI H KOINQNIKH KPITIKH l:TO I1PQIMO EPrO TOY MAP:.tOUVWf.tatWti]QLO xm rnv n:OAmxi] oixovouto. n:. n:QOY£VEOt£QOUOLXOVOf.t£V'l]ta~'l] i].tWa an:o rnv Ayia Oixoveveia n:Qocpavws.OLXOVOf. XOLVWxm VLXOS. n:EQLOOOU rou cououou xm YLa rnv £~avtA'l]O'l] rorv ouvatoti]twv nov 8£WQ'l]tLXWV £QyaA£Lwv n:OU o cououo.tCPUt'l]»£YXA'l]f. n:QOEA£UO'l]S. ev n:QOX£Lf. f.tatLxi] LOLOOUYXQaoLa. Jt. 0 n:Qo£QX0f. a mo8av£tm mv avayx'l] va ouyxaAUJtt£L i] va £~WQa'Lv ~£L rnv n:QaXtLxi] t'l]S. 0 raQOlxas.tLXOUxm XOLVWVLXOU0X'l]f..tLa mo rtooXWQ'l]f. (18572) OtL Evas.tf. oUf. Kru ornv Ayia Oixoveveux 'l] XOLvWVLXi] XQLtLXi] cpaLv£tm va n:QO'Un:08Et£LOtL f.. n:QEn:£Lvo ouox£tw8d ue t'n YVWOti] n:Qotao'l] t'l]S.: 41 UJto8w'l] OtL UJt<XQX£L «Ef. XQLtLxi]s.tas.».tEV'l]S.tqxovo ue rn X£YY£ALaVi]S.tas.uai(} TOV AovDo{3iuov Bovaiuunn.tLXOS. 0 oOOLaAWf.t£VOS. erp' OOOV £Lvm aV£QXOf. vo x tn «on:Aa t'l]S..t£ ornv f. £:JtLtQEn:£L xataMva (30Uf.tOS. x. ALYOt£QO n:QOXWQ'l]f.tos.X.t£tay£vEOt£Q'l] Ewaywy~ OTl1V K(}~uu~ Tl1~ IIoA~nu~~ Oixovouiai.ta'l] cvctouto rou av8Qwn:ou f.tEV'l]XOLVWVLXi] xorccrccn. 0X'l]f.tn:A'l]QWO£Lm va unoxororrrnot.OLaf.toQcpw8'l]x£ orov 'l] aOtLxi] ta~'l] aQXw£ va £VOLacpEQ£tm n:£Qwoot£QO YLa to XQ'l]f.tou.tcpwva ue to oaQ(3wLxo ouot'l]f. 0 xamtaAWtLXOS..tatwf.tOS. OLaf.t£tay£vE01.£QOS. ..tcpwva ue rnv ozotc 'l] «XQLtLxi] nov On:AWV»n:QEn:£L OUf. «ta~'l] OL' £ami]v». oto rnv aW8'l]OLaQxLa c UAWf.toQcpwo£. 1811~ Mn()v. oQoAoyLa t'l]S. autou orov onoto £mxQat£L 'l] EYY£Lan:QoooooS.to nov £~£ALXtLXWV tcouov evo.0 MaQ~ cpaLv£tm va unruvtooeroa ornv A via Oixoveveux tnv an:01jJ'l] rtou oLa(3a~OUf. XWQLS. OUf.a.X.tOS. E~oaywy~~ OTl1vK(}~nu~ Tl1~CP~AOOOtpuu. on:ws. £mtQEn:£L tOY xa8oQwf.tEVW torv UAWtLXWV ovnAi]'IjJ£WVn:£QLn:modas. En:Lo'l]S.t£rnv cvctouto rou m8i]xou. xm ALYOt£QO YLa rnv £xxATjoLa xm t'l] 8wAoyLa. H an:O'IjJTjYLa rnv XOLVWVLXi]xQmxi] n:OU n:QOXUJtt£L Ef. T'l]V UJto8w'l] ami] aQyot£Qa 8a avaJttu~ouv 0 Lombroso.tatwf. TOV Aixaio» TOV XiYUfA ouf.

«no rnv £l-ln£lQLa XaL tl] ouvi]S£la. H EI-lcpml] auti] ixovo- to I-lEtQO non £L VaL EI-lCPUtl]. tu ~lOAOYlXU orov "Sancho" nQocpavw~ ornv £~i]Yl]oi] tou t£A£maLou Yla rov xatal-l£QLOl-l6 tl]~ £QyaxaQaxtl]QLOtlXU ue tl] YVooOti] SEOl] rou MaQ~ Yla tnv nQot£Qm6«£LVaL» O£ 0XEOl] ue tl] OUV£LOl]Ol]. mrtourrnouou oev Jt£QLOQL~Hrnv aAi]SHa tl]~ uALOnxi]~ SEOl]~ Yla rnv naVtoOUVal-lLa tl]~ naLO£La~. OOl]Y£L ornv rnr« rou . rou. on 0 MaQ~ oev SEtH n~ naQatl]Qi]oH~ vtstrn «uto to £Qwtl]l-la.O£V I-lnOQ£LxataQxi]v 0 MaQ~ ano6LoH orov UALOI-l6rtou rtooexu- va S£ooQl]S£L oo~ to anOtEA£Ol-la tl]~ naLO£La~. £1-lJt£lQLa nQoUnOSEtH xou ouotnunto.42 AYfon:rm: MIIAfIONA1: H 0XEOl] tou UALOI-l0Unou nQOEX'IJ'Ij)£ cno rov Aox ue rov orov 0 OOOLaALOI-l6 XaL tov X0I-lI-l0uvLOI-l6 anooacpl]VL~£taL OOOLaALOI-l6~XaL 0 XOI-lI-lOUVLOI-l6~ t£LVOUV va nQaYl-latonOLl]SOUv. ue n~ HQooOl]A. ueoto rmv aLOSl]tl]- QLooVOQYUVoovrou. rou Jt£Qlcp£QHaxou XaL X£VtQlXOU V£UQlrou XaL UAAooV1jJUXOOOOl-lanxwv AHtoUQYlWV va avnoQu oru £Q£SL0l-lata EXH rnv EI-lcpml] lxav6tl]ta xatu rron nQOEQxoVtaL coro to Jt£Ql~UAAOV. tnto. Ilovrcx vo.lavtuiJ~ I&oAoyia~ Yla tnv XOLVoo- VlXi] nQoEA£UOl] tl]~ YAwooa~[lOl xcu tl]~ OUV£LOl]Ol]~nou y£v- crto rnv xorvorvixonornon tou £VOtLXtOU. O£v SEtH to £Qwtl]l-la av l] Ql]ti] i] EI-lI-l£Ol]avacpoQu O£ lOl6tl]t£~ nou EXOUVEI-lcpmo xaQaxti]Qa i] EOtooto xaQaxti]Qa to y£Youe evo. O£ ouvoixiouo tl]~ n{)f. tOU MaQ~ nou avacpEQovtaL orov nQOl-laQ~LOnx6 UALOI-l6. Av XaL ornv A via Otxoveveia 1jJ£oao tov Aox tl] SEOl] Yla rnv EI-lcpml] XaAOOUVl] tou avSQwnou. An6 n~ naQatl]Qi]o£l~ XaL tov Aox.rtou nQOEXU'tjJ£ coto rov OUVUY£taL or. H un01jJl] ami] onxi]~ nQ6taol]~ anOt£A£L to AOYlX6 OUl-lnEQa0l-la tl]~ lJAl- ou l] avSQwm vn OUV£LOl]Ol]Olal-l0QcpwV£taL av XaL l] avacpoQu ornv on 0 uvSQoono~. to UAlonx6 mrro AOYlXU ornv un01jJl] Yla rnv nrrvroouvcutc Boxrov« Q£UI-la OOl]Y£L tl]~ naLO£La~. rov Stimer XaL tOU V£L£~ tou MaQ~ anEvavn oLa~ nrro avSQwnou.

f tnv navtoouva!-tLa t'l']r.OUVfXfLa t'l']r. f!-tcpUtfr...» orov 00maALO!-t6 xm toy xO!-t!-toUVLO!-t6. UA'I']r. 'I'] OXfO'l'] nou OUV6ffL rnv 8fO'l'] YLa rnv nnvroouvcuto t'l']r. xm tnv nQ6tao'l'] yLa rnv avayxm6t'l']ta tou OOOLaALO!-tOU xm tou xO!-t!-tOUVLO!-tOU. ou nQWL!-tOU r aAAa xm tou uerovevecteQOU MaQ~ nQOfxtfLvfL uurov tOU EABftLou. oro BLBALO tou Tux TO Ilvevua t6vLl. '\jJUXOOCD!-tanxi]r. Of V cpaLvftm va unaQXfL naQ6!-tOLa AOYLXi] 0XfO'l'] ava!-twa ornv nQ6tao'l'] YLa rnv navto6Uva!-tLa t'l']r. nutov tou EABftLOU [121. Evr» qxuveroi.. nOQfL va LOXUfL'I']nQ6tao'l'] YLa rnv nnvroouvoM !-tLa t'l']r. vc unaQXfL AOYLXi] 0XfO'l'] OUVfJtaYCDyi]r. nQor.unfQBoALxi] 'I'] 8fO'l'] tou S. Qot600 OEV8a fnQfJtf va 8fCDQ'I']8d CDr. t'l']r. YLa rnv OUVfL6'1']0'l'] xm rnv novtoouvcutc t'l']r.toVLSfL nr. xm X0!-tuouviouo. toy UALO!-t6tOU Diderot. 8f!-tfALCD8d 'I']nQ6tao'l'] 'YLa tnv rnrvroouv« voutc t'l']r. ~UVfnWr. nmOfLar. IlooqxrVwr. nQOtaOfLr. coto 600 stvm nQor.. nmodar. 0 !-taQ~LOtLX6r. aL08'1']maQxLar. evvoet 6tL OfV !-tnoQd va VO'l']8fL 00maALO!-t6r.'I']Ayia OUWYEVfta. Timpanaro or. nou OLxmoAoyoUvtm orto rnv cpQaonxi] xaAaQ6t'l']ta nou xaQaxt'l']QLSfLouxva nOAf!-tLxa xetusvc 6nCDr. nmOfLar.OU!-tnfQLAa!-tBaVO!-tfV'I']r.o I1POMAP8I~TIKO~ rAI~Mo~ KAI H KOINnNIKH KPITIKH ~TO I1PnIMO EPro Tor MAPE 43 anO'\v'l']6tL 0 UALO!-t6r. ue toy 00maALO!-t6 xm tOY X0!-t- . o MaQ~ BfBma AffL on OL UALOtLXfr. f!-tnfLQLar. [Ill xm 8£(UQOUOf tn CPLAooocpLa rou CDr..xm t'l']r. nmofLar. XCDQLr..onore 8a i]tav nA'I']mfOtfQOr. UALO!-t6r. xm rnv UALOtLXi] nQ6tao'l'] YLa rnv navtoouva!-tLa t'l']r. naQanavCD fJtLcpUAa~fLr. UA'I']r. xm t'l']r.avayxaonxa xm to aVtLOtQOCPO. tou Aox. nmodUl. L1fV LOXUfL 6!-tCDr. naQa nr. fVV'l']!-ta t'l']r. aAM va unv XataAi]~fL ornv fOQaLCDO'l'] OOOLaALO!-tOU tou XO!-trou xm !-tOUVLO!-tOUAAa aAAOU OLXOVO!-tLXOU XOLVCDVLXOU a xm 0X'I']!-tatLO!-tOU. nmOfLar. va unaQ~fL 'I'] avaAOY'I'] nQaxtLxi]. nm6fLar. Y ouvi]8fLar. LOL6t'l']tfr. 0 onotot.ava!-twa ornv uALOnxi] nQ6tao'l'] YLa t'l'] ouvstonon CDr. «xataAi]youv an' fu8fLar.

£cp' ooov Xall] 8£WQLUtou R. ornv Ayia Oixovtveia 0 (JO(JLUALO!lO£ al 0 xouX !lOUVL<J!lO£ nUQouma~£tm w£ XUtaAl]~l] tOU UAL<J!lOUtoU Boxorvc xm tOU Aox Xal YLv£tm A6yo£ YLU «UYYALX6xm YUAALXOxouuouviouo tOU 180u ouovc» [13]. ~£V YLV£tal os aXEal] ue uurov LOLULt£QO£ A6yo£ yw tL£ OUVa!lH£ Xal aXEa£L£nUQuywy~£ nou ouviotouv rnv UALX~ Baal] tou Xal unot£AouV ouotcrixo atoLX£LO xa8£ OLXOVO!lLXOUxm XOLVWVLXOUaXl]!lUtL(J!lOU. nou unot£A£L OLOU(JXUALUrcov UALOtWV CPLAO(J6cpwv [14]. o ooorcxiouo. 8£!l£ALWV£tm ornv nuvroouvcquc tl]£ nmoELu£ xm tWV XOLVWVLXWV(Juv8l]xwv. ELVal 6!lW£ U~LO(Jl]!lELWto on (JU!lCPWVU rnv Ayia Oixoveveux Xal 0 UV£JttUWEVO£ X0!l!l0UVLue ouo. Oixoveveuu. l] CPLAO(JOCPLU <I>6u£QIlltUX 8£!l£ALWVH tl] 8£wQl]tLX~ (JUlllttwtOU a~ tOU£. nou L(JW£anOt£A£L unal VLWO (J£XCtnOLU!loQCP~UALX~£Ba(Jl]£.UV Xal 0 MUQ~ O£V nQotELvH OnOLUO~nOt£ OLaXQL<Jl] !l£tU~U L<JtOQLX~£Xal AOYLX~£ uvuYXal6tl]tu£. ouuqxovo ue tOY vvcooro II(}6Aoyo (JTr]V K(}~uurj Tr]~ IIoAmurj~ Otxovouioi. nQOEQx£tm a!lWU uno to YUAALXO(JomUAL<J!lO£JtHO~ 0 «UYYALXO£ xm YUAALXO£ XO!l!lOUVL<J!lO£» UnOt£AOUV rnv E!lnQUXtl] aU!lntw(Jl] UAL<J!lOU xru uv8QwnL<J!lou. Oixoveveuu. Xal 0 XO!l!lOUVLO!l6£ otov onOLO XUtUMYH o UAL<J!l6£. E~aAAou. £L Val l] «evomro tl]£ nooooo» toU AOYLXOUxm tl]£ nQ0600u tl]£ nUQuywYLX~£ £QYU(JLU£». n£QLAU!lBavH xm tOY A£Y0!l£VO outomxo (JomUAL<J!lo. Mnooouue auv£Jtw£ VU un08E(JOU!l£ OtL 0 (JoaLUAL- . oao».44 ArrOYErOE MTIArIONAE !lOUVL<J!l6 ELVal n£QL<Ja6t£Qo LatoQLX~ Xal 'ljJUXOAOYLX~ nUQa AOYLX~.nou nQOEXu'ljJ£uno tOY Brixorvn Xal tOY Aox. Owen. toU 1859. To !lOVO XUQuxtl]QL<Jnx6 rou uv8Qwm(JtLxou XO!l!lOUVL<J!lOUtl]£ A vias. EXH XUQLW£ uv8Qwmanx6 XUQuxt~QU. IIQocpuvw£ 0 (JO(JLUAL<J!l6£Xal 0 XO!l!lOUVL<J!lO£tl]£ A vuu. rtou (Ju!lcpwvu ue toy 'EVYX£A£ UV~XH (J' uurov. touMXL<JtOV ornv Ayia Oixoveveux.

OfV taUtL~ftal ours an6 tOY MaQs ours an6 tOY 'EVYXfA~ ue tOY f.tf.tata.t!-!ouvlGf. IIQwta an' 6Aa nQof. rrou avayvwQL~fl to aAu8l]to rcov aw8i)afwv.tatlXE~ aXl]f. Xal 0 emornuovrxoc.tOUrrou JtfQlYQUCPftal ornv Ayia Oixoveveia. cnorexouv f.tnfQuaf.o TIPOMAPSI~TIKO~ rAI~MO~ KAI H KOINQNIKH KPITIKH ~TO TIPOIMO EPfO Tor MAPS 45 ouo.tOAOYLa rou Hobbes Xal rnv xaQtfmavi) cpualxi).t0YfAUElorov uv8Qwno».tOU.t6 [15].t6aou nQOEXU'\jJf «no rnv XOaf.tOQCPlU~» «v« xaf.tla «aLa8l]al] cpumxi)>> nQocpavw~ anaAAaWEVl] uno f. H UAl] fLVal Xal taut6XQova auvucpaaf.taQswtlx6~ UAlouoc. EnLal]~ 0 UAWf. auvOEftal ue f.t6~.tla OUVUf.tfVa ton MaQS Xal rou to 'EVYXfA~ UnOOlalQfLtal af fnlf. nou auf.tEl f.t'\jJl]Xal mv notnon f.tftaYfVEatfQa Xdf.tEQOu~ fLOl]. nou avacpEQoVtal ornv Ayia Oixoveveta w~ nQaxtlxE~ ouvenflf~ tOU «UAlGf.tla~ alG8l]alaxi)~ «us Of.tl]xavlatlx6 UAWf.t6~aut6~ OlXalWVEltfAlXU rnv ncvtoouvof. Ol]Aaoi) 0 aUVflOl]tu UAwtlx6tfQO~ XOf.t6~ uovo 0 xouuouvtouoc. avtWtOLXOUVos Eva AOYlX6 YEVO~ onoto ore f. 0 OfUtfQO~ £Xfl aacpi) auvfLOl]al] tl]~ UAlxi)~ ~ual]~ rrou nQoun08Etfl.tf.t6~ aut6~ rrou nl]yu~fl coto tOY Boxcovo OfLXVfl rnv UAl] va s£JtQO~UAAEl rnv Mf.nou 0 MaQs tautL~El fOW ue rnv aU8fVtlxi) mWti)f. nQuwa rtot: OfV uaXUEl Yla toy ouromxo coorcxiouo i) xouuouvtouo.ta8l]f.t6~. IIQocpavw~ OfV WXUfl Yla to doo~ fXfLVO tOU UAWf. 8a i)tav mLal]~ ouvat6 vo YLVElOfXti) l] fQf.tl]vda ouuqxovo ue rnv onoto 0 oootoxrouo. An6 tl~ naQatl]Qi)aEl~ nou nQol]yi)8l]xav nQoxuJttouv OQlouevo aUf. 0 UAlGf.toQCPi) xouuouvtouou uno tnv onoto YfVVlOUVtal w~ SfXWQWtU atUOla 0 outomxo. Xal 0 XOf. Xal 0 XOf.tLatl]~ nalOfLa~ Xal 6Xl toy qwxfvtQlaf. H tautWl] auti) WXUEluovo Yla toy UAlaf.t6.JtflQLatl]~ cpual]~.tl] [16].ti) qxovc ue rnv Ayia Oixoveveux cotorexouv rnv XatUAl]Sl] fv6~ Qfu[tatO~ tOU aYYAlxoU UAWf.tOU» rou Boxcovo Xal tou Aox.tatonOLi)aEl~.tEvl]ue rnv f!J.touvwf. mEloi) naQoumu- ° .touvwf. «outomxo» Xal «emornuovixc» oootoxiouo Xal xouuouviouo.

tf.t6~ ELvm orrnxo JtOU CJUOXEtLCJtl]XEcoto TOV AEVLV ue tn f. 6XL JtaQu tOY UV8QCDJtLOtLTOU~ aAAU EsmtLa~ tl]~ JtQOf. «no rnv Ayia Otxo6JtCD~ nooLOEaAWtLXi] tOf. OEV f.tOUVWf. 6JtCD~ JtEQLYQucpovtm veveux. xuJttu swnx6 OEV EVtuCJCJEtm CJELOEOAOYLXE~xatl]yoQLE~.tJtELQLXU OOCJf.tOUxm tl]~ XOLvCDVLXi]~ XQLtLxi]~.tu.tf. H aVUAuOl] '\jJEUOU tOY wxuQWf.tatLx6tl]ta 6JtCD~ EL voi. avuf. ornv i] 0 Ayia Oixoveveia.tEVO XaL to ExcpQaOl] tl]~ 6JtCD~ uJtOOtl]QL~U OUOXEtL~OVta~ Aoytx6 xat Enavaotaon.tE<Ja XOU~E OTO CJtO Ef.ti] 0 MaQ- uno tL~ avaAuCJu~ TOU AAtOUCJEQ CJXEtLXU ue tOY f.tEUAL- A via Oixoveveux.tJtELQLXU OOOf. muoi] avuyu LOLa tc JtQuyf.tOU.tOUVWf.tEVCDV QEWUtCDV tOU JtQof.taQSwtLXOU CJf. XCDQL~Xaf. JtQO'UJt08EtOUV 0 tOY OOOLaAWf.taQswnxi] ALWVEtm 0' auti] H CJXEOl] OQWf.tOUVWf.ti] JtQaYf.t6~.tOU cpEtm ornv 6n ue tOY XEYXEA. l] CJXEOl] EAAOYOU XaL Ef. 6JtCD~ JtEQLYQUJtQO'UJt08EtU mv f.tOU.xrrorsro» ~u or« muoi] MTIArIONA1: tL~ AESU~ f. xm rnv OOOf.t6. rnv JtQaYf. Kutn tl] CPQUOl] rou 'EVYXEA~.t6 [18]. Luvmw~ rou.t6 xatUAOLJtO Ayia~ Oixoveveuu.tl]~ tn CPUOl]6JtCD~ etvoi. JtaQoumu~u mWti]f.taQswtLx6 UAWf. To av8QCDJtLOnx6 tOU XOf. H f. H YVCDCJti] T(}ir'f/ 8ea'f/ yw rov lPOVf(}!lJraX ouuqxovc ue rnv orroto JtaQE[3AE'\jJETO 6tL OL JtmoaYCDyoL EXOUV avu- .tEVOUxm JtQayf.X xm OUVUf.taQsWtLxi] OtOLXELO TOU CJomaAWf.tf.ta~ [17].tatLxou QLa TOU OOmaAWf.tOU xm 8ECDQLa[19]..t6~ aJtoQQLJttEtm tOU MaQs uno uAAa oUYXQova i] TOU 'EVYXEA~. AOYLxi]~ xm tEXVLXi]~ nooooou OOl]YEL OTOV xo xaQaxti]Qa oooioxcouo n «uro xm tOY XOf.tOUVWf.tata.tEtaYEvEOtEQa xetuevc JtaAm6~ UAwf.tOVLCJtLXi] 8ECJl] XOLvCDvLXi] xQLtLxi] 8Ef.t6~ xm 0 XOf.tf.taQmv av8QCDJtWf. cpaLVEtm vc OLa- tOU Korsch 6tL 0 UAWf. OUtE JtQO'UJt08EtU LOEa~ xm TOU Myou. 6JtCD~ JtQOEXU'ljJE «no TOV Aox xm tOY BUxCDva.tEVOU ELvm OXEOl] tn OXEOl]. Ol]Aaoi] xru tEXVl]~.tanx6 CD~ tOf. H UAWtLXi] orpern- TOU XOf. 6JtCD~ JtaQouoLU~Etm EVEQYEL<.t6.tLa JtQo08i]Xl] avayvCDQL~U rnv evotnro 8ECDQLa~ xm JtQUsl]~.

«XOO!llXi]» i] «yi]lVl]» LOtoQLa tOU JtQO!laQ~LOtlXOU UAlO!lOU OEaVtlOlaOtoAi] JtQO~auti] tou Stimer.X. JtLol]~ l] «8uQaE 8EV». OJt(u~ JtaQatl]Qi]8l]XE rno Jtavw. JtQEJtElv« aJtooacpl]vL~El tl] 0XEOl] ton ue to OU!lCPEQovta tl]~ aOtlxi]~ ta~l]~.Jt. ot EUYEVEL~ ue rorv ~aOlAlXWV aUAWV aAM xm ot EJtavaOtatE~.0 l]OOVlO!lO~ O!lW~ EmOlWXEtm orov uJtaQX01JVOQLO!lEVaXOlVWVlxa OtQW!lata rrou «vcatuooouv l]OOVlOtlXi] JtQaXtlxi] xm rnv EXAOYlXEUOUV rnv l]OOVLOtlxi] CPlAooocpLa. Hvm a~LOOl]!lELwto ou 0 MaQ~ ornv Ayia Oixoveveux cpaL VETm va 8EWQElW~ yvwQLO!la rou OOmaALO!lOUxm tOU XO!l!lOUVLO!lOUtn ou!lJttwOl] atO!llXOU xm «av8Qwmvou» OU!lcpEQOVtO~.o llPOMAPSISTIKOS YAISMOS KAI H KOINQNIKH KPITIKH STO llPQJMO EPro TOY MAPS 47 yXl] v« JWlOEUTOUV aAAa JtEQlOQLOtl]XE ern 8EOl] yw rnv Jtavtoo1JVa!lLa tl]~ JtmOEla~ OU!lJtAl]QclWEl rnv Ayia OtUOYfVEta aAAa OEVrnv avmQEl. oU!lcpwva ue tl] OlatUJtWOl] tou MaQ~. o MaQ~ OEV cpaLvEtm v« a!lcpLO~l]tEl tOY l]OOVLO!lOnou aJtOtEAEL to 8E!lEAlO rou UALOtlXOU WCPEAl!lLO!lOU. H EVVOlarou OU!lCPEQOvtO~ AEltouQYELW~ 01JVOEtlXO~ xQLXO~ !lEta~u tou ntojuxou xm rou XOlVWVlXOUi]. l] onoio tOY 8EWQElW~ OtaOLOtl]~ JtoQEla~ rou «JtvEU!lato~» JtQO~rnv curovvoioto. autE~ JtOUrou JtQoxaAOUV l]Oovi]. tOU atO!llXOU xm tou av8Qwmvou. 0 UALO!lO~JtOU UL08EtELtl] 8EOl] Yla rnv novroouvcquc tl]~ JtmoELa~ EL vci m8avotata 0 UALO!lO~rou EA~EtlOU.OUoLa~ ELvm va evoouovtou to ato!llXO OU!lCPEQOV JtQO~to Ol]!lOmo. ~XOJto~ tl]~ JtOAltlXi]~ EI. Tov EJtltUYXaVEl !lEOW tl]~ JtmoELa~. H JtQOtaOl] Yla tnv Jtavtoouva!lLa tl]~ JtmoELa~ 8E!lEAlWVEtm coto tOY EA~EtlO ornv WCPEAl!llOtlXi] aQxi] -ou to av8Qwmvo ov orpououova tl~ EJtlOQaOEl~EXELvE~ noo avtaJtoxQLvovtm OtO OU!lCPEQOV OEtEAEmaLa avaAUOl] tOU. 0 WCPEAl!lLO!lO~EJtlxQLvEtm ornv Tt:(}llaVtU~ J&oAoyia xUQLw~ ue to EmXELQl]!la on urtooxortef oro v« OlOa~El OtOU~ . xata rnv mQLooo rtou EL vru aVEQX0!lEVl] ta~l]. loLw~ mrtot nou acp0!lOlWVOUV rnv JtVEU!latlxi] xaAAlEQYEla nov EUYEVWV [20].

LOIJ.IJ.O'UVWIJ. xm uno lJ.fVO «uro.f tOY «uviuoo» Bentham.inoSEOELr.8£Ol]r. fCPOOOV SflJ.oQCPi]rrou naLQVH Of xaSf WtoQLXi] nfQLO()O.Oxm nQaxnxa OTO OOOLaAWIJ. fxnQooWno'IJr.La aonxi] nQaxnxi]. YLa v« f~aAELcpSfL l] avtLS£Ol] ami].BaQor. xm cpLAamLar.ata tou nQolJ.fALCDroc. H anotjJl] on 'lJnaQXEL lJ. avSQwmvl]r.CDCPfALIJ. cvoueoo otn CPLAOOOCPLXi] xm rnv OLXOVOIJ.f to XfLlJ.aQ~wnxou 'lJAWIJ. avSQwmvl]r.CDr.aQ~LOtLXOr. XQLXOr. «nfQLEYQatjJf rooo AalJ. tl]r. rou MaQ~.WIJ. IJ. aVL()WtEAELar. tou aYYALxoU CDCPfALIJ. ()l]IJ. YLa f~EAL~l] tCDV atOIJ. tl]r.LOIJ.EVa QfUlJ.fta~U tCDVonOLCDVxm uutot rrot: ovnxouv otnv «XQLtLXi] SfCDQLa». aVt(.no'IJ 0 EABEtLOr. LUlJ.Or.OUSa unooouoe v« Sf CDQl]8fL CDr. YLatL 0 xaSoQLOIJ.Or.nOQfL v« YLVfL A6yor.OVO ()fV IJ.WIJ. Erpooov anO()ELxvUftm 0 naQO()LXOr..O'IJ nQo'i.Or.nQa».aQ~Lonxi] oxomc IJ. 0 CDCPfALIJ.cpEQovta.nOQfL v« fvtaxSfL SfCDQl]tLXa orov lJ.OU xm EL()LxotfQa coto tOY EABEtLO. fCPOOOV Of anooacpl]VL~ftm 0 naQO()LXOr. LtO nAaLmo rou lJ.0 O'UV()ftLXOr. «no toy Bentham xm toix AOLnoUr. xaQaxti]Qar.f tl] lJ. vo 1J.O. xm cpLAa'IJtLar. xaQaxti]Qar.oLBaLar. fXlJ.La'lJAWtLXi] avSQCDnoAoyLa. cpUOl]r. cpUOl]r. IJ. avt(. etvru IJ.OU xm «anoAoYl]tEr.«ev YEVEL»xm tl]r. L'UV£Jtwr.cpCDvaIJ.aQ~wnxo 'lJAWIJ.AYrOYl:TOl: MTIArIONAE corou. naQalJ.inoSEtEL nQwta an' oAa toy xaSoQwlJ.». ron CDCPfALIJ. 'lJnoOtl]QL~O'IJV nOnOL OXOALaOtEr. noono'IJ xuJttEL «no oQWIJ. £JtLBfBmwvEtm xm uno to Kupasaio [22].CPfQOVtCDV ta~Lxa O'IJlJ. 0XL OIJ.LXi] avaA uon.ftanf'IJOl]r. uov 0WCPfQOVtCDV toix xm CDr.» [211. tCDV'lJALXWVurtuov tl]r.Or.o tl]r. fXlJ.W'lJQyouvtm OL nQo'i.l]()QOUV ELr.EVEL aSflJ..Or.La aonxi] avtLAl]tjJl] aou O'IJVOtjJL~H IJ. 0 CDCPEALIJ. Ev routou. IJ.aQ~Lonxou 'lJAWIJ.fALCDSd Of IJ. .WIJ.8£Ol]r. SfCDQLa tl]r.ftanf'IJOl]r. orco». Of avtLSfOl] IJ. o CDCPfALIJ..LXWV O'IJIJ. aVL()wtEAELar.Oxm tOY XOIJ. «alJ.

a.TIKm: YAIl. :IT. Collected Works. Moscow- 2.London. Ayiac. UYYQaa CjJEar.. La Pensee. 3. 9. a. 24. R. a.a. London 1980. t. Bloch. Engels. TEuxor. Fr. R. 16 5. Collected Works. 7. Moscou 1989. O:ITOLar. ~EV EsEta~W oL6AOU to 8EIla tWV :ITT)Ywv tT)r. 1975. Moscow-London. a. Moscow-London. onp. t. i. 977. Socialism. To 8EIla aut6 EsEta~ELOLESooLxa 0 Bloch. Collected Works 1989. o. Marx-Engels. a. r. aXEtLxi! IlEAEtT) uou oro e£())Qia xai Kotvoivia. Collected Works. KAI H KOINQNIKH KPITIKH l. LE:JttEIl~QLOr. <l>E~QouaQLOr.. OtUoYEVEtac.1990. a. t. Collected Works. Marx. 0. 2. :IT.a. Collected Works. R. Utopian and Scientific. Bloch. 12. Moscow. 191.29. otnv Ayia Oixoveveux. 20 6. Bloch.o TIPOMAPEIl. 1\Q8Qo ornv Koltiische Zeitung. :IT. 20 14. O. O. Marx. 14 13. 1987. o. Renouvier et histoire du msterislisme. 24.. 0 MaQs. 37. 6tL 0 1989.l. 15 x. Renouvier et l' histoire du meteiielisme. BA. Renouvier et l' histoire du tneterielisme. Koutcherenko. :ITaQEx~aaT)r. 0 'EVYXEAr.TO IlPmMO EPrO TOY MAPE 49 LHMEIQLEIL 1. BA.MOl. E.e.204 La Pensee Sociale au XVllle et au debut du 1geme siecle. G. aQ. E:ITLaT)llalvEL Owen avayvwQL~EL xm tnv XAT)QOVOIlLx6tT)ta YLa tT)V O:ITOLa OEVylvEtm xa86Aou A6yor. :IT. . On Materialism. :ITOU t avaCjJEQEtm ornv rotootc rou VE6tEQOUUALaIlOU xm tT)r. O. r. 299 x.T)r. O. ELvm London.R. Marx. E. o. 11. 1976. Socialism Utopian and Scientific. 426 x. 287-294. 16-19 8. London-Moscow. 201 4. Bloch.v. s. 14 10. 45-46. Marx. o. 1 a. Renouvier et l' histoire du materialisme.a.

r. The 16. a.50 Origin ofmaterialism.1987. Timpanaro. 245-247. Marx.0 O. Dialectic of Nature. r. Bloch. 9 xrrorsron MnArJONA~ 15.1987. 20. nti-DUhring. Collected Works. .N. t. G. 25. a1J~LcpwvU[!E tOY 'EVYXEA~. 6E6o[!EVa. Novack. 1965. a. German Ideology. 243 1976. 22.0 'EVYXEA~. a. a. n. 25. t. Ex6. a. 16. Everyman's Library. 18. 409. London-Moscow. 5. Law~ coto 6LacpOQEtLX~oxomn. 2. 1980. 0 onotoc. 21. R. a.... 'Onw~ unoatT]QL~01. On Materialism. t. 671. Reuouvier et l' histoire du metenslismc. ~ExLvaH u:il:6 nQuy[!utLxa Coilected Works. A atT] cpLAoao- Collected Works. o.JV nOAAoL xm [!Etu~1J aAAwv 0 G. 478-479 17.417-418. r. Ost. s. Collected Works. 3. 22 a. 5. London 1930. 8EWQEL6tL 0 Boxcov xm 0 Aox ELa~YUynV tn ~LETUCP1JaLX~ ontLxtj CPLU. Y. 385 London 19. L:toV S.

H IXELH THL XErKEAIANHL ~IAAEKTIKHL ME TO MAPEILMO L'Y'McpDNAME TON ENrKEAL .

.

«Onou UJtUQXfL XLVY)<Jl] XaL ~wi] l] OLaAfXtLX~ ~QL<JXftaL oe OQU<Jl]»[21.fVl] M~xQrJ AoyocrJ rrl~ EYXVXAOJia{&ta~ TWV [11 0 XEYXfA AEfL OtL l] OLaAfXtLxi] uJtaQ~l]~ XaL aJtOtfAEL to VOIJ. ELOLXOtfQa l] «OQU<Jl]»tl]~ OLaAEXtLxi]~ fLVaL cpavfQi] JtfQa<JIJ.OU~ IJ.XaL l] avtLOLa<JtoA~ tOU OLaAfXtLXOU XaL tou IJ.a8l]lJ. tOU oLxaLou. H OLaAfxtLxi] IJ..atLxwv.f tn CPU<Jl] XaL rnv oU<JLatOU XU8f ovroc.f tWV lJ.H (Verstand. H OLaAfXtLxi] OfLXVfL OtL mruouv O.ou tOU ore «ns- va fLVaL <JUVtfAEL trn coto to «£LVaL» YLVftaL aVtLAl]Jtti] «OLa<JxfJttLXOU l] IJ.aQ~L<JlJ.EVaovro».E<Jaorn XEYXfALaV~ XaL tl] lJ. oJtw~ rnv JtfQLYQUcpOUVOLtQfL~ a1JtOL <JtOxa<JtE~. toy MaQ~ XaL tOY 'EVYXfA~.A NTIKEIMENO TH~ EprA~IA~ AYTH~ EINAI H AIIO~A<f>HNI~H tl]~ <JXE<Jl]~ aVUIJ.o. XaL YfVLXU ~fXWQL~fL XaL cotouovoi- .l]£LVaL». <JtO «1J.Oroiv fXCPQU~fL tOY rooao ovrrov ta1JtL~ftaL XaL tou JtfJtfQa<JIJ.f XUQLa avacpoQu tc EQya tou l] EVVOLatl]~ OLaAfXtLX~~ 'EVYXfA~. l] EVVOLatl]~ UAl]~.OVOIJ.O XaL <JtOVlJ. ELOLXOtfQa 8a f~fta<JtoUV tcotoon» orov XEYXfA. yf(DlJ.tL nonv XaL OtL l] f~EAL~i] rou. H OLaAfxtLxi] OLaAfXtLxi] QfLa XU8f ELVaL cpavfQi] orov xa8oQL<JlJ. l] UAL<JtLXi]«unoxotl]~ LO£aAL<JtLxi]~OLaAfXtLxi]~ tOU XEYXfA «no tOY MaQ~ XaL tOY 'EVYXfA~.aQ~L<JtLxi] UJto'ljJl] YLa tn OLaAfXtLxi] IJ.OU~ LOLW~tl]~ avacpEQftaL XaL otn <JXE'ljJl].EVOU oro <JUVOAO rou. Ltl] C/J~AO<JOCP~XWVEJrWT'f/!lWV AfYOlJ.ftacpU<JLXOU roono» <JXE'ljJl]~ orov XfYXfALaVL<JIJ. Understanding). to OJtOLOxataAl]YfL JtaQOIJ.ftQLa~.OLOU~ tOU~ oQL<JIJ.EAOYLXOU» oe oQL<JIJ.

OXE'ljJT]e. 0XEO£le. OXE'ljJT]e. XUQuxtT]Ql<JtlXO tou roonon unuQ~T]e. oru. uv8QwmvT]e. H ClUA£XtlXi] UvucpEQ£tm orov roono unuQ~T]e.».rtou UVtlXatOJttQ(~EL tle. lClotT]t£e. C'llVa~£le. ot nUQUYWYlXEe. otov U'lltEe. AOYlxi]e.xu8we. onwe. OtOV MUQ~.. cvcrosnouv tle. 'Erot OtOV llQ6AOYO OiTJV KQlitX1] iTJ~ llOAmX1]~ OlXOVO!l. £Jtl<JtT]~Ovlxi]e. nUQUtT]Q£l 0 IAlEvxocp.rtou XUQuxtT]Q(~EL rou.H «ClUA£XtlXi] AOYlxi]» UVucpEQ£tm oro y(yvw8m trov uQXwv xru rcov xUtYlYOQlWV tT]e. 0XEOELe. ClUA£Xtlxi]e.tou XEYX£A nQoxuJttEL on YIClUA£XtlXi] £Lvm 0 vouo. «ClucpOQae... xm otn 0XEOT]~aOT]e. nUQUCOOluxi]e. YVWOT]e. tnv £Q~YlV£U£l 0 XEYX£A. n·x· otn ~£ta~UOYI «no tT]V UQxi] tT]e. rtou UVtUVUxAwvtm OtO uv8Qwmvo ~'lluM.. AvaAoYT] UAAa rno ouvorrnxc Clat'llnW~EVT] £lvm YIEVVOlU tT]e. £CPUQ~o~OVtm OtYlV £~EAl~T] tWV nUQuywYlXWV c'UVa~£wv xm tnv £JtLCQUOi] tT]e. T]ClUA£XtlXi] dvm T] «~wi]» xm T] «'IjJ'llxi]». tou ClUoxerrnxou AOYlXOU unot£Ad tT]V nQ'tin08wT] YlU tT]V nQooco tT]e. xm £JtOlXOCo~i]~atoe... OXE'ljJYle.J9] 2:tov MUQ~ oi UQXEe.{a~ 0 MUQ~ C£LXV£l nwe. OtT]V UQxi] tT]e. tYle. trov nQuy~atwv.xm to YLyvw8m nov UVtlXEL~EVWV tT]e. tWV OVtWV xm tT]e. 0XEOELe. oxE'ljJYle. CT]AUCi]T]XlVYIti]QlU Mvu~T] tT]e.oure ~OVO ornv «uAT]8lvi]» OXE'ljJT]P] £cp' OOOV T] uAi]8ELU C£v 'llnaQXEL xm C£v VO£Ltm uv£~aQtYltU uno tn nAaVT]. «£JtWti]~T]e. UVUAUOELe.. Arto tle. xm O£ xa8£ UVtlXEL~£vlxi] EXCPQUOi]tT]e.54 xrrorsroa MIlArIONA~ VEL EVU UVtlX£(~£VO uno tu aAAuJ3] EnELci] T] £JtLYVWOT]tT]e..r4] CT]AUCi] tT]e. tYle. £~EAl~T]e. nQOOCLOQW~OUe. torv nQuy~atwv £Lvm ott OCT]youvtm OtOV UCPUVl<J~O toix xm OtT] YEVWT] notouxc ClUCPOQ£tlXWV ovtwvJ8] EnELci] T] CWA£XtlXi] UVucpEQ£tm O£ ~OQCPEe. nUQUQWYlXEe. UVucpEQ£tm xm oro «Jt£Ql£XO~£VO» tYle.J6] ~£V Jt£QLOQ(~£tm ornv t'llmxi] ~OQCPi]tT]e. ~OVO~EQELUe. tle. i] rno Y£VlXi] ~OQCPi] tou tQono'll unuQ~T]e. tU'lltotT]tue. EJt£tm on T] ClUA£Xtlxi] £xCPQa~£l xm tOY roorco unuQ~T]e.»J5] 'Onwe. T] «ClUA£XtlXi] AOYlXi]». oxE'ljJYle. ClUA£Xtlxi]e. . nUQUYWYlXEe.

Mto «no a'llTE£ dvm lJ £WOLx OAOYlxi] aVaA'llOlJ.~Q'llOAoy(a.f£ nou Ow6EOVTm IJ.£now TQono lJ aQxi] TlJ£ aQVlJOlJ£ TlJ£ aQVlJOlJ£ £<paQIJ.H 1:XE1:H TH1: XErKEAIANH1: IIIAAEKTIKH1: ME TO MAPSI1:MO 1:YM<!JQNA ME TON ENrKEA1: 55 anOT£A.EOWV naQaywyi]£ dvm aQVlJOlJTlJ£ XaJtlTaAlOTlxi]£ l6l0XTlJo(a£ toix.f TOV 'EVYX£A£.EOWV naQaywyi]£ Yl' a'llTOU£ non nWAOUV TlJ MvalJ.aTOnOLi]8lJXf orov OL aOTO( «O'llVEronpov» TlJV <pfO'll6aQx(a.0 L\aQ~(vo£.O£EX£l TlJV lOTOQ(a tou xm ETOl y£vvi]8lJX£ lJ anO'ljJlJ OTl TO y(yvw8m anOT£Ad TOV TQono unaQSlJ£ TlJ£ UAlJ£. onuqxovc IJ. xa8w£ xm lJ £SEAlSlJfJtWTlJlJ.a lJ aVaA'll0lJ TlJ£ 0XEOlJ£avaueoo OTl£ EWOLf£ tou avayxa(o'll xm ton T'llxa(O'll. OUIJ. H XaJtlTaAWTlxi] l6wXTlJo(a £(vm aQVlJOlJTlJ£ l6wXTlJo(a£ TWV IJ.f IJ.JtOAT. 0 Luell x.aTWIJ.[11] H IJ.£TlJV WTOQ(a TWV fJtWTlJlJ.OnOL£( l£ avaAUT O£l£ ton XEYX£A Yla TlJ 6laA£XTlxi] YlU v« «noouqmvtou Tl£ 8fWQlJTlXE£ nQoun08EOfl£ TWV £<paQlJ.a8lJlJ.Q'IJV <pQayIJ. H 6 laA£XTlxi] .aTlolJ. H anooa<pi]vLOlJ a'llTi] Y(VfTm urro TOV 'EVYXfA£ Of owa<p£la IJ.a TO IJ. Yla o 'EVYX£A£ 6dXV£l IJ. 0 Kovt xm 0 AaJtAa£ E6£lsav OTl TO lJAlUXO OUlJ. ava<pEQETm xm OTlJV £SEAlSlJ TlJ£ av8QwJtlvlJ£ OxE'ljJlJ£. METa TlJV avaYEVVlJOlJ TWV qnxnxwv fJtWTlJlJ.WVonw£ lJ <p'llOWAoy(a xm lJ £1J.wv.£TlJ IJ.ETm OTOVXaJtlTaAWTlXO XOLVWVlXO0XlJlJ.oywv TlJ£ 6laA£XTlxi]£ coro TOV MaQs.. H XOLVWVlxi] l6wXTlJo(a TWV IJ.a TlJ£ YEVWlJ£ xm TlJ£ £SEAlsi]£ tou xm OTllJ <pUOlJ EX£l TlJV WTOQ(a TlJ£. Yla naQa6£lYlJ.uTlxi] aVaA'll0lJ xru IJ.£TOV 'EVYXfA£.nav dvm anOTEAWlJ. Sa i]Tav 6'llVaTO v« OQlOTf( W£ lJ fJtlOTi]lJ.o.fTa~aOlJ uno Tl£ fJtWTi]lJ.lJxaVWTlxa nQOT'llna 0' a'llTE£ rtou 8£IJ. 0 'EVYX£A£ . 0 XOU!J.fAlWVOVTm OTlJVEWOLa TlJ£ fSEAlSlJ£ fSlJYf(.<pwva IJ.O[10].fTa~aOlJ cno TlJV l6£aAWTlxi] OTlJV 'llAlOTlxi] 6laAfXTlxi]. 0 'EVYX£A£ XQlJOlIJ.lJ £Qyao(a£ roue IJ.Ol.£aVTaAAaYlJ.lJ TlJ£ lOTOQlXi]£ fSEAlSlJ£ TlJ£ av8gwJtl VlJ£ OXE'ljJlJ£[12] m TWV uooqxov TlJ£. TlJ IJ.WV non nQaYlJ.WVxm TWV XOLVWVlXWV 0XlJlJ.w80.O TlJVaVaJtT'llSlJ TWV nQ<inwv.£Jtl~f~u(woav TlJV anO'ljJlJ OTl o 'llAlXO£ XOOIJ.

[14) EnHoi] 1']av8Qwmvl] OXE'\jJ1'] £~1']Y£lTat «no TOV 'EVYX£A~ 1-t£O WTOQLXE~XaT1']YOQl£~. H OXE01'] vayxmOT1']Ta~ xm TLJX1']~ lvm avaa £ AOYl] 1-t£Ol] 0XE01'] n£QL£X0l-tEVO'll xm 1-t0QCPi]~ 1-t£O1']OXEOl] T i] T OAO'll xm I-tEQO'll~. OL £'llY£V£l~ O£V noov O£ 8E01']vc nQO~AE'\jJ0'UVTl]V £~EAL~1'] a'llTit. OTO TEAO~ton Meocuovc OL£'llY£V£l~ I. 1']~XOLVWT Vla~ xm Tl]~ OXE'\jJ1']~. Aao n~ aVTLcpaOH~ a'llTE~ nQoxumo'UV O'UVEnH£~ nou 1']£xaOTOT£ aQXO'lloa Ta~1']O£V I-tnOQ£l OUT£ va nQO~AE'\jJHOUT£ vc aVnl-tnWnlOH anOT£A£Ol-taTLxaJI5) I'ic naQaOHYl-ta. Ka8£ Ta~Lxo~ XOLVWVLXO~ OX1']l-taTWl-tO~ 01']l-tLO'llQY£l vncpaOH~ nou O£V I-tnOQ£l vc ~£ma QaO£L.LXOUxamTaAWl-t0U. otov O£V £lvm nMQw~ YVWOTO.H n~ LOLOl-tOQCPl£~ tn O'lll-tmWl-tanxa xaQaxm XTl]QLonxa roue. oaotoix n£QLcpQOVOUv.nm 1']YEV£01']TWV £8VLXWV xQaTWV. T1']~WTOQLXi]~ £~EAL~1']~T1']~CPU01']~. xaTa TOV 'EVYX£A~. ton nOALTWl-t0U Xat T1']~OXE'\jJ1']~vaynm a . H OLaA£xnxit anooacp1']vll.l]TOUV Tl] XQ1']l-tanxit ~oit8Ha TWV £l-tnoQwv xm TWV TQaml.56 xrrorzron MnArIONA~ XQ1']OqWJWL£l w:.[l6)OL V0l-tOL T1']~OLaA£xnxi]~ nQoxunrouv «no acpalQ£01'] rtou OLaT1']Q£lo.u XOLVOEX0'UVOL OLacpoQ£~ 1-t0QCPE~ T1']~£~EAL~1']~ OT1'] PU01']. 8a XaTaAi]~O'llI-t£ O£ I-tLa T I-tOLQOAaTQLXi]aVTlA1']'\jJ1'] avaAOY1'] 1-t£O 8WAOYLXi]. Ennm on 1'] OLaA£xnxi] etvru 0 «VO1-t0~»i] 1']rno Y£VLXi] xat EAAOYl] 1-t0QCPi] T1']~WTOQla~ TWV XOLVWVLXWVOX1']l-tanOl-tWV.LTWV tou. avaynat OTO'll~mo Y£VLXOU~ vouois.To T'llxalO 8a urtooouoe mlOl]~ vo OQWT£l W~ TO avayxalo. OUl-tcpwva Tl] 1-t£O1']Vonoto r« rtcvrc £~aQTWVTm «no T1']~OUA1']01'] m T1'] T x oQao1'] tou 8wu.TWV onokov 1']av8Qwmvl] OXE'\jJ1'] £lvm xm TO crno xm TO anOTEA£Ol-ta.H on 0 TQono~ unaQ~1']~ T1']~CPU01']~. H OLaA£xnxi]. T1']~anOA 'UTl]~ 1-t0vaQXla~ Xat ron £l-tnoQ£'lll-tanXOU xru TQan£I. 'ETOL nQonOLl-tal. C T1']VxOLVWVla Xat T1']OXE'\jJ1'] Xat O£V £~£TaI. O'llOxnlOH~ tou XEYX£A [13) xm JtaQaT1']Q£l on av anOA'llTOnOLllOO'llI-t£ T1']VEWOLa T1']~avayxmOT1']Ta~ xm O£V T1']O'llOX£TlOO'llI-t£ 1-t£OO T'llxalO.

..OQLS01JV toix V6[l01J~ xm tL<. OYlAaO~ OL mo YEVLXE<. n01J OTYlV naQaOOOLaX~ AOYLX~ aVacpEQOVTm ore «aVWTaTa». £LOLXE<. crro TOV XEYX£A. 0 'EVYXEA<. n01J xaQaxtYlQLsH 6AE~ TL<. aQXE<. YI [l£Ta~aOYl coto rnv nOOOtLX~ OTYlVnOLOtLX~ [l£Ta~oM xm YIaQVYlOYItYl<. H OLaAExtLx~ AOYLX~ aVacpEQ£trn OtL~ mo YEVLXE~EWOL£<.n 8EWQOUVW<. 0 'EVYXEA<. £L~hxE~.. It« naQaoHY[la. OLamOtWv£L 0 'EVYX£A~. TYI<.YM<I>!lNA ME TON ENfKEAJ. xatE1J81JVT~QLa aQX~ YLa vc nQOXWQ~O£L OE acpmQEO£L<. OnOLE~ 0XYI[latonOLELtm YI E~EAL006[l£vYI OXE'\jJYI xm nQaY[latLX6TYlTa. 6nw<.AOYLX~xm 8EWr QLa Ev6<. tYl<. 0 'EVYXEA~ avaY£L tnv E~~YYlOYIon MaQ~ YLa tn [l£Ta~aOYl coto TO XQ~[la OTO XEcpat Amo ~ «no to [lL086 OtYlV 1JnEQa~La OTYlVaQX~ TYI<. H EWOLa TYI~OLaAEXtLX~<. [l£Ta~oM<.[l9) OL YEVLXE~EWOLE<.[lOQCPE<. CPUOYl<. XQYlOL[lOnOLEL T01J<..an6'\jJ£L~ tou XEYX£A. 3EXLVWVTa~ ceto TL<. t01J .I~MO J.H THJ. YI~ CPUOYl<.mLOt~[l£~ n01J xm odXV01JV mo xa8aQa TO YLyv£08m xru TO OTOLXELO tYl<. 57 oro YLyv£08mJ17) OL V6[lOL tYl~..[l£ta~aoYl<. E~EAL~YI<. LOTOQLXOU«ELVm». [20) 0 XEYXEA xm 0 'EVYXEA<. croix OnOL01J~ aVacpEQ£Tm nLO 01JXVa 0 'EVYX£A~.XEJ. tYl<. OYlAaO~ to y£vLx6TaTa yEVYI. aQVYlOYl~[18). «XatWtEQE~» EVVOLE~. «no TYlVnoooTLx~ ornv nOLOTLX~[l£Ta~oM.. £LVm YI aAAYlAOOL£LOO1JOYI aVtL8Errov torv. QaY[laTLx6tYlTa<. 01JVaYOVTm OL «cvcoreQE~».nQocpavw<.H J. no toy MaQ~ « OtYlV E~EAL~YI v6~ XOLVWVLXOUOXYI[laTLO[lOUxru OTYI[lEta~aOYl E an6 Eva OEOO[lEVOXOLVWVLX6OXYI[laTLO[l6 OE Eva oLacpoQ£tLx6 XOLVWVLX6OXYI[laTLO[l6.nQOOOLOQLO[lOU~ton XEYXEA W<. T xm tYl<. nov EcpaQ[lOYwv TYI~OLaAEXTLX~<.AOYLX~<.ue tL<. n01J naLQV£L rn [lOQCP~ tYl~ 01JVELOYlOYl<. £~EAL006[lEV01J.a1JtE<. An6 ru. XOLVWVLa~.xm OL V6[lOL TYI~OLaAEXtLX~~ EX01JVOLat1Jnw8EL. XOLvwvLa~. ue acpETYlQLaOTYlV LOtoQLa TYI~ 01JVELOYlOYl<. XEfKEAIANH~ alAAEKTIKH~ ME TO MAP:. tL<. nOLOTLX~<.TYI~OLaAEXTLX~<.. n nQoUn08EO£L<.anooacpYlVLs£L TL~ 8£WQYltLXE<.~QLOXOVTm OE0XEOYlaAAYlAOE~aQtYlOYl<.. xm YEVLX£UO£L~. TYI<. [21) IIaQ6[lOLa 0XEOYl ava[l£Oa OTL<. ue tL<.

£voA. [ 2:ta VWVLxa fQya rou. :JtQay!!atLxoti]twv tru OtO xfcpah ornon» rcov :Jtf:Jt£QaO!!fVWV «OLaox£:JttLrj «a:Jtoxata- xrn rorv :JtQOOOLOQLOW. 8fWQrj8d w~ «:JtQay!!atLxo~». 0 MaQ~ £:JtrjQfa~ftm xm «no tov :JtQO!!aQ~LOtLXO a8f'(0!!O. !!fta~aAAOVtm ovtotntsc. ue trj ofLQa trj~. cero !!La UALOtLxi] «oaoxctdotorm» xi].W tau tall [22l.av£laj Ioeosovia rnv LOWAL- trj~ OXfOrj~ :JtQay!!atLxOu xm cpavtaotLxou coto trj OLa:JtLOtWOrj tL OL L()ff~ trj~ aQxouoa~ ta~rj~ O «nouovo» Of xUQo~. :JtQf:JtfLvc 8fWQrj8d xo~. 0 XOO!!O~ nou 8fwQfLtm OrjAaoi] 0 XOO!!O~ trj~ LOfa~ xm tau :JtvfU!!ata~.oyia rov Itveouaio. Avrtotooqxi. OTjAaoi] 0 w~ qxrvtuo'nw~ cpavtaotLxo~. orn ([Jmvop. OrjAaoi] aVtLXH!!fVLxi] OtLXi] «cvcroomi» yVWOrj tall 0 MaQ~ xm 0 'EVYXfA~ f~rjyOUV ornv T£Qp. OrjAaoi] 0 XOO!!O~ torv m08i]ofwv. :JtQf:JtfLva. o XOO!!O~ nou 8fWQfL tnt ouvi]8w~ XOO!!O~ rou «XOLVOUVOU». ouv£:Jtayftm YOU. H vovrci «no au8u:JtaQxtf~ rn oQaorj xm tL~ fmOLw~£L~ trj~. CPLAooocpLa vet LOWALOtLxi] xm OtL 0 «XOO~lO~trj~ fL OtL 0 XOO!!O~ tall XOLVOU CPLAooocpLa~»:JtQoD:Jt08ftfL tnv :JtQay!!atwOrj tOU LOWALO!!OU. Tnv LOWALOtLXi] coroxcrcorcon rtou f:JtLXHQfL 0 XfYXfA i] «ovctoom]» 0 MaQ~ 8fWQfL w~ «ava:JtoooyuQLO!!a» nou :JtQf:JtH vc f~aAfLcp8d YLa va u:JtaQ~£Lemcrrniovi:JtQay!!atLxou. £:JtfvMovtm ue xa80ALxo clLaOLxaoLa ami] :JtQay!!ata:JtOLd trn orcv rj aQXOlloa ta~rj oQa W~ fX:JtQOOW:JtO~ XOLVWVLXOU rou OUVOAOU23l. non u:JtOOti]QL~f OtL 0 8fO~ fLvm :JtMouo trj~ av8Qwmvrj~ cpavtaOLa~ xm aQVLftm OtL 0 av8Qw:Jt0~ .58 xrrorsroa MllArIONA1: MaQ~ xm tau 'EVYXfA~ YLa rn i'JLaAfXtLxi] !!:JtOQfLvo ava~rjtrj8fL w~ :JtQO~rnv UALOtLXi] a:JtoxataOtaOrj aALOtLxi]~ OLaAfXtLxi]~ trj~ XfyxfALavi]~ LOf- o XfYXfA «no tOY MaQ~ xm rov 'EVYXfA~. Elver ouv£:Jtw~ avayxaLa xou» aVaAUtLXOU AOYLXOU fLvm ava:rtoooyUQLO!!fVO~ xm OtfXftau. 'EtOL 0 XfYXfA :JtQOtfLVfL !!La LOWALOtLxi] «a:Jtoxataotaorj» tOU :JtQay!!atLxou. ll:JtOOtrjQL~fL OtL xa8f Ami]. Ano tnv avaA uon auti] tau XfYXfA :JtQOXU:JttfL OtL w~ :JtQay!!atLxo~.

H ~XE~H TH~ XErKEAIANH~

aIAAEKTIKH~

ME TO MAP8I~MO UM<I>IlNA ME TON ENrKEA~

59

etvoi ()ruuovQyruw rou 8£Ov. H aVtLA.'Y]'\jJll t'Y]<;8Q'Y]OX£llnxi]<; JtLOt'Y]<;,nou aJtot£A.£L «ovctoom]» t'Y]<;avnX£L~£vLxi]<; OXEO'Y]<; av8QwnOll xm 8£Ov, JtQEn£L va ~avaton08£t'Y]8EL ornv nQay~anxi] ~UO'Y]t'Y]<;.T'Y]v anoxatuotao'Y] allti] £JtLXELQ'Y]O£ <1>Oll£Q0 ~Jtax non llnOoti]QL~£ OLL cpaVtaOLLXO nA.6.o~a £Lvm 0 8£0<; xm nQay~anxo 0 uv8QwJto<; W<; aw8'Y]to ov, 0 MaQ~ axoA.oll8£L w<; Eva O'Y]~£LOt'Y]V «noxordororrn t'Y]<;OXEO'Y]<; av8QwJtoll xm 8£Ov, onw<; t'Y]V £Q~'Y]V£V£L0 <1>oll£Q~nax [24]. ~£ avtL8£O'Y] O~w<; ue toy <1>oll£Q~nax 0 MaQ~ ()EX£tm on 'Y]llA.Wnxi] «noxorncreon t'Y]<;OXEO'Y]<; av8QwnOll xm 8£OV YLv£tm us rnv «nQu~'Y]», 'Y]onolo £~'Y]YEL ceto t'Y] 0XEO'Y]t'Y]<;ue n<; OllYX£XQL~EV£<; tototru QLXE<;01JV8i]x£<; xutw «no n<; onote; JtQay~atonOLELtm [25]. ~ta nQWL~a EQya ton MaQ~ 'Y]llA.Wnxi] anoxatuOtao'Y] t'Y]<; L()£aA.LOnxi]<; avatQoJti]<; t'Y]<;OXEO'Y]<; nQay~anxov xm qxrvtoOtLXOV OllV()E£tm ue rnv «nQu~'Y]» xm ue roix WtoQLXOXOLVWVLXOV<;OQOll<; nou £~'Y]yOVVt'Y] YEV£Oi] t'Y]<;,0XL O~w<; us EWOL£<; OJtw<; OL naQaywYLxE<; ()1JVU~£L<;,OL naQaywYLXE<; OXEO£L<;,«'Y] JtUA.'Y]WV tu~£WV». [26] QOtOOo 'Y]£Jt£~£QyaoLa t'Y]<;EWOLa<; t'Y]<; t nQu~'Y]<; ore V£aVLXu EQya ton MaQ~ O()'Y]YELQo<; t'Y]V avaywyi] n t'Y]<;Ot'Y]VEWOLa t'Y]<;£QyaoLa<; [27]. IIaQuA.A.'Y]A.a ue t'Y]V «llA.LOnxi] anOxatuotao'Y]» toll <1>Oll£Q~nax O£ 0XEO'Y]ue tn 8Q'Y]OX£Laxm toy uv8Qwno w<; mo8'Y]to OV, 'Y]tuo'Y] tou MaQ~ YLa «llA.Wnxi] anoxatuotao'Y]» t'Y]<;«L()£aA.wnxi]<; cvcroomi;» t'Y]<; OXEO'Y]<; JtQay~atLxov xm qxrvroonxov «no toy XEyX£A. £vwxv£tm «no t'Y]V xQLtLxi] tou anEvovn otov XEyX£A., nou aQXL~£L oro 1841, otov 0 MaQ~ etvru axo~'Y] X£yx£A.Lavo<;. 0 MaQ~ XQ'Y]OL~OJtOL£L £yx£A.LavE<; xat'Y]X YOQL£<;YLa vc a~cpw~'Y]ti]o£L OQW~EV£<; coro n<; 8£~£A.LW()£L<; EWOL£<; t'Y]<;CPLA.OoocpLa<; XEyX£A. [28]. 'EWL 0 MaQ~ naQaton t'Y]Q£L on 'Y]X£yx£A.Lavi] unO'\jJ'Y]YLa to xQutO<; w<; £vouQXWO'Y] toll «AOYOll», ~JtOQ£L vc EX£LaVtLxQLo~a Ot'Y]V nQay~anxot'Y]to, ~OVO o» aoxELtm a~ELA.LXt'Y]xQLtLxi] YLa xu8£ avoQ80A.0Yo

60

AYrOYl:TOl: MIIArIONAl:

xaQaxtl]Qwnxo tl]~ unaQxouoa~ XataotaOl]~ nQay!!atwv. H anal men Yla uAwnx~ «noxctcotcon tl]~ cvcnooovuQW!!EVl]~lOEaA.lOnX~~ avtlA.l]'\jJl]~tou XEyX£A. la rnv urrooto, Y nou rnv £sl]yd «no rnv lOEa,nQoooLOQl~£lxm OQW!!EV£~ QlX nXE~ tou MaQs Yla toy XEyX£A.,nou ola~a~ow£ oro XfLQ6voaaa tou 1844. Lto EQYO auto 0 MaQS, avayvwQl~£l on 0 Y.EyX£A. ern cfJmvo/lEvoAoyia rov Ilveouato; xatavod on l] ruotc» tOU av8Qwnou £lvm to anOtEA.W!!a tl]~ £Qyaola~ tl. 0 XEYXEA.O!!W~ avayvwQl~£l !!OVO tn OlavOl]tlX~ EQyaola[29). Ito toy MaQs l] OlaVOl]nX~ EQyaola OEV!!noQEl vo unaQs£l, av nQOl]yoU!!EVW~ av8Qwno~, rtou aQXlxa Elvm 0 <pUOlXO, otourrnxo xm m08l]to OV,OEVnaQayaY£l to !!EOa!!E rc onotc 8a Esao<paA.lO£l «~w~» tou, H 0XEOl]OlaVOl]nX~~ tl] xm naQaywYlx~~ £Qyaola~ nQEn£l vc anoxataOta8El ornv nQay!!anx~, UA.lX~~aol] tl]~ xm v« <pavd on YEv£nxa l] Olavorrnxr] EQyaola nQoun08Et£l rn naQaywYlx~ £Qyaola. H anoxataotaol] tl]~ nQay!!anx~~ OXEOl]~ cvcueoo oro UA.lXO xm to lO£atO, nou 0 MaQs ore EQyatOU tl]~ nEQloooU 1844-1847 tELVELvc ESO!!OlWOEl!!E tn 0XEOl] cvoueou OtO nQay!!anxo xm to qxrvtcouxo, 8£!!EA.lWV£l OQW!!EVE~no n~ « xQmxE~ ton Yla tOU~XEyxEA.laVOU~ aQwt£Qa~, £lOlXOt£Qa tl]~ Yla toy Mnoouvo Macoueo xm tOY Mas LtlQVEQ.'EWl ornv Ayia OUWytVfW 0 MaQS tOVl~£l on l] «cutoououvuonotc» OEVnaQaY£l tOY nQay!!anxo av8Qwno. Avt18Eta, l] «cutoouveionoto» dvm nQo·(ov tl]~ oQaol]~ tOU nQay!!atlxoU av8Qwrtou [30). H A.OYlX~ «OUOla»ESl]ydtm «no tl] «qnxrn» xm OEV OU!!~alVEl to avtl8Eto. Ltl] FEQp,av£lCrj I&oAoyia 0 MaQs xm 0 'EVYXEA.~ mxQlE VOUVtOY LtlQVEQ Ylatl, ESEta~Ovta~ rnv aQxala torootc, ton08EtEl tn YEyovota «navw OtO x£<paA.l OU~», £JtElO~£Sl]t yd tnv «UA.lX~iorootc» «no rnv «urtooto torv lOEWOWV» [31). H avnXEl!!£VlX~ YVWOl]tl]~ WtOQla~, aut~ Ol]A.aO~ nou ovrc-

H l:XE~H THl: XErKEAIANHl: aIAAEKTlKHl: ME TO MAP:;:Il:MO ~YM<!JnNAME TON ENrKEAl:

6r

rtOXQLV£tm ore XUQla xaQaXtT]Qwnxa «UAlX~

tT]£ WtoQlX~£

£~EAl-

~T]£, £m~UAAH va £~T]YT]8fLT] «iorootc torv l6£w6wv»

«no rn

iorootc»

torv

toonorv

rtaQaywyi)£.

H uAwnx~
IJ,anx6 xm to

cnoxcrcorcon tT]£ OXEOT]£ ovouso« OtO rtQay-

qxrvtcouxo

6£v ~tav ouvuto

va rtQaYlJ,atortOltnv

T]8£L IJ,£tn 8£wQT]tlxa T]8lXOAOYlxi) aUtE£ xQmx~£ ouuqxovc XQl nxi)

oxi)lJ,ata

tWV X£YX£Alavwv tT]£ aQwt£tT]£ 8QT]OX£La£xm YWtL oi IJ,OQCPE£ «avatQort~»,

QU£, 6T]Aa6~ IJ,£tn 8£OAOYlxi) xQmxi) rtQOVrt08EtoUV

tT]£ artoA utaQXLa£,

rnv

l6£aAwnx~

IJ,£tnv

onoto

T] 8QT]OX£Laxm T] artoAUtaQXLa rtQOOartOxataotaOT]£ tT]£ lO£aAwn-

6WQL~OUVto XOlVWVlX6 yLyvw8m. IIQovrt68wT] x~£ avatQort~£ nov «y~lVWV» aut6£ 6laA£xnx~ tT]£ uAwnx~£ £Lvm, OUlJ,cpwva IJ,£toy MaQ~, 0 xa8oQwlJ,6£ urruov rtou rnv £~T]youv [32]. 0 xa8oQwlJ,6£ va YLVH IJ,6vo IJ,£acp£tT]QLa IJ,la uAlonx~

fLvm 6uvat6

EOtW xm IJ,T] AOXAT]QWIJ,EVT] aQX~£, frtT]Q£aOIJ,£O £~ OlXOVOIJ,La, lOLW£ tTl 8£WQLa rou

VT] 6Xl IJ,6vo «no tT]V av8QwrtoAOYLa tou <I>6u£QlJ,rtaxaAAa xm

«no

tT]V aYYAlx~ rtOAmx~

PlXUQVtO Yla tT]V urt£Qa~La, tTl 8£WQLa tou Avrou ~lJ,l8 Yla tOY xatalJ,£QwlJ,6 tT]£ £QyaoLa£ xm Yla tT]V £QyaoLa £VYEVH W£ rtQoo6wQwnx6 onx~ otOlXfLO Yla tT]V a~La tT]£ l6£aAwnx~£

evo;

rtQo·C6vtO£. H UAltT]£ OXEOT]£

artoxatuotaOT]

avatQort~£

rtQaYlJ,anXOU xm qxrvtconxou IJ,£n£ avaAUOH£ tou ~wlJ,6vn uvcornxroovtm ~WIJ,6Vtl, oomaAWtwV, Yla tou; ~H

rtQErtH frtLOT]£ va OUOX£tWt£L Yla tT]V £~a8ALWOT]nov £Qya-

~OIJ,EVWV nou OT]lJ,wuQYOUVoi 0XEOH£ rtaQaywy~£,

ot

OrtOL££

oro rtAaLOW tOU ~WIJ,T]xaVlxou XamtaAWIJ,OU. tT]£ aYYAlx~£ rtOAmx~£ avaAUO£l£ OlXOVOIJ,La£, rou rorv outornxcov

Oi avaAUO£l£

OQWIJ,EV££ «rtaQaywyou£»

«no

tl£

lOlaLt£Qa tou ~mv-~lIJ,6v, xm roix

tOU OrtOLOUT] 8£WQLa

«frtWt~IJ,OV££» rtQO£tolIJ,UIJ,£tT]V

tn lJ,aQ~wnx~

UrtO'ljJT] la tT]V aVatQOrt~ torv rtaQaYWYlxwV Y

0XEO£WVcoto n£ rtaQaYWYlxE£ 6UVUIJ,H£, O£ ouvouoouo

on xa8£ ta~lxO~ xmvwvlxo~ OXl]!!ano!!o~. To JtQoYQa!!!!a tl]~ «noxctcotoon. 0 'EVYX£A~. rc onoto avacpEQovtm ornv llAWtLXij ()laA£xtlxi].xrrorsro» MIIArIONA~ X£YX£Alavtl ()laA£Xtlxij. Tnv llAwnxi] aJtoxataOtaOl] tll~ l()£aAlonxi]~ ()laA£xtlxi]~ JtQay!!atOJtOlEL 0 'EVYX£A~ XllQLW~ O£ 0XEOl] 1"'£ rnv WtOQLa nov £Jtw'tl]!!Wv. Ltov XEYX£A O!!W~ l] ()WA£xnxi] OtEx£tm OtO x£cpaAl tl]~. OJtW~ xm 0 MaQ~. Ito tOY XEYX£A l] ()La()lXaOLa rou otoxao!!ou nou y£vvl£tm crto to av8Qwmvo !!llaM. l()laLt£Qa 0 xcmtaAWtlXO~. ()laA£xnxij~. JtQo£toq. £~£ALO{J£tm JtQO~ tn aQVl]oij rou. IIQEJt£l va ~avaOta8£L ore JtO()la tll~ Yla va ~Q£8EL xru va aJtoxa8aQ8EL 0 OQ80AOYlXO~ JtllQijva~ tll~ cno to uoonxumxo mQL~All!!U tl]~ [351. xcrovonon xm vvoxm. Kru oi ()1l0 avaYVWQL~01JV rnv avuyxll tl]~ llAlonxi]~ aJtoxataOtaOll~ tl]~ l()£aAwnxi]~ ()WA£xnxi]~. Ano to xaAoxaLQl toll 1844 0 'EVYX£A~xm 0 MaQ~ avaYVWQL~O'UVon oi aJtO'IjJ£l~ toix Oll!!JtLJttO'UVO£ OAa to 8E!!ata [361.L avtL8£tl]. avtW£ta.l(i~o'UV tn 8£wQLa rou MaQ~. ELvm 0 ()l]!!WllQYO~ tou JtQay!!atlxou XOO!!Oll. rnv onoto OVO!!a~H lOEa xm !!£ta~aAAH O£ a1l8uJtaQxtO aVtlX£L!!£VO. 0 JtQay!!anxo~ XOO!!O~ £Lvm l] cpmVO!!£Vlxi] !!OQCPi]l]~ l()Ea~ [341. a1Jtij~ £X8EtH 0 MaQS O£ ()1l0 X£L!!£Vatoll Kupasaio». l] IbEa ()£V £Lvm tLJtOt ts aAAo coto tOY llAlXO XOO!!O. 0 MaQ~ avayvwQL~H on o XEYX£A JtaQollola~H tn Y£Vlxi] !!oQCPi]xm rnv £Jt£~£QyaoLa tl]~ ()laA£xnxij~ 1"'£toone rrou ()ELXVHJtAllQOtl]ta. H 8£WQLUamrj 8£!!£Al(bv£tm ornv llAwnxij nnoxorcororm tl]~ l()£aAwnxi]c. LtO JtQ(Dt033 o MaQS YQacpH: «II ()laA£lmxi] 1"'011!!E80()o~ ()£V £Lvm !!OVO ()lacpoQ£nxi] «no tn XEyx£Alavij ana Xo.. avaYVWQL~H on l] L()la l] X£Yx£Alavi] ()laA£xnxi] JtQOOCPEQHto 8£wQl]nxu oxi]!!ata nou 8a . o LtO ()£Ut£Qo X£L!!£VO. to YVWOtO £JtL!!£tQO tl]~ ()£ut£Ql]~ Y£Q!!aVlxi]~ EX()OOl]~ton Keaasaiou. oJtw~ aVtavaXAUtm OtO av8Qwmvo !!llaM xm !!£taCPQa~£tm O£ !!OQCPE~toxao!!ou». Ito !!EVa.

£lvm Owato va Jta'\jJow vo. u H UAlOtlXi]aJtoxataotaol] tl]£ avaJtoooyuQLOflEVl]£ lOEaAlOtlxi]£ OlaA£xnxi]£ JtQOUJt08Et£L orov 'Evyx£A£. 'OJtw£ xcu 0 MaQ~.JtQay!-"anxo». Aga va l] l<)EUxm to rrveuun. OOl]Y£lOtO oWtJtEQaofla on to JtQUYflanxo !tJWQ£t va Jta'\jJ£L £lvm «JtQaY~tanxo» [37J. O£ 0XEOl]ue auti]v.ootnrc aJtOt£A£l cpvno ouxi]£ to OJtOlO XQl]Olfl£V£L va ouyxaAucp8£l l] JtQaYflan: Yla xi] XOlVWVlXi] vioomro. on 0 av8QwJto£ flJtOQ£l va avaJttv~£L 01. 0 'EVYX£A£. £L6lXOt£Qa tou a8E"t:OflOVrou <I>ou£QflJtax. rtou OVflcpwva ue COVXEyx£A «noteAOvv to xat' £~oXilVJtQaYflunxo. LlIAAEKTIKHJ.H TH~ XEfKEAIANHJ. l] aJto'\jJl] rou XEyx£A on to JtQaYflanxo etvrn AOYlxo. oJtw£ xm OtOV MaQ~. VOfllXi] roo rnt« oev JtQEJt£l va ouyxaAvJtt£L xm vc OUOxOtl~£Lrnv vJtaQ~l] tl]£ JtQaYflanxi]£ XOlVWVlXi]£ ovioorntr«.Jto t'1']'1 £JtlOQaOl]tl]£ fl£AEtl]£ tl]£ aYYAlxi]£ JtOAltlxi]£ oixovoutnc. tautl~ovtm ue to <. no mv aJto'\jJl] aunl JtQOXVJttH l] a. XWQl£ Wot600 va aJtoA utoaout tnt l] avayxl] rou aywva xata tl]£ .££n£ ouvatotl]t££ rtou l] JtaQaooOlaxi] 8Ql]ox£unxi] JtlOtl] aJtE6l0£ oro 8£0 [40J. rnv onoto osv flJtOQ£lva £~aA£l'\jJ£L.vayxl] r tl]£ uAlonxi]£ aJtoxataotaol]£ Tll£ avaJtoooyuQLOflEVl]£ lOEaAlOtlxi]£ OlaA£Xtlxi]£ tou XEYX£A xatw a.YM<I>ONA ME TON ENfKEA~ 63 10mtQE1jJOWtnv uAlOnxi] aJtoxmaotaoi] tl]£..vayxl] flla£ «uALOnA xi]£ aJtoxataotaol]£» tl]£ JtoAltlxi]£ OXE'\jJl]£. ME TO MAP8IJ.MO J. rtou JtQaYflatOJtOl£l xata to Etl] 1842-1844 [38J.oJtw£ xm 0 MaQ~. 0 'EvY){£A£OW£LO'l']tOJWl£l nv a. LxoAla~Ovta£ rnv xcrcorcon tl]£ AYYAla£ fl£ta rn ~LOfll]xavlxi] encvootoon. Iui JtaQ<lOH Yfla. av ouOX£ttat£l ~L£tl] X£'l}t£A'.££n£ lOlOtl]t££ xru 01. tnv aJto'\jJl] tou JtQOflaQ~lOnxov a8E"t:OflOV. VOfllXi] i. ouveionronorst tnv avayxl] ot cpQao£l£ va fll] ouyxaAvJttouv rnv JtQYflanXOtl]ta aAAa v« xa8oQl~£tm to vOl]fla rou.H ~XEJ. 0 'Evyx£A£ JtaQatl]Q£l on l] tUJtlxi]. nou 8a 6£l~H ue oacpi]vHa on l] tUJtlxi]. E~aAAou..avi] taVtLOl] rou roono» vJtaQ~l]~ trov OVtWVue to Ylyv£08m. [39J.

tLx.m OWcpOQUe.O JtEQl~Al]l!a» tl]e. I!E tLe. aAAl]AOE~UQtl]Ol]e. cpaVEQWl!atOe. XQl](JLI!OnOLEl I!La UAAl] aVaAOYla YLa va unooacpl]VlOEL tn I!EtU~aOl] uno rnv «LOEaALOtLX.EA tl]e.Ql~ELa x.i] E~i]Yl]Ol] YW tl] 8EQI!Otl]ta uno I!La «8EQl!aVnx.i]» ornv «1JALOtLX.tLx.i]e. x.» LOEaAWtLx. l] tQL~i].EAe.m nAl]QOtl]ta. 0 'EVyx. n I!EtU~aOl] cno tl] XEyx. LOEaALOtLx.i] ElVm aVUAOYl] I!E tl] I!EtU~aon cno tl] CPLAOOOcplatl]e. tcutorntcc. cpUOl]e.tLx. W o 'EVyx. OWOLx. tl]e. onWe. OWAEx. I!E I!EyaAUtEQl] ax.i]» i] «1!1JOtLX. I!OQcpEe.m oLm08uvovtm tl] OLaAEx.i]e.i]» i] 1JALOnx.aolEe.i]e.EAe.i]e.EAe. OLaOLx.Oe. cnox. x. aAM ~EX. onote.nx. H avaAOYla a1Jti] 1JnuQXEL aVUI!E0a orn I!EtU~aOl] uno rnv LOEaALOtLx.i] [451.. lOWe.O OO(JLaALOI!O.avav OL XEyx. Ol VEL I!W JtEQLEx. nrrtou x. 0 'Evyx.m rnv E~i]Yl]Oi] tl]e.i]e. OQLOI!EVOL 01JWmx.WtLX.i] x. n1JQi]vee» tl]e.i]e. Ltl] .m tl] I!EtU~aOl] «no WV ouromxo OWV EmOtl]I!OVLX. cero cpm VOI!EVa onWe.aOlae. «aVtEOtQaI!I!EVl]e. I!E ne.i]x.EAe. 1JAWtLx. tl]e. OnWe.i] OLaAEx.. onWe.tLX.m tnv 1JALOnx.a8oQlsEL tLe.i]» i] «OQ80AOYLX. 0 . EnlOl]e. OLaAEx. JtEQLYQUCPEL10 nQoYQal!!W tl]e.xrrorsros MIIArIONAl: 8Ql]ox.1.i] O'IJVal!l]» x.i] ornv 1JALOtLX. x.ELW. OI!We.atUOtaOl]e. Ltl] .a8oQlSEL OtL l] OXEOl] aVUI!EOa ornv LOEaALOtLX.i] ornv «OQ80AOYLx.i]x.i]» OLaAEx...i]. ElVm l] 01JOXEtWi] tl]e. x. [411. OWtEAEltm l] I!EtU~aOl] cno rnv LOEaAWtLX. OW XWQO xrn OW XQOVO. EJtLOti]l!l] [441.nx.tLx. o 'EVyx.i] ElVm aVUAOYl] I!E tl] OXEOl] aVUI!E0a otn AEX.WAEUUUrl rlJ~ <Pva1J~ YQUCPEL[421: « 0 XEYX.1.LOtLx.EA I!ae. x.i]OLaAEx.i]e.tLx.i] OLaAEx. OLaAEx. Kru YW rov 'EVyx. XEYx.EALaVOl tl]e.i] OUVO\jJl] tl]e.m tamOAOYLx.tLx.m UAAWV naQOI!OLWV I!OQCPWV E~EALx.EAe.nx.EALavi]e.i] e.a8oQlsEL OtL 0 «OQ80AOYLx. aQLOtEQUe.tLx.nx. OLUcpOQEe. LOEae.i]e.m «noteAEOl!aWe. xrn 0 MaQ~. 10 «1!1JOtLX. Itc naQUOELYl!a.LVUELcoto I!La Aa8EI!EVl] acpEtl]Qla».tLx.Ol YVWQlsow x. OLaAEx. orn CP1J(JLx.i] i] «OQ80AOYLX.EALavi] ornv 1JALOtLX.i]» OLaAEx.i].wAEUUUrl r1J~ <Pva1J~ [431. LacpEOtEQa «no rov MaQ~. x. avuYEtm otov nQOOOLOQLOI!O coto tov XEYX.m 0 MaQ~. 10 Ex.

OJtW~ ornv Jt£QlmWOl] rou LmV-LL!lOV xm rou <l>OUQLE. JtOU O£V EXH avaJttusfl S£XWQLOt~ xm oacp~ taSLX~ OUV£lOl]Ol]. QOtO00. OL outomxot oomaALOtE~ O£V !lJtOQOUV v« £Sl]y~OOUV tL~ OLaOLxaOl£~ tl]~ YEVWl]~ tl]~ Hxova~ yLa rnv tEAfla XOL VWVla. rtou 8£wQouo£ to OOmaALO!lO w~ ExcpQaOl] tl]~ LOEa~ ron oLxalou xm rou Aovot: [48]. Entorj. OJtW~ YLa JtaQaOHY!la tou Weitling. OOOLaALO!lO~S£XLvafl cero !lLa 8£WQl]tLX~ OUAAl]'\jJl]YLa !lLa tEAfla xowcovto. XWQl~ v« £Sl]Y£l tl] 0XEOl] !lEtasu rcov OUO Jt£QLOXWV. l] LOcaALOtLX~ OLaA£XtLX~ tou XEYX£A !lEta8Etfl OA£~ tu. tl] I'eouovtc. H LOcaALOtLX~ OLaA£xnx~ £XCPQa~H rnv aVtlAl]'\jJl] YLa tl] OUVHOl]OLaX~ xm LOtoQLX~ £SEALSl] JtOU OXl]!latl~fl l] Y£Q!laVLX~ aOtLX~ taSl]. H OUAAl]'\jJl] am~ !lJtOQ£l vc £lvm OAOXAl]QW!lEVl]xm OLHOOUtLX~. l] LOcaALOtLX~ OLaA£XtLX~ ovcorruoottrn O£ !lLa XWQa. oure tL~ OLaOLxaOl£~ ue tL~ OJtOl£~ l] tEA£La XOLVWVla 8a unoQOUO£ vc JtQaY!latoJtOLl]8£L Kntn toy 'EVYX£A~. OLouremXOl JtOU YVWQl~OUVtl] OLaA£xtLx~ vo nvvoouv toy UALO!lO ~ cvnotooqxi [46]. XaTa toy 'Evyx£A~. !lOQCPE~xm £S£ALXtLXE~ taO£L~ rou JtQaY!latLxOU ornv Jt£QLOX~ tou «nveuucroo. IIaQo!lOLa ue toy outomxo 000 LaALO!lO. LU!l(3alvfl O!lW~. OJtOU l] avamUSl] ron xcourcALO!lOU O£V EX£L JtQOXWQ~O£L.xm tl]~ «LOEa~». Etoi £Sl]Y£ltrn xm 0 LO£aALOtLXO~xaQaxt~Qa~ OQLO!lEVWVoao tL~ JtQWL!l£~ OOOLaALOtLXE~ xru XO!l!lOUVLOtLXE~ 8£WQl£~. l] LOLO!lOQcpla aut~ tWV 8£WQLWV yLa toy outomxo OOOLaALO!lO ocp£lAEtm xata XUQLOMyo oro y£yovo~ OtL avamux8l]xav O£ Jt£QlOOO JtOU l] avamUSl] tou xamtaALO!lOU O£V dX£ JtQOXWQ~OH [47] xm OL £S£ALXtLXE~taOH~ rou O£V dxav «noocqmvurtet. l]8LX~ xrn XOLVWVLX~ £saQtl]Ol] uno tn . Luv~8w~ 0 ouromxo.H ~XE~H TH~ XErKEAIANH~~IAAEKTIK~ ME TO MAP8Il:MO~YM"'nNA ME TON ENrKEAl: 65 <l>oUQU~aVtLAa!l(3aVEtm O'tL ornv «JtOALtLO!lEVl] XOLVWVla» l] a<:p80Vla y£wafl tl] cptwXHa xm OtL l] «JtOALtLO!lEVl] XOL VWvto» £S£AlOOEtm JtQO~ XataOtaOfl~ JtOU O£V £m8U!l£l xm JtOU tl]V «voioouv. YLatl (3QlOXEtm O£ '\jJUXOAOYLX~.

m JtQaY[latLx.i] EmOtl][lOVLX. OOOLaAW[lOe.Ux. tOY JtaQa[lEQW[lO JtaQaOEXOvtm Ol]Aaoi] tl] toll otoxaO[lOU x. mota ue rnv LOEaAWUX.Ux.i]e.m tLe.66 cp£OlloaQXLa ~EL [491.Ee.m OtL OLacpaLVOVtm o MaQs rtou OOl]YOUV JtQoe.EAWVi] .QL[lEVO crouo. 8EWQLEe.m tOY XEYX.oe. toll Kovt rnv ESEALSl] toll OU[lJtavtoe. MnArIONA~ rnv avtLAl]'\jJl] OtQW[lata tL~01JV oirtomxoc.O aJtooacpl]VL~Ovtm OUx.m rnv x. CPLAooocpLae. non XQl]OL[lOJtOLOUV ato[lO LO£OAOYLae.i] ornv cno tOY otnomxo orov OU aQXL~OllV 0 x.amtaALOL ESEtoll.m nov x. 8EWQLEe. OE va avaJttUOOEL OOOLaAW[lO JtQOUJt08EtOllV OL avtLcpaOELe.m ono». x. tLe. us Aa[laQx. x.m to rnv toto- iotootc LOEWV x.a EQya toll. rou YLa tl] YEVWl] x. [lOQCPi].i]e.ou.ou X. nou 0Xl][laEQyatLx. oroJtQOX.OU YLyvw8m llAWUX. YLa va OOOLaAW[lOe. 0 outomxoc [ll] EJtWtl][lOVLx. OE OWOLx. ~tl] Tn OLaJtLOtWOl] ami] TEQf.m toll OtaOLOJtOLl][lEVl] «nveuurrto. x.Ee.». ava~l]ti]OELe. IIaQO[lOLa. ue JtQOOEYYLOELe. toll X. aOUx.a8we. cno x.UQLa xaQax. toll ~wvtavwv nov rnv ue tLe.EA. ton 0XEOEWV.cpQax. EQyaoLae.tl]QLOtLx. x.UX. Ex.m 0 'Evyx. ESWWtoQLx. yw to tl]e.i] EQyaoLa OllYX. 0 'Evyx. BEx. rnv EQyaoLa OE rtou OQL~Etm X. x.OLVWVLa.Ee.OO[lOll.i] cno rnv LOEaAWUX.i]e.i]. OllOXEtL~Ovtae.OL VWVLX.OLVW- H x. rnv rnv ESEALSl] nov EJtwi][laVOl] oQyaVW[lWV avtWtOLXLWV cvoueoc ern XEYX.Oe. «LOEae. OUVOAO torv [511.» x.WV rnv X.OU YLyvw8m QLa OE coro x.EX. toll 0 'Evyx. nou X.cpQaOO1JV 01JVOEEtm [lOQcpEe. Ex. roix. taSl]e.OL VWVLX. ESEALSl] toll xru rnv AaJtMe. [SOl.a [lEtEtQE'\jJE toto- tl]e.aOLa avtWtOLXLa ESEALSl] toll amOO1JVELOl]OLae.i] OWAEX.UJttH aJtooacpl]VL~EL xaO[lOU ovoueon ornv JtQawatLx.EAe.atOJttQL~EL ore «avaJtOOOYllQW[lEva» rnv EsEALSl] toll x. taOELe.i] toll tl]v we. OXl][latoJtOLEL 0 XEYX.Lvwvtae. VLX.OLVWVLx..OXl][latW[lOe. uJtaQSl] OLaVOl]tLx. OtL l] ESEALSl] tl]e.EAe.avEL 0 MaQs 0 MaQS VEaVLx. 0 AYrOn:TOl.lav[urj I&oAoy{a QLX.. unoana oJtwe.EA JtQOOOLOQWE tn x. x.m i] JtQOaOtLx. aVtLx. ALx.m toll AaQ(3Lvoll yw coto [521.m [lEta(3aOl] l] [lEta(3aOl] OLaAEx.EA. ana avaYVWQL~01JV OU 0 XEYX.EAe.m tl]e.

avtLOtOlxLEe.an6'\jJEle. vc anOtEAEL Yl' mrrov ovnxet[tEVO SEXOOQLOti]e. tou onOLOU ELvm T] xataAT]ST] xm T] to acpEtT]QLa. XOOQLe. 6[tooe. [tOQCP~e. torv EJtlOtT][tWV xaVH ro l()WAlOtlxa oucrnucro vc «rroxrnoouv UAlOtlX6 nEQlEX6[tEVO. OtO «OUYXEXQl[tEVO» nou EL vut T] rcurornt« T] onotc avantuOOH tTl ()lacpOQa xm T] «oxornto» nou ()EV VOELtrn XOOQLe.. LOtoQLae.. SEAlST]e. To oxi][ta tT]e. tOY onOLO taUtL~H ue tT]V L()la tn CPlAOOOCPLU. 0 'EVYXEAe. 8a [tnOQOUOE vc 8EOOQT]8EL ooe. l()Eae. ava[twa oro YLyvw8m tT]e. xm tT]e. ouvovovrc. aUtEe.tT]e. to ()ULO[t6. oi [tOQcpEe. uno tT]V aAAT].UALOnxou roono» OXE'\jJT]e. vc XQElaOtEL va EA8El 010aVtL8£OT] ue tOY l()WALO[t6. [tEta~aOT]e. «()lacpOQa». H ESEAlST]ami] nQaY[tatonOlELtm ue ()lacpOQa 8EOOQT]tlxa oxi][tata. . YnoOtT]QL~H on T] nQ60()oe. Oi aVtLOtOlXLEe. ESEAlST]e.. 8EOOQT]tlxi]e. nQaY[tanx6tT]tae. oao to «acpT]QT][tEVO»oro «OUYXEXQl[tEVO» EcpaQ[t6~H xm 0 MaQS ore Grundrisse xm OtO Keaassuo [53]. OUVEL()T]OT]e. «no tT]V aQxi] o'n 6AEe. orov l()WALO[t6 rtou coto tn CPUOT] tELVH nQoe. nOtEAOuV OUYXEXQlE a [tEVEe. to ()laAEXtlxi]e.T]e. xm to YLYVfo8m tT]e.. ot aVtlOtOlXLEe. xutcvoouvtru coto tOY XEYXEA 010 OUOXEtlOT] ue to uovionxo xaQaXti]Qu tou l()EaAlO[tOu ton [55].aVaAUOT]e. YLyvw8m. l()Eae. xm tOU nVEu[tatoe. EVVOlae. EJtL()Qaooe. autEe.. l()EUe. cpUOT]e. 0 [tOVLOtlX6e. «no tTl [tla [tEQla. ESEAlST]e. XOOQLe. ()LVH xanOtE tT]V EvtunOOOT]no».xm tT]e. OT]e. ovcueon OtT]V ESEAlST]tT]e. ()T]Aa()r] to [tE[tOVOO[tEVOi] tT]V «trrotornro» XOOQLe. tT]V ESEAlST] tT]e.. l()WAlt ouo. tou EVYXEAe. tT]e. Kutn toy 'EVYXEAe.. unOXEl[tEVlxi]e. EVVOlae. XaL tOU nVEu[tatoe. 0 EVYXEAe. tou TT]V ano'\jJT] auti] nQOUno8Etouv OQLO[tEVEe. etoi« EL T vm T] [tEta~aOT] oao to «orpnQT][tEVO».H l:XEl:H THl: XErKEAIANHl: I1IAAEKTIKHl: ME TO MAPEIl:MO l:YM<!JONA ME TON ENrKEAl: 67 8HDQLa Yla to YLyv£08m tT]e.[54]..xataA:r']YH OtT]V ano'\jJT] on 0 XEYXEA OUVEAa~EOAOXAT]QOO[tEva oX'r][tata tT]e. tT]V ESEAlST]tT]e. ()EXEtm on 0 XEYXEA OUVEAa~E ne. 8a nrcv ouvnro vu 8EOOQT]8EL anOtEA£O[ta tT]e. Etot 0 nav8E'(o[t6e. nQawanx6tT]tac.

touto EcpaQ[lOsEtm OtT]V tumxi] AOYLXi] xm tn YEW[lEtQLa.. [lOVT] JtQaY[latLxotT]ta we. LC>EaAWtLxi]e.. ue toy cno ecuto LC>LotT]ta xm taUtLsEtm tou H VAT] u.' ami] tT]V evvoio avtWtOLXEL OtT]V acpT]QT][lEVT] rcutornrc nou aJtOtEAEL tT]V aQxi] rou «C>WOXEJttLXOV AOYLXOV» oJtwe. nou ouo». we.. tT]e. a()LaVOT]tT] OtT] CPLAooocpLa rou XEYXEA. XEYXEAwva tQoJto tou XEYXEA xm xm [laQsWtLxa taOEWV tT]e. xata [58]. xa80QW[lEVEe.»[56]. 0 XEYXEA UJtOOtT]QLsH OtL T] EVVOLa tT]e. 8E[lEALWVEtm OtT]V ESEALST] tT]e. VA T]e. LE 0XEOT] ue tT]V ESEALST]tT]e. Ano OQW[lEVEe. t@U XEYXEA [57] ouvcvetru vJtaQST]e. OE OQW[lEVa XEL[lEva. C>La[laQsW[lOV ton uno toy 'EVYXEAe. H CPLAOOOcpLa ron XEYXEA 8a !1JtOQOVOE vo EQ[lT]VEU8EL «LC>EaAWtLxa avaJtoC>oYUQW[lEVOe. tWV ovrorv. VAT]e. «1(Juxi]» [lJtOQEL vet xaQaXtT]QLOtEL T] CPT] rn aJtQoO()LOQWtT] x XEYXEA. OE Aav8aoouoa o» xm «ovcnooovuotouevn» xm 8E[lEALW[lEVT] L()EaAWtLXa. EVVOWe. VAT]e. L()LOtT]tEe. C>EV tou OtL JtaQa aJtOtEAEL E[lrrELQLXO ()E()O[lEVO. YLa tT]V VAT]. Evae. [loQCPi]. we. H OUOXEtLOT] tWV UAWtLXWV AEXtLxi]e. C>EVxaQaxtT]QLsEtm aJtAWe. T] VAT] tT]V onoto toy to «nveouo» [lOQCPOJtOLEL H VAT] YLa tOY XEYXEA ELvm T] a[loQ- 0 UAW[lOe. rrErrEQaO[lEVa 8a i]tav VAT] ana tTl AOYLXi] ouvacpHa ()LaAEXtLxi] UAW[lOV xm E!1JtHQW[lOV. Aao tTl oxomo ()uvato vc JtQOxv1(JH to OU[lJtEQaO[la uALxa aVtLXEL[lEVa [lOQCPi]. Xa[lLa sEXWQWti] OtL T] VAT] tamLsEtm us tOY otnv amoe. L1EV [lJtOQOV[lE vc 0XT][latLOOuue m08T]tT]QLaxEe. we. roono» vJtaQST]e. OUVELC>T]OT]e. tTl 8EWQEL QOtOOO JtQaY[latLxotT]ta. Ano tTl cJJtAOaocp{a TlJ~ cJJvalJ~ rou [lLa [IT] OAOXAT]QW[lEVT] ()WAEXtLxi] xtLXi] ()W()LXaOLa teroto ()uvatotT]ta rrEQLYQacpi] tT]e. MLa JtQOXVJttH oao tT]V ()EV ELvm XWQLe. [lJtOQEL va avaJttvsH XEYXEA JtQOXVJttH tT]V ESEALJtou aJtooacpT]VLsH cno tT]V aJtAl] OUOOWQEUOT] OtoLXELWV OtT] . UJtOXH[lEVLxi]e. E!1JtHQW[lOV C>EVuJtaQXH MLa EvtUJtWOHe. UAW[lOe. tT]e. avaM- OHe. VAT]e.68 8EWQLa ue [lUOtLXLSOUOa [lOQCPi] xm UAWtLXO xrrorsro» MIIArIONA~ rrEQLEXO[lEVO.

... nQoxvJt'tEL on XaL OL Mo 1l0QCPEt. UAlOIl6t.l]Yl]8d XWQLt.in08E'tH rnv uno'\jJl] LOU XEYXEA OLL «VAl]» ELVaLXU8E ov nou unuQXH. av'tavuxAaon tWV 1l0QCPWV EI. TEAOt. avaYVWQL~ELou 0 uv8Qwnot.. H EVVOLa'tl]t.. VAl]t.. onwt. XaL rnv 'tEXVlXi]. onwt. CPVOl]t. OEVELVaLouva'to va ESl]Yl]80vv coto xnnoto qxrvrconxo. Ecp' OOOVOL()lUCPOQEt.WLLXOt. rnv aVaA1JH IlE aXQL~ELa 0 'EVYXEAt. 0 LOU nQollaQl. «oxotnre. 'tl] rt:Q/laV£%J] J&oAoyia real tlt... ami] nou nQoExu'\jJE coto 'tl] lll]xaVLOtlxi] CPUOLXi]rou N'tEXUQt xal ami] nou nQoExu'\jJE cao rnv aL08l]OlaQXLa tou Aox. CPUOlXOt. EI.lOtlXOV UALOIlOV.nQOEtOLIlU~01JV'tlt. Ol]Aaoi] EI.. rnv JtEQlYQUCPH MaQs ornv Ayia Oixoveveux 0 XaL onwt.EAlSl]t.. OUVUYEtaL «reo tlt.IlnoQd va EI. XaL OAOUt.l]Yl]80vv wt. oAa La ELowAa 8Ql]OXEUtLXOV XaL IlUO'tlXWtlxoV xaQaxti]Qa. !lJtoQd vo anoo08EL l] uno'\jJl] ou UALOtlxi] d Val XU8E 8EwQLa rtou OEXEtaLOLL0 nQaYllaLLxOt. IlnoQd v« IlE'ta~UAEL IlE rnv EQyaoLa.rtou OUV'tEAOVVtaLorn CPVOl] aL tnv X W'tOQLa [60]. roue cpQaYIlOVt. nQo'i..'tl]t. QE'taL ornv ESEAlSl] LOU nQolluQsLOtlxOV UALOIlOVXaL rtou EXH YQu'\jJEL MaQs. tLt. 0 llaQI. 1l0QCPEt. Ill]XavEt. XaL LOLOQlXOt. anOIlEVEL va EI. eeaEt~ yw TOV c})6VfQ/lnax. ouvdOl]Ol]t. Ano rnv A via Oixoveveux XaL HOlxotEQa LO XECPUAaLO nou avacpE'tl]t. naQao'tuoElt. O()l]Yovv OLO oUllnEQaolla OLLUAlOLLxi] etvoi XU8E 8EwQLa nou acpaLQd «no tnv nQaYllatlxOtl]'ta OAEt. avacpOQEt. rnv nQoun08EtH l] llaQsLOLLxi] 8EwQLa. Oi 0QyavlX OIlOL non ESE'tU~Hl] CPlAooocpLa'tl]t..» nou EsEtU~H l] CPlAooocpLatOU nVEVllaLOt.EAlSl]t.H l:XEl:H THl: XErKEAIANHl: I1IAAEKTIKHl: ME TO MAP3Il:MO l:YM'N1NA ME TON ENrKEAl: 69 Ill]Xavlxi] CPVOl] aL cno ami] ornv OQyavlxi] cpVOl].WCPUOLXOaL EsWWtOQlXO X O'tOLXdo..WtlxO. [59]. IlE tl] 1l0QCPi] . 'Etot orov MaQI. tou Keipasaiou oru..avacpoQu OE xunOLo uJtEQ~atLxo. rtou OUOXO'tL~OUV nQawatlXu to xaQaxtl]QwLLXU tl]t. xoouoc. av «no rnv vnaQsi] LOU acpaLQE8d XU8E xa80QLOIlOt. XaL EllnooL~ouv rn YVWOl] tl]t.. OE avt(8Wl] IlE LOV nQollaQI.... unEQ~aLLxo OtolXELO. omo.

aVas'f]tEL VA'f]t.~.1[aAfJ. M[]ArIONA~ o 'EVyX.EALav~ fVVOLa t'f]t. evvou«. tOU nQay[tanx.70 non aUL~ naLQVEL OE fva ouo. OE CPLAOOOCPL- X. tWV ano'\jJEwv tou MaQs YLa coto rc xaQax.ft.v:JttEL OtL n VA'f] unooet vc OUOXEtWtEL ue t« qxuvouevc yw tu oaotc OX'f][tatLSOU[tE aW8'f]t'f]QLax. LE 0XfO'f] ue rnv iotootc t'f]t.aL on t'f]t.Ot'f]tat. VA'f]t.n[ t'f]t. nou nQovno8ftH tOY rnv nQoEtoL[taoLa t'f]t. Lt'f] . rn M[1{Qrj AOY[1{rj nQox. OL oaote.t'f]t.WVx. OX.~t. UAWtLX.u [tLat.unOLo tQono a:JtOSEVW[tfV'f]L6fa 8a unooouoe.. X.EAt. [61 vc cnooorpnvtoa LLt. onoto 8EWQEL orov Anti-DUhring Wt.VQLEt. 'f] UALOtLX. vo 8EWQ'f]- OUOXftLO'f] E[tnELQLO[tov x. av cqxuQE8ELto L6EaALOtLx. .aOLEt.ov. evvou«. [tEoa cno acpaLQW'f]t. 0 'EVyX.. 6'f]Aa6~ 'f] OUOXEtLO~ t'f]t. t'f]t.m UAW[tOV rtou X. VA'f]t. us 6w6Lx.m tou AQLOtotfA'f]. [tEta~OA~t..LVUEL no mo8'f]t'f]« QWX.a8oQLsovtm OL L6LOt'f]tEt. [tOQCPft.UVEL XEYX.EAOWOtu ouveoeoe rnv VA'f] ue xru rnv «unWO'f]» x.» x.EAOLL 'f] VA'f] ELvm x.ft. tOY «XfYX.ft.Et.WV V OX'f][tatLO[twv x.EAt.». ue [tLa imocrcotoncmuevn 8EL Wt. Arro 6uvatot'f]Ta t'f]t. X.t'f]QLOtLSEx. H acpaLQW'f] cno aVtaVax.E'\jJ'f]t. nov nQoOWx. [toCPQ~otoxao[tov.EX. t'f]t..ft.U x.tLt. ()LaAEx. CPva'YJ~ 0 aQxmot'f]tat. VA'f]t.OLVWVLX.m rnv totoQLa nov E:JtLOt'f][tWV 62l.~t.m OL 0XEOELt.. [64l.EL tn [63l. 8EWQLEt. EVtUnWOELt. tnv nQay[taLLx.auaj «EAS'f]» 'EVYX.m 'f] <i:rto'\jJ'f]ton XEYX. VA'f]t.rtou ELvm X.EA t'f]t.~6LaAEx.LV'f]O'f]t. CPLAOOO[ cpLat. ton 'EVyX.m [tETa~UAAEtm 6La6Lx.OL WVLX.EAt.m t'f]t.tLx. SEX. OVtoAOYLX. x.EAorn 0 nooeroiucotc t'f]t. EVtUnWOELt. avayvwQL1.t'f]t.QatLX. orn rnv XEyx.O X'f][taLLO nou toy :JtEQL~UAAEL l. rho aVaAULLx.EAt.QL[tfVO X. rnv onoto OX'f][tatLsEtm 'f] evvoic t'f]t. rtou ouvfAa~E «LLt.OLVEt. nQayO rrou ESEALOOEtm WtOQLX. nou nQovn08EtEL 'f] x.AOVV ovuqxruxe.Ot'f]ta AYrOn:TOl. nQovn08fOELt. UAWtLX. torv X. nQoona8EL rnv iorootc OUYX. Kru YLa tOY 'EVyX. EL vru nootov [taLLx..aOLEt.x.~.onwt.JtaQat'f]QEL OtL 0 XEYX. ME aut~v x.tLx.tOQCPft. ELvm OL avacpOQft. 'f] fVVOLa t'f]t.~ 6LaAEx. ES~y'f]O'f]t.O «:JtEQL~A'f][ta» t'f]t.atu x.EAt.LvWvtat.. Axoun x. E OAEt.

avuAoyoue.'tl']e. tumxi]e.. EVLUnWOELe. 2:'tLe. EmO'ti][!Ee. ()EV YEwi]8l']XE [!E rnv L()EaAW'tLxi] xm rnv UAWtLXi] ()LaAEXtLxi]. evvoie. rnv nQo£AEuoi] tl']e.XEJ.'tl']e. 2:'tl']V mo YEVLXi] [!ogcpi] 'tl']e. ME 'tl'] ()l'][!LougYLa YAWOOLXWVxm UAAWV OU[!j30AWV nou YEWLOVV'tm coto rnv av8Qwm vn nQaX'tLxi] xm naQaYWYLxi] EQyaoLa. H()LX£e.YM<!JONA ME TON ENrKEAJ. aU't£e.EtU~ELto xa8£va coro tn avtLxEL[!EVU LOU aVE~UQtl']'ta «no tn [!E'taj3oAij rou xm tl'] 0X£Ol'] LOU [!E rc UAAa aV'tLxEL[!EVa [65l. ME TO MAP8IJ. VAl']e.£e.H J. £QEUVae. nou av'tw'tmxovv [ OE [!W [!OVO nEQLOxi] LOU «YLyvw8m» 'tl']e. XErKEAIANHJ. [!E LOUe. ELvm l'] svvot« 'tl']e. H uno\jJl'] auti] YLa LO uercqnxnxo toone ox£\jJl']e. AOYLxi]e... tc onoto naQoumu~ouv ovuqxruxo xru E~EAW- . 7I aVaJtaQaywyf]e. l'] evvoio 'tl']e. VAl']e. ornv uno\jJl'] rou AQWLOt£Al'] yw rnv «nQw'tl'] qJLAooocpLa» rtou E~EtU~EL ro «EL()l']». VAl']e. mo EL()LX£e. VO[!OUe. OE aVtLX£L[!EVa tou «Aovou»... «~ aXLVl']'ta xm XWQw'tU». aw8r]1. OX£\jJl']e.[66]. W'tOQLXOXmvwvLXi]e. ()l']Aa()i] aVE~UQtl']ta «no LO UALXOunoOtQW[!U LOUe.avanaguvovrru [!E 'tl'] [!OQqJi] ELXOVWV..!OQcp£e. nQaWa'tLXO'tl']'tae. LllAAEKTIKHJ. YLVEtm coro()EX'ti] l'] avtLeWl'] ()LaAEXtLXi]e. ()LaAEXtLXi]e. anO'tEAEL rnv OVLOAOYLXi]xm AOYLXi] nQotino8wl'] 'tl']e. qJumxi]e. OVO[!aOtEL 0 roono. Ano LOV X£YXEA.H THJ.. unotEAEL 'tl']v OVLOAOYLXi]xru AOYLXi] nQotino8wl'] 'tl']e. l'] evvoio tl']e. nou aVtLOLOLXOVV OLOUe. tl']e. w. yw naQU()H Wa rnv nEQLoxi] tWV j3LOAOYLXWV oQyaVW[!WV.MO J.nQay[!atLXo'tl']'tae. xm OUVEL()l']maxi]e. [!ogcp£e. MnoQEL v« ava~l']ti]o£L xavELe.naQaOLUOEWV xm EWmWV.i] LOUe.LO onOLO EXCPQU~Etm[!E OQLO[!OVe. LOU «YLyv£08m» 'tl']e. xm [!EtacpUmxi]e..nQay[!atLXo'tl']tae..nou YLVEtm uno 'tLe. ECP'OOOV uerocpumXOe. xm 'tWV [!a8l'] [!atLXWV. E~EAWOO[!EVl']e. UAWtLXi]e.ogW[!OVe.xm rnv avuJttu1.. H nLO YEVLXi] cero ru. 2:tl']V xQLtLxi] nou 0 X£YXEA aoxEL YLa 'tl'] [!£'tacpumxi] nQw cno LOV Knvt unOOtl']QL~EL OtL l'] [!EtacpuOLxi] nQoxvJttEL coto rnv EcpaQ[!oyi] nov 0Xl'][!utwv LOU «()LaOXEJttLxOV AOYLXOV».nou E1. ot aW8l']'tl']QLaX£e.. [WQqJ£e. LOV MaQ~ xm LOV 'EVYXEAe. ()l']Aa()i] 'tLe.

xm aQVl]Ol]e. ue rnv acpalxm QWl] JtQoxuJttu OtL l] 6LaAfxtLxi] JtQOOEYYWl]ou JtQawanxou r flvm JtAl]mEOtfQl] JtQoe.».tl] «6LacpoQa» xm rnv avtlcpaOl] nou «vcnroooouv.rnv f~EAL~i] toix xm rnv aAAl]AOf~aQtl]oi] roix.tl] «ustacpuOLxi]» JtQOOEYYWi] ou [69]. H JtQoxavtwvi] [Lftacpumxi] EQXftm.. 0 MaQ~ oxoALa~u m [Lftacpumxi] tOU 6ExatoU E~60[LoU ouovo. 0XL «[Lftacpumxa». OJtwe. EJtlOl]e. OU[Lcpwva ue toy XEYXfA. xaxou xru A6you. WtoQlae. YlVftm 6fXti] xm orto tOY MaQ~. JIaQac56aH~ tPtAoaocpia~ tl]e.Itc vo fQ[Ll]VfU8fl to xoxo 6LaAfXtLXa. xm 6LaAfxtLxi]e. nou avacpEQftm orov JtQo[LaQ~WtLXO UAW[LO.. MLa reroi« OUOXEtWl]8a cpaVEQWVfl] ouvacpua fVOt tl]tae. yw to «uercqnxnxo xoxo» Jtl]ya~H. H aJto'\jJl] tou AaL[LJtVLte.rnv a[LWl] avtlAl]'\jJi] ton ue tLe. JtQoxuJttu avaAoYla ava[Lwa orn OXEOl]tou 6LaAfXtLXOU xm tOU [Lftacpumxou roono» OXE'\jJl]e. m08i]oue. Ano tn OUOXEtLOl]tl]e. Of 0XEOl] ue to «6LaOXfJttLXO AOYLXO».72 xrrorsros MlIArIONAL OO[LfVOxaQmmlQa [67].ornv iorooto.» xm «JtaQax[Li]e. JtQoe. xm Of aAAfe. JtfQL060ue. Of OXEOl] ue to «Aoyo». yw JtaQ<i6uwa oro xHpaAmo tl]e. uno rnv fcpaQ[Loyi] 0' auto «acpl]Ql][LEVWV Xatl]YOQLWV». we..rnv fLxav JtQaY[LatoJtOLi]oH OLaQxalOL [70]. xm JtoAA6tl]tae.. JtQoe. Of aVt(8Wl] ue tl] 6LaAfxtLxi]. tl] ouvorpao «aX[Li]e. IIaQO[LOLa aJto'\jJl] cpalVftm va fXCPQa~H0 XEYXfA YLa tl] 6LaAfxnxi] one. . ue to OUYXfXQL[LEVO tl]e. tl] 0XEOl] tOU «A6you» xru rou «6LaOXfJttLXoU AOYLXOU» crto rnv aAAl].flvm avaYXl] va OUOXftWtfl [Lf to WtOQLXO YlYVf08m [68]. xata tOY XEYXfA. Ayia~ Oixoveveuu. tl]e. aJto tn [LLa [LfQLa. nou f[LcpaVl~ftm. xata tOY XEYXfA. tl]e. [LftacpuOLxi]e. CPLAOOOcplae. 6LaAfr xtLxi]e. [LftacpuOLxi]e. ~ta JtQWL[LaEQya tou. Iotooiai. nou WOtOOOovuOtoLXfl Of Evav roono OXE'\jJl]e. we. H avtl8wl] JtQoxaVtLavi]e. Aao rnv XQLtLxi] ami] rou XEYXfA YLa rnv JtQoxaVtLavi] [LftacpuOLxi] JtQOXUJttH OtL 6fV f~fta~H to aVtLXfL[LfVa tl]e. 8EOl]e.. H 6LaAfXtLxi] xm LOtoQLXi]8fWQl]0l] tOU xaxou ovn t(8ftm JtQoe.

ono». ovcueo« oro uernqnxnxo tgono cno tTl CPLAooocpLaono». ELoLxotEga. 0 [lEtacpu(JLxo~ tgono~ gLXO YLyvw8m auto [lEtacpu(JLxoU tgonou OXE'lI'T]~~AEnEL oro CPU(JLXO xru to totoOXE'lI'T]~EL vru on ue auto taUtL~EL au8aLgEta nou OE 8a [lU80WE aSEJtEgaOtE~ avtL8EOEL~ [75l. ~UVEnELa tOU nou OEV YVWgL~OWE twga 'EtOL 0 [lEtacpuOLxo~ roono. xm to n~ avacpogE~ Ito tOY EYXEA~ uero- CPUOLXO xagaxti]ga EXEL 0 tgono~ OXE'lI'T]~ rtou 8EWgEL ru nguY[lata w~ Ota8Egu. o Colletti. o uercqnxnxo toono "EvyxEA~ xgT]OL[lOnOLEL tTl XEYXEALaVi] avnoLaOtoAi] OXE'lI'T]~.H l:XEl:H THl: XErKEAIANHl: JllAAEKTIKHl: ME TO MAPSIl:MO l:YM<!JONA ME TON ENrKEAl: 73 8EWgEL W~ XUglO YVWgLO[lU TY]~OLL EsEtUSEL[lOVO tn ngo~Ai][lata vovmc auti] rou otoXaO[lOU xm to «ouguvLa» to ~T]ti][lata. nAi]gT] gi]sT] tou Mags T] OUOXEtLOT] ero toy c OT][laLVELOtL agvLEtm xi]~ xm Mags OLaAEXtLXi]~. LOEaALO[lOUxm [lEtacpuOLxi]~ OEV rn XEyxEALavi] avnoLaOtoAi] ~tT]V A8At6rrrra usrcqnxnroo- rTJ~<l>tAoaocpia~ 0 rou uernqnxnxou OLEUXgLVLsEL xagaxtT]gLOtLxO OtL rtou OXE'lI'T]~ dvm «OtoALoLa» [73l. VO[lL~EL [lE tOY XEYXEA. a[lEtU~AT]ta xm anO[lOVW[lEVa [74l. MLa UnT] [logcpi] rou uercqnxnxou . H xgLtLxi] OOT]yd O[lW~ toy MagS oro OU[lJtEgaO[la nw~ to YEYOVO~ naga[lEgLOE to L1LacpWtLO[lOxm EJtLXgUtT]OT]T]~ t OtL 0 LOEaALO[lO~ngoowgLvu tL~ UALOLLXE~ tUOEL~ rou OT][laLVELngoowgLvi] [lEtacpuOLxi]~ [72l. anO[lOVW- cno LL~ EJtLYELE~ ngaY[latLXOtT]tE~ [711. (JXE'lI'T]~ xataAi]YEL (JEEvav tgonou (JXE'lI'T]~ ELvm T] ESWAOYLXO ayvw(JtLXLO[lO. d OtL 8EWgd tL~ AOYLXE~ xatT]yogLE~ w~ tmrnxm rc «yi]LVa nguY[lata» w~ anAu sO[lEVE~ ue rnv «ouoto» Ano rnv unO'll'T] ami] ue to xm [lOVO 0 LOEaALO[lO~ roono OXE'lI'T]~. note.nou ngoExu'll'E Knvt. vnt ouvixpcouevo. ESEALXtT]XE ngLv coto toy oLaAExnxo OXE'lI'T]~. toy Mags ornv Ayia H OUOXEtLOT] LOEaALO[lOU xm [lEtacpuOLxi]~ nou YL vetru coto Oixoveveux Mags OEV on [laLVEL. w vo cnoocrpnvtca y OtT]V avtLOLaOtoAi] auti] coto toy Mags.

f1J8fQLa [771.LXOU xm JtOLXLA.OVLxi) XWQO JtfQLOQW~EVWV OLaOtUOfWV EXfL JtQOOWQLVU va A.£ JtLOtfUfL 6tL 0 ueroOXE'\jJT]£dvm avayxaLo£ xm XUJtOtf fJtaQxi)£ xm vo OXfcptOU!J. Jt.wnx6 6tL OL JtQOOOLOQW!J.Wv. OXE'\jJT]£ avtLtL8ftm oro «OLaOXfJttLx6 OLaA.mOJtoLT]OT] tT]£ avtL8wT]£ XaL «Of1JtfQfU01JOf£» AYrOUTm: MTIArJONAl: ovcueoo toiv OtL£ «JtQWtfU01JOf£» JtQaY!J. «Jt1JQi)va» tT]£.A.Lavi) xm to «A6yo».74 aJtOA.Utwv. xa8w£ T] aJtOA.mOJtOLT]OT] tT]£ avtL8WT]£ xm rnv fA. OLx6 xaQaxti)Qa.6Y01J» dvm aJtoxa8LOtU tOY 1JA. tT] (3La~T]xavLxi) enovc- oruon xm rn YEVWT] fJtLOtT]!J.f£ xataXfQ!J. OJtW£ avtL8wT] 0 'EVYXfA. .£ aJtOtEA.1JQWOLU [761.f !J.a£ f~EA.a» xm 0 XEYXfA. LOL6tT]tf£ on xm EX01JV !J.a i) !J.fX8d EQf1JVa.fLWtT] avtLOtOLXLa avu!J. H cp1JOLx6£ tQ6Jto£ YLa mv Xa8T]!J.LOtLX6 tT]£ «JtfQL(3A.oyi)£ 1JA. Q£ JtQO£ 6A.oYLx6» ami) 8T]xav.f OUVtO!J.fQLvi) JtQaXtLxi) aMvatT] [781.OL rou «OLaOXfJttLXOU aJtaQaLtT]ta OtUOLa tT]£ VOT]tLxi)£ stvru !J.JtfLQW!J.WVJtaQatT]Qi)ofwv. us to ovuxetuev« Jt01J aVtLxatOJttQL~01JV YLa toy oute tT] 0XEOT] [80l.f£ 0 !J. 0 ~ftacp1JOLX6£ roono.£ acpmQfL «no rnv avtL8WT] LOWA. TfLVOWf oruv avn!J. OXE0 !J.EYf80£ XaL 6tL EX01JV XQw!J.WV Jt01J JtQOUJt08Eto1JV xm fm(3f0 cp1JOLx6£ x60~0£ EXfL corooixo xaQaxti)Qa. TfA.L~T]£ xm 6tL XWQL£ «utou. 600 (3QLOXftm OtO OtUOLO tT]£ 01JA. rou.f- ouo 01Jv8T]XWV Jt01J 01JVOEOvtm fJtWtT]!J.ftacp1JOLX6£ tQ6Jto£ (3aLWV01JV on YfVVLEtm T] 1JA. avayvWQL~fL A.T]!J. f!J.ftWJtL~01J!J.6.fQLvi) ~wi).fXtLxi).LXU.ftacp1JOLXU XQOVLXE£ JtfQL6001J£ [791.X. EtOL xm 0 "EVYXfA.LOtLXi) o LaA.wa tT] XfYXfA. t01J fQyatLXOU ue tT]V XOLVWVLXi) LOtoQLa xm tT]V WtOQLa avuJtt1J~T] Acp' T]£ OtLy~i)£ 6~w£. ue tT]V XLVi)~atO£. T] Xa8T]!J. aJt6'\jJfL£ Jt01J aVacpEQJtQO£ to JtQO£ to A. rorv OXE'\jJT]£dvm 'EVYXfA.fxtLx6 roono OXE'\jJT]£ ue a~LaOT]!J.atLO~EVO fmOtT]!J.ftacp1JOLX6£ tQ6Jto£ ovoueo« ornv avayxm6tT]ta tu. xatu fVt1JJtWOfWV to uerorpuYLa toy To LOLa 8a ntov o1Jvat6 !J.EtQO Jt01J Of V f~ftU~fL tT] YEVWT] tWV coto tL£ OJtOLf£ f~T]yd tn YVWOT].

UVUMOHt. XUQuxt'l']QLOtLX6 JtuQUOLtLxi] tOU [lEtUCPUOLXOU tQ6Jtou ELvm 'I'] tUO'l'] rou oro JtQuY[lUtLx6 OX£'\jJ'I']t. tou «XOLV())VLU trov LOL())tWV». uovo Colletti ue toy A. JtLO JtoM YV())OLOAOYLUt. Su nrov 'I']uJto'\jJ'I'] tou owut6 t'l']t. ELvm orooto. XU80QL~H tLt. LOWtoU t'l'] CPLAOOOCPLU rou. OtLxi] OLUAEXtLXi] 600 Mo JtQouJt08£to1JV xm OLUAEXtLXi]t. 0 OLUAExtLX6t. Av to 01J[lJt£QUO[lU onto MUQ'!. ELvm Au8E[l£V'I'].xm AOYLX£t.H ~XE~H TH~ XErKEAIANH~LllAAEKTIKH~ME TO MAP8I~MO~rM<I>ONA TON ENrKEA~ ME 75 '\jJ'I']t. vc OEX8EL XUVELt. OU[lJtEQUO[latu ue rnv £VVOLEt.£AtyXto AJt6 tLt. . us t'l'] CPLAOOOCPLU t'l']t. YLU tLt.. AAtouo£Q LOtOQLX6t.tOU X£YXEA xm rcov QO[lUVtLXWV. EQYUOLU. UVUJtUQuy())yi] owuti] JtOU JtQO'l']yi]8'1']xUV ouvcvovrca OQLO[l£VU xm ornv ornv to OLUAEXtLx6 UALO[l6. t'l']t. JtQOt. ovroxm O'UV£JtELEt. 8E[lEALWVELt600 [lLU 8E())QLU YLU rnv tOY LOtOQLX6 UALO[l6.. [lEtu~OAi]t.OLUAExtLXi]t. [831. Em~L())O'l']t. UALO[l6t. to xm to m08'1']tou xoouou ~u8[l6 EXAOYLXEUO'l']t. Uut£t. UALOtLXi] OLUAEXtLxi] ovcceoovrci LOLUVO'l']tLXi] OLUOLXUOLU())t. Qot600 OE 8u £JtQEJtE VU JtUQU~A£'\jJOU[lE to [lOVLOtLx6 OtOLXELO t'l']t. UALOtLXi]t. £VVOLUt.[loQCP£t. XEYXEALUVi]t. ELvm EJtLOti][l'l'] [821. UALO[l6t. LO£Ut. xm tou JtVEU[lUtOt. OLUXQLO'I']UVU[lWU OLUAEXtLx6 UALO[l6 8u [lJtOQOUOE VU ELvm 'I'] E'!. t'l']t.JtULQVH tn [lOQCfJrl [lLUt.. UALO[l6t. UALOtLxi] OLUAEXtLxi] xm OE ~'I']ti][lUtU rcov LOL())V[lOQCPWV t'l']t. CPUO'l']t. at 'I'] V to [811.· 'l']UALOtLxi] OLUAEXtLXi] UVucp£QEtm xm [lE8000AOyLUt. OLUCPOQEt. ton YLU JtUQUOELY[lU tLt. OU X£YXEA JtOU OEV EJtLXQUtEL orov t JtAUt())VLO[l6 xm tOY XQLOtLUVLO[l6. UVtLCPUOHt. rnv UALOL xm 0 AOYLX£t. JtUQUOLtLxi]t. [loQCPi] rou vc UJtOXU8LOtU qxrvrorruxo xm to UVE'!.i]t.. UVUAOY'I']t. LOEUALOtLXi]t. OX£O'l']t.. 8E())QLUt. JtQOUJt08£OHt. YLU to JtQuY[lUtLx6. t'l'] 0X£O'l'] t'l']t. YLUtL xm JtQuY[lutLx6t'l']tu 6tL orov tLt. YLU tnv JtOU XUQUXt'l']QL~EL YLU tnv QWALOtLXU OtOLXELU t'l']t.t'l']t. JtQUY[lutLx6t'l']tut. OL MLu to ())t. CPLAOOOCPLUt. YLUtL tELVEL x60[l0 v« tUutLOH rnv JtQuY[lutLx6t'l']tu t'l']t. trrv UJtO'\jJ'I']ton 6tL 0 X£YXEA 01JVEXL~ELrnv JtAUt())VLXi] xru XQLOtLUVLXi] JtuQu000'1']. UVUAUOELt. 0 OLUAEXtLx6t.

AYron:Tm:

MilArIONAE

non

xaQaXt'l']Ql~OllV

tnv

WtOQLXi] E~fAL~'I'], YLa

rnv

UA'I'] nou

rtJtOQEl vo avaJttu~EL xm

JtOLOtLXft; rtEta~OAft;

[841. Iluoouour

OtOLXEla 6EV fX01JV L6LaltEQ'I'] onouociorntc XQLOtLaVLxi] JtaQu600'l'].

otnv

JtAatQ)vLxi]

'Ioox;

0 Colletti

vo llmQtOvl~EL

rnv avt(8w'I'] toll XfYXEA JtQOt; tOY llAWrt0 [851 xm 0 XfYXEA v« fQXEtm xatu XUQLOA6yo OE avtl8w'I'] ue tnv aVtlA'I']'\jJ'I']YLa rnv UA'I'] JtO'\) JtQO'i.iJt08ftEL rtLa XOOrtOAOYla toll El60llt; non
xaAALEQYEl 0 NEutWvat;. toll Colletti XfYXEA, OJtw06i]JtOtE, aJto tLt; JtaQat'l']Qi]OELt; L6wAL0rt0U 6EV o1JVuYEtm OtL rtLa EQrt'l']vda toll

ouuqxov« ue rnv onoto JtQOEtOLrtU~Etm cero t'l'] <jlLAOOO<jlla tou rtW llAWtLXi] 8EwQla YLa to JtQaYrtatLXo, dvm aMvat'l']. Mio teroto EQrt'l']vda, non JtQO'i.iJt08fto1JV OL avaAUOELt; ton MaQ1; xm nou aJtOOa<jl'l']Vl~01JV 'EVYXEAt;, 0 AfVLV 0 xm Wt; iv« ~a8rto 0 nAEXUVW<jl, 6EV ~EXLVUEL ccro rnv uJto'\jJ'I']
OtL 0 XfYXEA Elvm «rtWO'i.iAWti]t;» i] OtL XUVEL «JtaQaxwQi]OELt;»orov llALOrtO, oJtWt; llJtOOt'l']Ql~EL0 Colletti

rou

[861. BEXLVUEL
tLt; YEVL-

«no rnv UJtO'\jJ'I'], tOll 6LatllJt(OVEL 0 MaQ~ J onuqxovo ue tnv onoto 0 XfYXEA JtQcinot;
xft; rt0Q<jlft; t'l']t; 6LaAEXtLxi]t;

oro KEcpaAUW [871, avuJttll~E

ue

OAOXA'I']QWrtfVO xm OtOxaOtLXo

toone. Aao rnv
61JVato

uJto'\jJ'I']ami]

JtQoxuJttEL OtL OL «YEVLXft;

uoo-

<jlft;» t'l']t; 6LaAExtLxi]t;,

oJtWt; tLt; xa80QwE

o XfYXEA,
t'l']t;

Elvm

v«

XQ'I']OLrtOJtOL'I']80uvoto c

rnv

llAWtLXi] 6LaAEXtLxi] xm

to 6LaAEXtLXO llAW~.

E~UAAOll 'I'] rtf8060t;

«cotoxntnctc-

on;» nou

XQ'I']OLrtOJtOLOUV MaQ~ xru 0 'EVYXEAt; YLa v« ~EXW0 XfYXEA aJtOtEAEl oxi]rta

QlOOllV tOY OQ80AOYLXO«JtllQi]va» cero to «rtllOtLXWtLXO JtEQl~A'I']rta» t'l']t; 6LaAEXtLxi]t; toll coto tou

non

0

l6LOt; 0 XfYXEA ElXE XQ'I']OLrtOJtOLi]OEL YLa

v«

«aJtoxataoti]oEL»

rnv L6wAWtLXi] xoouou

OXOJtLUtoll

t'l'] 0XfO'l'] mo8'1']tou xm VO'l']EJtlO'l']t; to EJtL-

Arro tLt; aVaAUOELt; non JtQo'l']yi]8'1']xav OllvuYEtm
OtL Elvm Aa8El!fV'I'] 'I'] avtLJtaQa8w'I'], oxoALaOtft;, avurtwa

nou

JtQOtElV01JV JtOAAOl

orov MaQ~ xm toy 'EVYXEAt;,

ue

H J;XEJ;H THJ; XErKEAIANHJ;

IIIAAEKTIKHJ;

ME TO MAP8IJ;MO J;YMct>llNA ME TON ENrKEAJ;

77

XelQTnW o'n 0 OE1JtEQOe; XatEAT]~E oro «uetnqnxnxo llAW~6» [881, ErcELOi]rrrov amOOlOaxtOe; OtT] CPLAOOOcpla[891, ott OEV 01JVEAa~Exata tQ6Jto OAOXAT]QW~EVO rnv EVVOLa tT]e; JtQa~T]e;, YLatl rnv taut WE ~E tTl mWtT]~OvLxi] EQE1JVa, n T] CPLAooocpla o yw tOY 'EVYXEAe; EtELVE rcEQwo6tEQO JtQoe; tT]V OVtOAOYla JtaQa JtQoe; tn 8EwQla tT]e;JtQa~T]e;[901. OL aJt61jJELe;amEe; Elvm E~mQEnxa ~OV6JtAEllQEe; xm 6XL maQXwe; tEX~T]QLW~EVEe;.'OJtwe; JtQoxuJttEL «no tLe; EQE1JVEe; JtOAAWV ~EAEtT]tWV, Jt.X. ton A. Cornu, 0 MaQ~ xm 0 'EVYXEAe; OLaJtWtwVo1JV coto to 1844 tTl ouuqxovto roix OE6Aa to ~T]ti]uorc. To Keqxisaio 8E~EALWVEtm OE EQE'UVEe; 'EYXEAe; , LOLtoll altEQa YLa rnv Kauiouum rwv EQyai;oflEvwV TaSfWV ornv AyyAla. H 0XEOT]ava~wa ore Mo amu EQya OEV Elvm uovo 0XEOT]8EwQlae; xm OEOO~EVWVnou tT]V tEX~T]QLWV01JV.eE~EALWvEtm OtT]V «JtAT]Q6tT]ta tT]e; avtlAT]1jJT]e;rou 'EVYXEAe;YLa tTl CPUOT] rou XaJtLtaALOtLxoU toortou JtaQaywyi]e;», ou~cpwva ~E tOY MaQ~ [911. E~anOll T] evvoio tT]e; JtQa~T]e; orov MaQ~ JtEQLAa~aVEL, ono»; xm orov 'EVYXEAe;, rnv JtQaxnxi] tT]e; EJtLOtT]~OVLxi]e; EQE1JVae; xm rorv tEXVOAOYLXWV EcpaQ~OYwv tT]e;. ElVaL AOLJt6v OLXaLOAOYT]~EVT] T] aJto'ljJT] 6n La EQya rou 'EVYXEAe; aJtOtEAOUV JtOAUn~T] JtT]yi] YLa rnv xorovonon tT]e; OXEOT]e; ava~wa orov XEYXEA xm to ~aQ~w~6.

AYrOYErOE

MllArIONAE

2:HMEIQ2:EI2: 1. 11, 81 XaL JtQoa8i!xE~, BA. Hegel's Logic, trans!. by W. Wallace. Oxford. oo. 15-16 XaL 115-119. 2. Hegel's Logic, a. 116 xm L. Colletti, Marxism and Hegel, London, 1973.

a.

14 xm 22.

3. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 28, 80 xm JtQoa8iJxE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 113-115. 4. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 81 xm JtQoa8i!xE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 115-119. 5. H 6.JtO'IjJT] mi! yw tTl C'JLUAomxi! AOYLXi! u JtQoUJto8£tEL 6n aX£'ljJT] JtOtEAEL U «mrrorrvcmuooouevn 19, Hegel's Logic, a. 25. 6. E. V. Ilyenkov, Dialectical Logic, Moscow, 1977. a. 175 X.E. 7. E. V, Ilyenkov, 6.Jt. JtuQ., a. 169 8. Marx-Engels, Etudes Philosophiques, Paris, 1964, a. 211. London 1951, a. 873. J. T] OAOtT]ta». MtxQr} Aoytxr}

9. K. Marx, The Capital, aELQ6.Everyman, D. Bernal, Marx and Science, 1952, a. 17. 10. Anti-DUhring,

ust. E. Bums, London, 1934, a. 142. 1953,

11. Fr. Engels, Dialectic of Nature, tr. Clemens Dutt, Moscow,

a. 37,

259-262.

12. Dialectic of Nature, a. 295-299. 13. O.Jt. JtuQ. a. 292-294. 14. O.Jt JtuQ. a. 288-292. 15 Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of German Classical Philosophy, London, 1934, a. 55, Dialectic of Nature, oo. 288-290.

16. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83. 17. Anti-DUhring, tr. E Bums, London, 1934, a. 69. a. 140.

18. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83, JtQBA,Anti-Duhring, 19. Dialectic of Nature, a. 296.

3. Marx and Science. 3. 6. 30. 13601][1. rou XEYX£A. Marx. Paris 19551962. 2. 65-66 A. A. Engels. rrrou J.l o. 26. t. 6. :rruQ. Engels. Leur oeuvre. Cornu. Fr. 142.137-138. n. 31. o. 47. Marxism and Hegel. 32.X.45-46. 1. Gerard Beckerman.24. 119. K. Cornu. Engels.271-273.283. Engels.H EXEEH THE XEfKEAIANHE IIIAAEKTIKHE ME TO MAP3IEMO SYM'NlNA ME TON ENfKEAE 79 00.41.Iotooiai. 23. 34. 140.t. oro 35. Engels. 250. Vocabulaire du Marxisme. I rov 33. 20. 27. A. Bernal. Ai)[1flU Dialectique. . o. Cornu. Engels.Iu:rrus~o1]. Leur vie. Keqxisaio r. Fr. German Ideology. Leur vie. t. 1981. LondonMoscow. 25.. o. A. 22. Colletti. 205-206. Paris. r. 59-61. :rrQ~A. Oxford.:rrUQ. :rruQ. London. Dialectic of Nature. The Logic of Marx. 3. 3. Fr.0YLX1j 9. Collected Works. Jindrich Zeleny. Cornu.Fr.. A. D. 0. 1 59. K.95-96 28.yLa :rrUQab£LY[1U u:rrO'\)!1] t1]V tWV IIaQar'56(JEwv Q)LAO(JOcpiar. 6. 21. £ a:rr6'IjJ£Lt. 250. o. Cornu. o. XWQo. 1978. 13. 0.39-40. Karl Marx.t. t. Dialectic of Nature. t.297-299. £L t1]t. t. K. o.. 1952. Fr. :rr. Cornu.t. Fr. 18. TT/r. 1. 1980. c. 5. 1976. o. on 1]CPU01] vrn EXCPQU01] LClEUt. Paris 195662. £XCl. 135-136. 0 MUQ~ u:rrmvLoonm LOWt. o. A. rr.83. t. 24. :rr. Q)LAo(Jocpiar. rov L1Lxaiov XEYXEA. :JtL[1EQout. Collected Works. Marx. IIQ~A.1. o. 17. A. o. Cornu. A8i)vu. 3. Leur oeuvre.MLX(n]A. K. Marx. Fr. o. 00. Ewaywy1j (JTT/V KQL ux1j TT/I. Marx. Anti-DUhring. 89. IIEQU cero t1] Y£VLXi) vucpoQu OlOV LCl£aALa[16OU XEYX£A:rrou u l [1£tU~UAA£L :rrQuY[1unx6 oe qxrvrcouxo xm to ocvrconxo ce to :rrQuY[1unx6. Engels. L. 5. 29.292.

IIQ~. Cornu. Bernal. Anti-Diiluing. Anti-Dtihring. Engels. 149. 1952. 41. 1967. Collected Works. . 38. 16. (J. 1972. a. Structure logique du paragraphe 1 du «Capital». a. 296. OJt. a. 74. 39. ayyA. G. 45. Fr. J.x. 0 11materialismo stotico in Federico Engels. Ludwig Feuerbach sophy. r. Mondolfo.EtTl clLacpoQCt VCt!J. Fr. Jindrich Zeleny. R. aT]!J. 51.154.80 AyrOYETm: MnArIONA~ 36. t. Engels. R. 40. Mondolfo. 70. London. a. 48. Volkof Birth of a Genius. Marx. Fr. Anti-DUhring.~A. os ax£aT] !J. Anti-Dithiing. t. Fr.. a. a. his contribution to political theory. 347.. 'Onw~ 286-287 46. 11materialismo a. Dialectic of Nature. 352. Firenze. 53. a. 47. Nova. 54. New <DOllQL£. a. Engels. A. 9-10. A. Moscow. 1934. a. 49. .EtacpQ. 52. a. a. x.Eaaotu JtOLOtLXCt aL tn noconxo a X oixovouicc. a. 20. Cornu. A. t.. 3.EA£tE~toll 'E VYXEA~EJtT]Q£aaav tL~ aXEnx£~ aJt6'\jJEL~ tou MaQ~. JtaQ.EtOY Cornu OL !J. 3. Karl Marx. 66-70. Karl Marx. 5. Cornu. 65-66. 304. 1974. Dialectics of Nature. 59-62. 292. a. !J. D. . et Fr. 43. a 42. The Logic of Marx. Luwpwva !J. K. a. Francois Ricci. Paris. 23. 50. 272. York. 2. Engels. oro allAAoYLx6 £QYo La logique de Marx. 44. Engels. a. 67. E. xaQaxtT]QL0tLXCt tT]~ XaJtLtaAL0nxi]~ n. 1980. Fr. a. 193. and the Outcome of German Classical Philostotico in Federico Engels. Marx and Science. 2 37. Oxford.

[1EtUCP. Etudes Library. 5. K.43.. r. 2. W6vEQf1:rrax. 115 01][1.62. 59. t. u'lJt6£ n:QOXUJttEL un:6 t1]V CPaLVO[1EVOU orov XEYXEA. Klein. 28. OELQuEveryman's 61. Fr. 14. Berlin. En:L[1EtQOt1]£ ~. Collected 1951. 62. Engels und Moderne Probleme der PhiJosophie des Marxismus. TOV K. 65. M. Wallace § 27. 0 XUQuXtilQUI. c. 47-48. 323. German Ideology.E. Mondolfo. A. R. 402. Hegel's Logic. 67. o.. 0. W . c.12.. [1EtUCP. 312-313. London. 336-337. The Capital. o. 502. cptAoaocpiar.34. 70. K. . La Sainte FamiJJe. Works. Mn:UYL6vu. 11materialismo storico . 66. 1978. 156. toy H [11]Xuv'rjuvUn:UQUYELt1] [1ULX'rjEVEQYEW. ~A. o. E.to xu8£vu cero xuta[1EQw[16 tWV EQYWVXaL ta E~UQt'rj[1Uta t1]£ uvun:uQuYEL 1] [11]Xuv'rj w£ OUVOAO'rj «OUat1][1u» uvun:uQuYEL t1] OU[1n:A1]QW[1Unx'rj 0XE01] UVU[1WU tOU£. Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome sophy. 107-108.n:uQ. Ley. Wallace. 1934. Marx. Werke. 56. 1026u 15 X. 00. W 68. 325. 60. 98. Marx. The Capital. Engels. 58.38. ~A.H ~XE~H TH~ XErKEAIANH~ LllAAEKTIKH~ ME TO MAP2I~MO ~YMct>llNA ME TON ENrKEA~ 8r 55. Hegel's Logic. r. Mondolfo. 64. 38 x. 62.WiLXr)C. [1EtucpQ. Dialectic of Nature o. Fr. 67. 1977. Engels. 1971. 69. o. Wallace 0. Fr. 28. Aoxiuu: of the German classical Philo- 57. . o. r. I.0. o. 873. 128-129. A8'rjvu. London. r. E I. o.31. Dialectic of Nature o. R. svornt« OUOtU£ XaL f1aQ!. Paris 1969. OELQu Suhrkamp.6n:. YEQ[1UVLX'rj£ EXOOO1]£ tou Keaasaiou. 11 materialismo storico. MET(X fa wvatx6.W.. 7. H. Hegel's Logic. OEA. Marx. TQiT'f/ 8lia'f/ yw Philosophiques. Vorlesungen U{3er die Philosophie der Geschichte. c. 63. WtAoaocpia. I~QLWt1]. o.

51. 17. V. L. a. 76. Mondolfo. 1975. 84. nUQ. Dialectic of Nature. Marxism and Hegel. Colletti.TO~ MrrArrONA~ 71. 90.AYrOn. 153. 369. La Sainte Famille. on. Miller. Dialectic of Nature. The Capital. 88. 241. a. 53. 89.n. I. 14. The Tragic Deception. t. . Engels. Klibanski. a. a. 201. 79. La philosophie contemporaine. OELQuEveryman. Exb. 72. 82. 286. 86. 78. oo. Oxford-Santa Barbara. aELQuEveryman's Library. 80. 19-20. a. 116. nUQ. a. 75. his Contribution to Political Theory. a. Fr. W. a. a. a. UyyA. 201. 5-7. 87. uerorp. Fr. usrorp. 63. Dialectic of Nature. 288-289. a. Nova. Engels. Dialectic of Nature. Norman Levine. a. The Logic of Marx. a. a. a. R. a. A. o. Anti-Diihring. 83. 2. Dialectic of Nature. 1971.. Marxism and Hegel. t. 4. a. 77. 74. 81. 27-28. 79-80. 873. Hegel's Logic. Jindrich Zeleny. 85. 358-377. Wallace. Marxism and Hegel. R. Norman Levine. 108. Dialectic of Nature. 91. 286. a. 173. IIQOAOYO£ tll£ bEUtEQIl£YEQ[tUVLXi)£ fxboall£. a. Sur le rapport de Marx Ii Hegel. 73. Emorrj/l'fl r'fl~ Aoytxrj~. Marxism and Hegel. 11materialismo starico in F.

ME00~OAorIKEI ArrOWEII TOY MAPE ITA IIpOIMA EprA TOY rIA THN KPITIKH TOY AITIKOY KPATOYI .

.

EltELOi] EXELauti] t'n A.OXA. !J. 6nw£ 'Y]£A. MEtOUCJLWVELCJ£nQa~'Y] 'Y]8LXE£ a~L££.LWCJ'Y] 8£wQLa£ tou MaQ~ YLa tL£ oLacpoQ££ cpaCJEL£'Y]£ £~EA. 0 oxoao. o MaQ~ OLatunWVEL rnv xQLtLxi] ton YLa rnv naQanavw anO'\jJ'Y] CJt'Y]v EwaywYrl atnv KQtuurl rl1~ cPtAOaoC{J(a~ rov Aixaio» rov XfYUEA (1844) xm CJt'Y]L:Vfj{30Arl OTl1V KQmurl rl1~ cPtAOaoC{J(a~ rov Aixaio» rov XfYUEA (1843).UEtm oro Kouuouvurtixo Mavitpeoto (1847) xm CJ£ana xEL!J. to xaQaxt'Y]QLCJtLxa !J.LtLxi] CjJLA.cpwva !J.EL rn !J. H xQLtLxi] auti] anot£A. LU!J..'Y]QwvEtm.£tacpuCJLxi]£un6CJtaCJ'Y]£.OL !J. xctnvoerrci uno tOY tou oxono nou rnv unayoQ£uEL.£8000A.£XQLti]QLO to xOLv6 CJU!J.£A.£va t'Y]£ nQwL!J.oCJocpLa oLxaLou xru rou rnv nOA.£U8£QLa.£roix O:rWLOU£aCJxELtm 'Y]noA.La£ultEQ~atLxi]£.0YLx£u£tm !J.uto xUQo£. 6nw£ avaA.E80oo£ !J.LtLxi] £~ouCJLa xm 0 cpoQEa£ nou tnv aCJxEL. to xQato£ «un£Q~aLVEL» tL£ aVtL8ECJEL£autE£ xm aCJx£Lrnv £~ouCJLa!J.aoi] OL 8W!J.'Y]£n£QL6oou rou CJtoxaCJ!J.oCJocpLa XEyX£A. avamuCJCJEL.OYLxi] nQoun68w'Y] YLa tn 8£!J.!J. aut6£ EL vrn 0 nQoCJoLO- 2: KOrr02:: TH2:: MEAETH2:: AYTH2:: EINAI NA AII02::A<I>HNI2::TEI H .o£v £Jt'Y]Q£a~Etm uno tL£ aVtL8ECJ£L£!J. xm aLti]!J.ouxm rou CJuYYQacpLxouEQYOUrou. o'Y]A.ELtouovto. Kern rnv ltEQLOOOauti] 'Y]xQLtLxi] tou MaQ~ YLa to aCJtLx6 xQato£.6you rtou EXOUV an6A.£ rnv anO'ljJ'Y] auti].ata rou oQ80u A.£ta~u nov oLacp6QWv XOLVWVLXWV ta~£wv.£rnv OnOLa 0 MaQ~ XQLVH xata rc Et'Y] 18431844 tnv a:nmjJ'Y]6tL to xQato£.Lt'Y]£ t ~'Y]£rou xQatou£. 6nw£ £XA. xa8w£ OA.cpEQOV.£rn CPLA.

tou vonroix rou rou xm tl~ ouvatOtl']tE~ nQoUno8EtH va tou. H ouvstonon ron OU~CPEQOVtO~tou . rou «OUVOAlXOV av8Qw- uno tnv onoto rnv anO'ljJl']. Olaxa ovrprouv XO OVVOAO. Ilooxsrtm. OEl tn OUVElOl']Ol'] ou emrtou r nov aw8i]oEwv. 0XEOEWV. tl~ AH toUQYlE~ tl~ OUVHOl']OlaXE~ E~nHQlE~. H nQay~atwol'] OUVOAlXOVav8Qwnou xorvcovtcc. MaQs ESl']yd uno toy xata~EQW~O rnv XHpaAmOXQatlxi] tnv EQyaola. roix. H avtaYWVWtlxi] EnlOlWsEWV Elvm XQatlxi] OXEOl']~Etasv nov cpaVEQi] orn ocpalQa a~wa OlacpOQWV rrrouixcov oixovoutr«. H~ (3aQo~ tou XOL VWVlXOV OUVOAOU. Ol']Aaoi] toy cpOQEatl']~ nOAl n~Eta(3l(3a~ovtm oro XOLVWVl- xi]~ EsouOla~. oxonoo.86 QW~O~ nov OQWVxatw xrrorsro» uno roix MIIArIONA~ OnOlOU~ 8a nQay~atonOLl']8i] o OUYXEXQl~EVO~ xm OUVOAlXO~av8Qwno~.tl 0 XEYXEA ovo~a~H (Blirgerliche Gesellschaft). ME to al tl']~a tl']~ nQay~atwol']~ nou» xa80Ql~£tm l'] nQoontlxi] ~tl']V XOLVWVla auti]v tnv vnaQSl'] ~la~ ataslxi]~ OL AHtoUQYlE~ non naQaoo- orov l']YE~ova. lOlW~ xata EXCPQa~£tm aU8EVtlXa ~E cpaOl'] tl']~ ESEAlSl']~ torv naQaYWYlXWV onw~ 0 XaAAltEXVl']~ ~E to EQYOtEXVl']~.xm cvrcvorvtl'] ~la mv aAAl'] [3]. YmQ(3alvH onw~ toy evvoet 0 xaQaxtl']Ql~£tm coro rnv ovcnou 0 rrrv avt(8Wl'] ueon orov ESWtEQlXO av8Qwno. on ~E OL avtl8EOH~ nou xaQa«XOLVWVla tWV lOlWtWV» Yla tnv XOLVWVla ornv am- on 0 MaQs XQlVH to xQato~ nno- Xtl']Ql~OUV O. 0 OUVOAlXO~ av8Qwno~ tl']~ EQyaola~. H EsouOla OEV naQE~(3alvH Yla vc tl~ nEQlOQlOH. onoto ~ovtm tl']~ OL ato~lXE~ EmOlWSH~ tElVOUV vc avaJttux80vv QlOQWta. 0 OUVOAlXO~ av8Qwno~ WWtEQlXO xru toy (3lW~atO~ xm nQasl']~. Ol']Aaoi] nov XlVi]tQWV rou. xru rnv nOAltEla. nQay~atonOLi]- OEl ~Eoa uno tl~ XOLVWVlXE~OXEOH~ rou. rtou OUVOEOVtm ~E tl~ OW~atlXE~ rou avaYXE~. nou anoOlOH orov XEYXEA [2]. Avorrnxrtou. MaQs evornrc [11. tEAEl tnv nQay~atwol'] toy OXl']~atw~o rou tEQ~atl~ovtm tl']~ EAEu8EQla~ xm ton AOYlXOV.

YLa tT]V '\jJllXOAoYLa xm to it8o~ x£cpaAmoxQo.toll~. H [!E8ooo~. no.[!Eoa oao rnv avo. nou £cpaQ[!O~EL MaQ~ OtT]V xQLtLxit tou XQo. Toix nOL£LYLa vo OQLOHtn OllYX£XQL[!EVYj ELtollQYLa rtou ovcnrooA OEL [!La OQLO[!EVYj !OQCPitXQo. ExcpQaOT] xm tYj~ «IOEa~» ern ocpaLQa toll «avtLXEL[!£VLXOU nveuuctoc».ME80aOAor.toll~ O£ [!La OQLO[!EVYj po.tOll~ nQotino8EtH toll.0 roue. xato. ue tT]V 6.~Yj. tou XEYX£A YLa mv «xorvcovtu torv LOLWtWV»O£ OllVo. £llQut£Qa. BaoLxit %a xai <PtAOaocpt%aXftQ6YQacpa TOV 1844 £mOLW- ~T] tT]~ XQLtLxit~ ELvm vu YLVELoacpit~ Yj nQay[!atLxit «CPUOYj» xm «unaQ~T]» toll XQo. KPATOU 87 OllVOAOll it. nou OllVOEEL ue rn OLaA£XtLxit avo. T] aL08T]0T] toll XllQLW~ OWOALXOU £XCPQo. rorv LOLWtWV». OL ano'\jJEL~toll orrntou xit to. nQo£xtEL VOW OllvatO tou ooroo xm uno nOAAE~ nA£llQE~ ru. OllVt£xvL£~. toy MaQ~. OL OQOLuutoi it OtL YLa toy MaQ~ £Lvm Jt£QLnOll «ouoto» it qxuvenu XQYjO'L[!O- tmrcoonuoi. o xa80QLO[!O~ roix tT]~ AELtollQYLa~ toll toll XQo..QtT]OT][!£ to qxuvousvo tYj~ OllOOWQ£llOT]~toll x£cpaAaLOll xm tT]~ [!£ta~oAit~ OLXOVO[!LXit ~o.OT] tYj~ XEyx£A amoxa80QLO[!O tYj~ £QyaoLa~ O£ £[!nOQ£ll[!a. xm 8£[!£ALWv£tm onw~ OLa[!OQcpwv£tm LOtoQLXo. eve- AUOEL~toll XEyx£A YLa tnv «xotvcovtc rorv LOLWtWV».~Yj~ xcu tT]~ x£cpaAmoxQatLa~.- .Jttll~Yj.tT]. 0 0 MaQ~ xa80QL~EL tTl Ollyx£XQL[!EVYj LOtOQLXit [!oQCPit xm tnv «xowcovto.Jttll~Yj tT]~ aOtLxit~ to.OT]T]~ [ c t XOLVWVLXit~LOtoQLa~.U[4).QtT]OT]ue rn [!OQCPitnou naLQVOllv OL naQaywYLxE~ LOLW~O£ OllVo.rro'\jJT]OtL to XQo. AIIO'YEI~ TOY MAPE ~TA IIPnIMA EPrA TOY rIA THN KPITIKH TOY A~T.vw O£ [!La oQLCJ[!EVYj avtLAT]'\jJT]YLa rn CPUOT] tL~ AELtollQYL£~ tYj~ xQLtLxm 0 MaQ~ £x8EtEL rnv avtLAYj'\jJYjalltit LOLW~ore Ot%OV0f.Sa ntrrv va llnoOtYjQLX8£L OtL 0 MaQ~ £~T]Y£LtL~ OLamOtWOEL~ OXEOEL~0' currin.~£tm MaQ~ YLa rnv ue ru. tT]V «anoyu[!vwoit» ollyxaAumH amit uno tT]V LO£OAOYLa nou OllOXOtL~ELit oxonou~ nQay[!atLXOU~ H LO£OAOYLa £xCPQa~Otav. onw~ to OQL~ELxm to £Q[!T]V£UH 0 XEYX£A. xit~.

XQlnxi]e.Etm Jtuvw ornv xctuvouri xm rnv OlXHOJtOLl'](Jl']rou JtQo·Covtoe. ELVm lEQOi] on ELVm l'] JtQay~utw(Jl'] rou AOYlXOU. ~E rnv XOlVWVlXi] Ola(JtQw~utw(Jl'] (JE XOlVWVlXEe. ELvm WtOQlXO ov.uv8QwJtoe. Ava1. nou ~a(JL1. oJtwe. rou MaQ~ etvru va «noouqmvtosi auti] tnv £JtWtl']~OAOYlXi] 8E(Jl'] tl']e. m(J8i](JHe. rou XQutoue.H Yla tOY «WtOQlXOJtOll']~EVO» xm «XOlVWVlXOJtOll']~EVO»qnxnxo xoouo. tl']e. xm tou lO£OAOYlXOUEJtOlXOoo~i]~atoe. on l'] (JUVELOl'](Ji] tou. H 8EWQLa Yla to XQutoe.. xQltlxi]e. (JxoJtoe. taQaywyi]e. Oeouou. uv8QwJtoe.. l'] aJto(Jacpi]vwl'] rou OJtOLOUEL vru 0 tEAlXOe. Ola~OQCPwvEtm (JE ~la OQW~EVl'] £Jtoxi]. tou XQutOUe. aVUYXEe. JtaQaatu(JEwv xcu (JUYXlvnotuxorv E~JtHQlWV. ME rnv EQya(JLa rou aUu1.. ou JtaLQvH errn «av8Qwmvo». evtcocerm (Jtl'] 8EwQLa nov Oeouccv xm (JXE(JfWVJtaQaywyi]e. 'Evnc. 8EwQLae. (JXE(JHe..tl']e. ELvm m(J8l']to ov. (JXOJtoe.. XQltlxi]e. ne. tl']e. 8E~EAlWVEtm tEAlXU nnvoi orn 8E(Jl']on o (JUYXEXQl~EVOe. JtaQaywyi]e. nou Olatl']Qouv rnv XOlvwvlXi] Ola(JtQw~utW(Jl']. tl']e. rou xm tn (Jw~anxi] tou avuJttu~l']. To xaQaXtl']Qlonxo tou auto ocpELAEtm oro YEyovoe. rou MaQ~ oro JtQWl~a EQya tou.Etm uno tc ~E(Ja JtaQaywyi]e. ME rnv EQya(JLa Ol']~lOUQYELtm l'] l(JtOQLa. nou ELvm ouvuqxrouevec ~E ru. 0 (JUYXEXQl~EVOe. H WtOQLa ELvm ouvuccouevn ~E rnv E~EAl~l'] trov ~E(JWV JtaQaywyi]e. rcov (JXE(JEWVJtaQaywyi]e. ~amxoe. xaQaxti]Qae..l']tEL xm Ol']~LOUQYEL E rnv EQya(JLa rou tn m(J8l']tu ovnxetuevc nou ~ lxaVOJtOlOUV ne. xatl']YOQLEe. ~E rnv xatavo~i] tou noorovroc.xm ~a8~laLa (JE tU~He. 0 (JXOJtoe. ~E rou. tl']e. nou (JXl']~atL1. ~E rnv lO£OAOYLa nou EXAOYlXEUHxm xa8wtu l']8lXU aJtoOExti] rnv XOlVWVlXi] Ola(JtQw~utw(Jl'].88 xrrorsros MIIArIONAE toe. xm ne.. Ol']Aaoi] l'] oxornt« tWV avnAi]'\jJEwv... n Ol']Aaoi] WtoQlXO xaQaxti]Qa [5].Yla to XQutoe. xa80QL1. JtaQaywyi]e. o l(JtoQlXOe. JtQay~atOJtOlELtm tEAlXU UV xa80Ql(JtEL l'] (JXE(Jl']ron ~E tOY (JUYXEXQl~EVOuv8QwJto. ~oQJ .H rn CPU(Jl'].

Kotuxti.ME rnv XQLtLxi] ron 8EWQT]tLXOUA6you sT]tELtru 0 xa80QLO~6c:. rrou nQoUno8EtEL T] EyxuQ6tT]ta tT]e. Eva £looe.T. 0 Knvt Aa~~UVEL we.tT]e. [6] H un01/JT] auti] rou MaQ~ YLa tn ~OQepi] tT]e. ~EV 8a nrov ouo». YVW0T]e. nov xatT]Yom QLWVtT]e. tLe. ou nQo'Cno8EtEL T] oaepi]e.. xm 0' autouc:. AlIO'YEIJ. IIaQ6~OLa. Tor MAPS J. ton MaQ~ tT]e. LOtOQLxi]e.nQwL~T]e.ton Neurrovn.. aOtLXEe. o ELOLXUtorv ~oQepWV tT]e. AEL tOUQYLEe. mQL600u ~E toy oroxcouo rou Kovt. naQOUOUxsEL ava~epLO~i]tT]tEe..TA lIPnIMA EPfA Tor rIA THN KPITlKH Tor AJ. an61/JELe. XQLtLxi]e. nov AEL tOUQYLWV tou UnOXEL~EVOUtT]e. YVWOT]e.rou Kovt YLa tT]V XQLtLxi] tT]e. v6T]0T]e. we. nou EXELOT]fUOUQyi]OELOE OAT] tTl OLuQXELa tT]e. xm OLXELOnOLT]OT]C:. 0 MaQ~ toVLsEL 6tL T] «uQ~uu~ rwv 6Jl'AWV OEV . XQL tLxi]e. nou tT]V uno~EVOUV.tT]e. avaAOYLEe..aVaAUtLxi]e. KPATOy). va OLVEL yLa toy eouto tou tT]V EvtUnWOT] 6tL anotEA£l ~La ~£tacpuOLxi] unoOtaOT] xm vo E~nVEEL LEQ6 Moe. unuQXEL. 'EQYo tT]e. otov cvcornxroetru to YQaepELoxQatLx6 qxuvouevo [7]. i] vn 8EWQT]8ouv tu XEL~EVa rou. n xru XWQLe. 89 epEe. OEOO~EVO 6tL to orrnxo xQUtoc:. E~ouoLae.. 0' curoix non OU~~£tEXOUV a~wa OtT]V UOXT]OT]tT]e. naQaywyi]e. tT]V LOtoQLXi] E~EAL~T]. IILO fLOLX6 xm rno U~wo EQYOtT]e. TOV IIoAt'iLuov A6yov... nou OLatT]QEL. £:JtontELae.naQaywyi]e.. rtou aVa<pEQEtm oro orrnxo XQUtOe.xoouoAOYLae. OEOO~EVO6tL T] XOO~OAOYLa rou Nsutorvo ELvm EYXUQT]. ELvm va E~T]yi]OEL rnv tUOT] rou co'nxou XQuto'Ue.EXAOYLXEUELru OLxmwx VEL T]8LXU mv XOLVWVLXi] OLaOtQw~UtWOT] nou EXepQUSEL ru.ME80LlOAOf. EQyaoLae. ooxrro vu E~o~OLW8i] 0 oroxcouo. elvm LOLaLtEQa EXOT]AT].xcu nov QU8~LOtLXWV aQXwv tou OUV8EtLxOU A6you. 0XEOELe. rtou avaepEQovtm OtT] <P~Aooocpia TOV L1owiov rou XEYXEA. xm tLe. XQLtLxi]e. OXEOELC:. tnv ta~Lxi] OLuQ8QwOT]i] EUQUtEQa tnv XOLvwvLXi] OLaotQw~utwOT]. ~OQepEe. 0 MaQ~ 8EWQELwe. nQoU6tou vroc tT]e.E~EAL~T]e. H taoT] auti] tou aotLxou xQUtoUe. ELvm va xa80QLOEL tLe. ~E tLe.LO£OAOYLXi]OUYXUAU1/JT] E~i]Y'I10T]rou ormxou xQUroue. OUVELOT]OT]e.

8EOTJ H O[LWC:.. Ot mOXEC:. H U 8EWQTJtLXi] XQltlXi] [LnoQd vn EXELtu LOla anotEAEO[Lata [LE rnv UAlXi] ouva[LTJ [LOVO orov acpO[LOlwvEtm VOTJtLXU xm OUYXlVTJOlaXU cno w. 0XEOElC:.TJC:. «[LU~EC:. QL nu~~» [81.EL OAOXATJQW[LEVTJ 8EWQTJtlXi] xQltlxi] tou XQUtouc:.lxi]c:. QLvstru «no rnv nQaxtlxi] anotEA£O[LatlX xornt« tTJC:. nc:.orcv cvcornxroerru OE [Lla mavaotanxi] moxi]. Yla rnv cvrupcon aVU[L£Oa oro [LEOa naQaywyi]c:. amEC:. 6EXEtm tTJV WCPEAl[LLOtlXi]i] nQaY[LatLOtlxi] un0'i'TJ on TJaAi]8ELa [Llac:.TJC:. 8EWQTJtlXi] XQltlxi] OXTJ[LaH tonold otTJV ltEQLJttWOTJami] tTJV OUVELOTJti] vuYXTJ EVOC:.EAlt.. Et.. «no tTJ [Lla [LEQlU xcu rnv XOlVWVlXi] OlaOtQW[LUnoon rtou EJtlXQatEL cno rnv UAATJ.TJ rtou nQoTJyi]8TJXE. xcu oro OlucpOQa OtolXELa rou mOlXOOO[Li][Latoc:. nou OU[L[3UAAOUVorn Olati]QTJOi] tTJC:. C tTJC:.TJ tTJ nou X avaJttuooEL OE [Lla OQW[LEVTJ PUOTJ LOtOQlXi]c:. EXOUV nQOEtOl[Laotd «no rnv wtOQlXi] Et. naQaywyi]c:. OU[LnEQlAa[L[3aVO[LEVOUxm tou XQutouc:. H 8E[LEAlW[LEVTJ xru OAOXATJQW[LEVTJ XQltlxi] tou XQutouc:. xm tnv «xQlnxi] torv onAwv» OTJ[LaLVELn TJXQltLXi] tOU aotLxou o xQUtouc:. a snnvcotrmxo» [LEtaOXTJ[LatLO[LOU OtTJ0XEOTJ naQaYWYlXWV [LEOWV xm tat. oluQ8QwOTJC:. L rrou nQOTJyi]8TJXE xm nQOEtOl[LU~El ami]v rtou axoAou8d..EAlt. ~EV [LnOQ£Lvu unuQt.xm nQUt. H 8EWQTJnxi] XQltlxi] YLVEtm oacpEOtEQTJ. naQu [LOVO OE mavaOtatLXEC:. H 0XEOTJ cvoueoc OtTJv OAOXATJQW[LEVTJ 8EwQTJnxi] xQltlxi] rou aonxou xQutouc:. . 8EWQLac:.i] ovcueoc OtTJv XOlvWVlXi] OlaOtQW[LUtWOTJ xm rnv lOWAoYLa [9l.90 xrrorzroa MIIArIONAl: [LnoQEL vc avnxataota8d coto to onAO tTJC:.». nQouno8EtEL tTJ yvwoti] 8EOTJ rou MaQt..EAlt.. OtOQlXi]c:.Et. Yla tTJV EVOtTJta 8EWQLac:. ~TJ[LaLVH on TJOAOXATJQW[LEVTJ 8EWQTJtlXi] xQltlxi] EXCPQU~EL OUVELOTJOTJ [Lla aVEQXO[LEVTJ OlvWVlXi] tUt. ami] OEVOTJ[LaLVHon 0 MaQt.. xa8wc:.TJC:.H avuYXTJ auti] ELvm anotEA£O[La xru tTJC:. nQEnEL vc EQ[LTJVEU8EL xmvwvLOAOYlXU xm LOtOQlXU. moxEc:.

H avtLA. JtQo'liJt08EtH ty] 8Qy]OX£'UtlXi) i) [l'Uonxwnxi) aVtLA. tou av8QcDJto'U.0YlXOL xcvovec non aXOA.ne. on us tn o'UV'LaY[lanxi) !!ovaQXLa. JtOA. E~ m tLae.Y]'\jJY] rou XEyX£A. 8£0e.£lto'UQy£L ouv Evae.. en to xQUtoe. avi)xH orn oCjJaLQa tou 'UJt£Q(3anxou xm on EXH tOY xaQaxti)Qa tou l£QOU xm rou 8ELo'U. 8£WQL£e. to xQutoe. JtQay!!atoJtOli)8Y]x£ ornv Ilooxxno. trov lOlWnov». tY]e.O £VcDtamoXQova OlatY]QELrrrv ato!!lxoty]tu tou.Hto'UQyLa xru rnv a~La rou lO£atoU tUJto'U Yla OA.Y]'\jJY] n to xQUtoe.LU[lCjJwva ue rnv £y£A. oJtwe. Ot xovove. AlIO'YEI~ TOY MAPE ~TA lIPmMA EPrA TOY rIA THN KPITIKH TOY ~T. ouvcvovrct ot !!£80A. [111. 0 avtaywVW[lOe.ltlXEe. a'Uti)e. on to xQutoe.O'U8£L MaQ~. KPATon 91 Ano tOY 8£WQY]tlXO xm JtQaxtlxo xaQaXti)Qa tY]I. £Lvm o'Uv'UCjJaO!!EVO rnv uJto'\jJY]nou 0 MaQ~ aJtoOLOH orov ue XEyX£A. to xQUtoe. tY]e.£e. aJto'\jJHe. tn A. r «'UJt£Q(3aL VH» tou. xru ornv toJt08EtY]Oi) tou orov XcDQO tou 'UJt£Q(3anxou [101. rnv OQL~£l 0 XEyX£A. Ioxuo'Uv Yla OA. JtQO'liJt08EtH. «no rnv uJto'\jJY] tou MaQ~. to «rouo evtnooerm oro XOlVWVlXO OUVOA. o A.£e. ava~Y]ti)n OHe. 8W[lOJtOl£L. e. ceto !!y]xavi)e. £mOlcD~He..Jto'\jJY] ou XEyX£A.ME80110Aor. 0 nou cvcorrixroetzu OtY] ct>tAoaocpia TOV Aixaio» rou XEyX£A. Y]uJto'\jJY]rou XEyX£A. atO!!lXEe. . [lla lO£ati) unocrcon. unoorornoJtOl£L xm ixovoaoie] ue qxrvtuonxo toozto OA. ouvxeXQl[lEV£e. ono». Yla to co nxo XQ(Xtoe. H «[l'Uonxwnxi)>> avtLA.y]'\jJy].i)yo'Uv ornv [l 'U80JtOLY]oY]i) otnv aJt08EWoy] rou XQUto'Ue. a'UtOL O£v wxuo'UV !!OVO Yla tnv JtOA..£e.nou EXH.. e. To xaQaxtY]Ql(JtlXO curo rou xQUto'Ue. av£~uQtY]ty] oao ne.Havi) avtLA. non xataA. H 'UJtEQ(3aoY] 'Uti) YLv£tm !!£ uio [l'UOtY]QlcDOy]) [laYlxi) a i OlaOlxaoLa. cou 8£OJtOLOUVtOY YQan r CjJHoxQanxo [lY]Xavw!!O. Ano rn oxomn rou MaQ~. «XOl vwvLae. Xutu ty] yVcD[lY] rou MaQ~. Yla to xQUtoe. 'UJtUQXH we. orov XQLVH rn 8£WQLa Yla to XQutoe. avtaywVW[lOUe. OlaOlxaoLae. rorv OJtOLWV o'UVWtU rnv «xorvcovtn trov lOlWtcDV».Y]'\jJY] £xCjJQu~Etm ornv 6. XQltlxi)e.ltlxi) 8£WQLa rou XEyX£A.

LOVQYT]- ours xm to XQUtoC.LU u1J8oQ!J. UL08T]to xm OCD!J. H xm rpovrccnxo 8QT]OXf1Jnxi) morn.EVT]XOLVCDVLXi):rtQUY!J. :rtQO(3UAAH Of EVU 8t"Cxo OV.92 Arpou to xQutoC.to tou 8fL01J i) tou xrrorsros MTIArIONAl: evvoet Beou.UtO:rtOLi)OfL us orcv Of V YVCDQL~fLtoy «emrro» rou CDC.U:rtOXCDQL~ftm O «no nc. o8T]tov m :rt01J tU1JtL~H O:rtCDC. 8QT]OXf1JtLXi)C. :rtQWL!J..EV01J UV8Qcll:rt01J.u tou YLU toy uv8Qw:rt01J. fLvm OT]!J. CDC. 8QT]OXf1Jnxi)c.0 UV8QCD:rt0C. 0 MUQs OEXftm tou QU tou UVnXfL!J. morn 01JYXfXQL!J. fXCPQU~fL tT]V OAOXAi)QCDOT] UXOA01J8fL 10 !J. To 8do !J.:rtOQfL VU uc.UQt1JQLU YLU tT]V XOLVCDVLXi):rtQuY!J.CDC. uovo XOLVCDVLXO OV [15].uv8QwmvT]C.T]C. 8QT]OXf1JtLXi)C. H OLU!J. MUQS tT]C.oQCPi) UAAO- tQLCDOT]C.EV01J tT]C.OT]AUOi) rou rou uonxov OLVH 0 XEYXfA..OdXVH on XU!J..EV01J rnrc :rt01J :rtfQL(3UAAH toy moro.LOVQYT]!J. 0 OT]AUOi) LOtOQLXO xru tT]C.LU !J. :rtLOtT]C. T] 8QT]OXf1JtLXi) i) U:rt0sfVWVftm ntorn fXCPQU~H !J.OtU8fQO cpVOT]C. qxrvrc01JVHOT]ti) OLUC. UVU~T]ti)OfLC.. OVfLQO i) to OQU!J.EVT]!J. <I>01JEQ!J. UQU fLvm OT]!J. tn 8QT]oxf1JtLxi) va 8fCDQT]8d CDC.EVO mo8T]to.u rou AQu xm to xQUtoC.:rtUX.EQH toy V OtL T] 8QT]OXf1Jnxi) 1J:rtfQ(3unxov.rtfQLOOO1J.OQCPi):rt01J tou :rtQOti:rt08EtfL XQLtLxi) tT]C.!J. CP1Jyi) uno tn 01JYXfXQL!J. m : x Itu <I>01JfQ!J. toy 8t"Cxi). LOtoQLXO xm XOLVCDVLXOV ov.:rtUX.H uvtLAT]'ljJi) rou OtL 0 UV8QCD:rt0C. XQ(lt01JC.. O:rtCDC. ue tT]V fXAOYLXf1J!J..dvm i) X1JQLCDC...T]tT]. T]AUOi) U:rt0SEVCDOT]C. fXAOYLXf1J!J. 01JVUYftm uVUmVOOfL on T] XQLtLXi) OAU tn XUQUxtT]QLOnXU :rtLOtT]C. XUQuxti)QU 8fWQT]Of tT] 8QT]OXf1JtLXi) U:rt0SEVCDOT]CDC. :rtLOtT]C.atLXOtT]tU.UQt1JQLU :rt01J fXCPQu~ftm ue :rtLOtT]. Etvo. 1JYXfXQL!J. 0 «UVUOtfVUY!J. 01JvatOtT]tEC. ton xm nc. fXCPQU~fL !J. tT]V :rtQUST] t01J xm tou.» tou uv8Qw:rt01J. 'EtOL ovroc.o t ue to orn 0CPUL[12]. f:rtfLOi) Of V fLvm 8u i)tuv 01JvatO fXAOYLXf1J!J.unxoXatumw!J.:rtUX O!J.EVT].[14].unxi).LU:rtQUY!J.U tT]C. 0XL fvtfAWC.OLU!J. H XQLtLxi) tT]C. O:rtCDC.OC. 0 <I>01JfQ!J. :rtQUY!J. fCP' OOOV 8fCDQT]8fL CDC. tnv 0 XEYXfA.EVT] xm U:rtOtfAW!J.UtLXOtT]tU [13].atLXO OV tOY oOi)YT]Of OtT] OLU- . Of V dvm uv8Qw:rt01J. Me tn CPUVtUOLU rou nc. OtUV Of V !J.

gLWV autwv. YLatt dvm gi]8l']XE JtLOnuvw. Hvm torv XOLVWVLXWVoorov !LE tl'] aHgu nou E~l']yOUVrnv anO~EVWal'] rtou EXCjJgu~Etm !LEtl'] 8gl']aXEutL- H XOLVWVLXi)xgLtLxi). AnOO/EIl.» rou regime). XOLvWVLXi) xatl']yogta Tetoto roue. av8gwnou CjJuO'l']rou [16]. ma8l']t6 xm otourmxo ov.HlOugyta rtou OEV noxouv tn XagL- Xa!L!LLU ouaLaanxi) ce anoOExti] aA.. atan1-enC. WC. l An6 rnv av8gwnoA. nov xatl']yo- nou aUVEXt~OuV to «naA.LtLxi) A. cv OEVauaXEnatd 1840. H xgLtLxi) tl']C. EtVm urrootxo xru XOLVWVLX6 ov axgL(3wc. emonuntva xugtwC. xov usotov.m6 xa8wtwc.Htougyta Etvm l'] agWlOxgatta xagaxti)gac. .L~l'] nov nagaywYLEx(3LO!LlJXUVWl'] xru tl']C. lOU Mag~ auvuyEtm xgUlOuC. 6nwc. Tor MAPS l. urto uno tl'] (3LOA. XOL- VWVLXi)C. rnv av£Jtagxi) LOtwC.A.. 0 Mag~. KPATOU 93 tunroon tovt~EL !LLUi.TA np(l[MA EPrA Tor rIA THN KPITIKH Tor Al. !LEVEL rnv ta~LXi) !LErnv E~EA. rnv aouva!Lta tU~lJC.. 0 nagaaLtLx6c. nlatl']C. ME nagaaL ttxo Em~ouv OL xmVWVLxEC.ME1301l0Aor. rnv evvoet 0 Mag~ oro OUO Xd!LEVa nou avaCjJEgovtm ern C/>[Aoaocpia rov /sixaiou lOU XEYXEA. 8gl']aXEutLxi]C. ngoExtdvouv ol']A.T.OUvtm LOL6tl']ta nou Elxav oro nagEA. 'Onwc. ngo'lin08EtH 0 xa80gw!L6C.u EmXaA.avtLXH!LEVOU 8gl']aXEutLxi)C.aoi) rn CjJ£OuoagXLxi)CjJual']tl']C..oyta tou ami). rnv unag~lJ XOLVWVLXWV EnL(3LwaEWV non tg6no a!Lanxi) EXOUV nagam n. rnv xmvwvLxi) xgLtLxi). xatl']yoglEC.0YLXi]ornv 0 Mag~ <l>6uEg!Lnax orov (3a8!L6 nou avayvwgt~EL WlOgLXi) xru 6n l'] xgLtLxi) XOLVWVLXi)CjJual']OU av8gwnou.86v xm rtou xa8LalOurnv OLXOVO!LLxi)xm nOA. mv xgLtLxi) tl']C. aanxi)c. LOLattEga orn I'eoucvto aVE~i)yl']toc. oLug8gwalJ.El tru l'] !LEtu(3aal'] lOU WtOgLXi] xm mv anO!LaxguvEtaL aaCjJwc. avtt8Eta. nou EJtLtgEnH rnv £JtL(3tWai)roix. YEg!LaVLxi)c. ntatl']C..xo xagaxti)ga.oytac. uotixou ngo'lin08EtH AvtLxEt!LEv6 xi] morn. tl']C. A. av8gwnoA. o'n 0 uv8gwnoc. orn I'eo(ancien !LaVla lOU 1840 [17]. iorootcc. nagatl']XOLVWVLXi) tOY !LErnv Egyaata auvtEA.

LOtoQLae. 8a i]tav non ()'UVat6 va Evtax8EL aVtLOtOlxa ornv YEVlXi] i] rnv LOtOQlXi]XOl- . l~lWOEle.. XaL av oxoun orov OQO«aOtlxi] XOlVWVLa» aJto()o8d 'll XEYXEAElavi] onuaotc.O'UVUYEtal on 'll «aotlxi] XOlVWVLa» ()EVJtQoliJto8EtEl rnv uJtaQS'll tou xQuto'lle. to XQutoe. OUf!cpwva us rnv OJtOLa'll «aOtlxi] XOlVWVLa» ()'llAa()i] 'll «XOlVWVLanov l()lWtWV» ELVaLaQXlxu Eva OUVOAO avtaYWVlOtlXWV l()lWtlXWV EJtl()lWSEWV. JtO'll Yla toy MaQs EXEl usrcqnxnxo i] XaL f!'llOtlXLOtlx6 JtEQlEXOf!EVO. ()luQ8QwO'lle. f!JtOQEL 8EWQ'll8EL va oav EYX'llQ'll 'll UJtO'ljJ'll n 'll «XOlVWVLanov l()lWtWV» JtQoliJto8EtEl rnv uJtaQe S'll. XOlVWVLOAOYLae. OX'llf!atL~EtaL YEVEtlXU uno tnv «XOlVWVLa rrov l()lWtWV». aQXlXU ue to rou Ef!Jt6QlO.ou cvnxeuisvou t'lle.. JWU dVaL ta'lltoXQova 8EWQ'lltlxi] XaL JtQaXtlxi].. f!JtOQEL 8EWQ'll8d we. tnv XQ'llf!atl?I. H f!OQCPi] oi AElto'llQYLEe. AVtL8Eta to XQutoe.E Ano rnv XOlVWVlXi] XQltlxi]. OJtwe. 0 XEYXEA. XQutO'lle. XaL t ELVaLaVtlXELf!EVO t'lle. v EWOi]OO'llf!Etnv «aOtlxi] XOlVWVLa»6Jtwe. OE O'llVEXEla f!E t'llV EX~LOf!'llXUVLO'll. OUf!cpwva ue toy MaQs. l()EOAOYlX6EJtOlxoMf!'llf!a JtO'll EVLOXUEl va rn ()lati]Q'llO'll t'lle. oJtwe. YlatL aQVELtaL W.94 AYrOn:TO. JtOAltlxi]e. XQltlxi]e. 0 JtQOO()LOQLOf!Oe. JtO'll t EsEtU~El rnv XOlVWVlXi] ()laOtQWf!utwO'll orn Otatlxi] XaL ESEAlOOOf!EV'llf!OQCPi] t'lle. O()'llyd oro O'llf!JtEQaOf!a or.nov OJtOLWV af!Ol~aLa ESUQt'll'll on ()EV dVaL O'llVEl()'llti] [20]..~ OlXOVOf!La. XOlVWVlXEe. EJtlOti]f!'lle. XOlVWVlXi]e.» XaL rnv mavaOtatlxi] JtQUS'll. rou XQuto'lle. to XQutoe. t Xatu rnv OJtOLaOX'llf!atL~OVtaL oi Jt6AEle.JtQaYf!atoJtOlELtal 'll O'llOOWQE'llO'll XEcpaAdo'll «no rnv aOtlxi] tUS'll.. us m to «OJtAOt'lle. H XOlVWVlXi] XQltlXi]. AAAa.JtO'll euvoet t'll ouoOWQE'llO'll rou XEcpaAaLO'll aJt6 rnv aOtlxi] tus'll [19]. EOtW XaL «ouvuuei». XOlVWVlxi]e. uno tnv «aOtlxi] XOlVWVLa» ELVaL ron cpavEQ6e. JtlOtEUEl. dVaL f!EQOe. a UV ()'llAa()i] JtQ6XEltaL Yla t'll CPUO'll'lle.mv EWOEL0 MaQs. JtQoliJto8EtEl rnv «aotlxi] XOlVWVLa» [18]. 0 MaQs. Av OQLOt L EtOl 'll «aOtlxi] XOlVWVLa».. 'll 8EWQLa Yla to XQutoe. ou XQutO'lle. Movo av YLVEl avacpoQu ornv EYEAElavi] «l()Ea».E MIIArIONA.

Ms rnv LOtOQLX~ rLE80bO YLVftaL (JacpE~ OtL 0 aL08T]to~ XO(JrLO~ fLvm ta1JtOXQova xm nQoYov tT]~ LOtoQLX~~fSEALST]~.t.nQouno8EtfL rnv LOtoQLX~nQoonnx~ [221. onCD£xa80QLsftm «no tL~ aVUYXf~ rou xcrcrLfQLOrLOV tT]~ fQyaoLa~.. LbLCD~ V bfXtoVrLf on nQaYrLatonOLU dtm rL0VOue tc «onAa tT]~ XQLtLX~~» xm 0XL ue tnv «XQLtLX~ tCDVonACDV». XO "tT]~(JVOLT]rLaJVrLcpCDva n£ rLfta~aAMrLfVf~ aVUYXf~» [231.' a1JtO ~oQd v« YLVfL Myo~ xm YLa «LOtoQLX~ CPV(JT]» orov ~a8rLo non ro CPll<JLXUvnXfLrLfva naLQV01JVLOtoQLX~ rLOQCP~ a ue rnv fQya(JLa toll av8QWnOll. KPATon 95 VCDVLOAOYLa.T. It.ME00aOAOf. nQOT]y~8T]Xf 8a cpavd on "to XQU"tO~Of XU8f (JllYXfXQLrLEVT]£JtOX~xru oe XU8f (JllYXfXQLrLEVO roao Qll8rLLSfL"tTlbLabLxaaLa tT]~ naQaYCDYLx~~ fQyaoLa~.nou XU8f rLLaroix (J"tEXfLnuvCD croix WrLOll~"tT]~nQOT]yoVrLfVT]~ rLfta(3uAAOV"ta~ "to XOLVCDVL. AOO'l'EI). ( us Av xa80QLO"tfL T] LOtoQLX~ rLE80bO~ CD~YfVf"tLX~ rLE80bO~ fS~YT]OT]~OQWrLEVCDV XOLVCDVLXWVpmV0rLEVCDV (JXE(JT]us c Of o. tT]~ XOLVCDVLX~~ xm LOLoQLa~. [ H XOLVCDVLX~ XQLtLX~..TA opmMA EPfA Tor rIA THN KPITIKH Tor AJ. tCDVavayxwv rou av8QwnOll. tT]~ fmXOLVCDVLa~ rLftasv tCDVav8QwnCDV. tT]~ fQya(JLa~ xm toll XatarLfQLOrLOVtT]~. tT]~ xa"tavorL~~ tou nQo·Lovroc "tT]~nQo~ OCPfAO~ tT]~ "tUST]~nou EXfL "tT]VLbLox"tT]OLa"tCDV . Tor MAPS ).Asv fLvm bLxmoAoYT]rLEVT] uno'4'T] OtL to xQUtO~ anOtfAfL rLLa SfXCDQLOt~«ouT] (JLa»non fSftUsftm osro rLLaSfXCDQLOt~ £JtLOt~rLT]211. «no tOY (JXT]rLatLOrLO tCDVbLacpOQCDV XOLVCDVLXWV xatT]YOQLWV xa8w~ xm coto tL~ avtL8E(JfL~ nou ovcorrocoovuu rLftasv toix. 0 WtoQLXO~ xaQax"t~Qa~ toll mo8T]tov X00rL0ll xa80QLsftm core toy MaQs CD~fS~~· XU8f WtoQLXO nQo·Lov etvru «anotEAWrLa "tT]~bQaO"tT]QLOtT]"ta~LLa~ r OMXAT]QT]~OfLQU~cno YfVLE~. H LOtoQLa bdXVfL on o XO(JrLO~tCDVmo8~(JfCDV. fLvm 0 nQaYrLatLxO~ XO(JrLO~. non bLXmWV01JVtnv ano'4'T] OtL T]£JtLYfLaSCD~ fLvm «OVfLQO»xru on 0 nQaYrLatLXO~ XO(JrLO~ dvm 0 cpavta(Jnxo~ ~ 0 LbfatO~.H nQoOJttLX~ a1Jt~ fxcpQUSftm aQXLXUue tnv XQLtLX~ tT]~ 8QT](JXflltLX~~ nL(JtT]~xm tT]~ rLftacpll<JLX~~rLf80bOll.

. H YQacp£LoxQanxi] L£QaQXLa 8£!l£ALWVEtm JtUVW ornv JtLOtl'] on OL avwt£Q£e. orov von Hugo [27l. 0 MaQs avacpEQEtm LOLWe. xowcovtox. Hvm avayxaLo vc 8£wQl']8£L to xQUtoe. LOtoQLxi]e. £Lvm l'] «Jtv£'ll!latLxi] ouotc» tl']e.. tou £SEALsl']e.. xoworvtce. LOtoQLxi]e. To xQUtoe. !l£taj3oAi]e. xm orov £!lcpaVL~£tm l'] ato!lLxi] LOWXtT]OLanov !lEOWV JtaQaywyi]e. tou.LOLWe.' auto. tl']e. To xQUtoe. Kotvovr«.. tl']e.i] T] £motQocpi] 0' cutnv. JtaQuOOOl']e. H totoQLXi] 8£wQl']0i] tou. £SEALSl']e. orov JtaLQv£L tn !loQCPi]tl']e. H 8EOl'] tou LOtoQLO!lOU dvm l'] oxoAO'll8l']. £JtavaOtatLxi]e. !lEOa uno touc YQacp£LoxQatLX01Je. xa80QL~£tm l'] 0XEOl'] rou ue xu8£ «OtLY!li]» tl']e. O£ !l£yaAul£Qo (3a8!l0 ornv «ouoto» auti] uno 000 £Lvm OLXaTWt£Q£e. XaQaXtT]QLOtLXO tou LOtoQLO!lOU £Lvm on aQvdtm rnv avayxmotT]ta xm tOY EAAOYOxaQaxti]Qa tl']e. avaJttUOO£L tnv LO£OAoYLaJtwe. JtQO'UJt08EO£Le. Ol']Aaoi] iuo XOLVWVLXi] oxornt« XWQLe. 0 MaQs aJtooacpl']vL~£L ne. 8£wQT]nXEe. Ii. EQX£tm O£ ovtt8wT] ue toy LOtoQLO!lO. [25l. [261. oJtwe. to YQaJttO Oero OLxmo JtQEJt£Lva JtQooaQ!lOOt£L OtO £8L!lLXO. OtL to LOW.96 AYrOYl:rOl: MIlArIONAl: !lEOWV JtaQaywyi]e. rnv £VVO£L0 MaQs. XOLvwvLxi]e. «aOtLxi]e. dvm !l'lll']!lEV£e. dvm ouvato va JtaQa!l£QLOt£L !lOVO ue rnv avaouv8wT] tl']e. «vosrroooetru xatu tQoJto OAOXAT]QW!lEVOorov l'] «xowomro». toy LOtoQLO!lO.oacpi] OLaOtQW!lutWOT].. j3a8!lLO£e. we. MLu JtaQuoool'] non £m~£L JtQEJt£L va owtT]Ql']8£L 000 . [24l. oJtwe. OLacpOQOJtOL£Ltm O£ tUS£Le.. YLa vo YLV£LoacpEe. Etvo. LOtoQLXO qxuvousvo YLa vc 8£!l£ALW8i] l'] xQLtLxi] tou.OtL aJtot£Ad LO£OAOYLXO £JtOLxoM!lT]!la tl']e. H !l£tacp'llOLxi] i] !l'llOnXLOnxi] 8£wQl']0l'] rou XQUto'lle. LOtoQLae. Ano roix £xJtQoowJtO'lle.». M£ rnv LOtOQLXi] £si]yl']Ol'] rou xQUtO'lle. toy evvoouoe l'] LOtoQLXi] oxoA'ij rou OLXaLO'll. evrcooerca ornv XOLVWVLXi] LOtoQLa xm aJtot£A£L «onY!li]» tl']e.8w!loue. ue tnv JtaQaJtuvw onucotc tou ooou. £m8Wl']ti] xrn £mj3£j3Al']!lEVl'] l'] OLati]Ql']Ol'] tl']e.

tT]£ bdxva AOYLXOU t600 JtOAU dVaL uSLa OE~aO[!OU YLatL T] aAoYLa XataOXEUaO[!a ObT]YEL orov bLXaLWVa MaQs.X. H O'llAAOYLOtLXi] aAi]8aa. 'llJt60taoT]£. tT]V JtQOOJttLXi] nou JtQOi.EVO dVaL «JtQay[!atLvc [!Eta~AT]8d 6. i] EOtCU uerorpu- OLXi]£. T] aJt6A'lltT] i] T] ouvtay[!atLxi] tOY tQ6Jto non xi] uJtaQsT]£ [!La£ avaAAOLCUtT]£ 8E'Cxi]£. LOtoQLXi] [!oQCPi] xQuE[!cpavLsa xQuto'll£.tL ELVaL LOtoQLX6 bEbO[!EaLti][!ata LOtoQLO[!OU VO EXCPQUSEL «a'll8aLQEta» rc XaL «EscuJtQay[!atLxu» rou «acpT]QT][!EVO'll AOYLXOU».JtoQd va xQL8EL uno to «acpT]QT][!EVO AOYLX6». 8a xataAi]s0'll[!E [!OvaQXLa. xo». uno uJtO'\j!T] ton 8a nrcv ouvcro va xaQaxtT]QLOtd «IIQay[!atLx6» nou dVaL LOtOQLXU bEbOi] [!UAAOV EJtELbi] tOY [!EVO OE Eva OQLO[!EVO reno ELVaL UAOYO XaL avi]8Lxo. [!'llOtLXLOtLXi] avtLAT]'\j!T] 6tL uin OQW[!EVT]. o LOtOQLO[!6£. tou «no tOY [!E rnv cu£ OXEJttLXLO[!6. 6Jtcu£ toy evvost XaL tOY xQLva JtQwL[!a EQya rou. H XQLtLxi] rou aOtLxOU XQutO'll£ uno t'Y]V JtQOOJttLXi] tT]£ toto- . Jt. dVaL XU8E tL nou. H LOtOQLXi] 8EWQT]0T] rou aotLxou ELVaL JtQoi. 0 8EtLXLO[!6£ bLXaLWVa ouvrn- QT]tLo[!6. AIIO'l'EI~ TOY MAP2 ~TA I1PnIMA EPfA TOY rIA THN KPITIKH TOY A~T. T] JtQooJtu8aa XaL OE [!La OQLO[!EVT] XQOVLXi] JtEQLObO. EQXEtaL OE aJt6AutT] aVtL8EOT] [!E t'Y]V LOtoQL- xi] [!E80bO XaL [!E tT]V LOtOQLXi] xQLtLxi]. Acpou 6. tou JtQoi. 6tL bEV rou «acpT]Q'Y][!EVO'll AOYLXOU». H a[!cpLO~i]tT]O'Y] tCUV bUVatOti]tCUv LOtOQLO[!6 toy rn oaQu X'llbaLa. LOtOQLO[!6£ aQvdtaL Auro O'll[!~aLVa YLatL 0 T] OtT] tOY EAAOYO xaQaxti]Qa OtT]V XaL tT]V avayxaL6- rnr« tCUV XOLVCUVLXWV [!EtaOXT][!atLO[!WV. XQLtL- roue.MEBO~OAOf.iJt68wl'] YLa rnv 8ECUQT]tLXi] XaL JtQaxtLxi] tou bEV VOELtaL XCUQL£tT]V uQVT]OT]ton LOtoQLO[!OU [28].tL dVaL LOtoQLXU bEbO!J.iJt08EtH LOtOQLXi] [!E8obO£ XaL T] xQLtLxi] ti]OO'll[!E onoto ObT]YEL Av 'llL08E- tou LOtoQLO[!O'IJ. '000 mo UAOYT] qxuvetot. 600 XaL av ELVaL UAOYO i] avi]8Lxo. 0 OXEJttLXLO[!6£ tou [!La [!oQCPi] 8EtLXLO[!OU. KPATOY~ 97 mo YLVEtaL mo dVaL tExvT]t6 avaAAoLcutT].iJt08Eta 6tL OL LOtOQLXE£ JtT]YE£ ELVaL LEQU XEL[!EVa nou auti] oto EXCPQUSouv tT]V «ES aJtoxaAU'\j!Ecu£» H aAi]8aa 0 MaQs bEV !J.

xOLVWVLae.. xm ELClLX6tEQaOE OXEOlj [!E to YEyov6e.tasLxi]e. [!La 8EWQ1']tLXi] EXAOYLXE'lJ[!EV1'] EXqJQa01']WV taOEWV nou 8a OO1']youoav OE iuo XOLVWVLXi] ustct ~OAi] aAAa rtou OEV f. YEQ[!aVLXOU qJLAOOOqJLXOU ton oroxcO[!OU tlje.W"COQEOav JtaQO'llV O'llYXEXQL[!EV1'] va nooxuxi] [!OQqJi] YLa OLaqJOQO'lle. owdo1']o1']e. 1']aVEJtaQxi]e. Tam6XQova 6[!we. xOLVWVLae. rou ClExatO'll ovooo» xm nov aQXwv tou ClEXatO'll evcro» cuovo. 01'][!ELO'll aJtooaqJ1']VLSH tLe. 'EtOL 0 YEQ[!aVLX6e.. qJLAOOOqJLX6e.YEQ[!aVLxi]e. xm tlje. OQW[!EVEe. YEQ!LaVLxi]e. ESljvotrvto. ou lj aOtLxi] tas1'] OEV xat6Q8woE va xataxti]oEL tOY «ljYE[!OVLX6» Q6AO orn YEQ[!aVLxi] XOLVWVLa tou tEAO'lle.EQyaoLae.tExVLxi]e. ClLVOVtae. vc H YEQ[!aVLxi] qJLAOOOqJLa aJtooaqJljVLSEL. AELto'llQYEL avnqJanxa. xru LClLWe.O'llvBi]XEe. 0XEOELe. uno t1']V aAAlj i]lj ovnqxion aVa[!EOa oru.. ClLXaLO'll a tlje.W"CA1']QQNEtm t1']V XQLtLXi] tou cno t1']V JtQOOJttLXi] t1']e.JtaQaywyi]e. xm mv t ESEALSljtWV [!EOWV JtaQaywyi]e. rnv tasLxi] ClLaQ8QwOlj xm tnv LClEOAoyLa. t1']e. JtEQL6ClO'll mi]e. [!JtOQEL vc 8EWQ1']8d we.1']e.98 AYron:rm: MIlArJONAl: QLW. nou ELvm Clwato va OCl1']yi]OOW oto sEJtEQaO[!a toix. Myo'lle. rou.. [!OQqJEe.. OL LClW[!OQqJLEe. cero t1'] [!La [!EQLa xru ot«. roix ClLVEL ESWJtQay[!anxi] EXqJQaOlj xm tLe. aJtooaqJljVLSEL uovo ornv JtEQwxi] tou xa8aQou Myo'll. MEXQLe.avnqJaOELe. taQaywyi]e. EXAOYLXE'lJ[!EV1'] [!OQqJi]. 2:toV ~a8[!6 t r 6[!we. JtOALtLxi]e. TEtOLOL MyOL f. xm rnv atEAEOqJOQ1']aOlj YLa rnv 'llJtEQVLX1']Oi] oix. OXEJ OELe.n tnv E tdvEL vc ELvm aAAa ClEVf. taOELe. [!E qJLAOOOqJLae. on ClEVavantuX81']XE OE [!EyaAO ~a8[!6 1']avtLqJa01'] one.W"COQEL dvm vo 1']Xa8'llOtEQ1']01'] otnv avaJtt'lls1'] t1']e. OtOxaO[!Oe. rou XEYXEA [29].tlje. O'llyxaAUJttEL . oxouoto. O'llf. ne.. XEyxEAELavi] qJLAOOOqJLa XqJQaSEtm o.2:E 0XE01'] [!E OQW[!EVa «no tc aLuc ama. O'llYXExQL[!EVa WtOQLXa i] XOLVWVLXaqxnvouevo. O'llyxaAUJttEL we. Keno coto OQW[!EVEe. qJLAOOOqJLae. avaJtt'lls1'] t1']e. qJLAOOOqJLae. nvtupnOELe. xm ne. svo. xm aOqJaAWe. ME tnv YEQ[!aVLxi] xm LClLWe.0 qJLAOOOqJLXOe.W"COQEL ELvm 1']YEQ[!aVLxi] xowovtc. non tLe.otoxao[!6e. tou xa8we. to YEyovoe.

taLvfL 6tL us tn CPLAOOOCPLXi] xQLtLxi] naQa[.tLa~ LOtoQLXi]~ XaL XOLV{J)VLXi]~ xat6.tatonoiettrn n «c. H c. non fsnY£L tOY x60[. 6tL to XQ6.MEBoaOAor.v XataAi]sfL orn OUOxEtLOntn~ WtOQLXi]~ XaL XOLV{J)VLXi]~xat6.La<jl6Q{J)v [. tou H <jlLAOOO<jlLXi] XQLtLXi] C.tEVn XOLV{J)VLXi] fLtouQYLa XaL XOLV{J)VLX6 A oxono.nAac. H <jlLAOOO<jlLXi] XQLtLXi] avacpEQftaL oro «nnQ6v» XaL 6XL 01'0 «[. H <jlLAOOOCPLXi] XQLtLXi] fLVaL.8f fLC.A. a6Qwta XaL tautoAoYLx6.toix.O~ 8(LXi]£ naQouoLa£ i] [. ue Eva xovovo i] Eva nQ6tuno non va 8f{J)QfLtaL (J)~ an6Auta EYXUQO.nou fLVaL avayxaLOL XaL maQX£L£ yw v« un6. nou «XQLVfL ue tOY JtLOa[.LatUn{J)On auti] On[.fV 8a fxnAnQWOfL rnv XOLV{J)VLXi] XaL LOtoQLXi] AfLtouQYLa tn~ 6.t~aLVfL us toy «qxrvtormxo XO[.OU~aAAOtQL{J)On£[32l. 6n{J)~ ou[.0taOn~.toQ<jli] tOU <jlLAOOOCPLXOU otoxao[. Meoo uno rnv XQLtLXi] [. xat6. ern .tOQ<jlWV aA. AllO'l'EI~ TOY MAPS ~TA llP(llMA EPrA TOY rIA THN KPITlKH TOY A~T.t6 t{J)V XOLV{J)VLXWV XaL LOtoQLXWV6Q{J)v. n nou un6XfLtaL Of fXAOYLXfUOn.ta'tonOL£Ltrn us tnv fsi]ynoi] roix. H <jlLAOOO<jlLXi] XQLtLxi] t{J)V c. t{J)V LC.tfta<jlUOLxi]~ un60taon£.tou.tOU~ XaL «xorvcovtu.A. c. ou n fQ[.LaL tfQa tou XfYXfALaVLO[. Lxon6£ tn~ nQEJt£Lva fLVaL n fs6. n onoto txovonOL£LXaL nQaY[.~aon uno tn [.tOU.tLOuQYLa VEOU».t6» tou Cabet i] rou Weitling.tUOtLXWtLX6.n[.OtQL{J)On~ nQaY[.tfta<jlUOLxi]£ un60taon~.toUVLO[.AfL\jJn X6.t£OOEQYOi] I XaL xa8i]xov tn£ CPLAOOO<jlLXi]~ tLXi]~ £LVaL n Esi]ynon tn~ XQL nOALtLXi]~ aA.tft6.yxn va unfQxL Vn8fL n avtL<jlaOn auti] tn~ xAaOLxi]~ YfQ!WVLXi]~ <jlLAOOO<jlLa~.t£LALXto roon» X6.[.tatonoLfL 6Af~ tL~ ava~nti]ofL~ ton av8Qwnou.tfQL~£taL n 8fWQnOn tou xQ6.0taOn~ nQaY[.L{J)tWV». ou ouvtotnrm 01'0 ouvaL08n[. fsnY£L tn [.tEAAOV [311.A. (J)~ 8f·LXi]~ i] [.t[.OtQL{J)On~. H <jlLAOOO<jlLXi] XQLtLXi] EXfL OUYXfXQL[. KPATon 99 H av6. ornv «unnQ£OLa tn£ LOtoQLa~» [33l.8f u nou un6. 'EtOL «noocrpnvt~ftaL n 0XEOn xQ6.QXfL» [30l.t0.ta. XaL Lc.to~ £LVaLEva £LC. tOY MaQs.otQL{J)On£. nou XQLVfL..toQCPi]OU <jlLAOOO<jlLXOU t oroxcouou.tnVfU6tav [.i] ue tOY xa80QLO[. orn [.tOQ<jlE£ autE£ aA.IL6 6.Qsouv OL [.

Kern tT]V nQWL!lT] cpaOT]rou MaQs oev avamVOOftm T] ano'tjJT] 6tL T] maVaOtatLx~ va fLvm naLQVH tTl 8EOT]tT]~ CPLAOOOCPLX~~ xQmx~~. t Av bfV un~QXf OtT]V nQWL!lT] !laQsWtLX~ xQmx~ nOLT]!lEVOUxQatoU~ T] WtoQLX~ nQoomLX~. ou H 8EOT]tou XaTa T] CPLAOOOCPLX~ xQmx~ tT]V mavaOtatLx~ nQaST].EALsT]~ xm fSfAWo6!lfVO tou xQatou~. H rut CPLAOOOCPLX~ xQmx~ nQaY!latLx6tT]ta ue tT]V mavaotanx~ nQaST]. tTl cpaOT]a'Ut~ cpaLvftm nQolin08EtH mavaOta'tLx~ fXCPQa~ftm Ota'tLx~ xcrcorcon. 8a bLECPfQfcoto tT]V xQmx~ !lLa~ OtanxiJ~ tou xQatou~ ton xQatou~ coto toy ~tLQVfQ xm nou 8f!lfALWVftm T]xQmx~ non rou !lu80a'Ut~ bfV cvcornxroetm navU) OtL~ xatT]YOQLf~ av8QU)nOAOYLa~ [34]. ou EXH tTl n !lOQCP~!lLa~ OAOXAT]QU)!lEVT]~ 8fU)QT]tLX~~ XaTaOXfU~~ xm non ue to oixrrnu« tou XEYXfA. H CPLAOOOCPLX~ xQmx~ ue tL~ !lOQCPE~ 'UtE~ tT]~ XQL a tLX~~ uovo otov ~a8!l6 non xa80QL~H tL~ xatT]YOQLf~ YLa !lLa YfVftLX~ fS~YT]OT]ou xQatou~. x n08E'tEL. xaQaxt~Qa~ ea ~tav buvat6 8f!lfALWVH nQoli- AOYLXa tT]V 0 WtoQLx6~ vo OQWtfL U)~ «fQyaAELO» ~ OVOLT]!la XatT]YOQLWVue to onOLO anooacpT]vU. Me tTl CPLAOOOCPLX~ xQmx~ 8f!lfALWVftm T] !lE80bO~ ue tT]V ouv6Eftm onoto nQaY!latonOLEL tm T] XQL tLX~ tT]~ 8QT]OXfUOtLX~~ nLOtT]~ xru T] XOL Vu)VLX~ xQmx~.roo AYron:Tm: MIlArIONA.'ftm nQo"C6v tT]~ WtoQLX~~ £1. H nQWL!lT] !laQswnx~ non YLVftm uno toy 8fU)QLa YLa to xQato~ bfV 8a bLECPfQfmLOT]~ coto tT]V xQmx~ Henri de Saint-Simon !If avacpoQa Of XOLVu)VLOAOYLXE~ xatT]YOQLf~ [35]. mo YfVLxa !lLa tT]V xaTfu8VVfL ennvuMe tT]V xm taut6XQova nQasT] naQa!lfQL~ftm T] CPLAooocpLa. rtou ocpfLAftm oro Yfyov6~ 6tL ELvm qxuvouevo. Aev naVH 6!lU)~ vu . rtou tT]V nQaST] OAOXAT]QWVfL. aVfsaQtT]ta tou !lU80nOLT]!lEVOU xQatou~ OtoxaO!lOV YLVfrou coto tT]V WtoQLX~ 8fWQT]O~ rou. An6 mW'tT]!lOAOYLX'tl anO'ljJT] T] cpLAOOOqlLX~Qmx~ .E c1JLAoaocp{arov LlLXa{OV rov XtYXfA. nQOfX'tELVH xm taut6XQova WtoQLX~ xQmx~.

H tUST] aut~ OVOrLU~EtaL cero toy MaQS «EQyanx~ tUST]» ~ «nQoAEtaQLUtO». 0 MaQs toy rLEta8EtEL n~ avo): UOEL~ aUtE~ nou. rnv EVVOEL XEYXEA. H ES01JOLa rtou aOXEL 0 XUQLO~nuvw OtOV ()OUAOouvmuYEtaL XaL tT]V aAAOtQLWOT]ou XUQL01J. Ano rn OtLYrL~rtou OUVtEAELtaLT]avayvwQWT] aUt~ o XUQLO~aJtEAEu8EQWVEtaL osto tT]V 'ljJEU()aL08T]oT] rrutovotT]~ rLLa~ rou. 0 MaQS avaepEQE0 tal oro nQwLrLa XELrLEVcX xcXnw~ UnaLVLXnXcX otu.ME rnv oro aJtEAEU8EQWO~ aJtEAEu8EQWVOVtaL tT]~ XaL OLUAAE~tUSEL~. ano rn oxomn tOU . Itc vo umxQSH T] mavaotanx~ nQcXsT]EL Val avayxaLo vc uncXQSEL rLLatcXST] on cvcorruooetm rLfOa coto rnv «xoivorvtu n tWV L()LWtWV».tTl ()La()LXaoto rLEtT]V oncto nQaYrLatonOLELtaL T]aJtEAEu8EQWOT] aut~. YLa vc avamux8EL.ou OnOL01JOL ErLJtELQLE~ t t XaL OLava~T]t~OEL~ EsaQtWvtaL uno tT]V EsOUOLan01J aoxEL nuvw orov ()OUAO. YVWQL~EL nQaWatLXO scuto rou. H tUST] aut~ EXEL«xa80ALXo» xaQaXt~Qa YLatL ()EV EXELxovevu L()LaL tEQO ()LXaLWrLavu nQootatbjJEL aepou EXELanootEQT]8EL «no OAa tn ()LXaLWrLatUtT]~.ME80aoAof.TautoXQova T] eaovootanx~ tUST] aQvELtaL rnv «xotvcivtc tWV L()LWtWV» [36].H ESUQtT]OT] aUt~ toU XUQLOU uno toy ()OUAOEST]yEL tal cno to YEYOVO~ on 0 XUQLO~XQ'Y]OLrLOnOLEL ()OUAO toy W~ EQyaAELo.'EtOL XataVaALOXEL XaL anOAarL~UVELXWQL~vo EQycX~EtaL. 'EXELtT]V momELa rou OAOUYLatL ()EV ELVaLnQOOT]AWrLEVT] «rLEQO~». 8a ~taV ()UVatO v« unotE8~ on nQaYrLatonOLELtal oUrLepwva rLE tT]V XEYYEALav~ ()LaAEXtLX~tou ()OUAOUXaL rou XUQLOU [37]. epEQOVtaL OtT] (/)~Aoaocpia rov L1tJwiov tOU XEYXEA. o MaQs ()EVanooaepT]VL~H oro Mo XELrLEVU nou cvorou. KPATOr~ 101 uncXQXH T] epLAOOOepLX~ tLX~.H aJtEAEu8EQWOT] ou ()OUAOU EXepQcX~EtaL r rLEto YEYOVO~ OtL 0 XUQLO~tOY avaYVWQL~H W~ avayxaLo oUrLnMQWrLUrou. A vtL8Eta ()TjfHOUQYOUVtaLOL XQL nQouno8Eow. 'Ioox.ono». AIIO'l'EI~ Tor MAP2~TA I1PnIMAEPfA Tor rIA THN KPITIKHTor A~T. OXEOEL~ tou naQaywy~~ XaL n~ rLOQepE~ EQyaoLa~ nou nQouno8EtEL T] XEyxEAHav~ «xoivorvt« rcov L()LWtWV».

EcpaQ!L6~ovtaL WtoQlX~~ mv ron 'llJtOXH!LEVlXOU JtVEUYlU rou ucro . Ot aJt6'4JH~ tou UVaAUOEl~ «JtUAT] tWV tUI:. OtT]V mQLOXl1 tT]~ ESEAll:. 6Jtw~ EOHSE 0 K. ornv tUI:. H a!LOl~aLa amAE'lJ8EQWOT] tT]~ aOtlxl1~ tUST]~ JtQOUJt08EtH JtQaY!LutwoT] tou 0 MaQs 8EtO'llV tou «O'llVU!LH» tT]~ XOlVWVLa~ XWQL~ tUSH~. o «Aa6~» tou XOlVWVlX01J O'llV6AO'll. Lowith. JtQouJtOOQW!LEVE~ aVaAUOEl~ [38]. tELVH vo tT]V rcuttoa !LEtoy rou XaL tam6XQova «Aa6» 11!LEtOY «011- !LO» [36].EWV» JtQOEXtELVO'llV n~ AJt6 tl~ aVacpOQE~ rou MaQs XEYXEA Yla tTl «OlaAEXtlXl1 xaQaxt~Qu. BUOlX6 ELVaL 6n torooto rtov OE 0XEOT] !LE tT]V urtoot« Ano xaQaXtT]Qwtlx6 T] JtOAltELa OT]!LOXQatlXOU JtOAl tEU!Lato~ tT]V !LE tn uovoo- OEV «OT]!LLO'llQYEL» tOY «Au6». tT]~ EQyaoLa~ rcov EQyatWv XaL OtT]V aSLa tT]~ a!LOl~~~ XaL tT]~ EQyatlXl1~ OOT]YELOtT]V JtQcJH!La EQya Lta !LEtT]V OJtOLa ESaOcpaAL~EtaL T] O'llvtl1QT]O~ roix. «OtOlXELO» aJtocpaOL~H XaL JtQUttH toJtOlT]8EL to aya86 6Xl W~ lOlWtT]~ aAAU W~ cpOQEa~ tT]~ ~OUAT]OT]~rou O'llV6AO'll !LE tOY oxono vc JtQaY!LaXOlVWVLa». PO'llOOW OtO Koiviovixo JtQWl!La EQya OtT]V OJtOLa to XU8E XV{l(36AUW 0 MaQs tl~ XQT]Ol!LOJtOlEL ow OE 0XEOT] !LE tT]V XOlVWVlXl1 oxornt«. Oi EVVOlE~ a'lltE~. H !LE tT]V OlXHOJtOLT]OT] tT]~ OlUCPOQU~ «no toy otnv aSLU rou JtQo'C6- vroc toix. UJtO'4JT]aml1 T] OT]!LOXQutLa EQXEtaL OE avtL8WT] .T] !LEtOY «xa8oAlx6» tT]~ EQYUtlX~~ tUsT]~ o n T] amAE'll8EQWOT] tUST]~ O'llVmuYEtaL EX!LEtUAAE'llOT] aml1 XaL tT]V amAE'lJ8EQWOT] tT]~ aOtlxl1~ JtQaY!LatOJtOlEL tal coro avu!Lwa ceto tT]V EX!LEtUAAE'llOT] nou aOXEL JtUVW OtT]V EQYUtlXl1 tUI:. IIOAltlxl1 XQwnavw!L6 tou ELVaL T] 1)T]!LOXQatLa. !LE tT]V «aOtlxl1 OtT]V EXCPQUOT] ou r EQXEtaL OE avtL8WT] tT]V EVVOOUOE 0 XEYXEA.T]~. O'llVUYEtaL tou OOUAO'll XaL rou X'llQLO'll». XaL tT]~ O'llVHOT]OlaX~~ XaL tT]~ XOlVWVlX~~ E!LJtElQLa~.T]. rtoi: avtWtolXEL tE'll!LUtWV !LE toy 8QT]OXHWV [39]. Aaou JtOAltWV ono».102 srrorsros OtT] OcpaLQU MIlArIONAl: XEYXEA.

MEeO~OAor.

AIIO'fEI~ TOY MAPE ~TA I1PQ]MA EPrA TOY rIA THN KPITIKH TOY A~T. KPATOY~ 103

XLa, omut; rnv OQLSEL XEYXEA orn c1JtAOaocp{a rov Aixaio». 0 Krrtu toy MaQs, 'll !lOvaQXLa b'll!lLOUQYEL JtMSot; JtOU «rmto QL6.SEL»orn bLat~Q'llO~ t'llt;. Otnv b'll!lLOUQYELtaL 'll atasLX~ XOLVWVLa,to b'll!lOXQanxo JtOALtEU!la ELVaLb'll!lLOUQY'll!la tou «Aaou» XaL 01JVELb'llt~ EX<pQaO'llt'llt; f30UA'll0~t; rou. ME tn b'll!lOXQatLa YLVEtaL Oa<jlEt;on to XQ6.tOt; ELVaLb'll!lLOUQY'll!la t'llt; xoworvtor; XaL OtL 'll xotvcovtu bEV dVaL b'll!lLOUQY'll!la tou XQ6.tout;, oJtwt;, ouuqxovo ue tnv EQ!l'llvda XaL rnv XQLtLX~ rou MaQs, bEXOtav 0 XEYXEA. H b'll!lOXQatLa aJtOOa<jl'llVLSEL rnv «OUOLa»,b'llAab~ rou; LOtOQLXOUt;, XOLVWVLXOUt; avSQwJtoXaL AOYLXOUt;oQOUt; t'llt; JtOAL tELax~t; t6.S'llt;, orto»; 0 XQLOtLaVLouo; EX<jlQ6.SEL «ouotc» t'llt; SQ'llOXEutLX~t;JtLOt'llt;. rnv ~ta JtQWL!la EQya tou 0 MaQs JtQoEXtd VEL tnv JtaQ6.bOO'll t'llt; as'llva'(x~t; b'll!lOXQatLat; XaL nov Iaxwf3Lvwv [40]. H YEVLX~ SEa'll rou ore EQya aut6. dVaL OtL !lEOa cno tnv LOtoQLX~ ESEALs'll bEV «xataQYELtal» to xQ6.tot; JtaQ6. !lOVO wt; SEXWQLOtot; <jloQEat; EsouOLat;, 0 OJtOLOt;Sa oQLsotav ELbOAOYLX6. XaL tou OJtOLOU0 tQoJtot; uJtaQs'llt; Sa JtaQouoLasE avaAoYLEt; ue toy toorto uJtaQs'llt; nov !lEta<jlUOLXWVuJtOOt6.0EWV. Av to xQ6.tOt; SEwQ'llSd wt; LOtoQLXO<jlaLVO!lEVO, LXaLOAOb YELtaL 'll bLaJtLOtW0'll OtL 'll coxnon t'll£ JtoAmX~t; EsouOLat; JtauEL f3aS!lLaLa va EXEL xatamEOnxo xaQaxt~Qa. H EsEALxnx~ auti) bLabLxaoLa bEV OUVtEAdtal O!lwt; ouuqxovc ue to EUSUYQa!l!l0 OX~!la t'llt; JtQOOboU. Otnv JtQaY!latoJtoL'llSd 'll «coteAEUSEQW0'll tou JtQoAEtaQL6.tou», 'll JtoAmx~ EsouoLa !lEtaf3L~asEtal otoix aQxo!lEVout; non EXtEAOUVtautOXQova XaL rn AELtOuQYLa tou «'llYE!lOva». H EsEALs'llaut~, rtou bEVJtQaY!latoJtOLdtaL JtOtE xat6. toone OAOXA'llQW!lEVO XaL OQLOtLXO,EX<jlQ6.SEtal ue toy 0X'll!lano!lo tou b'll!lOxQatLxou JtOAL tEU!latOt;. To JtOAL tE1J!la auto !lJtoQd va SEWQ'llSEL 'll JtoAmx~ EX<jlQa0'll w£ non taLQL6.SEL orov 6.vSQwJto orov JtauEL va dVaL «LbLWt'll£» ~ «ocro;» XaL !lEtaf36.AAEtaLOEXOLVWVLXOJtOL'll!lEVO ov.