The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20130907070055/http://www.scribd.com:80/doc/33164890/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB-%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82-%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF

Read without ads and support Scribd by becoming a subscriber.

Language:

Χέγκελ - Επιστήμη της Λογικής (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

rKEoprK XErKEA

H ETC10"titJlll tllC; AOytKitC;

I EtcrayroYrl - MEtciq,pacrll - LX0/..,LU rIANNH TZABAPA

H EIII~THMH TH~ AOrIKH~

AAAE~ META«I>PA~EI~ Tor rIANNH TZABAPA

1. ~aipEv KipxE'{xwp: II evwnoc 'Hl~ ocywvioc~. A6~va, t,wowvYJ 1971, 228 ce): ([JoE AE~~Aoyto 'twv tf>~Aorrotf>~xwv E\I\IO~WV).

2. Map't~v Xa~nE'{YEp: Eivoc~ xoc~ xpovo~. To[Jooc; IIpw'toc;. A6~va, LlwowvYJ 1978, 416 rrEA. ([JoE rr.poAoyo xa~ rrxoA~a -rou [JoE'tatf>parr't~) .

3. Map't~v Xa~nE'{YEp: Eivoc~ xoc~ xpovo~. To[Jooc; LlEU'tEP0C;. A6~va - r~avv~va, LlwowvYJ 1985, 417-774 rrEA. ([JoE rrxoA~a 'tOU [JoE'tatf>parr't~).

4. Map't~v Xa~nE'{YEp: <l>oc~vo[Joe:voAoyioc xoc~ O~oAoyioc. A6~va, Err.ometa 1979, 80 ce): ([Joe: e:~rraywy~ xa~ rrxoA~a 'tou [JoE'tatf>parr't~).

5. Ap~rr'to'teAYJ: «Twv Me:'ta 'ta urr~xa 8 10». Err.orr.nioc 34 (1979), rre:A. 1115-428 ([Joe: e:~rraywy~ xa~ rrxoA~a 'tou [Joe:'tatf>pa(J't~).

6. pe:~oe:pixou Nrrce: «To rr.a60c; y~a 'tYJv aA~6E~a». Err.orr.'t"e:toc 36-37 (1979), rrEA. 591-603 ([JoE rr.poAoyo xa~ rrxoA~a 'tOU [JoE'tatf>parr't~).

7. I[Jo[JoavouEA Kuvr: IIpoAe:yo[Joe:voc rre: xocOe: [Joe:AAOV't"~X~ Me:'t"octf>urr~x~.

A6'~va - r~avv~va, LlwowvYJ 1983, 211 rrEA. ([JoE E~rraywy~ xa~ rrxoA~a -rou [JoE'tatf>pa(J't~).

8. I[Jop.avouEA Kcvr: Toc Oe:[JoeA~oc 't"YJ~ Me:'t"octf>u(rtX~~ 't"wv "1J0wv. A6~va - r~a\l\l~va, LlwowvYJ 1984, 144 ce): ([JoE E~rraywy~ xa~ rrxoA~a

-tou [JoE'tatf>parr't~).

9. Paul Feyerabend: rvwaYj j~OC e;Ae;u6e;pou~ ocv6pwrr.ou~. 8ErrrraAovixYJ, L,Unpova 8E[J.a'ta 1986, 264 rrEA.

10. Map't~v Xa~nEYYEp: H rr.POEAE:UaYj 't"ou EPYOU 'tEX.vYJC;. A6~va - r~avvvv«, Llw3wvYJ 1986, 153 rrEA. ([J.E E~rraywy~ xa~ rrx.oA~a 'tou [J.E'tatf>parr't~).

T i't AoC; rr.pw'to'turr.ou:

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel:

Enzyklopadie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse (1830). §§ 1-244: Die Wissenschaft der Logik.

GEORG W.F. HEGEL

H EIII~THMH TH~ AOrIKH~

(ano 't1J'J E'YXUXA01tocfoE~OC 'tW\I ~~Aoao~~xw\l E1t~a't1J!l.w\l, §§ 1-244)

E~(jaywyYj - Me:'t"&.~pa<rYJ - 'i/x.6A~a rIANNH TZABAPA

EK80LEIL «8Q8QNH» A8HNA - flANNINA 1991

ISBN 960-248-081-5

AcrKA.TprtOD 3, 10679 Aer\va T11)'. 36.37.973

l:YNTOMOrPA<DIEl:

Enzyklopadie = GeorgW.Fr. Hegel, Enzyklopadie der philo-

sophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse (1830) (= Ej'KUKA()1tOC~aEtOC 't"wv ~tAoao4nKwv Ema't"l][1-wv aE E1tt't"O[1-~). ~'t"~C; 1tapaypaljlouc; §§ 1-244 'tyJC; XEYKEA~av~c; Ej'KUKA01tOC~aEtOCC;, cr't~c; 01tOiEC; 1tEp~Aa[1-6a'JE'ta~ l] EOW EKO~M[1-E'Jl] Ema't"~[1-l] 't"l]C;

A' , ' ... ' ... ,,t, ,

OJ'tKl]C;, 1tapa1tE[1-1tW Ka'ta 'to 1tAE~cr'tO [1-E a1tAl] a'Ja'j'opa 'tl]C;

1tapaypaljlou (1t.X. § 22). ~EC; Hegels Werke, Band 8, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a.M. 1970.

~EC; Hegels Werke, Band 8, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a.M. 1970.

§§ 245-376: Zweiter Teil: Die Naturphilosophie (= H (_J)tAOao~~oc 't"l]C; ~UI7lJC;), Hegels Werke, Band 9, Suhrkamp,

Frankfurt a.M. 1970.

§§ 377-577: Dritter Teil: Die Philosophie des Geistes (= H (_J)tAOao~~oc 't"ou 1tVEU[1-IX't"OC;), Hegels Werke, Band 10, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a.M. 1970.

~'t~C; ~l][1-E~wcrE~C; (Anmerkungen) 'tou XEj'KEA, 1tOU 'tU1tw'Jo-rta ~ [1-E aU~YJ[1-E'JO 'to ap ~cr'tEPO 1tEp ~6wp ro, 1tapa1tE[1-1tW [1-E 'tl]'J E'JOE~~l]: ~l][1-.

~'t~C; 1tPOIjlOptKEC; 1tpOcr6~KEC; (Zuslitze) 'tou XEYXEA 1tapa1tEp.1tW [1-E 'tl]'J E'JOE ~~l]: 1tpocr6~xYJ.

~'ta crxoA~a 'tou [1-E'taljlpacr't~ 'tl]C; 1tapoucrac; EXOOO"lJC; 1tapa1tE[1-1tW [1-E 'tl]'J E'JOE ~~l]: u1too"lJ[1-.

Logik = Georg W.Fr. Hegel, Wissenschaft dep Logik (= H Ema't"~[1-l] 't"l]C; AOj'tK~C;).

I = Erster Teil: Die objektive Logik (= H IXV't"tKEt[1-EVtK~ AOj'tK~), Erstes Buch, Hegels Werke, Band 5, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a.M. 1969.

II = Erster Teil: Die objektive Logik, Zweites Buch. Zweiter Teil: Die subjektive Logik (= H U1tOX€t[l-€VtX~ AOytX~), Hegels Werke, Band 6, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a.M. 1969.

~'ta Epya -rou Descartes 7tapa7tE[l-7tW <r'tYJv EXOO<rY) 'twv AmxV'twv 'tou 7tOU EX7tOvYJ<rav O~ Charles Adam xa~ Paul Tannery (1897 X.E.).

~'ta Epya 'tou Friedrich H. Jacobi 7tapa7tE[l-7tW <r'tYJv EXOO<rY) 'twv .

Friedrich Roth xa~ oppen, Wissensch. Friedrich Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1968 , 7tOU dva~ 4>w'toaV't~ypa4>~x~ ava'tu7tw<rYJ 'tYJC; EXOO<rY)C; 'tYJC; AE~\jiiac; (1812 x. E.).

~'ta Epya 'tou Immanuel Kant 7tapa7tE[l-7tW [l-E 6a<rY) 'tYJ <rEA~oapi6[J.YJ<rY) 'twv 7tpw'twv EXOO<rEWV, 7t.X. Kpt't. 'to xa6. Aoy.

A80 I B106 = Kritik der reinen Vernunft a' EXOO<rY) <rEA. 80, 6' EXOO<rY) <rEA. 106.

EILArnrH TOY METAPALTH

'Eo-reo Kat nv !llU !.u:;yaA:ll nA:119ffipu xpicscov KUt uno'l'EffiV (JXEnKa J.lE 'tT} AOytKll 1:01) XeYKEA Otuwnffi9T}KE 1l0T} KU'ta 1:OV 190 mmvn, J.lOAts KU'ta 1:OV 200 atffivu uvuyvoopi(J'tT}KE (JE 6a90s Kat UVUAD9T}KE (J1)(J'tT}J.lUnKa 1:0 OVWAOY1KO (J1:OtXElO nOI) OtenEt UI)'tO 'to epyo. 'Eyt VE OT}AUOll EUpt5'tU'tU nnoosxro on ni(Joo uno rov 'tl1:AO H enun:r,J1.1J 7:1Jr; AOY1Kr,r; KPD6E'tUt J.ltU OV1:OAoyiul, J.lE 'to Ot1:1:0 VOT}J.lU nOI) Ku9tEpffi- 9T}KE 1l0T} xapT} (J1:OV IJ.lJ.laVOI)EA KuV1:: oos KptnKll'tT}s nnpu-

I. 'Eves; a7to roix; 7tpcil"WUS YEPllavous O""toxacr"tES, 7tOU oru; apXES rou 2001) auova UVOl~E rov OPOIlO Y1a Eva OVtoA.0Y1KO 01u6acrlla "t11S XEYKEA.LUvrjs AOY1KrjS, rj"tav 0 XEPIl7tEP"t MapKol\SE, Kat IlUA.lO""ta KU"tOO uno rnv E7tiopacr11 "tOU rote psooopcvoovtoc Mdpnv XU1V"tEYYEP' OES "t11v E7ti UQ>11- y&cria OLU"tP16rj "tOU MapKOI)~E: Hegels Ontologie und die Grundlegung einer Theorie der Geschichtlichkeit (= H OvroAoyia rov XiYKeA. tau 11 Bfp.eA.iw(Jl1 uuu; Becopiac; tnt; l(JropIKorl1rac;), Frankfurt a.M. 1932. L"t11v E1crayooyrj rou 616A.iou rou A.EE1 IlE"ta~u UA.A.rov: «H rtupoixru Epyacria E7tlXE1p&i va Ka"tao&i~E1 on 11 XEYKEA.LUVrj Ovroxoytu 7tpocrava"tOA.i~E"tat 11& apXEYovO "tP07tO 7tpOS "t11V svvoin "t11S ~oorjs Kat "t11S lO"toP1KO"t11"tUS "t11S. Fur va yivouv craQ>Eis 01 EOoo crK1aypaQ>OUI1&VES O"UVUQ>E1ES U7trjP~E avaYKaio, va "tOA.llrjcooue mv 7tpocr7tU6E1a 1l1aS E7taVEPIl11v&ias "t11S XEYKEA.LUVrjS 'AOYIK~C;' ...

'Oon crUVE1crQ>EPE1 11 nnpouou spjnotu cs IlLU aVU7t"tu~11 Kat olacrUQ>11cr11 trov 7tp06A.11IlU"tOOV, ru oQ>EiA.&l cr"t11 Q>lA.OcrOQ>lKrj Epyacria rou Mdpttv XU1V"tEYYEp.» (crEA.. 3 Ka1 8).

Etvrn oxrroco avallQ>lO"6rj"t11"t0 on KU7tOL01 11&A.&"t11"tES "t11S AOY1KrjS rou XEYKEA. Eixav E7tlcr11IlUVE1 rj011 npornitspu "ta OA.E6pLU E7taKOA.ou6a IlUIS 1111- oV"t0A.OY1Krls Ka"tavo11crrjS "t11S. 'Erm 7t.x. 0 Georg Lasson, EKOioov1:US Kat 7tpoA.oyi~ov"tas Ka"tu to 1923 (19322) "t11 XEYKEA.1avrj AOY1Krj, yPUQ>E1 craQ>Ecrutu (crEA.. XLI): «Mia a7to ns 7tLO O"UV1161crIlEvES at"tiES "t11S 7tA.rjpous 7tapEPIl11vEiaS "t11S XEYKEA.1avrjs AOY1KrjS EYKE1"ta1 oro on au"trj O"UIl7tapa"ti- 6E1:U1 Ka1 cruYKpivE"tat 11& rnv W7tlKrj AOY1Krj, o11A.aorj 11 E7tOVOlla~oIlEv11

OO()taKr]<; ME'taq)U()tKr]<; Kat W<; 1tPOO"1t(i8Eta eEJlEAiwO"l1<; Jlta<; VEa<; JlE'tUq)U()tKr]<; eEffipll0"11 <;. 'Etot 11 O"XEO"l1 'tll<; XEYKEAtaVr]<; «Aovucri;» npo; rnv KotVU VOOUJlEVll AOytKr] Jl1tOpEi va eEWPlleEi 'tOO"O aJlq,t()611'tr]()tJlll Kat 1tp06AllJlanKr], 00"0 aV'tiO"'totxa 1tapa1tAaVllnKO<; Jlta<; unoxpunrousvrp; OV'tOAOyia<; stvut Kat 0 'tl1:AO<; H()lK~ 0"'t0 JlEYUAO 6t6Aio 'tOU Llttvosa, Kat uxoun 1taAatO'tEpa 0 'ti'tAO<; II epi cpVClewc; JlE 1:OV orcoto n'tAoq,opouv'tav tu 6t6Aia 'tWV Ilpooroxpntucov 0"1:0- xaO"'tffiv.

° iotO<; 0 XEYKEA OEV oiO"'taO"E va avayvwpiO"El, nooo 1tOAAU Oq,EiAEt 1:0 6t6Aio 1:OU O"E 1tPW'tU'tEPOU<; Kat JlUAtO"'tU EtOtKU O"E fIpoO"WKpanKOU<; 0"1:OxaO"'tE<;2, Kat dpn 1tOO"O At yorspc etvm rn OUVEta nno rnv E1tOVOJlasOJlEvll «romxr]» AOytKr] 'tOU Apt0"1:O'tEAll. Mnopst JlUAtO"'tU vn Et1tWeEi 6u()tJla, on uin nrto r«; 1tLO eEJlEAtffiOEt<; 1tE1tOter]o"Et<; 1tOU orepsoivoov 'tll XEYKEAtavr] Aoyucr], Eivat 11 1tPO'tUO"l1 rnv onotc xupa~E uiu yta 1tuv'tU o rn O"uvEiOllO"l1 'tll<; JlE'tUYEVEorsprp; aVepW1tO'tll'ta<; 0 1tpffi1:O<; Ilpooroxprmxoc OV1:OAOY0<;, Ilupusvtorp; 0 EAEU'tll<; (cetocn. B3): to yap aino voelv iativ te «ai elvoi, 'to Noatv Kat 1:0 Etvm 'tUu'tisov'tat. ME O"XEOOV rtuvouoiotuno 'tP01tO Kat JlEO"a O"'tll xapaK'tll ptO"nKr] 1:OU opoAoyia 0 XEYKEA ea E1taVaAU6Et, atffiVE<; JlE'tU 'tOV IlupusviOll, 't'll eEJlEAtffiOll E1:OU'tll eEO"l1 ypuq,ov'tU<; crnv EYKVKAOnoioeia 01tW<; Kat O"E 1tPOllYOUJlEVO KEiJlEVO 1:OU: « 'O,n eivrn

aptcr'ton:AtKTl AOytKTl XP11crtI107tou;i'tat 00<; cr11I1Eio ava<j>opu<;. AUu 11 XEYKEAtaVTl AOytKTl IiEV eXEt Kal1tU crXecr11 I1E uurnv, Kat av'ti9E'ta crUYYEVEUEt UI1Ecra I1E uuro 7tOU 0 Aptcr'tO'teA11<; OVOI1UsEt Meruoucucri.» Fin 'to on 0 ilito<; 0 XeYKEA 7tapalieXE'tat Kat Iita7ttcrnoVEt on «11 uvrucsursvucr] AOytKTl ... 7taipVEt 't11 gecr11 't11<; aUonvTl<; Meiodnxmop;» IiE<; Logik I, crEA. 61-2. dE<; E7ticr11<; Enzyklopadie § 24.

2. Ei7tE KU7tO'tE ern 7tavE7ttcr't11l1taKU 'tau l1a9Tll1a'ta (IiE<; Hegels Werke, Reclarn, Band 18, 320): «dEV U7tUPXEt OU'tE Ilia 7tpo'tacr11 tou HPUKAEt'tOU, 7tOU va l111v 't11V crUI17tEpteAaBa l1ecra cr't11 AOytKTl uou», ME 'to 'ti KamAuBatVE 0 XeYKEA orov I1tAoucrE yta HPUKAEt'tO, 7tOtE<; rirnv Ot 7t11ye<; 7tOU Iite9E'tE, mo<; IitEPI1TlVEUE toix; cr'tOXacrI10UC; Kat n<; apxe<; 't11<; 11paKAEi'tEta<; <l>tAocro<j>ia<;, acrxoAEi'tat 'to EI17tEptcr'tU'tOOl1evO BtBAio 'tau N iKOU 'l'11l1l1evou:

Hegels Heraklit-Verstandnis, Basel 1978.

EAAOYO, stvct 1tpUYIlUnKO, Kat o.n etvm 1tpUYIlUnKo, stvai EAAOYO»3.

AAAU. 'ti unopst vn (nWUiVEt UUn] Tj 1tUpuoOI;Tj nporuon; EiVUt OUVU'tO VU mcreuet ern cr06upu EVU<; uv9pro1t0<;, on OEV U1tUPXEt KUlltU napaJ.oyYf 1tpUYllunKo'tTj'tu usou crov xoouo, on Ku9E rt crUIl6uiVEt eVAoya KUt 0xt El;icrou KUAU avopfJoAoya KUt tmip AOYOV; Aurd tu Epron]IlU'tU, 1tOU I;E1tTjOOUV crXEoov onv uurovonru U1tO 'tOY KOtVO YOU, uvuoEixvovtrn U't01tU Kat nsprrtri, UIlEcrro<; 1l0At<; EI;TjYTj9Ei Ecr'tro KUt KU't' EAUXtcr'tO Tj XEYKEAtUVr] svvoio 'tTj<; 1tpuYllunKo'tTj'tu<;. Ano uU'tr] rnv evvoia 9u 1tPE1tEt vo U1tOKAEtcr'tEi Ku9E «El;u~ 9AtrollEVTj r] E<JH]IlEpTj u1tupI;Tj», Ku9E 1tPOcrKUtpO KUt rtspmrroounco YEYOVO<; it OEOOIlEVO, oro onoto Ku9TjllEPtVU U1tOVE- 1l0uIlE «WXUP1tucr'tu 'to OVOIlU npavuatncotntas". ME VTjq,UAtU q,tAOcrOq,tKr] Ilunu 0 XEYKEA EKnllU OAE<; tu; 1tE1tEPucrIlEVE<; U1tupI;Et<; ro<; uvul;tE<; ytU VU XUPUK'tTjptcr'tOuv 1tpUYllunKE<;. Ku9E UIlEcro OEOOIlEVO, 1tOU 1tpocrq,EPE'tat or«; atcr9r]crEt<; KUt oro Ku9TjllEptvO 1tUPE-OcOcrE, OEV 1l1WpEi VU OtEKOtKr]crEt UU't:Ovonru uic 9scrTj orov XcOpo 'tTj<; aAYffJlvf!r; 1tpUYllunKo'tTj'tU<;.

'Oou cpaivonw vo U1tUPXOUV, Il1tOPOuv VU UVr]KOUV El;icrou KUAU crnv 1tEptOXr] 'tTj<; UAr]9EtU<; oco Kat crnv 1tEptOXr] 'tTj<; enkbaonc; oou oivouv rnv EV'tU1trocrTj on eivoi Kun, Il1tOPOUV r]OTj KU'tU rnv E1t0IlEVTj crnYIlr] vn UVUOEtX'tOUV ox; I1Yf ona, ro<; KU't' E1tiq,ucrtv OV'tU r] ro<; 1tUPEA90v'tU. Aurr] Tj Ku9upu IlE'tUq,UcrtKr] 9EcrTj OEV Eivat ucrq,aAcO<; KUtVOUptu' XupuK'tTjpi~Et 'tOU<; IlEyUAOU<; cr'tOxucr'ts<; U1tO 'tOY I1UPIlEvioTj Ero<; oruispo, IlE xopudxno cr'tu91l0 'tTj 9Eropiu tmv tOEcOV EVO<; I1AU'troVU - Kat 0 XSYKEA OEV Otcr'tU~Et vc EV'tuX9Ei o ' UU'tr] 'tTj lluKpuimvn otucr'tOxucrnKr] 1tUpuoocrTj. Edv Ku9E pWAtcrnKr] u1tupl;Tj (Realitat) OEV unopst VU 9EroPTj9Ei 1tPUWunKr], U1tOK'tU EV'tOU'tOt<; otKuirocrTj Kat UAr]9EtU 1l0At<; toro9Ei ro<; uotUcr1tucr'tTj IlE 'tTj VOYf(JYf, IlE rnv 1tEptOXr] 'tOU ioeatob (Idealitat) - KUt IlE unto 'to VOTjIlU 0 XEYKEA U1tUYE'tUt cro uoxputervo KUt

3. ~ES Enzyklopadie § 6 LTII.l. 4 ·O.1t.

aouimcota ava6tcovoJ.levo <j>tAOCW<j>tKO peUJ.la tOU U5eaAWf1,Ov. Tote J.lOVO unopouv Kani tOV tOWAta"J.lO va gecoP1190uv tu npuYJ.lata co<; aA119tvu, oruv exouv vontlei, upa ouvmuno-ret (oe<; napJ.lev(ol1 o.n.: TO aliro) us t11V nepwXrJ t11<; lOBac;. To (ow us enapKecrtep11 otatuncocr11: To apxtKO Kat teAtKO uno- 6a9po tCOV npaYJ.lUtcov, 011AaOrJ auto ano to ortoto n11YUSouV Kat auto oro onoto rstvouv rn npuYJ.lata crUJ.l<j>cova J.le to v011J.la t11<; unap~rJ<; touc, stvm KatU tOV tOWAta"J.lO to ArtoAUtO, 11 IMa.

'Onox; oteyvcocre J.lta nA119ropa OtaV011trov, ru npuYJ.lata otacrnrovtat cre aA119tvu Kat avaA119rJ, cre npaYJ.lattKU Kat J.l11- npaYJ.lattKU, cre VOOUJ.l&va Kat dxnvousvo., 'Oou npoooepovtm UJ.lecra rrnz; ata"9rJcret<; Kat ornv Ka911J.l8ptVrJ npocsvytcr11; oev unopoov autOJ.lata va ta"Xucrouv Kat co<; aA119tvu. AAAU stvm stouto uin enapKrJ<; OtKawAoy(a, yta va J.l11v acrxoA11gei J.le aUtU 0 «usrudnxnxo;» <j>tAocrO<j>O<;; 'OXt 6e6ata! AKpt6ro<; uutd rn avaA119rJ Ka9ro<; Kat 11 ozoiu crXecr11 tou<; npo<; t11V aArJgeta anOteAecrav aveKagev eva ano ta xevrpucorspu uvrucetusvu J.leAet11<; tCOV <j>tAocrO<j>COV. 'H011 0 I1apJ.levi011<; avaYKusetat va otacrnucret to J.l0VaOtKO <j>tAOcro<j>tKO tOU 6t6Aio cre DUO tJ.lrJJ.lata, Kat a<j>ou J.leAetrJcret oro nprotO tJ.lrJJ.la to AA119tvo, avaAaJ.l6uvet oro oeutepo tJ.lrJJ.la J.lta supstu e~etacr11 tOU aVaA'l00VC;, co<; nepwXrJ J.lta<; nA119ropee; ano yvroJ.l&<; Kat aVttArJ\jIet<;, ru; onoie; tPE<j>OUV ot uv9pconot crxettKU J.le rn npuYJ.lata5• Msou uno crKoAWU<;. OtacrtOxacrttKou<; OpOJ.lOu<; oOl1yeitat Kat 0 I1AUtCOV ornv n8noi911cr11, Ott tu anat11AU dxnvousvu J.l0AOVOtt oev uvriKOUV rrtov aA119tvo KOcrJ.lO tCOV toerov, oxrrooo oev unopouv va gecoP1190uv 0)<; eVteAro<; unoxouusvu uno uurov, aAAU J.lEcra os J.lta crXEcr11 f1,tOe(,'lC;. 0 XEYKeA 9a avaAu6et us t11 ostpd tOU tOV 6apu U9AO va cruJ.lneptAu6et ru nenepacrJ.lEVa Kat npooxmpu npuYJ.lata !!Ecra cs J.lia Kat t11V autrJ nepwXrJ

5. ~E<; 'to 6t6A.io !lOU: Fuivvn T~a6Iipa, To noinua rov Ilopuevion, «~O!lO<;», A9tlva 1980, 01tOU IlEta<l>pli~ro Kat crXoA.tli~ro 'to Etcrt OtEcr1tacr!lEVO unto xpoccncporuco xsiusvo.

'tTJ<; an£pav'tTJ<; tOEa<;, va ouvoqnosi 'to crUVOAO trov PWAtcrnKu Kat toea'tu unapK'tOOv ovtrov w<; uvcnoonorrrrov (JV(JWrlKWV 'tTJ<; iOta<; OAo'tTJ'ta<;, Kat £'tcrt va ouyxporncet 'to <j>tAocroqnKo tou (JV(J7;1Jpa.

AAAU srrv npuy~an oru 8qt£Ata svoc <j>tAOcrO<j>tKOU cru()'trJ~a'tO<; xucrKet au'trJ TJ o~u'ta'tTJ OtUKptcrTJ rorv npay~utrov, noo<; stvat Suvaro va evapPOV1(JWVV aU'tu cre ~ta svunc OAO'tTJ'ta, Kat noo<; unopoous ~e<j>euyoV'ta<; uno tu avaATJ8rJ (uvduson oru onotu ota'tpi60u~e Ka8TJ~ptvu, Kat e~i<; ot iOtot w<; nenspuousvot Kat npooxmpoi uvrixooue), va avaxBovpe orov KOcr~O 'tTJ<; aATJ8tvrJ<; npay~an1(o'tTJ'ta<;; H svcp~OVtcrTJ rorv usv ~e ru oe Kat TJ avaywYrJ ano ru npoo'ta cr'ta oelhepa stvrn ouva'to va ent'twx8ei uovo us utn orepen peBooo, mv onotn Pti,:w~£vo<; rrrnv apxatoeAATJVtKrJ nupdSoon 0 X£YKeA 8a ovoudosi OlaAeKrlKfj (Dialektik).

2. H ()lUAtK'tlKTt JU~OO()OC; rou XtyKtA6

o KOtVO<; votx; cruvrJ8w<; Ssv avai,:TJ'tu Kat Ssv 8ewpei on xpetui,:e'tat xdnotu aucr'tTJprJ J.!£8000, yta va cruAAU6et tu npuYJ.!a'ta erot ono»; uurd stvm. Kat nap' OATJ 'tTJV anAolKrJ crdcrn ron an£vavn oru npuy~a'ta, 0 KotVO<; voix; stvm cre

6. H nnpouou ava<!>opa. cr'tTJ OWA.EK'tlK.., roo XEYKEA. EXE1 ouv cr'tOXo, 01tro<; Ka1 EVYEVE1 TJ «Emayroy.., rou I1E'ta<!>pacr't..,», I1W 1tpoo'tTJ nnpouotucu Ka.1t01roV cr't01XEirov, Xropi<; va 1tpOMA.A.E1 ac,loocrE1<; yw 1tA."'PTJ owcra.<!>TJcrTJ .., Ec,ciV'tA.TJcrTJ rou 9El1a'to<; .., av'tlI1E'too1tlcrTJ crUyxpovrov EPI1TJVE1OOV. To 9&l1a EXE1 1tcil11tOUE<; 1tWXE<; Kat TJ crXE'tlK.., 616A.lOypa<!>ia stvm EC,atPE'tlKci 1tA.oucrw. TIapa1t&I11tro EOOO orov 't0110 1t0\) EC,EOrocrE 0 Rolf-Peter Horstmann, Seminar: Dialektik in der Philosophie Hegels, stw, Frankfurt a.M. 19892 (I9781), 01t0\) 0 avayvoocr'tTJ<; I11tOpEi va 6PE1 I1w KaA..., E1tlA.OY'" npoodxrrorv cip9prov Ka1 1tA.oucrta 616A.lOypa<!>ia. 01 KEV'tP1KE<; a1tO\jfE1<; 1t0\) EC,E'tcit;oV'tat oro 616A.io rou Horstmann, E1Vat 01 EC,..,<;: a) 8WA.EK'tlK.., 11&9000<; Ka1 XEYKEA.1av'" AOY1K"', 6) 01 6acrtKE<; Ka'tTJyopiE<;: 'to C,EKivTJl1a, TJ cipVTJcrTJ Kat TJ av'ti<!>acrTJ, y) TIEPlOXE<; E<!>apl1oy"'<; 'tTJ<; XEYKEA.WV"'<; OWA.ElC't1K..,<;. LXErucn I1E rotx; XWIOU<; nou av'tA.Ei TJ XEYKEA.WV.., uno 'tTJV apxalOEA.A.TJV1K'"

8EO"Tj vu 'tU uvnAufl6uve'tat us eUAOYO KUt «rumxd» AOytKO rpono: erot n.X. KU'tUAu6uivet on 'LO OEnpo nou 6AEnet unpocrd roo stvrn oev'tpo, 'LO 'tpunE~t stvor 'tpunEst KUt yeVtKU onoioorptors A stvrn 0 wU'to<; 'tOU, npuYflu non ouyxporet rnv npffi'tTj KUt 6ucrtKo'tepTj UPXll 'tTj<; «tumxric» AoytKll<;: A = A. Ilpoxsrrm UVUflq,t0"61l'tTj'tu ytU uiu UKAOvnm UPXll, 00"0 KUnOto<; uvnfle'tconiset EVU npuYflu fle n<; iOte<; 'LOU ru; utcr81l0"et<;, KUt Otu1ttO"'tffivet on 'LO 'tuoe 'tpunEst etvor 'tpunEst KUt OXt O"ni'Lt' uU'tll 'tTj 6e6uto'tTj'tu nupExet Tj aflw17 enuq,ll us ru npuYfluw.

AAAU 0 OtUAeKnKu cxsnrouevoc UvuKuAUmet flEO"U o"w npuYflu'tU Kun neptO"O"o'tepo uno 'LOV euoro 'LOU<;. A vUKuMmet n.x. on uoro non 'tffipu eivoi oEnpo, usrd uno Aiyo &v eivai nupu EVU 'tpunEst, KUt fle'tU uno KUnOto XPOVtKO OtUornuc xpTjcrtflonoiTjO"Tj<; flnopei vu KUei ouv KUUO"O~UAO KUt vc unoxrrioet eneAffi<; UAAU ouo-rrmxd - upu tOCOflEVO OtUXPOVtKU 'LO oeV'tPO Kat eivoi KUt &v eivtu OEnpo, 'to 'tpunEst KUt srvut KUt Oev srvm 'tpunEst· UAAU UKOflU Kat flEO"U O"'tTjV iOtu O"nYflll: 'LO 'tuOe 'tpunEst eivai flEO"U oro O"UAOVt, &v eivoi flEO"U O"'tTjV Kpe66u'toKUflUPU, eivai Kuq,e'ti KUt uoxpoorsvo, &v eivoi flUUPO KUt 'te'tpuycovo, upu 'tuu't0XPovu KUt ervm KUt oev stvm. 0 OtUAeKnKu O"Kemoflevo<; uvuYKuse'tut vo nupuoeX'tei on A = flTj-A, on Ku8e rt unopst vu toco8ei Kat CO<; uniee'to uno 'LOV WU'tO 'LOU, CO<; Kun rtoo uno'teAei flta nAll pTj uvuipeO"ll 'LOU. Autr] Oev ervm, 6E6uta, fltU KUtVOUptU OtuniO"'tCOO"Tj' 'tTj<; EKUflUV XPllO"Tj ot O"Oq,tO"'tE<; KUt 'tTjV E6uAUV co<; 8eflEAto Ot O"KennKtO"'tE<;, ytU vu oei~ouv on stvat uMvu'LO vu nup8ei flta uovocruiuvrn unoq,uO"Tj ytU 'to 'ti KUt nffi<; KUt uv etvm rn npuYflu'tU. AAAU flEO"U uno uU'tll 'tTj XPllO"Tj Kat KU'tUXPTjO"Tj rou OtUAeKnKou O"'totXeiou ~enTjM fltU uA1l8eta, nou 0 XEYKeA 8u 6UAet co<; UKAOVTj'LO 8eflEAto OAOKATjpOU roo O"uO"'tllflU'tO<; 'LOU: on Ku8e nenspnousvo Kat rtpooxmpo npUYflU stvm evr6~ eaotob uvrtouruco, neptExet OTjAUOll flEO"U

OlUAEK'tlKr] OEe; rn KElIlEVU nOD E~EOO)(jE npomjJu'tu 0 Manfred Riedel (Hrsg.): Hegel und die antike Dialektik, stw, Frankfurt a. M. 1990.

'tOU Kat 'to aV'ti8E'tO 'tOU suuro» 'tOU, ~E uiu a8tlPtt11 avaYKatornru non 'to E~avaYKai;:Et va ntpstm unepdvoi too enuro» tou Kat va ootoavoipenoi', Eow npoEXouV OXt ma ot KOU<j>tEt; Kat EmnOAatE<; uvriodoe«; non 9a EK<j>paO"Et 0 Ka9E «E~Unvoc» (<<O"o<j>tC>'ttlt;»), aAAa ~ta EO"CO'tEPtKtl 'taO"l1 rrov iotcov trov npay~a'tcov noo tu avaociXVEt co<; Kan EV'tEAW<; aV'ti8E'tO uno o.n ocixvov'tat va sivrn xur ' apxtlv.

OAOKA11P11 11 napaooO"wKtl AOytKtl aAAa Kat 11 Ka911~EptVtl i;:COtl reov av9pwncov crt11Pii;:E'tat O"'t11v nEnoie11O"l1 nou EK<j>pai;:E'tat uno tnv «apXtl 't11<; ruurornrce;»: A = A. TIw<; stvct ~a<j>VtKa ouva'to va aKupco9Ei amtl 11 «apXtl», Kat ern 9EO"l1 't11t; va unst Eva 'tOO"O napaoo~o «~EKiV11~a» (vspuuvucd: Anfang) 00"0 nuto ~E 'to onoto apxii;:Et 0 XEYKEA 't11 Aoyucr] 'tOU;8 L\EV cocuporvovrut uovouuic tu mivtu, oruv yta 'tinota ma OEV unopooue va nou~E ~E 6E6ato't11'ta on eivoi auto Kat Oxt Kan av'ti8E'to; L\EV oOl1you~aO"'tE O"'t11v avano<j>aotcrucorrrrc ron O"KETC'ttKtO"'ttl, O"'t11V 1tAtlP11 a6E6ato't11'ta yta 'ta nrivtn, tl EO"'tCO O"E evov anapaoEK'to napaAoytO"~O; AU'tEt; ot EpCO'ttlo"Et<; OEV EXOUV E8w aAAo v011~a, napa va np06A11- urrncoov O"XEnKa JlE uuro 'to 'tOA~l1PO ~EKiv11~a 't11<; XEYKEAWVtlt; AoytKtl<;, noo tC>Xupii;:E'tat: «To Etvm Kat 'to ~l1OEV 'tau'tii;:oV'tat»9. 0 npoO"EKnKO<; avayvwO"'tll<; 9a i;:l1'ttlO"Et 6E6ata Kat' apXtlv ~ta E~tlY11O"l1, yw 'to 'ti O"l1Jlaivouv nurot Ot OPOt: «Ervm» Kat «Jl11OEv». Kat uovo a<j>ou E~aKpt6wo"Et 'to nAtlPEt; nepzexoj1evo roix; 9a unoprxrst va ano<j>av9Ei, Ka'ta noco npoxerrm EOW yta Jlta O"'tEPE11 AOytKtl apXtl tl yta evcv

7. ~E~ Enzyklopadie § 81.

8. M' srouro OEV geAro v« 1tro on 0 XeYKEA unopptnrst LT)V apXtl t11~ tuutotntnq ,.Ha tstotu nupepunvstc 9a tlLaV oM9pta yta rnv xcrcvoncn reov 1tp0gecrEcOv rou, 0 XeYKEA otamcrtcOVEt o~ro~ t11V aVEmipKEta auttl~ t11~ apXtl~ yta uin OVtoAOytKtl 9E~EAirocr11 t11~ AOytKtl~, Kat yt' auto acrKEi uin O~ULat11 KpmKtl orov <f>opflaAlaflO 1tOU U1tOMAAEt roco 11 «apXtl t11~ rourornre;» (OE~ Enzyklopadie § 115 }211~.), oco Kat 11 «apXtl t11~ avti<!>aorp;» tl «apXtl ron a1tOKAEtO~EVOU rptrou» (OE~ Enzyklopadie §§ 117-9), Kat 11 «apXtl rou E1tapKOU~ 9E~eAtOU» (OE~ Enzyklopadie § 121 }211~·)·

9. ~E~ Enzyklopadie § 88 }211~.

napaAOYt<J~o. AAM. e8ffi ~eK1VOUV Kat 01 Ouo'KoAie<;' Y1a'ti 0 XEYKeA 81a6e6a1ffive1 on 'tOC)O 'to «Etvm» oco Kat 1:0 «~TJMv» npEne1 e8ffi va eKATJ<j>90uv m<; anoAU'te<; a<j>atpEcre1<;, m<; EVVOle<; «eve; nepleXOfl.evov, m<; xrrn eneAffi<; unpoofiiopioro. Ka1 npuy~an, sdv ano Eva 'tpanEs1 Kuvou~e a<j>aipecrTJ oAmv rrov 10101:11'tmv 'tOU, (sdv n.x. napa~epicrou~e 1:0 yeyovor; on ouvtcrunn ano ~UAO rl cri8epo, ano 'tuoe 6a9~0 crKATJPo'tTJ'ta<;, ano 'tuoe xpffi~a, ~Eye90<;, crXtl~a K'tA.), rots TJ nAtlPTJ<; xevotma nou urrousvst, TJ P1S1Ktl unoixnn trov nunmv, Eva crKE1:O «stvnu xmpi<; Ka'tTJyopou~evo, ~a<; 08TJyei oro on 8ev etvor tinota - upa 'tau'tise'ta1 ~e 'to ~TJMv. Av nou~e on 'to 'tpanEs1 nEpa ano ru; ozoie; 1010'tTJ'tE<; 1:OU «srvm», onors Ssv unopoous va 'tOU an08fficrou~e oure xuv 'tTJV 1010'tTJ'ta 'tTJ<; unap~TJ<;, stvrn ouv va 'to mU1:isou~e ~e 1:0 rtnotn, us 1:0 «Ssv etvm». Tlorro ~UAAOV oruv Ssv Exou~e unpoord ~a<; (ours unpoord orn ~una ~a<;, outa ~Ecra ornv napucr'tacrtl ~a<;) uuro 1:0 cruYKeKp1~EvO npuy~a nou stvm Eva 'tpanEs1, napu uovo 'tTJV Ka9aptl a<j>aipecrTJ rtou anat'tei TJ M~TJ Eivar TJ anoAu'tTJ a<j>aipecrTJ nep1exo~evou 'tau'tise'tat us 'to un-Eivoi (f11J&v). Ttvstrn 1:OUAUxt<J'tov dxrvspo on em81ffixstrn Eva ~eKivTJ~a coto 'to rtnoru: ano 'tTJV nAtlPTJ EAAe1\jlTJ npoun09Ecremv, npOKamAtl\jlemV, aVnAtl\jlemv, nnpcordosrov Kat gemp1ffiv' K1 uuto stvot onmcr8tlno'te Eva svtuio Kat eUAoyo ~eKivTJ~a.

H av9pffimvTJ oiavoia (vepuuvucd: Verst and) stvut TJ 8tacrKennKr'(' ucnvornrn, non Ka'top9ffive1 va 81aKpive1 oou 81a<j>EPOUV, Ka1 va 'ta avn81acr'tEAAe1 ~e cra<j>tlveta. Etvm AOl1tOV 1KaVtl va 6Mne1 on Kuge A oev stvm uovo 0 eau'to<; rou, aAAu stvat emnAEov Kun uvouoio Ka1 aV'tige'to uno Kun UAAO' on n.x. 'to ucrnpo 81a<j>Epe1 uno 1:0 uuupo, 'to aATJ91VO uno 'to ecr<j>aA~Evo, 1:0 TJ91KO uno 'to aVtl91Ko. AAAU TJ 81uvOla ~Epe1 uovo va eV'tonise1 Kat va crrrmconotet tu 81a<j>openKu, Kat E'tcrt va tu avnnapa9E'te1 ox; aAATJAOanOKAe1o~eva' au'ttl TJ OlaKPlTlKr, ucovorrrru ervm ava~<j>lcr6tlrnru XPtlcrt~TJ, aAAu Y1a uiu nATJPEcr'tepTJ geffipTJcrTJ trov npay~u'tmv avenapKtl<;. Anoraxeounrucorepn aivrn Ka'tu rov

XEYKeA eKeiV11 11 uv9pol1ttV11 tKUVO't11ta, 1WU btU1tt(Ho'lVet on UKOf..lU KUt ru EcrXU'tU uV'tige'tu stvm buvu'to VU evupf..lovi~ovrm, vu UAA11AoneptExovtat Kat vn UAA11 AOetcr8Douv. Au'Ll] stvor 11 AOYIKft ucavotnta (vspuuvucd: Vernunft). Autr] btuntcrrovst on f..lEcrU cs Kage rt Kpu6e'tut Kan bw<j>openKo ro~ dpvnori 'LOU, non ouo»; bev cruvenaye'tut EVUV dusoo unoKAetouo 'LOU, uAAa f..ltU uAA11AocruVU<j>uvcr11. H AOytKr] tKUVO't11ta unopst va btu6AEnet sxstvn 't11V aAA'1 btacr'tucr11 nco 0 XEYKeA ovof..la~et «Gempnouncrj» (spekulativ) 10, 't11 btacr'tucr11 non OXt f..lOVO unoKuAun'tet nicrro uno Kage rt 'to uV'tige'to rou, uAAa KUt cruf..lneptAuf..l6avet tu 8Do uV'tige'm ro~ evupf..lovt~Ousvu f..lEcrU os EVU rptro. 'Erot n.x. Ssv upxstrm vu btU1ttcr'tcOoat on 'LO Etvm cruf..lnimet f..le 'to f..l11Mv, uAAa UvuKuAUmet KUt 'to yiyveatku ro<; EVU rptrov opo, f..lEcrU crov onoio Ot bUO nponvoouevot ouvunriprouv: 'to yiyvecr9ut eiVat eKeiv11 11 f..le'ta6ucr11, Ku'ta 't11V onotn Kan ~e<j>euyet uno 'LO f..l11bEv· Kat f..le'tu6uivet (us yevw'1) oro Etvm, r] KUt uvrto-rpoou ~e<j>euyet uno 'to Etvm KUt f..leta6uivet (us cf>Oopa) cro f..l11Mv· f..le uoro 'LO V011f..lU 'to yiyvecr9at neptKAeiet f..lEcrU 'LOU ru 8Do nporn» tepa «cr'tabtu» OXt e~u<j>uvi~oV'ta~ rn, uAAa ouvdntovrdc ru KUt bW't11PcOVta~ ru os svornru. Fin va XUPUK't11picret uU'tr] 't11V svcpuovicn rcov uvn9E'trov 0 XEYKeA XP11crtf..lOnotei uin yepf..lUVtKr] AE~l1 (Aufhebung, f..le'tu<j>pa~ro: «nvatpeon»), non f..lEcrU cr'LOV noAucrr]f..lUV'to XUpUK'tr]pu 't11~ Ku'tOp9cOvet vu b11AcOVet oAe~ UU'tE~ ru; npa~et~: b11AcOVet 't11V tcaiapynon 't11<; uvngenKo't11'tu~ f..lEcrro 't11<; avvlflwaftc; 't11~ cre f..lW KUtVOUptU evornru (<<cruvgecr11»), 11 onoto uno'teAei OlaaWa'1 rrov uvn- 9E'troV.

H btUAeK1:tKr] nopsta stvm f..lW cruveXr]~ Kiv11cr11 f..lEcrU cr'LO rpiuouco crXr]f..lu: 9Ecr11 - UV'tigecr11 - cruvgecr11 uvn9E'trov. AU'tr] 11 nopstc EXet uspucd ()'tugepa XUPUK't11ptcrnKa: n) 0 npcO'to~ opoc, 11 9Ecr11, cr11f..luivet mivm Kan aueoo, uiu af..lecr11 (n.x. utcr911't11PWKr]) enu<j>r], nou bev stvut UKOf..lU cs 9Ecr11 vu cruAAa6et 'tOY nOAunAoKo Kat eororepncd btu<j>opOnOt11f..lEVO

10. ~Et; Enzyklopadie §§ 82, 235-7.

XUpUK'ttlPU 'tOU n8EIlEVOU opou' uuto non Ka8E <popa 'ti8E'tUt, OEV EXEt AOt7tOV UKOIlU (jUVEt011'tonOt118ci ouv reroio, 011AUOtl ffi<; n8EIlEvo, yt' ouro unapXEt IlOVO ,jvvafler 0 XEYKEA XP11crtuonotst 't11V EK<PPU(j11 «Ku8' CUU'tO» (=6u8mIlEVO UKOIlU orov euoro 'tdu' YEPIlUVtKa: an sich) ytU vu XUPUK't11pi(jEt uutov 'tOY EVOOIlUXO, apP11'tO KUt uouvstfinronotnro XUpUK'ttlPU.

'Onoioc nupuuevst (j't11V UIlE(jO't11'tU, srvct uvucovoc vu Ota<pffi'ti(jEt 'tOY nAou'tO non unapXEt IlE(jU o ' UU'tO 'to KU't' UPXtlV n8EIlEvoll. 6) H uvuKaAU\I'l1 't11<; ,jwc/>opac; (= uv'ti8E<r11<;) non EvunapXEt (j't11V UPXtKtl 8E(j11, uno'tEAEi <puytl uno 't11V aIlE(j11 Enu<Ptl KUt (juvEnaYE'tat 't11V uvnnupa8E(j11 svdvtuov XUpUK't11pmnKo)v. Avrucsiusvucd tOffiIlEVOI2: npoxsttrn ytU uiu otci(joU(j11 ron UPXtKa n8EIlEvoU IlE(jU orov iotO 'toy CUU'tO 'tOU, apu ytU uin eorotepucri uvu(jKon11(j11 (Reflexion) EV'tO<; ron enurou, IlE 'to V011IlU Ilta<; uu'tOuvuolnAffi(j11<;. Auto nou KU't' UPXtlV tl'tUv IlOVO Suvdust (j't11V opoxoytn ton XEYKEA: «Ku8' euuro»), uu'tOuvUOt7tAOUIlEVO yiVE'tUt 151' eaoto (= EVEPyciQ. KUt IlE(jU os UU1:0uvu(jKonOUIlEv11 uu8unup~iu' yEPlluvucd: fur sich), KUt UVUKUAumov'tU<; 'tOY EVOOIlUXO nAou'tO

II. 'Ercn EK<ppa/;;E'tat Illa KPl'tlKtl 'tT]V onotc acrKEi 0 XeYKEA. croix; EA.Ea'tEt;, E1tEl()tl ()EV Ka'top9rocrav va I;E<puyouv a1tO 'tT]V cuscornru 'tOU Eivm, va cruAAa60uv 'tT]V ruuromrd 'tOU IlE 'to 1lT]()eV Kat va 'to avayayouv crnv avoo'tEpT] 6a9lli()a 'tOU vivveotku: cr' au'ttl 'tT] 9EIlEAlOO()T] crUyKEKplIlEVO- 1toiT]crT] Ka'top9rocrE va <p'tacrEl 1tpoo'tOt; 0 HpaKAEltOt;. (~Et; Enzyklopadie §

88 1tpOcr9tlKT]). .

12. }2E eva nporro E1ti1tE()O <paivE'tat va stvru 0 crtoXa/;;0IlEvOt; <plA.ocro<POt;, au'tot; 1tOU E<PaPIlO/;;El 'tT] ()laA.EK'tlKtl lle90()0 cru UV'tlKEiIlEVa 'tOU. 0 XeYKEA 1tpoXropEi cruxvo'ta'ta cs eva ()EU'tEPO, «aV'tlKElIlEVlKO» E1ti1tE()O, 01tOU ru i()la tn 1tpaYlla'ta, oi svvoiec, oi Ka'tT]yopiEt; K'tA. K1VOVVWl ()laAExrucd. To Etvm ()EV eXEl avaYKT] nrto 'tT] ()lKtl Ilat; 1tapeIl6acrT] Yla va a1tOKaAu<p9Ei rot; 1lT]()eV Kat va cruvalpE9Ei IlE nuto usou oro yiYVEcr9at - au'ttl T] ()laA.EK'tlKtl nopstu 1tpaYlla'toovE'tat 1tav'ta tl()T] aVEl;ap'tT]'ta uno Ellat;. }2E eva rprro, oxou« mo 1tPoxropT]lleVO E1ti1tE()O, 'to U1tOKElIlEVlKO xm 'to aV'tlKElIlEVlKO cuvmpouvtm aVa()ElXVOIlEva rot; 1l0V01tAEUpa xrn aVT]pT]Ileva cr'ta()la' npoxsttrn Yla 'to E1ti1tE()O 'tT]t; a1tOAu'tT]t; Evo'tT]'tat; rou U1tOKElIlEVlKOU vostv IlE 'to aV'tlKElIlEVlKO Etvut, tl nuto 1tOU 0 XeYKEA ovolla/;;El «l()ea» (()Et; Enzyklopadie §§ 213 K.E.).

tou KUt rnv 8(jffi't8ptKr] ota<poporeoiTj(jr] roo Au~6UV8t 'tOY EVU opo ffi<; fJ,WO-AaB'lTlKO roo UAAO\), repuy~u nou (jTj~UiV8t ~tU unocrcctonotncn KUt uiu <P\)yr] uno rnv upxtKr] uuscornrc. y) AAAU roco Tj 9E(jTj oco KUt Tj UV'tW8(jTj Otu'tTjpOUV EVU (jX8'ttKU U<pTjPTj~EVO XUpUK'tr]pU, uin (jX8'ttKr] uopi(j'tiu, nou uovo ~8 'tTj (jUV98(jTj ~8re8pVtE'tUt. H (jUV98(jTj ureO't8ABl AOWOV aoytcexptuevoxoinon Kat TlPO(J()lOPl(JfJ,O, cnuntvei UTlEp6u(jTj 'tTj<; U\)'touvuoireAffi(jTj<; KUt ~8'tu6u(jTj rrs ~tU UVoo't8pTj 8VO'tTj'tU, nou (j\)V9E't8t «nvrnpmvtuc» tu; OUO repOTjyou~8V8<;. A~8(jO'tTj'tU Kat ~8(jOAU6Tj(jTj ouvdrrrovtut 'toopu ytU VU (jXTj~u'ti(jO\)V uiu vila aueaotnto: 0 Ku9' W\)'tOV KUt 0 Ot' 8U\)'tOV XUpUK'tr]pU<; (j\)YKPO'tOUV EVU Ku9'-8UD'tOVKUt-Ot' -euorov-Etvm, EVU Etvm 8~reAO\)'tt(j~EVO ~8 tu rcpnmirspo. (j'tUOtU UAAU Kat pt/;;tKU UVUV8ffi~EVO. Eooo b8V ureUPX8t mu ~OVO Tj UPXtKr] tuutorntu, UAAU OU't8 ~OVO Tj OtU~8(jOAU- 6Tj'ttKr] etsporntu- ureUPX8t ouvrmmcn 'tTj<; (UPXtKr]<;) 'tUU'tO'tTj'tU<; Kat 'tTj<; (U(j't8PTj<;) JlTj-'tU\)'to'tTj'tu<;. To 8KU(j'tO't8 rptro (j'tuow BlVUt, oreffi<; AE8t (j\)XVU 0 XEYK8A, Tj aA"Oeza trov Mo nporrotspcov, 8re8tor] 8KBl ureoKuAUre't8'tat norro rirov uovoreAwpo va 6Atre8t KUVBl<; uovo 'tTj 9E(jTj r] JlOVO rnv UV'ti98(jr] 'tTj<; KUt vu ~Tj 6AEre8t reoAUreAwpu 'tTj (j\)vu<puv(jr] rou; ~E(jU (j8 EVU WpU't8pO reAuimo.

Eooo urcopei mn vu 0098i Tj ureuv'tTj(jTj oro 8POO'tTj~U nou 'tE9TjK8 reupureuvffi, (jX8'ttKU ~8 'to reoo<; evupuovu.ovrut ru PWAtcr'ttKU ~8 ru t08U'tU repuy~u'tu oe uiu svtutn cucrnuc'ttKr] OAO'tTj'tU. H OtaA8K'ttKr] uvuo8iXV8'tUt ffi<; ~890otKr] nvobtKr] nopsto, ox; «nvtouon KAi~u~», non oOTjyd - OXt toco \)reOK8t~8VtKU 'tOY (jK8re'to~8vo ooo UV'ttK8t~8VtKU 'tu'iotu ru repuy~u'tU Kat rnv EVVOtU roix; - npoz; uiu cvorrspn, OTjAUOr] mo reAoumu cs re8pt8XO~8VO, mo (j\)YK8KptJlEVTj Kat svonom~EVTj (j<puipu, noo ~E(jU (j'tTj AOytKr] 8ivut Tj (j<puipu 'tTj<; UreOAD'tTj<; tOEU<;I3. Tn (j'tUOta uno tn onotn nspvd Tj AOytKr]

13. ~E~ Enzyklopadie §§ 236-243. LE uin npodiopucr] ltPOaStlKTI crnv § 192 MEt 0 XtYKEA. on TI A0ytKtl 'tTl~ 8Uivotu~ (os uv'tiSEaTl npot; rn SEroPTlmUKtl AoytKtl ltO\J u\J'to~ nporstvei) EKA.U~6a.VEt 'tTl vOTlaTl «ox; ~iu

nopstu, OeV ei;uuvi~oV'tut us 'tTJV eKU<HO'te cruv8ecrTJ, ytu'ti TJ uvuipecrTJ 'La Otu'tTJpEi usou 'tTJ~ UVTJP'tTJ~EVU os ~ta uvm'tepTJ eVO'tTJ'tU' OiKatU unopst AOt1tOV VU et1tW8ei on U1tO oou Otei;uyoV'tat OtUAeKnKU, «rinotu OeV 1tUet 1tO'tE XU~EVO»14.

'Erot OtU6eBUtWVo~ucr'te on TJ 'teAtKrJ IOEU, o-tnv onotn OOTJyei TJ AOytKrJ, OeV srvm xdrt UTJPTJ~EVO, 01tW~ rJ'LaV 0 nAU'tWVtKO~ KOcr~O~ 'tWV tOemv, UAAU Kun EcrXU'tU ouyxsxpi~EVO Kat U1teP1tArJPe~ os npocotoptouevo 1tePteXO~eVO. Tu 1tUV'tU eom EXOUV uvuX8Ei os tOEU, Kt EXet eltt'twX8ei TJ U1tOAU'tTJ eVO'tTJ'tU 'tTJ<; vOTJcrTJ~ KUt 'LOU Etvrn. AAAU uU'trJ TJ «ouooropeoon» trov 1tUV'tWV ~EcrU crrnv tOEU OeV 1tpE1tet vn Ku'tuvoTJ8Ei eltt1tOAatU ouv vu crXTJ~u'ti~e'tat KU1tOtO «ouvov- 8UAeU~U». 0 XEYKeA oiVet vo KU'tUAUBou~e on os Ku8e 1tUpUJ.ltKPO BrJ~u 'tTJ~ 'tPtUOtKrJ~ OtaAeKnKrJ~ 1tOpEiu~ 0 eKUcrore rptro; opo; OeV U1tO'teAEi EVU 'tcrouBUAt, 01tOU u1t08TJxsuovmt Ot nporryouuevot, UAA' U1to'teAei 'tTJV avaytcoia (JvvBfW.'l ytU 'tTJ ouvu'to'tTJ'tu 'LOU~. Auto 1tOU KU'tU 'tTJV 1tOPeiU e~uvi~e'Lat W~ oorepo, EiVat 'to OV'LOAOytKU rtpornrrepo, ytu'ti stvat 'LO 8e~EAtO 01tOU nuroucs (eotro KUt uv ucrUVetOTJroxotntu) 0 1tpm'LO~ KUt 0 OeU'tePO~ opoc. H 1teptOXrJ 'tTJ~ tOEU~ XUpUK'tTJ pi~e'tUt U1tO 'LO on Ku8tcr'tu PTJ'to KUt svepvo, nuro 1tOU ~Ecru ornv 1teptOXrJ ron Etvm U1trJPXe uovo OUVU~et (<<Ku8' scuto»). H AOytKrJ uvumui;TJ stvrn AOt1tOV uin ouvsXrJ~ KUt ouvemic U1tepBUcrtUKrJ (transzendental) KivTJcrTJ npoq 'to A1tOAU'tO, 1tOU KU'tUOeiXVet Ku8' ooov OAO Kat nsptccorspo on OeV ei;up'tU'tUt U1tO 'tTJV uu8uipe'tTJ npompscn 'LOU oxsrcrouevoo U1tOKEi~eVOU, UAAU Oecr~eUe'tUt U1tO UOrJPt'LOU~

a1tM.O<; U1tOKEljJ£VtKrj Kat ~Op<J>tKrj opaO"t11ptOtTp:a, Kat rn cvnxstusvucd OEOO~Eva 1tOU uvttxetvtm crt11 V011O"11, ro<; KUtt uusrcxtvnro Kat ~EXropO. AA.A.U auto<; 0 OUto"~o<; OEV Eivat 11 aA.rj8Eta, Kat stvo.t a1tEptO"KEljlia vn EKA.a~6uvovtat Ot Kat11yopiE<; t11<; U1tOKEt~EVtKOt11ta<; Kat t11<; uvrucstuevtKOt11ta<; a1tpo6A.11~utto"ta Kat xropi<; E~EtaO"11 t11<; Katayroyrj<; rouc.» H V011ttKrj nopetn OEV stvm A.Ol1tOV Katu tOY XEYKEA. KUtt a1tA.w<; U1tOKEt~EVtKO, Kat avtiO"tpo<J>a rn uvrucstusvc yivovtat aVttKEt~EVtKU uovo yla t11 V011O"11·

14. ,iE<; W.T. Stage 19552, o"EA.. 107.

VOJlOU<; cvruceuievucru; Kat «8EWPTJcrtUKri<;» UVUYKUtOtTJtu<; UAATJAEVOEtOU<; JlE ru iOta ru Ilpdyunru.

3. H AOYlKT) Kal 11 OVtOA.0YlKT) aA. T)OEm

LUJl<PWVU JlE tTJV nupuoocrtUKri AOYtKri Ot KpiaEt<;, n<; onoiE<; EK<PEpOUJlE Ku8TJJlEptVa, stvrn 0 torroc onoo npEnEt vo. uvUi;:TJtTJ8Ei rooo TJ uAri8EtU oco KUt to 'llEuoo<; aXEnKa JlE tu npaYJlutu. H AOYtKri W<; JlOP<PtKri (formal) emcrrum nvuAUJl6aVEt AOtnOV vu EAEY~Et, nors JltU KpiaTJ UATJ8EUEt KUt nora \jIEUOEtat tOWJlEVTJ OXt W<; npoc to nEptEXOJlEVO tTJ<; (<<Ku8' UATJW), UAAa ri0TJ W<; npoc tTJ JlOP<Pri tTJ<; (<<KUt' doo<;»). ME nutri rnv unAro<; EAEYKnKri KUt JlOp<ptKri AEttOupyiu tTJ<; AOYtKri<; 0 XEYKEA OEV stvrn ouudxovoc. MOAovon nupuOtXEtat on uvnKEiJlEVO tTJ<; AOYtKri<; etvoi TJ UAri- 8EtU15, EVOta<pEPEtUt nprotu VU EJl6u8UVEt a' uuto no» eVytVel voertui KUt a' UUtO non Oa enpene VU VOEltUt W<; UATJ8tvo.

'Eva nporro UnOtEAEaJlU tTJ<; Epcuva<; tOU ouumncvcrvstm crnv EKnATJKnKri Kou6EvtU, on tOWJlEVE<; KUta tTJ JlOP<Pri tOU<; rooo Ot \jIcuoEi<; ooo Kat Ot EnOVOJlui;:0JlEVE<; UATJ8tVE<; xptos«; !jIeVOOVral, ytuti Etcrt tOWJlEVE<; Ot xptos«; unOKtOUV EVU JlOVOnACUpo iUPUKtripU, noo OEV tOU<; emrpsnst vn unoOroaouv oMnAEUpu to <patVOJlEVO tTJ<; uAri8Eta<;16.

Ti EYVOEi TJ nupUOOcrtUKri Aoytxr] oruv JltAa ytU UAri- 8EtU; 0 Ku8tEPWJlEVO<; opiouo; npoaOtOpii;:Et tTJV uAri8EtU W<; uDil<Pwviu JlEtU~U tTJ<; VOTJaTJi5 Kat tOU npaYJlUtO<; (adaequatio intellectus et rei). Edv Uuto<; 0 opiouoc KutuvoTJ8Ei orocrd, unopsi KUta toy XEYKEA vu ncpcusptcsi Ka8E nupspunvsfn KUt vu JlU<; OOTJYriaEt aa<puAtU oro <pUtVOJlEVO tTJ<; uAri8EtU<;. AAAa EVro 0 opiouoc JltAa yta tTJ VOIJ(JIJ, nuro non auvri8w<; KUtUAU6uivouv EiVUt TJ KUt' uia8TJaTJ UVtiATJ\jITJ KUt

15. ,iE<; Enzyklopadie § 19, ltpOcr91lK11 I.

16. ,iE<; Enzyklopadie § 31 L11~.: «H Kpicr11 ~Ecrro r11<; ~op<l>ll<; r11<; stvor ~OV6ltAEUP11 Kat Kura TOUTO IjIw1ill<;».

11 1tapac)'tacr11 1tOU EXOU~E Yla tu 1tpay~a'ta. 'Ornv 1t·X· EK<pEpOU~E rnv xptcn: «Auto 'to 'tplaV'ta<pUAAO etvm KOKKlVO», 11 xur ' aicre11cr11 av'tiA11\j111 ron 'tplaV'ta<pUAAOU urropst va stvci 1tEpa Yla 1tEpa op8fJ Kat Ka'ta xuvevuv 'tP01tO a1ta't11Atl, aAAa a<popa 't11V 1tEptoXtl 't11~ a~Ecr11~ aicre11cr11~, Kat ouv rarour stvrn avaA11etl~. 0 XEYKEA oupst AOl1tOV ~la olaxroptcrnKtl ypa~~tl nvdusou cr't11V ootiotnio. (Richtigkeit) Kat o-rnv aAfJBeui (Wahrheit), Kat Ola1tlcr'tWVEl on 1ta~1tOAAE~ xptos«; 1tOU a1tacrxoAouv 't11 ~OP<PlKtl AOYlKtl uoopouv 't11V opeO't11'ta, 011AaOtl «'t11 ~OP<PlKtl ouudxovtn 't11~ 1tapacr'tacrtl~ ~a~ ~E 'to 1tEPlEXO~EVO 't11~, onoto Kat av stvm Ka'ta tu aAAa 11 crucr'tacr11 uurou 'tOU 1tEPlEXO~EVOU»I7. Edv aV'tte~'ta ~1tOPEcrOU~E va cruAAa6ou~E 'to ioto 'to 1tEPlEXO~EVO EVO~ 1tpay~aroc, 011AaOtl 't11V rourornr« ron 1tpay~a'to~ ~E 't11V 8vvoui 'tOU, tore ea ~1tOPEcroU~E va EK<ppacrou~E 't11V aAtleEta.

L'to 1tapaoEly~a 1tOU ava<pEpe11KE, «Auto 'to rpiuvrd<pUAAO etvm KOKKlVO», npoxetrm Yla ~la xaAaptl Kat cru~1t'tro~anKtl crXEcr11 urtoxstuevou - Ka't11yopOU~EVOU: 'to Ka't11yopOU~EVO stvct cru~1t'tro~anKo, E1tElOtl OEV etvm KaeE 'tptaV'ta<pUAAO (= 11 svvoiu «'tplaV'ta<pUAAO») KOKKlVO' 'to U1toK£i~EVO stvci E1ticr11~ ouuntrourrnxo, Yla'ti 'to KOKKlVO xpw~a (= 11 evvoio «KOKKlVO») OEV lOlai,:El ~OVO 9"'ta rpiovrd<pUAAa aAAa Kat cs ~la 1tA11eWpa aUrov 1tpay~a'trov. 'Erot 11 Kpicr11 OEV a1tOOiOEl Kan aA11elVO OU'tE Yla mv evvoin «rptuV'taq,UAAO» OU'tE yta rnv svvouz «KOKKlVO». I'm va EKq,pacr'tEi 11 aAtle£ta, XPElai,:E'tat va cruAA11<Pe£i Eva 1tpay~a VOIJinca Kat apa va avaxe£i cr't11V 1tEptoXtl 't11~ lOEa~. Auto ouo»; OEV 1tPE1tEl va Ka'tav011e£i ~E 'to v011~a on 11 EvvOla stvat xrrn 1tOU 6picrKE'tal E~ro crto 'to 1tpay~a xm 1tEPl~EVEl a1to E~a~ va crUYKOAA11e£i Kat va cruVU1tap~El ~ai,:i ron Ka1tOU ~Ecra o-ro KEq,aAl ~a~. H evvoio eivm 'to ioto 'to 1tpay~a lOro~EVO ~Ecra cr't11 OO~lKtl 'tOU 1tA11 pornru, 011AaOtl ~Ecra o-rnv KaeOAlKtl ron crXEcr11 npor; 'tOY ecuro 'tOU Kat 1tpO~ ru aAAa.

17. dl:t; Enzyklopadie § 172 1tpOcr9itKT).

Ano 'W nupumlvco npoxurcre): 0 XEYKEA OEV sl1'ta vu unOppi\jlEl 'tOY nUpUOOCHUKO OPlO"Il0 't11~ UArjOElU~ CO~ ouu<j>coviu~, UAAa vu 'tOY UnOKU'tUO"'trjO"El IlEO"U O"'t11v UArjOElU 'tOU. Min 6UCHKrj nupEPIl11VElU uutou ron OPlO"Il0U EYKEl'tUl cro ott ru npaYllu'tu iO"xuO"uv co~ Ka'tl 'tEAElCOIlEVO Kat uuOunnpxro, YlU rnv npuYIlU'tlKO't11'tU rou onotou OEV OEcoprj011KE unUpUl't11't11 11 V011O"l1' uno IlEPOU~ 't11~ 11 V011O"l1 iO"XUO"E co~ Ka'tl EAAl1tE~, co~ oAoKArjpCOO"l1 ron onotou OEcoprj011KE 11 npoO"OrjK11 ron UnUpUl't11'tOU UAlKOU npoc o"KE\jIlVI8. 'OIlOlU Kat KU'ta 't11V EK<j>opa IllU~ KpiO"l1~ OEcoprj011KE ort O"UVUP't(ovrm 000 uVE~ap't11'tu Kat uuOunupK'tU OV'tU, 'to UnOKElIlEVO Kat 'to KU't11YOPOUIlEVO' OEcoprj011KE on 'to UnOKElIlEVO stvm KanolO npaYllu rj KanolO~ opoc nou u<j>iO"'tu'tat UV'tlKElIlEvucd, EVro 'to KU't11YOpouIlEVO 6piO"KE'tat Kanou E~CO uno 'to npaYllu, iO"co~ IlEO"u crnv uVOpromv11 o"KE\jI11 , xut XPElasE'tat IllU P11'trj O"UVUPIlOAOY11O"rj roue, nou uno'tEAEl 't11v KpiO"l1 19. AAAa Utl'tE~ Ol OlXO'tOllrjo"El~ npaYIlU'tO~-V011O"l1~ rj UnOKElIlEVOU-KU't11YOPOUIlEVOU etvm KU'ta 'tOY XEYKEA OV'tOAOYlKa unupaOEK'tE~, KUl 11 EUPU'W't11 XP11CHllonoi11O"rj roue IlEO"U O"'t11V nupuooCHUKrj AOYlKrj 00l1YOUV cro 6upu'tu'tO EnUKOAOUOO 't11~ unroAEta~ KaOE npoonrucru; yta UArjOEta. 0 XEYKEA UVUOEiXVE'Wl E'tCH nporronopoc ()'t11V npoO"naOElU YlU IllU OV'tOAOYlKrj OEIlEAicoO"l1 't11~ 1l0p<j>lKrj~ AOYlKrj~ navco 0"'t11 6<i0"11 't11~ nuvapXat11~ O"UAA11\j111~ 't11~ UArjOElU~ CO~ 'tUU'tO't11- 'tU~ 'tOU NOElV Kat ron Etvm.

Av npoxcoprjO"OUIlE nEpu uno rnv xprnxr] rtou uoxetrrn crov 1l0VOnAEUpu uopouco Kat EAEYK'tlKO XUpUK'trjpu 't11~ AOYlKrj~, 'to KAElOi YlU VU KU'tUV011O"OUIlE 't11 XEYKEAlUVrj OEroP11O"l1 't11~ UArjOElU~, etvrn 11 eVVOia (Begriff). LE UV'tieEO"l1 npo; 't11 1l0p<j>lKrj AOYlKrj, 11 onotu IlEAE'ta ru; xptcs«; Kat 'tOU~ O"UAAOYlO"Il0U~ co~ uuOunupK'tU KE<j>aAatU, 0 XEYKEA tu EV'taO"O"El 0"'t11 «OlOUO"KUAiu nEpi 't11~ EVVOlU~», 11 onoto uno'tEAEl 'to 'tPl'tO Kat 'tEAEtl'tuio IlEPO~ 't11~ AOYlKrj~ 'tOu20• To

18. dEC; Logik I, crEA,. 37.

19. dEC; Enzyklopadie § 166 Lllll.

20. dEC; Enzyklopadie §§ 160-244.

H Ll'lEa xa8' £0

~~---------------------

~- ~~

s 1

~---------- r------------~~------------

o "'"

-.3 ~-

if> Q

g-J;

,§~ ~-.= t.n~

~ o

'" 0-

-.3

.... Q

1tw<; KpivOU~E Kat crUAAOYl~o~acr'tE, ~1tOPel AOl1tOV Kanl 'tOY XEYKEA va Ka'taVOTJOEi, ~OVO E<j>OcrOV 'tEOel co<; OE~EAlO aunl TJ EUpl)cTJ'ta 1tEPlEXO~EVOU 1tOU etvrn TJ EVVOla.

'Ooov a<j>opu 'to 1tp06ATJ~a 'tTJ<; aArlOEla<; 0 XEYKEA KUVEl 'tTJV E~rl<; ola1ticr'tcocrTJ: aArlOEla xrn \jIEUOO<; OEV nporrou- 1tUPXEl crru; KpicrEl<; rl crouc crUAAOyl()~OU<;, aAAu U1tUPXEl rlOTJ crnv EVVOla. 0 1tPCOLaPXlKO<; 't01to<; 'tTJ<; aArlOEla<; stvrn TJ evvour. Touro Ota1tlmWvE'tat xrn uno ru; KaOTJ~EplVE<; ~a<; Kou6EV'tE<;: xapaK'tTJpi~oU~E 1t.x. aATJOlVO Eva <j>iAO ~a<;, E1tElOrl Ol 1tpU~El<; 'tOU ervm crU~~E'tPE<; 1tp0<; rnv evvoia 'tTJ<; <j>lAia<;' Eva EPYO 'tEXVTJ<; xapaK'tTJ pi~E'tat co<; aATJOlVO, E1tElOrl cvrunoxptvstut o t«; a1tal'trlcrEl<; 'tTJ<; 'tEXVTJ<;21. av'tiOE'ta nutri tn ovro xapaK'tTJpi~ov'tal co<; Ki60TJAa xm \jIEUOrl, orov nnpo'tTJPel'tat uin olucr'tacrTJ uvdusou crrnv U1tap~rl 'tOU<; Kat crnv iVVOlU roue. AULO cnumvsi on TJ AeKrlKfJ Ola'tU1tcocrTJ 'tTJ<; aArlOEla<; rl 'tOU \jIEUOOU<; E~ap'tU'tat uno rnv OVWAOY1KfJ EYYUrnru 'tCOV 1tpay~u'tcov cr'tTJv EVVOlU roue - Kat 0Xl uvncrpodm.

H svvotu stvm Ka'tu 'tOY XEYKEA TJ Ka'topOCO~EVTJ uuronVU1t'tU~TJ EVO<; <j>atVO~EVOU a1to 'tTJ Suvcrorntu rrrnv 1tpay~arucornrc. Ti Oa 1tEl E'tOU'tO; 0a nst Ka't' apXrlv, on 0 XEYKEA 6AE1tEl rnv EvvOla ~Ecra ce uiu E~EAlKnKrl (<<OtaAEK'ttKrl») olaolKacria xm 0Xl co<; Kun o-rnruco Kat 'tEAEcriolKO' TJ sm'tEU~TJ 'tTJ<; EVVOta<; stvrn Eva 1tpOXCOPTJ~EVO cr'tUOlO, 1tOU 1tPOU- 1tOOE'tEl co<; 1tpco'tu'tEpa La muola 'tOU Etvm Kat 'tTJ<; oucria<;.

'Erot 1tPOKU1t'tEl 0 E~rl<; OE~EAlWOTJ<; opiouoc; «H EVVOta stvrn ... TJ aArlOEla 'tOU Eivm Kat 'tTJ<; oucria<;»22. I;' uuro 'tOY opiouo 'to Etvm 1tai~El 'tOY POAO 'tTJ<; oueooimoc, TJ ouotu 'tOY POAO 'tTJ<; flWOAaBIJGIJC;' oruv TJ a~wo'tTJ'ta CO<; OEcrTJ EV01tOlElLat ~E 'tTJ ~EcrOAu6TJcrTJ CO<; aV'tiOEcrTJ, 1tPOKU1t'tEl TJ evvoio CO<; Evoni'tu roue, ~Ecra o rnv onotu aU'tE<; Ola'tTJpOUvrm aVTJPTJ~EVE<;. Aosrepou OEV npoxsum yta 0150 auOu1tapK'tE<; oV'tO'tTJ'tE<; 1tOU Ka'topOwvouv va crU~1tEcrOUV, rl va dxrvs-

21. ~EC; Enzyklopadie § 24, 1tpocr9itKll 2.

22. ~EC; Enzyklopadie § 159.

pco8ci 11 Ilia Ileaco 't11<; UAA11<;· Meou a't11 a<paipa .11<; svvoiuc OEV ll1topci mu va yivEl AOyO<; Yla IlE'tu6aa11 a1to KU'tl aE KU'tl UAAO rl Yla <pavepcoa11 Ileaa cs KU'tl UAAO' E'tO"l 0 XeYKEA III AU Yla au'tOaVU1t'tU~l1. I'm va Ka'taa'trlaEl XElpomaa'trl aU'trl 't11V au'tOavU1t'tU~l1, OEV OW.Ui;;El va ava<pEp8ci O"'t11v opvuvucn i;;corl, 01tOU Eva <pU't0 ava1t'tt)aaE'tal a1to 'tOY ortopo rou' Ileaa crov cnopo 1tEplEXE'tal OUVUIlEl OAOKAI1PO 'to <pU't0, xm 0Xl 1l0VO KU1tOta a1to ru llep11 rou aAAu au'tu ru IlEP11 (1t·X· Ol pii;;E<;, ru <puAAa, ru uv811 , oi xnpnot) OEV U1tUPXOUV IlEaa orov ortopo EVEpyci<;l, aAAU OUVUIlEl, 011AaOrl 1I5eara23. Ihoroc crrnv apw'to'tEAlKrl OV'toAoyia 0 XEYKEA a1tOOeXE'tat ott 11 'tEAElo't11'ta Kat 11 1tA11PO't11'ta (<<EV'tEAEXEla») stvrn OV'tOAOYlKU 1tPCO'tU'tEP11, 011AaOrl 8EIlEAlCO'tlKrl 't11<; ouva'to't11'ta<; rrov 1tpaYllu'tcov' IlE rnv 1tapa1tuvco nuputt- 8EIlEV11 ola'tU1tCOa11 rou XeYKEA: 11 evvoiu a1to'tEAci rnv aAfjBeia trov ullEacov oV'tCOV Kat 'tCOV OUO"lCOOWV (=eIlIlEacov) xapaK't11 PW'tlKWV 'tOU<;24.

4. H ()OJl1l rou XEYKEltavou O'\)O't1lJlato<; Kat Et()tKOtEpa tt}<; AO'YtK1l<;

LUIl<Pcova IlE tu; E~l1YrlaEl<; 1tOU 86811Kav 1tapa1tuvco, 11 OtaAEK'tlKrl XEYKEAlaVrl lle8000<; OEV eivm a1tAw<; eva EpyaAcio, 1tOU ll1topci va XP11O"lIlEUaEl orov aKE1t'toIlEVO uv8pco1t0 o»; U1tOKElIlEVlKO<; rportoq E~rlY11a11<; 't11<; aV'tlKElIlEVlKO't11'ta<;, aAAu civat 11 000<; Ileaa o rnv onotu KlVOUV'tat ta 1tavra, uaXE'ta uno ru; U1tOKElIlEVlKE<; Ila<; 8EaEl<; Kat 1tpoi.i1t08eaEl<;. Evrpudxovrr«; OAO Kat 1tEplaa6'tEpo a't11 OlaAEK'tlKrl 'tOU XeYKEA Olama'tWVEl Kavci<;, ott nxoun Kat 0 opoc «KiV11a11» eivrn aVEm'tUXrl<; CO<; xapaK't11pwll0<; 't11<;, yta'ti cs 'tEAlKrl

23. dEC; Enzyklopadie § 161 1tpocrOl1K1].

24. Fin to on 1] aAr,Oew ce EVu UK0I.lU mo 1tPOXOOP1]I.lEVO crt6.bto tautiL;Etat I.lE rnv zbta, 1] onotn u1totEM:i to tprro KUt tEA.tKO crtUbtO t1]C; EVVOtUC;, bEe; Enzyklopadie § 213 L1]I.l.

UVUAUO"l1 OEV npOKEl1:Ul ylU IHU fleraBarJl] O"E KUn OAOEVU OlU<pOpEnKO, UAAU YlU avanrvc;,1] EVO<; Kat 1:0U UU1:Ol) npUYIlU- 1:0<;, UU1:0U nou EiVat 11 EVVOlU 1:0W npUYIlU1:(UV. H «086<;» 1:11V onotn UKOAou9Ei 0 XEYKEA, OEV ervm UAAO uno uiu KatV01:0- 1l0<; unUV1:11O"l1 O"1:11V nEnoi9110"11 rrou KU1:E9E'mV ot Ilpooroxprrnxot, oruv olu6E6uirovuv on «EV 1:0 naY»: 11 UXUVrl<; nOAAunA(h111:U trov ovrrov O<pEiAEl vu uvuX8Ei O"E uiu O"UV8EnKrl EV01:111:U· Ot uKpuiE<; 9EO"El<;, oru; onote; dxuv 00l1Y118d Ol npiv uno 1:OV XEYKEA <plAOO"O<pOl, OEV unopououv vu 1:OV uccvonouicouv: 0 nAoupUAlO"Il0<; Kat 0 UAlO"Il0<; EOroO"UV EIl<PUO"l1 O"1:11V nOAAunAo't111:U, Xropi<; vu nE1:UXOUV IllU EUAOY11 YE<PUproO"rl 1:11<; IlE 1:11V EV01:111:U' UV'ti9E1:U 0 nuv8ElO"ll0<; Kat 0 uocruciouoc EOroO"UV EIl<PUO"l1 O"1:11V EV01:111:U, nupUIlEpisOV'tU<; rnv 0<p9uAIl0<PUVrl noAAunAo't111:U· IO"xuPlSOIlEVO<; 't11 rJuvBerJl] rwv avttiletcov 0 XEYKEA nupEXEl olKuiroO"l1 1:00"0 0"'t11 O"UV8EnKrl EV01:111:U 00"0 Kat 0"'t11 Olu<popEnKo't111:U trov UVn8E1:rov.

LUIl<Provu IlE UU1:E<; n<; npoGn09EO"El<; 11 <l>lAOO"O<piu OlEKOlKEi KU1:U 1:OV XEYKEA 1:11 YVolO"l1 trov nrivrrov, KU1:U 'to IlE1:PO non uU'tu uVUYOV'tUl O"E uiu svunn O"uv8EnKrl 8EolP11 0"11 , nou Un01:EAEi aboinua. AKpl6ol<; KU1:U 1:0 IlE'tPO rtou ru OlU<P0PErued O"UYKp01:0UV'tat O"E IllU EV01:111:U, mrytcexptuevottotobvtai. AU1:o non npOKUn1:El 'tEAlKU ro<; 0V1:0AOYlKU Ilporro, 1:0 AzoAU1:O, XUPUK1:11piSE1:Ul uno IllU UEVU11 UU1:oO"uYKEV1:ProO"l1 IlEO"u O"'t11v EVO't111:U KUl nA 11 P01:11'tU 1:0U EUU1:0U 1:OU. KU1:' UV1:iO"'tOlXO rpono Kat 1:U IlEP11 1:11<; <l>lAOO"O<piu<; OEV stvm OluO"nUp1:U Kat UVE~UP1:11'tU, UAAU UU1:00"uYKEV'tProvoIlEVU O"E EVU nporro Kat EO"XU1:O KEV1:PO' 0 XEYKEA III AU YlU 1:0 <plAOO"O<plKO OAO ox; EVU «KUKAO uno KUKAOU<;, Ku8EVU<; uno 1:OU<; onotoix; stvrn EVU uvuYKuio 0"1:UOlO»25. Tuz vn XUPUK1:11piO"El 't00"0 1:0 <plAOO"O<plKO OAO 00"0 Kat 1:U IlEP11 1:OU 0 XEYKEA npoO"<pEuYEl O"E EAA11VlKOU<; opouc: LuvU1tO'tEAOUIlEVO uno 0IlOKEV1:pou<; Kudovc; 1:0 <plAOO"O<plKO OAO etvm eYKvdonaioeia (Enzyklopadie), 't11<; onoice; Ku8E E1tlIlEPOU<; KUKAO<; OlUO"nu tn nEplOplO"IlEVU 1:0U OPlU Kat UVUYE1:at O"E utn Ku90Al-

25. Enzyklopadie § 15.

xorepn m;p1OXrl, rnv onotn 0 XEYKEA OEV Ot(Hli~Et va xapaxtnptcst ffi<; «aoaipo» (Sphare), Illa AE;l1 ~E 6apucrrl~av"CO q,tAocrOq,tKO vonpn Pt~ffi~EVO crnv 1tOlllnKrl "CEXVll EVO<; Ilupusvtor; Kat EVO<; E~1tEOOKArl26.

To evuno XEYKEAtaVO (J\)cr"Cll~a otacrml"Cat OtaAEK"ClKa os "CptaoE<;. Ot rpsu; 9E~EA1Ot Ai90t 1tOU crUYKPO"COUV rnv OAO"Cll"Ca stvm: AOYO~ - cpva1J - nvebua. Ot anicr"COtXE<; q,tAocrOq,tKE<; 1tEP1OXE<; ovo~a~ov"Cat: E1tlcr"Crl~l1 "Cll<; AoytKrl<;, <l>tAocro<pia "Cll<; q,ucrll<;, <l>tAocroq,ia rou 1tVEu~a"CO<;27. 0 XEYKEA OEV 1tapaA£l1tEt va rovtoet on 11 zlJta OEV a1tO"CEAd Eva E1tt~EPOU<; uvrucstuevo 1tOU unopst va ava"CE9ci cr"Cll Sucmoooctn ~ta<; a1to aU"CE<; n<; 1tEP1OXE<;, aAAa Ota1tEpVa Kat ru; rpsu; ffi<; apXtKO Kat "CEAtKO KEV"CPO. Etvot E1ticrll<; craq,E<; on uvdusou o ' aU"CE<; ru; 1tEP1OXE<; OtE;aYE"Cat ~ta OtaAEKnKrl xtvnon, 1tOU 0011Yci Ka"C' avaYKllV a1tO rnv 1tPro"Cll cr"C11 OEU"CEPll Kat a1to "Cll OEU"CEPll crnv rptrr] ~E "Cacrll yta oAoEva nepiccotepn crUYKExptuevonoinon Kat eororepuco E~1tAOuncr~O.

L' nuro OEV avnq,acrK£l "CO ycyOVO<; on rlOll 11 1tPro"Cll uno aU"CE<; ru; q,tAocrOq,tKE<; 1tEP1OXE<;, 11 E1tlcr"Crl~l1 "Cll<; AoytKrl<;28, stvrn ucuvr] va ~a<; 0011YrlcrEt Effi<; rnv anoAV7:1J zlJta. Tou"CO yta"Ci aU"Crl 11 q,tAocrOq,tKrl1tEP1OXrl EXEt va KaVEt ~E rnv toea os Kaeap~ ~opq,rl, 011AaOrl a1t' apXrl<; ~EXPt "CEAOU<; OtE;aYE"Cat E;ffi uno rnv Ka911~EplVrl eurtstptu, ~E uovo Eq,001O rnv

26. dEC; I1apJlEvilhl urtocn. B 8,43 Kat EJl1tEIiOKA.tl a1tocr1t. B 27-9 (Diels - Kranz).

27. dEC; Enzyklopadie § 18.

28. 0 XEYKEA.laVOc; opo; «emornun» (Wissenschaft) IiEV O"UJl1ti1ttEI JlE auto 1tOU KataA.a6aivoUJlE crtlJlEpa otuv JllA.UJlE Yla SEtlKEC; tl SEOOPlltlKEC; EmcrttlJlEC;, Yla <j>ucrtKO-JlaSllJlatlKEC; tl KOlVOOVlKEC; Emm:tlJlEC;. 0 opo; etvm 1toM eupUtEPOC;, Ylati crUJl1tEplAaJl6uVEI ta no.vra ooC; aVtlKEiJlEVO tllC; EmcrttlJlllC;, aA.A.u 1tUVtotE KUtOO uno EKEivO to ljJZAOO'O(PZKO 6A.EJlJla, 1tOU xutopfkovet va avuYEI rnv 1tA.llSWpa tOOV 1tUVtOOV crE svorrrm. 0 titA.oC; tOU 1tapovtoc; 616A.iou, H [',ltla!~J11'/ !I'/C; AOYZK~C;, 1tPE1tEI A.Ol1tOV va KataVOllSEi JlE Eva llilOW1tO vonun 1tOU va 1tpOcrEyyi~El KU1tOOC; auto 1tOU Sa oVOJlU~aJlE: tPzAoaoljJia !I'/C; A OY1K~C; (lillA.alitl <j>IA.ocro<l>l1crll 1tUVOO ern JlOp<l>lKtl AOYlKtl, ercn WcrtE va a1toKaA.u<j>80uv ru OvtOA.0YlKU tllC; 8EJlEAla), 01tOOC; JllA.UJlE Yla <l>IA.ocro<j>ia tOOV Ma811JlatlKWV tl tllC; <l>UcrtKtlC;·

KaElaprJ vOIJaIJ. AU1:0 stvm a<pEVO<; nAEOvEK'trH.La, E<pOO"OV 11 emcrrum 't11<; AOytKrJ<; swut EnapKEO"'ta't11 yta rnv Eni'tcu~l1 'tOU AA11EltVOU Kat AnoAu'tOu, a<pE'tEpOU ano'tEAEl IlEWVExrnun, E<pOO"OV 11 V011O"l1 EKnpOO"ronEl Ilta a<patpEnKrJ tKaVOrnrn non DEV Dta'tiElE'tat yta uiu EllnEDroO"l1 0"'tO nEDio 't11<; </>vaIJC; Kat yta Ilta 'tEAtKrJ nVeV/la7:lKfJ avaDinAroO"l1 IlE'ta ano 't11V au'tOE~ro'tEpiKCUO"l1 0"'t11 <PUO"l1.

H EntO"'trJll11 't11<; AOytKrJ<; Epya~E'tat IlE 'to a<P11P11IlEVO EpyaAElO 't11<; V011O"l1<;, Xropi<; ouo»; va napallEVEt Ka't' nvdyK11v a<P11P11IlEV11. SEKtVa uno svcv EV'tEAm<; unpoooiopioro opo, non stvm 'to KaElapo Etvm, aAAa DEV nupnusvat 0"' uurov. KaElE napnrrepro 6rJIla DtaAEKnKrJ<; npooooo rstvet 01.0 Kat nEptO"O"O'tEPO npoc Kan npOO"DwpWIlEVO, E'tO"t oxrts 'to 'tEAcu'taio 'tllrJlla 't11<; AOytKrJ<; aO"XOAEl'tat IlE Kan EO"xa'ta npOO"DwpWIlEVO: IlE rnv tMa. Auto EK<ppa~Et 0 XEYKEA, orov MEt on oAE<; oi AOytKE<; Ka't11yopiE<;, non 'tEEl11Kav IlEO"a 0"'t11 DtaAEKnKrJ rtopstu Kat nvut PEEl11 xuv, O"UllnEptAall6avov'tat IlEO"a O"'t11V tDEa ro<; aV11P11IlEVE<; Kat 't11<; napEXOUV uiu nA11po't11'ta nEptEXOIlEVOu29. 'OAOt ot AOytKOi opot etvm Ka'ta 'tOY XEYKEA nEptypa<pE<; 'tOU AnoAu'tou. 'Erot n.x. bta6E6atrovouucrs apXtKa on 'to AnoAu'to etvm 'to Eivoi», xuromv on ervrn 'to uetpo oArov trov npaYlla'trov31, xnromv on sfvm 11 ooaio/? K'tA. ME uurov 'tOY O"uvExm<; ovcvecovouevo OPWIlO 0 XEYKEA bEV ElEAEt va bmO"Et Eva nAoupaAwnKo xapaK'trJpa, aAAa va b11A?lO"Et on oAm nurot ot opoi stvm EYKupm, aAAa uovonxeupot Kat nsptoptouevot napEXouv Eva Atyo'tEpo rJ neptcootspo a<P11P11IlEVO OPtO"IlO rou AnoAU'tou, yta'ti 1l0VO o 'tEAcu'taio<; opoc, 11 anoAU't11 tbEa, nEptEXEt Eva oAonAcupo Kat apa nArJP11 npocStoptouo (Bestimmtheit).

AAAa ot AOytKOi opoi DEV opi~ouv 1l0VO 'to AnoAu'to.

Mnopouv E~iO"ou opEla va anoboElouv Kat O"'ta npaYlla'ta 'tOU

29. I1Et; Enzyklopadie § 237 1tpOcr9tlKT).

30. I1Et; Enzyklopadie § 86 :ET)J.l.

31. I1Et; Enzyklopadie § 107 1tpOcr9tlKT). 32.I1Et; Enzyklopadie § 112 :ET)J.l.

KOO"lloU Ila<;, roco IlEO"a O"tll YEVtKotllta roix; 00"0 Kat IlEO"a O"E E~atPEnKa E~atolltKEUIlEVO xapaKtrlpa. 'Erot 1t.X. yta EVa tpanE~t unopouus va noullE on elva! Ka<pEti - Kat ercn va tOU anObcOO"OUIlE rnv Katllyopia «Etvm» - rl on &V eivai Ka<pEti - Kat Etm va roo anObcOO"OUIlE rnv Katllyopia «un-Eivm» (= «llllbEV»)' unopouue uxou« va nOUIlE on yiveitu ana tOY ~UAOUpyo rl on EXEt rnv 'tabE nOUJr1JW KtA. Axoun Kat at aVcOtEpE<; Kat mo tbtatE<; KatllyopiE<;, n.x. 11 1l0P<Prl, to nEptEXOIlEVO, 11 attia rl 0 oxonoc; unopouv va anob080uv O"E Ka811IlEPtVrl<; XPrlO"ll<; npaYllata. AAAa Kat ovncrpoeu: auto. ru npaYllata, non O"uvanapti~ouv tOY Ka811IlEptVo Ila<; xoouo, sivm 1l0P<PE<; Kat napabEiYllata tOU AnOAUtOU, Kat stvm Eva otvoupo IlEAlllla tll<; XEYKEAtavrl<; AoytKrl<; va KatabEi~Et to IlEpibtO tOU<; crnv anOAUtll tbEa33• I1Epa ana tll btaKptO"ll IlEta~U nEnEpaO"IlEVffiV Kat anEpaVtffiV, IlEta~U O"XEnKcOV Kat anoAUtffiV ovrrov, 11 Aoytxr] EntbEiXVEt rnv evotnta tOU<; IlEO"a crnv tbEa. Ot rpsu; 8EIlEAtOt Ai8at tll<; Ka80AtKrl<; <ptAOO"O<ptKrl<; EntO"trlllll<;: AOyO<; - <PUO"ll - nVEulla (nou O"UllnEptAall6avouv: a) onbrlnOtE AEIlE Kat oxexrounors yta ru npaYllam, 6) rn ibta ru <pUO"Et ovrn Ila~i IlE roue vOIlOU<; non ru btEnOuv, Kat y) ru; nvsourrnxd Ka80pWIlEVE<; UnaP~Et<;, npa~Et<;, 8EO"lliO"Et<; Kat EKbllAcOO"Et<;) EVOnOtOUVtat Katffi ana rnv Kat' E~OXrlV npaYllanKOtllta rroo etvm 11 tbEa.

H Aoyucr] nopetu npor; to AnOAUt034 btE~aYEtat IlEO"a O"E

33. Ft ' auto OEV 1tlcrtEUOO OU anOtEA,Ei 1tapaKlvouV!:lJJ.lEVTI EKA,alKwcrTl auto nou KUVOO cruxvu ern crX0A,la, J.lE tu onofn cruvOOEUOO uC; napaypu<jlouc; tTlC; AOYlKl'jC;: oivoo napaoEiYJ.lata urto to KaOTlJ.lEplVO J.lac; nEpl6uUov ola<jlOOtlcruKu aKOJ.la Kal tOOV mo a<jlTlPTlJ.lEVOOV svvouov xm AOYlKroV crXEcrEOOV. 0 iOlOC; 0 XEYKEA, OEV OlcrtUI:;El va OiVEl rsroic napaoEiYJ.lata rrs nUJ.lnOA,A,EC; nEpl1tt<ilO"ElC;. Ki EVtQUtOlC; 0 avayvrocrtTlC; o<jlEiA,El va crtEKEtal mivru l:1tl<jlUA,aKUKOC; anEvavu crE rsroiu napaoEiYJ.lata uno tOY nenepaauivo KOcrJ.lO nou J.lac; nEpl6uA,At:l, Ylati nurri anoKpu6ouv tTl cnucvrucotEPTl nA,wpu tOOV AOYlKrov opeov: OU rtpoxet tat npondvtrov Yla KatTlyopiEC; rou Anspnvtou xrn AnoA,utou.

34. H XEYKEA,lavl'j EYKIJKAOnai&za ~EKlVU tTl AOYlKl'j crnv § 84, nou crTlJ.laiVEl OU OA,EC; Ol npOTlyoUJ.lEVEC; napuypa<jlOl anOtEA,OUV utn npostotuc-

rpsu; cr<j>UiPE<;: 't11 cr<j>uipu ron Eivoi, 't11<; oooio; Kat 't11<; {;VVOla~, Ot 01tOiE<; ~E 't11 crEtpa roue XUPUK't11pi~ov'tut U1tO nepnrrspm btUAEK'ttKe<; U1tObtUtpecrEt<;. Eivm <j>UVEPO ott 11 1tPcO't11 cr<j>uipu exnpooronet 't11V 1tEPtOXri 't11<; a~Ecr11<; (1t.X. (ucr811't11PtUKri<;) 1tpocreyytcr11<;, UKO~l1 u<j>l1P11~ev11<; Kat usou ce KU'tacr'tucr11 bUVU'tO't11'tU<; (an sich), 11 bEll'tEP11 cr<j>uipu exnpooroxst rnv 1tEPtOXri 't11<; btUcrKE1t'ttKri<; uvubi1tArocr11<; (fur sich) KUt apu ~tu<; cruVEtb11't01tOt11~ev11<; uv'tieEcr11<; ornv uuscornru, EVcO 11 'tpiT11 cr<j>uipu U1tO'tEAEl 't11 crUV8Ecr11 rrov 800 nponvouuevorv, crUV8Ecr11 u~EcrO't11'tU<; - ~EcroAa611cr11<;, buvU'tO't11'tU<; - EVEPY01toi11cr11<;, routorrrn«; - btu<j>opo1toi11- cr11<;, KUt uvuyroyri 't11<; UV'tt8E'ttKO't11'tU<; cr't11 veu uuecornru 1tOU stvm 11 svvoin Kat 11 tbeu35•

otn 1:0<J0 ytCl. 1:11 AOytKTt O<JO KCl.t ytCl. 1:0 l:UPU1:EPO <ptA.o<Jo<ptKO <JU<J1:11!lCl. 1:0U XEYKEA... ME1:a C1.1t0 uiu YEVtKTt Ezaaywyr, (§§ 1-18) 1tOU C1.VCI.<pEPE1:C1.t <J1:11 <l>tA.o<Jo<piCi. O<JOV C1.<popa 1:0 ~EKiV11!la 1:11s, 1:0. 1tEptEX0!lEVCI. KCl.t 1:11 !lE9006 1:11s, C1.KOA.ou9El !ltCi. EK1:EVE<J1:C1.1:11 Ilpoxoxapxtucn etuaxonnon (C1.1tooioro E1:<Jt, Ka1tros EA..EU9EPCl., 1:OV 1:i1:A..o Vorbegriff, §§ 19-83), 1tOU 1tEptA.C1.!lBaVEt Kupiros uiu C1.v1:t1tCl.pa9E<J11 npoq 1tP011YOU!lEVous <J1:0XCI.<J1:Es 1tavro <J1:O KEV1:ptKO 1tpoBA.11!lCl. 1:11s <JXE<J11s C1.Va!lE<JCI. <J1:O NOElv xm <J1:0 Eivm (0 XEYKEA.. 1:0 otCl.1:UmOVEt ros «Ota<P0PES <J1:a<JEts 1tOU 1tTtPE 11 V011<J11 C1.1tEVCl.V1:t <J1:11V C1.V1:tKEt!lEVtK01:111:C1.», OES § 25), KCl.9cils KCl.t Ka1tOtCI. Eltl<JK01t11<J11 1:11s !lE9000u KCl.t rcov 1tEptEX0!lEVroV 1:11s AOytKTts (§§ 79-83). AU1:a 1:0. 1tPOKCl.1:C1.PK1:tKa <J1:OtXElCI. OEV stvct OtOA.OU OW1:EPEUOV1:C1. ytCl. !ltCi. E1tCl.PKTt 1tpo<JEYyt<J11 <J1:0 9E!lCl..

35. I'm ooou; ElVCl.t E~OtKEtro!l€VOt !lE 1:11V u1tEpBCI.<JtCl.KTt AOytKTt 1:11s Kcvnnvrp; Kptt: r. KaB. }.oy., stvct <JCI.<PTts 11 C1.v1:t<J1:OtXiCi. C1.Va!lE<JCI. <J' C1.U1:Tt 1:11 AOytKTt KCl.t cru; XEYKEA.tCl.VES <J<pCl.ipEs 1:0U Eivaz KCl.t 1:11s ouoioi; - <J<pCl.ipEs ru; 01tOiES 0 XEYKEA.. <JUVOljliSEt Ka1:ro C1.1t0 1:0V 1:i 1:A..0 «A V1:tKEt!lEVtKTt AOytKTt», <JE C1.v1:t1tCl.pa9E<J11 1tpOs 1:11V «Y 1tOKEtIlEVtKTt AOytKTt» 1tOU ElVCI.l 11 <J<pCl.ipCl. 1:11s eVVOIa,. Ilpdvurrn <J1:C1. 1:€<J<JEPCl. Kuvnnvd Ei011 KCl.1:11Yoptcilv (1tOto:r111:C1., 1t0<J01:111:C1., 1:POltlK01:111:C1. KCl.t <JXE<J11) C1.V1:t<J1:Otxouv 1:0. Mo BCl.crtKa XEYKEA.tCl.Va <J1:aOtCi. 1:0U Eivm, 11 1tOt01:111:C1. (OES Enzyklopadie §§ 86- 98) KCl.t 11 1t0<J01:111:C1. (§§ 99-106), KCl.t Mo C1.1t0 1:0. <J1:aOtCi. 1:11s ooou«; (OEs nponnvtorv 1:11V 1tPCl.Y!lCl.1:tK01:111:C1. <J1:ts §§ 142-159 KCl.t 1:11 <JXE<J11 <J1:ts §§ 135- 141), svoi Ot KCl.v1:tCl.VEs «EVVOtEs HIs C1.VCI.<JK01t11<J119> (RefJexionsbegriffe) C1.1tCl.<JXOA.OUV 1:0V XEYKEA.. !lE<JCI. <J1:0 nporro <J1:aOW 1:11s oU<JiCl.s (OES §§ 115- 122 C1.na KCl.t1tEptEX0!lEVO-!l0p<PTt <J1:ts §§ 133-4). AEs 1:11 <JXE1:tKTt C1.V KCl.t OXt 1tA.TtP11 C1.Va1t1:U~l1 1:0U Jean Theau 1981/82.

Tt , . .l1tOp€i va Ka'taAU8Et 0 apxupw~ avayvcOO'~11~ npoO'Eyyi~oV'ta~ nutoix; roix; rpsu; opouc, 1tOU 8Ej.1EAtcOVOUV 't11 XEYKEAtavi) Aoyuo]: Eivoi - ooaia - evvow; Exro; 'tOU on npoxettm yta Kun YEVtKO (Kat upa Ka'tU xuvovc a<j>11P11- J.lEVO), ot rpsu; aU'tE~ M~Et~ €ivat OUO'V011'tE~ orov AaJ.l8uvovtrn ~Ex())pa, E1tEtOi) 1tapa1tEJ.l1tOUV O'E xdrt 6...1...1.0, J.lEO'()) 'tOU onoiou yivov'tat O'uvi)8())~ Ka'tavo11'tE~: uxoiryovtr«; 't11 M~11 «Etvrn», 1tEptJ.lEVOUJ.lE va cxoucooue O'E 'ti uvuosperm, 1t.X. «to Etvm 'tOU av8pc01tou», «ro Etvrn 'tOU E>EOU»' nnpouoi« Kat J.lE 't11 AE~11 «oucno» (1t·X· «11 oootu rrov 1tpayJ.lu't())V», «11 ouofu 't11~ ~())i)q» Kat aKOJ.la 1tEPtO'O'O'tEPO J.lE 't11V «EVVOta» (1t·X· «11 svvotn 't11~ EAw8Epiaq>, «11 EVVOta 't11~ ~())i)~»). 0 XEYKEA XPTJO'tJ.101tOt€i au'tE~ ru; M~Et~ onv va J.l1tOPOUV va 0''tU80uv aU8U1tapK'ta, va EK1tPOO'())1ti)O'ouv oV'tO't11'tE~ 1tOU OEV XPEtU~ov'tat KU1tOta nepmrepro uvuoopd. TIO'tE OEV MEt on «11 evvoto» €ivat O'E 'tEAtKi) aVUAUO'11 «11 EVVOia 'tOU Bsou» i) «TJ EVVOta ron A1tOAU'tOU», yta'ti E'tO't EXEt i)011 unooructo- 1tOt118€i. Eivrn ())O''tOO'O OtKawAoY11J.lEVO, 'tOUAUXtO''tO O'E utn 1tPcO't11 1tpoO'EyytO'11, va 8U~OUJ.lE Ka'tu YOU utn rsrotu E1tE~i)Y11O'11, EUV OEV 8EAOUJ.lE va 1tEAayoopOJ.li)O'OUJ.lE O'E J.lta 1tA11- 8cOpa AE~E())V X())pi~ V011J.la. AAAU J.lta ())ptJ.lO'tEP11 1tpOO'EYYtO'11 J.l1tOp€i va 1tPOO'<j>EPEt 't11V Ka'tavo11O'11, on OEV €ivat eva 1tpuYJ.la 11 oixnu Kat eva 6...1...1.0 0 8EO~, cOO''tE va J.ltAUJ.lE yta 't11V «ouotc 'tOU Bsou»: yta'ti 11 ouO'ia 'tau'ti~E'tat J.lE 'tOY 8EO' 'to iow O'uJ.l8aivEt J.lE 'to Etvm Kat J.lE 't11V EVVOta. Kat aKOJ.la 8a8u'tEpa XPEtU~E'tat va Ka'tavo118€i, on 'to Etvci, 11 oootu Kat 11 svvour a<j>Evo~ 'tau'ti~ov'tUt, a<j>E'tEpoU &v 'tau'ti~ov'tat J.lE 'toy 8EO' a<j>Evo~ 'tau'ti~ov'tat, a<j>E'tEpoU OEV 'tUu'ti~ov'tat J.lE 'tOY iow 'tOY EUU'tO roue: yta'ti a1tO'tEAouV araJza (Kat J.lUAtcru avn<j>anKU Kat uuronvmpouusvn) J.lEO'a O''t11V nopeto npoc 'to A1tOAU'tO.

5. H JlEl'clA1) Kat 1) JltKPlt AOl'tKlt

o Georg Wilhelm 'Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) EKOioEt r\oTj oru 37 ron XPOVta, 'to 1807, Eva ceto rn 1tW 6aeuO"'toXaoru 6t6Aia 'tTje; VEO'tEpTje; E1tOXr\e;, 'tTj lPalVOf1eVoAoyia rov nveouatoc", Auto 'to VEaVtKO 6t6Aio OEV O"'t(ieTjKE ucuvo va 1tPOO"<j>EPEt I.lla allEO"Tj avayvcOptO"Tj O"'tTj IlEyaAo<j>Uta roo O"uyypa<j>Ea Kat Ilta OptO"nKr] E1taYYEAllanKr] 'tOU a1tOKa'taO"'taO"Tj. Tov allEO"roe; E1t0IlEVO XPOVO 0 XEYKEA apxi~Et va OtMO"KEt O"E Eva YUllvaO"w 'tTje; NUPEIl6EpYTje;, Kat Sa XPEtaO"'tEl va nspdO"OUV oxouu OK'tcO XPOVta yta va Ka'taAa6Et Ilta Eopa <l>tAOO"o<j>iae; O"E Iluvemo-rruno. Kurd 'tTj OtapKEta 'tTje; 1tapaIlOVr]e; 'tOU O"'tTj NUPEIl6EPYTj O"uyypa<j>Et Kat EKOiOEt O"E rpsu; 't0IlOUe; rnv Emoinpn tnc; AOY1KfJC;37. Auto 'to EK'tEVEe; Kat vonuntucd OUO"1tPOO"t'tO 6t6Aio ava<j>EpE'tat O"Uvr\eroe; roe; «IlEyaATj Aovucri», Kat IlE unto 'tOY 't£'tAO otaKpivE'tat nno 'tTj «lltKPr] Aovucr]», Tj onoto 1tapoucrta~E'tat IlE'ta<j>paO"IlEVTj O"'tOV nupovru rouo.

I1tE~OIlEVOe; uno rnv aVal'KTj, va EKeEO"Et crooc <j>ot'tTj'tEe; ron Ilnvemo-rruuou 'tTje; Xai:OEA6EPYTjg IlE Ka1troe; a1tAoDO"'tEPO Kat neptaxtucotspo 'tP01tO tn OtOaYlla'ta 'tTje; AoytKr\e; ron aAAa Kat OAOKATjPOU roo <j>tAoO"o<j>tKOD rou oucrriuuroc, 0 XEYKEA EKOiOEt 'to 1817 rnv EYKvKAonaiOeIa rwv q>lAOaoc/>lKwv eniatmuov ae emrof1fJ. EYXelpiolO yta tu; napoooaeu; rov38, O"E

36. 0 1tA:11PTte; 'ti'tA.oe; nutou roo BtBA.iou EXEt roe; E~T)e;: Eixrtnua 7:'Ie; enunnunc; Ilptoto uepoc: H <t>arvoJl.evoAoyia rov nveinuno; (System der Wissenschaft. Erster Theil, die Phdnomenologie des Geistes. Bamberg - Wiirzburg 1807). Eivrn <j>UYEpO on 0 XEYKl:A. l:ylhu<j>EpE'tUt T)OTt (J' uuro 'to BtBA.io ytU fUU ooatnuaiucn nupouotucn 'tau (J'tOxu(Jf.lOU 'tOU, UKptBE(J'tl:PU: ytU f.ltU OA.OKA.T)pro(JTt svo; <j>tA.O(JO<j>tKOU (Ju(J'tT)f.lu'toe; (JUf.l1tl:ptA.Tt1tnKOU OA.OKA.TtPTte; 'tTte; <j>tA.O(JO<j>tKT)e; l:1tl(J'tT) f.lTt e;.

37. Wissenschaft der Logik. Auto 'to BtBA.io U1to'tl:A.El'tUt U1tO Mo f.lEPTt: tnv avtucsiuevncn AOytKT), 1tOU l:Koiol:'tut (J'tTt Nupl:f.lBEpyTt cs OVO rouoix Ku'ta tu E'tTt 1812-13, KUt rnv V1tOKelJl.eVIK~ AOytKT), 1tOU l:Koiol:'tut ern Nupl:f.lBEpyTt 'to 1816.

38. Encykloptidie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse.

XVI +288 O"EAioE<;, 1WU uzootmpstrm O"E rptn ~EPll: Emo rrjur] HI<; AOY1KTl<; (O"EA. 1-126), <l>lAOO"O<piu HI<; <PUO"l1<; (O"EA. 127- 204), Kat <l>lAOO"O<piu 'tOU 1tVEU~U'tO<; (O"EA. 205-288)39. Auto 'to B1BAio E1tUVEKOioE'tat aAAE<; Mo <P0PE<; U1tO 'toy O"UYYPU<PEU ron, Ka9E <popa ~E WpeiE<; E1tEK'taO"El<; KUl UAAUyE<;. 'Etot 11 OElhEPll EKOOO"l1 (1827) <p'tavEl o tu; XLII +534 O"EAioE<;, Kat 11 'tPicll EKOOO"l1 (1830, apu EVU Xpovo npiv U1tO rov 9avu'tO 'tOU XEYKEA) <p'taVEl O"'tl<; LVIII +600 O"EAioE<;. H 'tPicll srootn EKOOO"l1 U1tO'tEAEicul U1tO 577 1tUpuypa<pou<;' 01 1tpffi'tE<; 1tUpaYPU<POl, §§ 1-244, U<P1Epro~EVE<; O"'tllv «E1tlO"'tTl~l1 'tll<; AOY1- KTl<;», U1tO'tEAEO"UV 'to xstuevo 01tOU O"'tll piX'tllKE 11 nupooou EAAllV1KTl ~'ta<ppuO"l1·

Avdueou or«; rpsu; 1tpffi'tE<; EKOOO"El<; 'tll<; EytcmclonoiSeuu; u1tapxouv ~O"u 0"'t0 YEP~UV1KO Kei~EVO Ka1tOlE<; OlU<p0- PE<;, r«; 01tOiE<; 9EffipllO"U KUAO vo UVU<pEPro KU't' E1tlAOyTlV. AAAa 11 mo O"l1~uVnKTl ota<popa nutrov rorv EKOOO"Erov, Bpioxetrn crru; Lll~Elffio"El<; (Anmerkungen), 1tOU 0 XEYKEA 1tPO- 0"9EO"E Kat OlU<pop01tOillO"E U1tO 'to xupto»; Kei~EVO EKOioov'ta<; tu; ~E UU~l1~EVO 'to UP10"'tEPO 1tEP19ffiplO. Tnporvtru; UU'tTl rnv lOlO~Op<piu 'tOU XEyKEA1UVOU B1BAiou 1tUpOumaSro Kat rnv EAAllV1KTl ~E'ta<ppUO"l1 ~E 1tUpO~OlU OlU<pop01tOillO"l1. AU'tE<; 01 Lll~Elffio"El<; OEV 1tPE1tEl VU O"UYXEOV'tUl ~E tu; A1YOO"'tE<; U1tO-

Zum Gebrauch seiner Vorlesungen, Heidelberg 1817. llPE1tEI vu crT]!lElro9!:i on Kat 1to.A.o.lOtEpo., ro<; 8cicrKo.A.o<; ern NUPE!lBEPYT], 0 XEYKEA. !:iXE ypUIjIEI !llo. !lIKPTt «EYKUKA.01to.ioElo.» Ylo. XPTtcrT] troy !l0.9T]tOOv tT]<; o.vOOtEpT]<; YU!lVo.mo.KTt<; tU~T]<;, K0.9OO<; Ko.l crX0A.IKU EYXElpiolU AOYIKTt<;, OE<; Hegels Werke (Suhrkamp), Bd. 4.

39. H EYKvKAonai&w tWV f/>ZAO(JOf/>lKWV enunmubv stvm EVa Ko.A.O ~EKivT]!lo. Ylo. tOY o.PXUPIO !!EA.EtT]tTt tT]<; <l>1A.ocro<j>io.<; rou XEYKEA.. LtT]V tEA.wto.io. !lOp<j>Tt, uno 01tOU !!Eto.<j>put;ro EOOO, T] EYKVKAOnai&la 1tpocr<j>EPEtal !lUA.lcrto. Yla !lUT]crT] tOU cr1tOuoacrtTt cto XEYKEA.lo.VO <j>1A.OcrO<j>IKO crucrtT]!lo. crtT]V 1t1O WPZf.l'l !lOp<j>Tt rou, Etm K0.9OO<; 0 XEYKEA. to 1to.pEOIOE croo; <j>OltT]tE<; ton Ero<; to. tEA.Eutaia XPOVlU tT]<; t;roTt<; tOU ro<; K0.9T]YT]tTt<; cro Ilcvemcmuuo rou BEP0A.ivou. Tur !llo. K0.900TtYT]crT] tOU o.PXUPIOU !lEA.EtT]tTt ctov XEYKEA.lo.VO crroxacr!lo urtopet va XPT]m!lEucrEI to up9po tOU Andre Leonard: "Comment lire Hegel? Considerations speculatives et pratiques" (1972).

O"rU.L£tmO"Eli; WD XeYK£A (8£~ cru; §§7, 60, 71, 76, 77 Kat 140), n~ onoie; 1tapoDO"uii;;w J..L£ uucporspc YPUJ..LJ..La'ta Kat J..L£ eva ucrsptoxo (*), Kat OU't£ 6e6ata J..L£ ru; O"XOAtaO"nKe~ D1tOO"1']J..L£tmO"£t~ WD J..L£'ta<j>paO"'tl\ (1tOD 1tapoDcrtui;;ov'tat £1tiO"1']~ J..L£ uucporspu ypUJ..LJ..La'ta).

Merd rov 8uvaw 'tOD XeYK£A uspucot vspuuvot £K86't£~ 't1']~ EYKVKA01taiOewr;; 8£mp1']O"av KaAO vu £mO"DVU'I'ODV 0"'t0 K£lJ..L£VO n~ npotbopud«; npoailmcec: (Zusatze) 1tOD Ka'teypa'l'av KU1tOtOt <j>ot't1']'te~, orov 0 XeYK£A 8i8aO"K£ oro IluvemcrriJ..LtO. Fin vu J..L1']v £1teA8£t O"U,,(XDO"1'], nporumou va KUVW J..LOVO J..Lta B7rlAOyfj uno aD'te~ tu; 1tpo<j>optKe~ 1tp00"8r]K£~ (xupio»; J..L£ a1toO"1tuO"J..La'tU 1tOD 8£mp1']O"a 601']81']nKU yta rnv 1tA1']peO"'t£p1'] Ka'tav01']O"1'] WD K£tJ..LevOD), Kat vu tu; 1tpoO"<j>epw fla(i J..L£ ru O"XOAtU J..LOD, ava<j>epov'tU~ nrivtu on npoxettrn yta reroioo £l80D~ 1tp00"8r]K1'].

Tu ()XOAW rov flBra</>pa()rfj, 1tOD 1tapoDcrtui;;ov'tat KU'tW uno W X£YK£AtaVO K£lJ..L£VO J..L£ uucporspu YPUJ..LJ..La'tU, eXODv xupto»; xapaK'tr]pa 601']81']nKO yta utn £1tapKeO"'t£p1'] xcrovo- 1']0"1'] 'tOD K£tJ..LeVOD. Ln~ 1tpm't£~ 1tapaypu<j>OD~ WD 6t6AioD, 01tOD 'to K£lJ..L£VO stvrn O"x£nKU WV01']W, nportunou vn npoO"<j>epw J..LOVO J..Lta nBpiAIJIfI'7 Ku8£ 1tapaypu<j>OD, Kat OO"£~ UAA£~ 1tA1']po<j>opi£~ r] 1tapa1toJ..L1te~ J..L1tOPOUV va 0"'ta80uv Xpr]crtJ..L£~. AAAu cr«; mo 8Uo"KOA£~ 1tapaypu<j>OD~ avaYKucrr1']Ka vn £1t£K'ta8m 0"£ J..Lta avG.AV()IJ rrov v01']J..LU'twv, 1tOD O"DXVU D1t£p6aiVet 'to J..Ley£80~ 'tOD X£YK£AtaVOU K£tJ..LeVoD. O<j>£lAW £8m vu £t801tOtl\O"W 'tOY avayvmO"'t1'], on 0 XeYK£A stvm Y£VtKU eva~ 8Do"V01']W~ o"Dyypa<j>ea~, Kat J..L0AOVOn 1'] EYKVKAonaiOew eX£t ypa<j>'t£l W~ 60r]81']J..La yta 'tOD~ vsnpotx; 0"1toD8aO"'te~, 1tPOK£t'tat 't£AtKU yta eva 8UO"KOAO K£lJ..L£VO, ypaJ..LJ..Levo £AA£t1tnKU Kat <j>op'tWJ..LeVO J..L£ a<j>1']p1']J..Lev£~ Kat 1t£pi1tAOK£~ £K<j>pUO"£t~, srct mO"'t£ J..Lta £1t£~1']y1']J..LanKr] aVUADO"1'] unopet vn a1t06£l eva~ a1tapair1']'to~ 601']80~ O"'t1']V Ka'tav01']O"1']. L't1'] O"XOAtaO"nKr] J..LOD £pyaO"ia 601']8r]81']Ka xuptox; uno ru O"XOAta WD Andre Leonard 1974 Kat 'tOD Bernhard Lakebrink 1979 Kat 1985. Ilpsnst vu 1tW on uutri ru Ka'tawmO"nKu 601']8r]J..La'ta 1tUO"XODV a1to eva O"xOtvo't£ve~ u<j>o~, 1tOD ru Ka8tcr'ta D1t£p60-

AtKa eK'tevrl (ro BtBAio 'tOD A. Leonard sxrstvetut os 622 creAioe~ KUt 'to Ol'"CoJ..lO BtBAio 'tOD B. Lakebrink os 453 + 358 creAioe~), KUt ru voruurru 'tOD~ Sev stvrn nrivru upxsru cru<Prl. Iho-reixo on cre EVU J.leyaAo Bu9J.l0 ;e1tEpucru UD'tOD~ 'tOD~ crK01teAoD~. Aosrepou nutri tn BtBAiu 1tpocr<pEPODV cre 1tOAAa cr11J.leiu uin Otucruvoecr11 rrov vonudreov us 'to xstusvo 't11~ flByaA17C; AOY1Kr,C;, Kan 1tOD U1to'teAei J.ltU e;atpenKa Otu<pffincrnKrl1tpOEK'tUcr11 - us 't11V onoiu ouo»; Ssv geffip11cru KUAO vu emBupuvffi tu OtKa J.lOD crXOAtU40.

Aev stvm 11 1tpffi't11 <popa 1tOD 'to 1tUPOV EPYO 'tOD XEYKeA J.le'tu<ppa~e'tat cre eAA11vtKrl yAfficrcru. 'EXet 1tP011Y119ei 11 ustn<ppucrnKrl epyucriu 'tOD IIuuAoD Fpurouirou", 1tOD cr'ta911KE uvcvrucurdcruro Borl911J.lU 't11~ J.le'ta<ppucrrl~ J.lOD. 0 Tpurotdrot; Bucricr't11KE o rn yepJ.lUVtKrl EKoocr11 'tOD 1830, Kt EXet AaBet D1tO'l'l1 'tOD roco cr't11 J.le'ta<ppucr11 oco KUt ore crXOAtU 't11V uv'ticr'tOtX11 epyucriu 'tOD Auguste Vera (1874). 'Ooo KUt uv stvrn eK1tA11KnKO, UD'trl 11 J.le'tU<ppucrnKrl epyucriu unoreAei eoffi KUt 1tOAAE~ oeKue'tie~ 'to J.lOVUOtKO BtBAio, 1tOD J.l1t0- pet vu npocoepet o tu eAA11VtKa J.ltU u;w1tpe1trl 1tpocrEyytcr11 os xporroruno xstuevo 'tOD XEYKeA42. Krn J.l0AOvOn npoxernn

40. AKO!la Kat 6t6A.ia 1tOU 8EA.OUV vn orocrouv utn €UPUtEpT] EtKOVa ron XEYKEA.taVOu crtOxacr!lOU (OT]A.. rooo tT]C; «llEyUA.T]C;» ooo Kat tT]C; «!ltKP11C;» AOytK11C;), 01tWC; etvoi 1t.X. to. Epya tWV G.R.G. Mure 1950, W.T. Stage 19552 Kat E.E. Harris 1983, avtA.ouv tu 1tA.Eicrta crtotXEia Kat tT] 6acrtK11 00!l11 uno tT] «!ltKprj Aovucri» tT]C; EYKVKA.OnaiOelal;" E1tEt011 EOro Ot EvvOtEC; 1tapEXOVtat mo crUV01tttKU Kat €UvOT]ta. Auto O!lWC; OEV a1taA.A.ucrcrEt rov !lEA.EtT]t11 a1to to !lEA.T]!la !ltac; E1taVEtA.T]!l!lEVT]C; avaopo!lrjc; oro rprrouo «!lEYUA.O» EPYO rcov Etrov 18 I 2- I 6.

41. r.r. EyEA.OU: AOYIKr, Msrcopcou; ITauA.ou Fpuroidrou, A8rjvat 1915.

42. H «uixpr] Aovucr]» ton XEYKEA. EXEt E!l<!>aVtcrtEi Kat ano ttC; EKOOcrEtC; AvayvwcrtiOT] os !lEtu<!>pacrT] A. Buvevd, aA.M Eivat to en T]

yta Ina a;toAoY11 1tpocrmi8Eta, amrl 11 jlE'ta<j>pacr11 1tacrXEt uno uiu 1tA118ffipa al)8atpEcrtffiv Kat EAa't'tCOjla'tcov, 1t01) Ka8tcrouv avaYKaia utn xmvoopiu 1tpocr1ta8Eta. ME 't11 OtKatoAOyia on npoicsrtm yta «YEVtKrl EtcraycoYrl w; 't11V <j>tAocro<j>iav» 0 Tpurotdroc 1tapaAEi1tEt r«; 1tpffi'tE~ OEKaOK'tffi nnpuypa<j>ol)~ (§§ 1-18)· aAAa al)'trl 11 OtKatoAoyia jlOVO EVjlEPEt wcr'ta8Ei· EtOtKa 11 §18 xrivst P11'trl uvooopd orn i\oytKrl Kat otacra<j>Ei 't11 8Ecr11 't11~ usou oro OAO <j>tAocrO<j>tKO crucr't11jla 't01) XEYKEA43. Em1tAEOV 0 I'pntcndroc 1tOAU crl)xva crl)YXEEt 'tt~ L11jlEtfficrEt~ 't01) XEYKEA (1t01) 1tapOl)crtaSOV'tat us al);l1- jlEVO 'to upicrrspo 1tEpt8ffipto) jlE 'tt~ 1tpO<j>OptKE~ 1tpocr8rlKE~, Ejl<j>avisoV'ta~ aAAO'tE 'tt~ 1tpffi'tE~ Kat aAAO'tE 'tt~ OEU'tEPE~ us uucporepu ypajljla'ta Kat us 't01)~ 1tapa1tAav11'ttKou~ 'ti'tAOI)~ «Ilupurripnou;» rl «LxoAtoV». LE 1tOAAa cr11jlEia 1tapaAEi1tEt OAOKA11 pe; npordcsu; rl Kat 1tapaypa<j>ol)~ rooo uno 'to KEijlEVO 't01) XEYKEA oco Kat a1tO ru; npooopuce; 1tpocr8rlKE~, xcopi~ xuv va OtKatoAoyEi rl Ecr'tCO va yvcocr't01tOtEi atl'trl 't11V 1tapaAWjf11. TIpOcr8E'tEt OtKOU~ 't01) 'ti'tAOI)~ crE Ka1tOta xcopia, av'ttKa8tcr'ta Ka1tOta xcopia jlE OtKE~ 't01) 1tEPtArl\jfEt~, 1tPOcr8Erat OtKa 'tOD crXOAta - xcopi~ va 011AffiVEt jlE cra<j>rlVEta ott rtpoxsmn yta rsrote; 1tpOcr8rlKE~. H jlE'ta<j>pacrrl 't01) 1tacrXEt

1tpOXl:lpOtT]ta uurou tOU 6l6A,iou - Ka8ro<; xm nov U1tOA,Ol1t<Ov npotovrorv cutou tou l:K80tT] - rocnl: Ka8lcmi nsprrro Ku8l: crX0A,lO. H uovuoucr] l:ucruvt:i8T]tT] l:A,A,T]VlKll lll:tu<j>pacrT] XEyKl:A,laVOtl 6l6A,iou, 1tOU EX<O U1tOljlT] uou, stvm T] 8itOIlT] l/>z).ouO(pia 7:YfC; iaiopiac, cs Ill:tu<j>pa<JT] AllllA,ia<; Mcvoucn, 1tOU l:KM8T]Kl: uno tT] «Nl:<j>EA,T]» to 1980-1· npoxerrm 011<0<; Yla <JT]Ill:lro<Jl:l<; tOU XEYKl:A, 1tpo<; u1t0601l8T]<JT] t<OV 1tavl:mcrtT]lllaKrov tOU 1tapaMcrl:<Ov xrn 0Xl Yla npcororurto 6l6A,io too. - H l:lp<ovia t:ivat on EXl:l apxicrl:l va ypU<j>l:tUl T] tcroptu tT]<; l:1ti8pacrT]<; tOU XEYKl:A, 1tuv<o orov VWl:A,A,T]VlKO crtOXacrllO, l:vro llapar,roVl:l TJ uno 1tprotO XEPl l:1ti8pacrTJ· 8l:<; to. l:~alpl:tlKU xnturomortxd Kt:iIll:Va tou TI. Nooroou 1981 Kal tT]<; G. Apostolopoulou 1986.

43. O<j>t:iA,<O l:8ro va smonudvro Ott xut TJ 8lKll 1l0U Ill:ta<j>pacrttKll l:pyacria 6aptlVl:tal a1to uin 1tapUA,l:lljlT]: 0 XEYKl:A, EXl:l l:1tl<JUVUIjIl:l <JtTJv EYKvK).onaiJeza rpeu; 1tpOA,oyou<;, svuv crl: Ku8l: Ilia a1to tt<; rpsu; l:KMcrl:l<; (1817, 1827 Kat 1830). E1tl:l81l nutot Ol 1tpOA,OyOl srvm l:vtl:A.ro<; UcrXl:tOl 1tpo<; to. 1tl:Pll:XOIll:Va tT]<; AOYlKll<;, 8l:roPTJcra KaA.6 vn rou; 1tapaA.t:iljl<O.

EntO"l1<; uno KaJlnoO"l1 O"uYXUO"l1 O"'r11v 0pOAOytU, 11 onoin (E~UntU<; Kat 'r11<; upxut1;;ouO"u<; YAffiO"O"u<;) O"E nOAAa O"l1JlEtU npo0"ge'rE1 O"'rOV uvuyvffiO"'r11 O"l1JlUVHKe<; OUO"KOAtE<;. EMACO 'reAO<; VU KU'rugeO"co 'r11V 1):Enote11O"r] JlOU, OH 11 JlE'ra<j>puO"l1 EVO<; XEYKEA1UVOU KE1JleVOU npoooepst EAaX10"m crov UVUyvffiO"'r11, sdv OEV O"UVOOEUE'rat uno EK'rEVr] EnE~l1Y11JlUHKa (JXOAla 'r00"0 O"XEHKa JlE tu ouO"npoO"nu VOr]JlU'rU 00"0 Kat O"XEHKa JlE ru JlE'rU<j>pUo"HKa np06Ar]JlUm KU1 H<; npOCE1VOJlEVE<; Mo"E1<;.

Tu j1.eracppaarlKG. npo6AYJj1.ara no» O"uvaV'r11O"U KU'ra 'r11V nupouou EPYUO"tU unr]p~uv UU~l1JlevU Kat noAUnAEUpu44• To KElJlEVO rou XeYKEA nupOUO"la1;;E1 evov U\jI11M 6u9Jlo OUo"KOAtU<; O"'r11v npoO"na9E1u KumV0110"11 <;, UKOJlU Kat O'rUV OEV stvrn 01 VEOKon01 OPOl, nutot nou to Ku910"'rOUV OUO"V011'rO. ~u0"6uto XUpUK'rr]pU eXE1 r]Ol1 to EAAE1nHKO u<j>o<;, Ka9E H unOVOOUJlEVO, at JlUKponEpt0001 npordcstq, 01 UJl<j>lO"r]JlUV'rE<; EK<j>paO"E1<; K'rA. Anuvrettrn Aomov KU'r' upxitv Jl1U EnupKr]<; E~OlKElCOO"l1 JlE to u<j>o<;, JlE toy rpoxo XP11O"lJlonOt11O"l1<; Kan01COV EK<j>paO"ECOV, JlE 'rOY rpono unatV1KHKr]<; OlU'runco- 0"11<;. AAAa 11 JlEyaA11 8UVUJl11 roo XEYKEAlUVOU KE1JleVOU stvm o YACOO"O"lKO<; nAOUto<; Kat 11 1KUVO'r11m olU'runCOO"l1<; AE1tLEntAE1tLCOV unoxpffiO"ECOV, 01 OnOtE<; npoxurcroov uno Jl1U nA11- 9ffipu O"uvffiVUJlCOV Kat OJlCO<; EVVOlOAOY1Ka Olu<j>oponOlOUJlEVCOV M~ECOV.

0u <j>epco evu nupaoE1YJlU uurou ron AEKHKOU nAoutou.

44. 0<; KUpta 66.G1] 1:1]<; J.l1:1:a<j>paG1:lKit<; uou OOUA.wi<; x.P1]GtJ.l07wi1]Ga 1:0 Kt:iJ.lI:VO 1:1]<; 3T]<; Yl:pJ.laVtKit<; EKOOGT]<; (1830), E1:m Ka8ro<; 7tapOUGUicr1:T]KI: uno 1:0U<; E. Moldenhauer Kat K.M. Michel G1:l<; I:KOOGl:t<; Suhrkamp (Frankfurt a.M. 1970). LI: J.ll:yUA.T] EK1:aGT] BOT]8it8T]Ka OJ.lOO<; Kat uno ru; J.l1:1:a<j>paG1:lKE<; MGt:t<; 7tOU EOOOGI: 0 William Wallace (01:<; Hegel's Logic. Being Part One of the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1830), translated by W. Wallace, with Foreword by J.N. Findlay, Oxford 1989 [First Edition 1873]) Kat 0 Maurice de Gandillac (01:<; Hegel: Encyclopedie des sciences philosophiques en abrege (1830), traduit de I' allemand par M. de Gandillac sur Ie texte etabli par FriedheIm Nicolin et Otto Poggeler, Paris, Gallimard 1970).

Ttu vu ota'tu1troQ"f:t rnv evvoiu 'tOU (J'[OXa()f10IJ ro<; ucuvorrrrce; Kat ox; 1tPU;l1<; 0 XeYKEA XPllcrtJlO1totEi uiu oA6KAllPll crEtPU Ae;Erov, Ku8E uin uno ru; 01tOiE<; eXEt 'to OtKO 'tll<; ;exropo vonuc, ecr'tro Kat nv ornv Ka811JlEptVrl YEPJlaVtKrl YArocrcra OEV stvrn nrivru cra<j>ei<; aU'te<; Ot ota<j>ope<;45. Ka'taypu<j>ro ame<; n<; Ae;Et<; Jlasi JlE 'tll JlE'ta<j>pacrnKrl a1tOoocrll 1tOU nporatveo:

Denken (voncn), Gedanke (crKe\jlll), Geist (1tVEUJla), IntelIigenz (Siovoncn), Logisches (AOytKO cr'tOtXeio), Nachdenken (avaAoytcrJl0<;), Rasonnement (OtaAoytcrJl0<;), Rationelles (Op80AOytKO cr'tOtxEio), Reflexion (uvccxonncn), SchluB (crUAAOytcrJl0<;), Verntinftiges (eAAoyo cr'tOtXeio), Vernunft (AOytKrl ucuvorntu), Verstand (Suivotu). H XPllcrtJlo1toillcrll au'trov rrov M;EroV OEV stvat 'tUxaia rl au8aipE'tll, yta'ti 8acriSE'tat roco cr'tll otacr'tOxacrnKrl E1tE;Epyacria 'tOU iowu ron XeYKEA ooo Kat cr'tll XPrlcrll 1tOU eKavav nprv uno uurov <j>tA6cro<j>ot 01tro<; 0 Leibniz, 0 Kant, 0 Fichte, 0 Schelling K'tA. Edv AOt1tOV 0 avayvrocr'tll<; ayvoei amrl rnv npoiatopia trov M;Erov Kat OEV eXEt rnv emuovri va EYKU\jIEt cr'tll yea 'tOU<; XPllcrtJlo1toillcrll, OucrKoAEuE'tat va crUAAU8Et tu AEYOusvc. AAAU aKOJla Kat Jlta 8a8tu yvrocrll npornrrsprov <j>tAOoodxov unopsi JlUAAOV vn oucrXEPUVEt 1tapu va OtEUKOAUVEt 'to EyxeipllJla: 0 avayvrocr'tll<; 1t.x. 1tOU etvm E;OtKEtroJlevo<; JlE 'tllV Kaviiavn OtUKptcrll: Sinnlichkeit - Verstand - Vernunft (a1tooioro: atcr811'tllptaKrl ucuvornru - vonrucn ucnvornru - AOytKrl ucuvornru), 8a OUcrKOAEU'tei va Ka'taAU8Et 'tOY eJlJlovo vnOB1Ba()f1o 'tll<; svvotcc Verstand, 'tOY onoto EmXEtpet 0 XeYKEA. H Ae;l1 Verstand, 1tOU cr'tllPisEt rnv xuvnuvri OtUKptcrll uvcuson rrtu <j>atVOJlEVa Kat oru VOOUJlEVa, OEV unopst EOro vu JlE'ta<j>pacr'tei ro<; «V017()11», yta'ti 'tOY uvncr'tOtxa cnuuvruco pOAO 1taisEt EOro das Denken, Kt e'tcrt 0 opoc Verst and 1taipVEt 'tll crllJlacria 'tll<; «Survoinc» (1tOU

45. 0 iowe; 0 XEYK&A. crmivw. UVUA.uIlBuv&t vn npoodtopicst mupKroe; to vonun Ku9& opoo Kat VU to Otuq>oponottlcr&t uno nUP&J.uj>&Ptl vonpuro. A<Ptlv&t auto to IlEA.T]lla crov avayvrocrtT] 11& BUcrT] ta &KUcrtOt& (j\)!l<ppa1;;ousvn Kat tTl yvrocrT] tOU OA.OU K&tIlEVOU.

m:plOpiSE'tat oro va crKEn'tE'tat nenepaaueva ovru xrn rtnor« nEpa uno aunt). H AE~T] Vernunft (IlE'ta<!>pasffi: «A.0YlKrl ucuvornru») nEpa ano rnv av9pmmvT] olacrKEnnKrl txuvornru exnpootonst Eom 'tT] Ilia eviutu loia (mom urto 'tT]V onotu Kpu6E'tat npo<!>avm<; 'to AnoA.u'tO, 0 9EO<;), Kat OEV stvru f10VO Kan unOKElIlEVlKO, Yla'ti crrnv «xur' E~OXrlV <!>lA.OcrO<!>lKrl crT]llacria rrp;» opisE'tal ffi<; EVO'tT]ta unoxeuievoo-uvnxsuisYOU (OE<; §214)46. 0a anat'tT]9Ei EnicrT]<; EniIlOVO<; IlOX90<; Yla

46. eu riruv rocrooo CHIJ.lUVnKr] 1tUPUvollcrll vu J.lE'ta<ppucr'tEi 11 XEYKEA.lUVr] Vemunft ro<; «A.6yo<;» (01tro<; EXEl Ku9lEpro9Ei r]OI1 U1tO TOV n. F pUT crtdro). H VEOEA.A.llVlKr] A.E~11 «A.6yo<;» sivrn 1tOA.ucrr]J.lUVTll, Kat KupiuPXll crllJ.lucriu 'tll<; EiVUl TO A£yeIV, TO OJ.llMiv (A.EJ.lE 1t.X. «0 1tpOEOpO<; 1tr]PE TO A.0yO», «EKUVE A.OyO J.lOVO YlU ucrilJ.luv'tu 9EJ.lUm», «0 YPU1tTO<; A.OyO<; U1tUlTEi E~UcrKllcrll»). 'AA.A.E<; crllJ.lucriE<; tou «A.0You» stvm: 11 artia (A.EJ.lE 1t.x. «0 Myo<; 'tll<; u1toucriu<; TOU r]mv on uPpoocrTllcrE»), 11 ~vaAoyia (A.EJ.lE 1t.x. «0 A.6yOC; TOU 8 npoq 4 sivm 2 1tpo<; 1»),11 V1tO(JXe(J'l (MJ.lE 1t.x. «OEV rripnos TOV A.0Yo TOU») KA.1t. Kouia ano avn;<;; tu; anuoaie; &v vreaPXel (JT'l yepJ1.avlKll }.tc,'l Vernunft. Edv A.Ol1tOV 9EA.OUJ.lE va emxotvovriooou» KU1tOTE q>lA.Ocr0<plKU cs VEOEA.A.llVlKr] yA.oocrcru, 9u 1tPE1tEl J.lE't:CI.~U UA.A.rov vn 1tUIjIOUJ.lE vn OUVElL;oJ.laots U1tO TOU<; apxaiou<; mv E~atPEnKu 1tOA.ucrr]J.lUVTll A.E~11 «A.0Y0C;», OTUV U1tOOiOOUJ.lE ~EVOyA.rocrcrou<; opooc. H crDyxucrll <p'tUVEl crE U<POPll'tO Bu9J.l0, otav J.lE rnv iOlU sroorn A.E~11 J.lE't:CI.<ppuL;oVTat rooo WOlUKPlTOl YEPJ.lUVlKOi opoi 01tro<; Vemunft KUl Grund (u1tooioouv 1t.X. roc; «UPXr] TOU U1t0XPOOVTO<; A.6you» rnv EK<Ppucrll: Satz des zureichenden Grundes, OE<; 1tUpUKUm §- 121 unoonu. 2).

LTll YEpJ.lUVlKr] A.E~11 Vemunft uvncrTolxEi 11 VEOEA.A.llVlKr] EK<Ppucrll «A.0YlKr] lKUVOTll't:C1.» Kat J.lOVO J.lE au'tr] mv EK<Ppucrll J.l1tOPOUJ.lE vu U1t0<puYOUJ.lE rnv 1tUPEPJ.lllvEiu on npoxsrtm yta KU1tOlO A.EYElV. Eivot U~lO unopinq, YlUTi ot VEOEA.A.llvE<; <plA.OcrO<pOl npotuiouv TOV 1tOA.ucrr]J.lUVTO opo «A.oyo<;» U1tO TOV J.l0vOcrr]J.lUVTO opo «A.0YlKr] lKUVOTll't:C1.». 'AA.A.rocrTE XPllcrlJ.l01tOlOUJ.lE Ku911J.lEPl vd EK<ppucrEl<; 01tro<;: «KUVE 0, tt crE cruJ.lBoUA.EUEl 11 A.OYlKr] cou lKUVOTllTU». AUTO<; 0 opoq OEV 9a 1tPE1tEl cocrooo vn crUYXEE'tUl J.lE exstvo 1tOU 0 XEYKEA. Kat EVYEVEl ot YEpJ.luvoi OVOJ.luL;ouv das Logische, TO onoio u1toOioro ro<; «!\OYlKO cr'tOlXEiO» J.lE 'to UPXlKO ypuJ.lJ.lU KE<pUA.uio, r] J.lE rnv uv'ticrTolXll E1tlcr'tr]J.lll: die Logik = !\OYlKr]. E1tl1tA.EOV crTOV opo «A.0YlKr] lKUVOTllTU» 9u 1tPE1tEl va 009Ei UPKE'tr] WPUTllTu, OOcrTE VU ouunsplA.uBEl 0Xl J.lOVO rnv uv9poo1tlVll r] rnv U1tOKElJ.lEVlKr] lKUVOTllTU, UA.A.U Kat rnv WPUTU'tll 1tEPlOXr] 1tOU 0 XEYKEA. OVOJ.lUL;El !liea, Kal crTllv orrotu crUJ.l1tEPlA.UJ.lBcivETUl Ku9E rt 1tpuYJ.lUnKO (J.lE 'to XEYKEA.lUVO vonuo), UA.A.U KUl TO KUT' E~OXr]V 1tpuYJ.lUnKO ov 1tOU EiVat 'to A1tOA.UTO, 0 9EO<;.

vc Ku'tUvo118ct 11 AE1t'tTJ EvvOtoAOY1KTJ OUIKPt9"l1 UVUJlEO"U O"E m)VO)VUJlE~ Ae~E1~ 01t(O~ 01 Nachdenken-Reflexion (U1tOOiOffi:

UVUAOYWJlO~-UVUo"K01t11O"l1), 1tP01tUV'tffiV O'tUV 0 ioto~ 0 XeYKEA opi1;;E1 'tOY evu opo JleO"ffi 'tOU UAAOU47•

M1U UAAOU ctOOU~ OUO"KOAiu 1tupexouv KU1t01E~ EKq,pUo"E1~, reov onouov 'to V011JlU OEV ervrn O"uq,o)~ 1tEP1YEYPUJlJlevo, UAAU EK'tctVE'tU1 O"E Jl1U sopetu 1tEptoXTJ 0"11 JlU()lo)v , U1tO tu; 01tOiE~ 0 uVUYVO)o"'t11~ KUAct'tU1 Ku8E q,opu vn E1t1Ae~E1 01tOlU (1t10"'tEUE1 on) 'tatP1u1;;E1 0"'tU O"UJlq,PU1;;OJlEVU. Avuq,epffi n~ E~U1pEnKU O"UXVU XP11()lJlO1tOtoUJlEVE~ A.e~E1~: an sich - fur sich. Au'te~ Jl1tOPOUV vn u1too080uv: «Ku8' snuro - 01' WU'tO», UAAU 'ti UKP16o)~ cnumvoov OEV ervrn nrivrn O"uq,e~: stvm 'to ev150j1VXO O"E uni8EO"l1 npoc 'to a7WKaAVj1j1eVO, UAAU KU1 'to 15VVUj1el O"E uni8EO"l1 1tpO~ 'to evepveio; UAAU KU1 'to evro~eavwv-avAAeyov O"E uni8EO"l1 npoq 'to c)X(j)PO Kat avOvnapKW48. H Ku'tUO"'tUO"l1 1tEpl1tAeKE'tat U1tO 'to YEYOVO~ on 'to "an sich" U1tO'tEAct Jl1U eKq,puO"l1 1tOAEJl1KTJ KU1 OlOAOU tuuroO"l1Jl11 JlE 'to Knvnnvo Ding an sich (= «1tpuYJlU Ku8' euuro», o XeYKEA 'to ypUq,E1: Ding-an-sich), 1tEpl1tA.eKE'tU1 O'tUV ypuq,E'tU1 JlE 't11V OU()lO)Ol1 1tUPUAAUYTJ: an ihm selbst (= «KU'tU 'tOY EUU'tO roo»), KU1 1tEpl1tAeKE'tat UKOJlU 1tEPWO"O'tEPO O'tUV EV01t01Ei'tU1 O"E evu 1tEP1Al11t'tlKO: an und fur sich (= «Ku8'

47. ~E~ Enzyklopadie § 2: "Nachdenken - das reflektierende Denken, welches Gedanken als solche zu seinem lnhalte hat und zum BewuBtsein bringt" (ME'ta<j>pui;;ro: «AvaAoYZI1f10r;; - npoxsrnn yw 'tT] vOT]aT] ltOU aVaI1KOnei, ltOU EXEl ro~ ltEPlEXOllEVO KUltOlE~ I1Kelflezr;; onv rerou«; Kat n~ <j>EPVEl ern cruvEtOT]aT]»).

48. L'tT] llE'tu<j>paaTl 1l0U XPT]crtllOltOlOO onv MaT] avuYKT]~ 'tT] auxvTl ultEv6UlltcrT] uuu; alto au'tE~ n~ EK<j>puaEl~, 'tOlt06E'toov'ta~ 'tT]V llEaa aE aYKUA.E~ [ ], xropt~ ollro~ us noro va altOKA.EtE'tat on €tVat EVOEXOllEVE~ Kat UA.A.E~ aT]llaatE~ au'toov trov oprov. ME 'tE'tOlE~ EIl60A.lllE~ aYKUA.E~ EK6E'tro llEaa oro KEtllEVO Kal KUltOlE~ YEPllaVlKE~ A.E~El~ ltOU 6EOOpT]aa KaA.O va loro60uv cro nporrorono, €t'tE EltElOTl 0 XEYKEA. ltati;;El us rnv E'tUll0A.0YlKTl 'tOu~ aUYYEVEla, €t'tE EltElOTl llla yvooaT] 'tT]~ YEPllaVlKTl~ A.E~T]~ llltOP€t va 60T]fJTlaEl 'tOY avayvooa'tT] nsptccorspo alto ooo T] llE'ta<j>paallEVT] 'tT]~ 1l0P<j>Tl. LE aYKUA.E~ 'tOlt06E'tOO ElttaT]~ KUltOla voriueru, ltOU morstxo on 60T]60uv crnv ltA.T]pEa'tEpT] Ka'taVOT]aT] 'tOU llE'ta<j>paallEVOu KElllEVOU.

eouro Kat 01' f:UU't0»). Qe; 60118T]1:1Ktl YIU rnv E~tlYllO"l1 'tlle; UV'ti8Wlle; an sich - fur sich unopst VU 10"XUO"El 11 UV'ti8EO"l1 vorausgesetzt - gesetzt (= 1tpou1ton8EllEvo - tlOll 'tE8EIllEVO)· an sich sivat UU'tO 1tOU U1tA.roe; 1tPOU1tO'ti8E'tat, 1tOU OEV EXEl UKOllU reBei pnrd KUl O"UVEIOll'tU· UA.A.U Kat 'to VOll11U 'tlle; EKq,pUO"l1e; «'tE8EIllEVOe;» (gesetzt) OlUXEE'tUl UVUllEO"U O"'tU V0tlllU'tU: Pll't0e;,U1tOKUA.UllllEVOe;,IlEO"OA.u61111EVOe;, E~UP'tll11Evoc, (Auto 1tOU EXEl «'tE8d» Pll'tU, EXEl 'tE8Ei usaco KU1tOlOU UA.A.OU, ripn U1tEO"'tll 'tll llWOA.U6110"11 nurou 'tOU UA.A.OU, Kat stvrn E~UP'tll11EVO U1tO UU'tO, 0Xl UU8U1tUPK't0· 1t.X. 0 uv8pm- 1t0e; EKA.UIl6uVE'tUl me; «'tE8EIllEVOe;» U1tO 'tOY 0l111lOUPYO 8EO, Kat upu E~UP'trollEvoe; U1tO nurov).

A vuq,Epm, 'tEA.Oe;, rpsu; 6Uo"lKEe; EVVOlOA.0YIKEe; OlUKpiO"Ele;, 1tOU 1tUPOUO"lUSOUV KU1t01U llE'tUq,PUO"'tlKtl oUO"KOA.iu:

n) Realitat - Wirklichkeit: 01 OUO uurof OPOl O"l111Uivouv rnv npayuatucotnta, UA.A.U UVUq,EPOV'tat O"E ola<jJoperlKr, 1tpuyuurucornru, Kat OEV 111tOPOUV KU'tU KUVEVU 'tP01tO VU U1tOOOOouv us rnv i01U A.E~11. Realitat stvm 11 auean 1tPUYllU'tlKOrrrru 1tOU XUPUK'tllPiSEl 'tll O"q,uipu 'tOU Etvm, svoi 11 Wirklichkeit ervrn 11 uVUO"K01tll11EVll Kat llEO"OA.u61111EVll 1tPUYllU'tlKO'tll'tU 1tOU XUPUK'tllPiSEl 'tll O"q,uipu 'tlle; ouotuc. 0 XEYKEA. EXEl KU'tU vou on 'to uni8E't0 rou opo» Realitat (IlE'tuq,pusm: peaAzauKr, vnap~fj tl peasunucotnta} etvor 11 Idealitat (IlE'tUq,pusm: ioeaiotnta}, EVro 11 Wirklichkeit (IlE'tUq,pusm: npayuatncotnta) 0Xl 1l0VO OEV UV'tl'ti8E'tat 1tpOe; rnv 1tEPlOXtl 'tlle; lOEUe; Kat 'tlle; A.0YIKtle; lKUVO'tll'tUe;, UA.A.U 6piO"KE'tat O"E O"XEO"l1 'tUU'tO'tll'tUe; npor; nurnv: Ku8E n 1tPUYllU'tlKO stvat EA.A.0YO Kat ovrtcrpoon (OEe; §6 Lll11.).

6) 0 XEYKEA. XUPUK'tllPiSEl O"UXvu 'tll <l>lA.oO"oq,iu rou KUl 'tll llE80M roo us 'to E1ti8E't0 spekulativ, E1ti8E'tO 1tOU EXEl O"XEO"l1 us ru voruurru: Bewpm, Bempfjafj - UA.A.U 1tOU 1tPE1tEl vn OlUKP18ci P1SIKU U1tO rnv 1tUPUOOO"lUKtl EVVOlOA.0YIKtl O"XEO"l1 8Empiue;-1tpU~11e;, 8Empll'tlKOu-1tpuKnKou (theoretisch-praktisch). XPEIUO"'tllKE VU XPllO"lIlO1tOl rioro 'to KU1tme; uO"uvtl8w't0 E1ti8E'tO «8EmpllO"lUKOe;» (sroi u1tooiom 'to E1ti8E'tO spekulativ) YIU vu 'to OluKpivm U1tO 'to «Oscoprrnxo» (theoretisch). Qe;

OeWPIJ(JWKq XUpuK'tTJpi~Et 0 XEYKEA 1t.X. 'tTJV «U1tOAt)'tTJ» tOEU, E1tEtOr] at)'tr] EXEt U1to-AU'tpro9ci U1tO 'tOY OtUO"K0P1tt()!lo trov 1tE1tEPU()!lEVroV ovreov, EXEt E1tW'tPE'l'Et crov euoro 'tTJ<;, KUt Oecopei 'tOV euuro 'tTJ<; ro<; 'to 'AAAO 'tTJ<; ()UV !lE()U ()E EVU Ku9pE<P'tTJ (AU'ttVtKU: speculum), OE<; §235.

y) Ano 1tUPE~r]YTJ()TJ Ku9tEpro9TJKE vn !lE'tU<ppU~E'tUt oro EAATJVtKU 0 XEyKEAtUVO<; opoc Moment ro<; «()'ttY!lr]». Aurr] TJ AE~TJ, 1tOU XPTJcrt!lo1totci'tUt U1tO 'tOV XEYKEA ytU vn XUpUK'tTJpiost tu OtUAEK'ttKU (Jr61na U1tO ru onoiu 1tEPVU TJ evvoto Ero<; oroo 00TJYTJ9Ei ()'tTJV U1tOAU'tTJ tOEU, OEV etvm TJ YEP!lUVtKr] AE~TJ der Moment (= TJ XPOVtKr] ()'ttY!lr]), UAAU das Moment (= 'to ()'tuow, 'to ()'totxcio). 0 XEYKEAtUVO<; uU'to<; opoc 1tPE1tEt vu KU'tuvoTJ9ci !lE()U oro 1tAuicrto 'tTJ<; KU't' ouotuv aXPOVIJr; OtUAEK'ttKr]<; KivTJ()TJ<;, TJ ozoin OtE1tEt U1tO UKpTJ ()E UKpTJ 'tTJ XEYKEAtUVr] AOytKr]. A1tooioro ()uvr]9ro<; uurov 'tOY opo ro<; «()'tUOW». AAAU UKO!lU Kat cru Xropiu 01tOU 'tOY U1tooioro ro<; «crorrsto» (O'tUV 1t.X. tu ()'totXEiu 'tOU ()UAAOyt()!lOD - 'to U'tO!ltKO, 'to uspuco Kat 'to YEVtKO - XupuK'tTJpi~ovrm ro<; Momente, OE<; §§ 188, 192) uU'tr] TJ AE~TJ 1tPE1tEt vu Ku'tuvoTJ9ci ro<; UOtUxropw'tTJ npoq 'tTJ OtUAEK'ttKr] KivIJ(JIJ.

KupuyuIVV1]<;, r&ropylO<; «Oi 9qu;A.troow; apx.ee; 'tlle; OtaA.EK1:tKrje; lOU Hegel Kat 'tOU Map~ crE ava<j>opu npoc "11 <j>tA.ocro<j>ia lOU Bergson», oro: EA.A.llVtKrj cI>tA.OcrO<j>tKrj Ermpsto: H OWAS«tucn, A9rjva 1988, 170-177.

Ksvrpo MUp~UStlKroV Ep&uvrov 0 XeYKsA Kat 0 Mapl;,laJ10r;. Emornuovixo LUIlTeocrw, 24-25/1/1982. A9rjva 1982.

Kout<rlIKo<;, Irouvv1]<; «To 6acrtKo Ka111yoptaKo crx.EOtuypalllla "11e; OtaA.EK1:tKrje; oVlOA.oyiae; crov rnunova, Apt0"101eA.ll Kat 'EYEA.o». oro: EA.A.llVtKrj cI>tA.OcrO<j>tKrj Etmpsfu: H OWASKllKr,. A9rjva 1988, 137-147.

Mul.&6itIJ1]<;, XPlJIJ'to<; «Ilpcvunnxomrc Kat llu90e; cr111 OtaA.EK1:tKrj lOU EyeA.ou». Ev06v1{ 182 (1987), 54-59, Kat oro: EUllVtKrj cI>tA.ocrO<j>tKrj Etmpeta: H OWAsKllKr,. A9rjva 1988, 156-162.

Mo6Kavo;, A1JJlT]tplO; «H Eydtavl1 svvoiu 1:TJ<; <iPVTJcrTJ<;: aV1:WEcrTJ 11 aV1:i<j>acrTJ;» oro: EAATJVtKl1 <l>tAOcrO<j>tKl1 Etrnpsta: H JlaAeKrIKr,. A911va 1988, 163-69.

MoutlJo1tOUI.O;, E. «H Ka1:aAULtKl1 n:apoucria 1:OU EYEAtavtcrllou». Nea Eatia III (1982), 588-89. Kat: L1:. n<ivou 1982, 147-49.

M1tltIJ4IK1J;, Eut6X1J; «H <j>ucrTJ oro epyo rrov XeYKd Kat Mup];», oro: Ksvtpo Map~tcrLtKffiV Epsoverv 1982, 51-80.

M1tOU~Ea;, K. «EtcraYffiYl1 o-ro epyo 1:OU EyeAou». Enonreia 59 (1981 y, 565-574.

M1tOU~Ea;, K. «G.W.F. Hegel. LUV1:01l0<; BtBAwypa<j>tKo<; 08TJYo<;».

Enotcteia 59 (1981), 630-32.

M1tOU~Ea;, K. «H <j>tAocro<j>ia 1:0U EyeAou ffi<; n:avEupffin:atKO YEYOVO<; 8tapKou<; En:tKatp01:TJ1:a<;». Enottteia 76 (1983), 159-166.

No6tIJo;, navayuOt1J; «H nupoixna 1:OU Hegel cr1:TJ VEOEAATJVtKl1 <j>tAocrO<j>tKl1 crKe'VTJ». AwJwvYJ 10 (1981), 37-48. Kat: Ksvrpo Map~tcrLtKffiv Epsuverv 1982, 81-90.

No6tIJo;, navayuOt1J; «Hegel: npoUn:oOecrEt<; 1:TJ<; "n:aYKocrllta<; icropia<;"». <PzAo(Jo¢ia 12 (1982), 318-325. Kat : L1:. Ildvoo 1982, 120-130.

nuvou, I:ta6po; (smu.) XeYKeA. Iaiopla tau JzaAeKTlKr,. 140 Jle8ver:; (JVVMplO via TOV XeYKeA (/982). To eAAYJvIKO tceluevo rwv avaKOlvw(Jewv rwv EAAr,VWV EvvMpwv. AOl1va 1982.

nuvou, I:ta6po; «AoytKl11:0U yiyvEcrOam. oro: L1:. Ildvou 1982, 131- 142.

nuvou, I:ta6po; «Azoptn Kat 8taAEKLtKl1. KE<j><iAata n:OAt LtKl1<; <j>tAocro<j>ia<;». AwJwvYJ 4 (1975), 149-159.

nuvou, I:ta6po; «AOytKl1 1:0U IlTJ8EVO<;». <PIAo(Jo¢ia 4 (1974), 59-67. n01t1tl;p, Kapl. H avolxrr, «oivcovia «oi 01 ex8poi inc, TOIlO<; B': Hegel, Marx tau ta enaKoAov8a. Merddip. E. nan:aMKTJ. AOl1vaTuivvt vu 1982.

XUl;, POJl1ttpt 01 fleyaAOl JzaAeKTlKoi. XeYKeA, Kipxeyxapvi, MapC;.

Msrdop, AW1:epTJ<; Avojvoxrrou, AOl1va 1980.

XPOV1J;, NlKol.ao; «EAEuOEpia Kat avaYKat01:TJ1:a ffi<; xnvovtrrtuce; apxe<; 1:OU nvsounroc». oro: L1:. Ildvon 1982, 104-119.

'I'1JJlJlEVO;, N. «H KAacrtKl1 n:at8Eia 1:OU VEUPOU Hegel». AwJwvYJ 14r (1985), 173-195.

Adorno, Theodor Drei Studien zu Hegel. stw, Frankfurt a.M. 1974 (19631).

Aleksandrowicz, Dariusz «Das Problem des Anfangs bei Hegel».

Philosophisches lahrbuch 92 (1985), 225-238.

Apostolopoulou, Georgia «Hegel-Studien in Griechenland». HegelStudien 21 (1986), 189-218.

Belaval, Yvon «La doctrine de I' essence chez Hegel et chez Leibniz». a) Archives de Philosophie 33 (1970), 547-578. b) KantStudien 63 (1972), 436-462.

Bubner, Riidiger «Die 'Sache selbst' in Hegels System». in : R.-P.

Horstmann (Hrsg.) 19892 (1978'), 101-123.

Colletti, Lucio «Hegel und die 'Dialektik der Materie'». in: R.-P.

Horstmann (Hrsg.) 19892 (1978'), 394-414.

Comoth, Katharina «Zwei Typen von Resultat. Zur Aktualitat der Hegelschen 'Logik'». Neue Zeitschrift fur systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie 24 (1982), 119-123.

Despotopoulos, Constantin «Hegel et Platon». Hegel-lahrbuch 1981- 82, 11-18. (dE<; Kat: Lt. nlivo\) 1982, 25-39).

Diising, Klaus Das Problem der Subjektivitiit in Hegels Logik. Systematische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zum Prinzip des Idealismus und zur Dialektik. (Hegel-Studien, Beiheft 15), Bonn 19842 (1976').

Fetscher, Iring (Hrsg.) Hegel in der Sicht der neueren Foschung.

Darmstadt 1973.

Findlay, J.N. Hegel. A Reexamination. London 1958.

Fleischman, Eugene «Hegels Umgestaltung der Kantischen Logik».

Hegel-Studien 3 (1965), 181-207.

Fulda, Hans Friedrich «Unzulangliche Bemerkungen zur Dialektik [Hegels]». in: R.-P. Horstmann (Hrsg.) 19892 (1978'), 33-69.

Fulda, Hans Friedrich «He gels Dialektik als Begriffsbewegung und Darstellungsweise». in: R.-P. Horstmann (Hrsg.) 19892 (1978'), 124-174.

Fulda, Hans Friedrich Das Problem einer Einleitung in Hegels Wissenschaft der Logik. Frankfurt a.M. 1965.

Givsan, Hassan «Geschichte als absolute Voraussetzung der Hegelschen Logik». Hegel-lahrbuch 1983, 83-92.

Graeser, Andreas «Bemerkungen zur Beschreibung des Anfangenden in Hegels Logik». Freiburger Zeitschrift fur Philosophie und Theologie 32 (1985), 439-454.

Gueroult, Martial «Hegels Urteil tiber die Antithetik der Reinen

Vernunft». in: R.-P. Horstmann (Hrsg.) 19892 (19781), 261- 291.

Guyer, Paul «Hegel, Leibniz und der Widerspruch im Endlichen». in: R.-P. Horstmann (Hrsg.) 19892 (19781), 230-260.

Hanna, Robert «From an ontological point of view. Hegel's critique of the common logic». Review of Metaphysics 40 (1986-87), 305-338.

Harris, Errol E. An interpretation of the logic of Hegel. Washington 1983.

Henrich, Dieter Hegel im Kontext. Frankfurt a.M. 1967.

Henrich, Dieter «Form en der Negation in Hegels Logik». in: R.-P.

Horstmann (Hrsg.) 19892 (19781), 213-229.

Horstmann, Rolf-Peter (Hrsg.) Seminar: Dialektik in der Philosophie Hegels. stw, Frankfurt a.M. 19892 (19781).

Horstmann, Rolf-Peter «Schwierigkeiten und Voraussetzungen der dialektischen Philosophie Hegels». in: R.-P. Horstmann (Hrsg.) 19892 (19781), 9-30.

Krieger, Evelina «Die Grenzen der Vermittlungsrnethode bei Hegei». Philosophisches Iahrbuch 69 (1961/62), 298-312.

Lakebrink, Bernhard Kommentar zu Hegels «Logik» in seiner «Enzyklopiidie» von 1830. Band I: Sein und Wesen. Freiburgl Miinchen 1979. Band II: Begriff. Freiburg/Miinchen 1985.

Lebrun, Gerard «Hegel lecteur d' Aristote». Etudes philosophiques 1983, n. 3, 329-347.

Leonard, Andre Commentaire litteral de la Logique de Hegel. ParisLouvain 1974.

Leonard, Andre «Comment lire Hegel? Considerations speculatives et pratiques». Revue philosophique de Louvain 70 (1972), 573-586.

Leonard, Andre «La structure du systeme hegelien». Revue philosophique de Louvain 69 (1971), 495-524.

Livet, Pierre «Reflexivites et exteriorite dans la logique de Hegel, Ill». Archives de Philosophie 47 (1984), 33-62 + 291-318.

Lowith, Karl Von Hegel zu Nietzsche (1941, 1950). EUrW usrd<j>pa.GT] rf:Olpyiw; A7toGtoA.07tOUA.ou: Ano rov Hegel arov Nietzsche. To enavaatuco pftYJ1a atn aKtlflYl rov blJKarov svarov aubva. TOJlot A/-B/, A8rjva. 1987.

Marcuse, Herbert Hegels Ontologie und die Grundlegung einer Theorie der Geschichtlichkeit. Frankfurt a.M. 1932.

Marcuse, Herbert AOYIK~ tau ettavaataan, TOl1o<; A': 01 Baaeu; inc c/>IAoaoc/>iar; LOV XeYYeA (1954). Msrdop. <1>. KOVOUAll<;, A8rjvu

X·X·

Marx, Wolfgang «Spekulative Wissenschaft und geschichtliche Konti-

nuitat, Uberlegungen zum Anfang der Hegelschen 'Logik'». Kant-Studien 58 (1967), 63-74. und: Iring Fetscher (Hrsg.) 1973, 236-254.

McTaggart, John - McTaggart, Ellis A Commentary on Hegel's Logic.

New York 19642 (19101).

Menahem, Rosen «Identite, difference et contradiction dialectiques selon Hegel». Journal of the History of Philosophy 23 (1985), 515-535.

Merker, Nicolao «Fragen zur Entstehung der Hegelschen Logik». in:

I. Fetscher (Hrsg.) 1973, 277-287.

Mure, G.R.G. A Study of Hegel's Logic. Oxford 1950.

Nikolaus, Wolfgang Begriff und absolute Methode. Zur Methodologie in Hegels Denken. Bonn 1985.

Psimmenos, N. Hegels Heraklit-Verstiindnis. Basel 1978.

Riedel, Manfred (Hrsg.). Hegel und die antike Dialektik. stw, Frankfurt a.M. 1990.

Ritschl, Dietrich «Kierkegaards Kritik an Hegels Logik». Theologische Zeitschrift 11 (1955), 437-465. und: H.-H. Schrey (Hrsg.) Soren Kierkegaard. Darmstadt 1971, 240-272.

Rockmore, Tom «La systematicite et le cercle hegelien». Archives de Philosophie 48 (1985), 3-20.

Rosenfield, Denis L. «La chose en soi et Ie 'reste' pose par Ie philosopher. Kant et Hegel». Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale 91 (1986), 236-245.

Ruben, ~eter «Von der Wissenschaft der Logik und dem Verhaltnis der Dialektik zur Logik». in: R.-P. Horstmann (Hrsg.) 19892 (19781), 70-100.

Scheiber, Wolfgang «'Habitus' als Schliissel zu Hegels Daseinslogik».

Hegel-Studien 20 (1985), 125-144.

Simont, Juliette «Sartre et Hegel. Le probleme de la qualite et de la quantite». Revue internationale de Philosophie 39 (1985), 72- 102.

Stage, W.T. The Philosophy of Hegel. A Systematic Exposition. New York 19552 (19241).

Taylor, Charles Hegel. Ubersetzt von Gerhard Fehn, Frankfurt a.M. 1978. (Original: Cambridge 1975).

Theau, Jean «La conception hegelienne du rapport absolu. Reflexion sur la relation de la logique a la constitution objective du monde». Hegel-Jahrbuch 1981-82, 335-359.

Theunissen, Michael «Begriff und Realitat. Hegels Aufhebung des metaphysischen Wahrheitsbegriffs». in: R.-P. Horstmann (Hrsg.) 19892 (19781), 324-359.

Vaught, Carl G. «Subject, object, and representation. A critique of Hegel's dialectic of perception». International Philosophical Quarterly 26 (1986), 117-129.

Wiedmann, Franz Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Rowohlt, Hamburg 1965. (EHllVLKrj ~E,<i<l>pacrll $Ol'rELVrjC; TIpEBEI>oupou, TIAt9pov, A9rjva 1985).

Wieland, Wolfgang «Bemerkungen zum Anfang von Hegels Logik». in: R.-P. Horstmann (Hrsg.) 19892 (19781), 194-212.

<fnct}dopdbie

pbi(ofopbifd)en

~iffenfc{)aften

im @Srunbriffe.

Sum @Je6rdu~ feiuer ~Orrefut1gen

i)r. Q3eorg ~Hbdm ~riebrid) tegd,

orbenl[. \1lrofeiTor ber 1l1~f[ofopbic an ber .I. ~rlebr. 1ID1l~. Unhmpllt In !8eelln.

~ e i b e ( b erg.

Sl3ernHdtuns bU .og"'l'Ilb'fcf)en Sl3erln9~. ([. ~. m3inter.)

1830.

XfYXe:A: EYKVKA071ai&za '[mv <p1AO(JOqJlKWV f.71W'[1JJ1WV ae f.711WJ1Y:

To e:~wcpuno 't"Y)~ 3"Y)~ fxooaIJ~'

EI~ArorH

§ 1

'H <l>tAoO"ocpia OEV EXEt 'to 1t:po'tEp"fJp.a 1t:OU a1t:OAap.()avouv Ot aAAEe; E1t:tO"'t~!J.Ee;, vo: EXEt 'ta avuxeiueva 't"fJe; we; ooO"p.Eva P.E ap.Eo"o 'tp01t:O O"'t"fJV 1t:apaO"'taO""f), xat va npoimoiletet we; ~o"fJ a1t:OOEx't~ 't"fJ flt()OOO 't"fJe; YVWO""f)e; OO"OV acpopa 'to ~Exiv"fJp.a xat 't"fJV 1t:poooo. H <l>tAoO"ocpia EXEt ()E()ata xa't' apx~v xotva 'ta antXd!J.Eva 't"fJe; P.E 't"fJ 8p"fJO"Xda. Kat Ot ouo au'tEe; EXOUV we; av'ttXdp.EVO 'toue; TY1V aA~()eza P.E 'to u~tO"'to vO"fJ!J.a 't"fJe; AE~"fJe; - P.E 'to vO"fJp.a o"fJAao~ o'tt 0 (}eOC; dvat "fJ aA~eEta xat flOVO au'toe; dvat "fJ aA~eEta. Kat Ot ouo au'tEe; 1t:payp.a'tEuOnat E1t:t1t:AEOV 't"fJv 1t:EPtOX~ 'tou 1t:E1t:EpaO"p.Evou: 't"fJ cpva'1 xat 'to avdptimivo nvebua, 't"fJ O"'X.EO""f) -rou EVOe; 1t:pOe; 'to aAAo xat 1t:pOe; 'tOY eEO we; aA~eEta 'toue;2.

1. IlepiAYfIflYf: To 6EP.CX CXU'T:~c, 'T:'YJc, 7tCXpcxypcx<pou dvcx~ O~ OU<TJ(OALEC, 7t0U 7tcxpoucnat;o\ :cx~ crxE'T:~x.a P.E EVCX (Jw(J'T:O ~EX.LV'YJP.CX 'T:'YJc, ~AO(J04>LCXC,. T0 EPW'T:'YJP.CX 7t0U 'T:L6E'T:CX~, p.7t0pd vo: O~cx'T:u7tw6d wc, E~~C,: TL p.7t0pd vo: npoimoileae: x.cxvdc, CXPXLt;OV'T:CXC, vo: 4>~Ao(Jo4>d; Tcx CXV'T:~X.dP.EVCX 'T:'YJc, ~AO(JO- 4>LCXC, p.ac, dvcx~ o~x.dcx, x.cx~ 'YJ (Juvdo'YJO"'Y) EXE~ 7taV'T:cx E'T:O~p.a(JE~ x.a7t0~Ec, 7tcxpcx(J'T:a(JE~c, 'T:OUc" CXAA' CXU'T:EC, wc, E'T:O~P.EC, x.cx~ ooYP.CX'T:~X.EC, CXV'T:~A~tjJE~C, OEV EXOUV 'T:'YJV CX7tCXpCXL'T:'Yj'T:'Yj cxvcxyx.cx~O'T:'YJ'T:CX x.cx~ 'T:O CX7tCX~'T:OUP.EVO CX7t00E~X.'T:~X.O

xupoc,

2. 0 XEYX.EA <TJ(~cxypcx4>d EOW P.E ALYEC, AE~E~C, 'T:~c, 1tEPLOXEC, OAOX.A'YJpOU 'T:OU 4>~AO(Jo4>~x.ou 'T:OU (JU(J'T:~P.CX'T:OC,· 7tpOX.E~'T:CX~ X.CX'T:' cxPX~v y~cx 'T:'YJ BciK~ ~OECX P.E(JCX (J'T:'YJV x.cx6cxpo'T:'YJ'T:a 'T:'YJc" 7tOU CX7t0'T:EAd 'T:O CXV'T:~X.dP.EVO 'T:'YJc, Aoy~x.~c, (OEC, 7tcxpcxx.a'T:w (J'T:'YJV § 19: «II Aoy~x.~ dvcx~ 'YJ Em(J'T:~p.'YJ 'T:'YJc, x.cx6cxp~c, ~Oicxc,»), (JE EVCX OEU'T:EPO P.EPOC, 7tpOX.E~'T:CX~ y~cx 'T:'YJ CPVUYf x.cx~ (JE EVCX 'T:PL'T:O P.EPOC, y~cx 'T:O nvebua. Tcx CXV'T:L(J'T:OLXCX 'T:p.~P.CX'T:CX 'T:'YJc, XE"(X.EA~CXV~C, «EYX.UX.A07tCXLOE~CXC,)) 7tCXLPVOUV 'T:OV 'T:L'T:AO: Em(J'T:~p.'YJ 'T:'YJc, Aoy~x.~c" ~AO(JO- 4>LCX 'T:'YJc, 4>uO"'Y)c" ~AO(J04>LCX 'T:OU 7tVEUP.CX'T:0C, (OEC, 7tcxpcxx.a'T:w, § 18).

H W~Aoero4>ta p.1Copd AOmOV ertyoupa va. 1CpOU1C06E're:~, xa~ p.aA~()'ra O¢eiAE:I vo: 1CpOU1C06E're:~, p.~a ouceurtttta p.e: 'ra an~xdp.e:va TYl<;, xa6w<; xa~ Eva e:vo~a4>Epov y~' aU'ra - ~o"YJ e:~a~'rta<; 'rou O'r~ "YJ eruvdo"YJer"YJ a1CO 'r"YJV a1Co\V"YJ 'rou Xpovou 4>'r~axve:~ napoaioaeu; an~xe:~p.EVWV 1Cp~V 4>'r~a~e:~ evvoia; 'rou<;· xa~ p.aA~()'ra -ro (JKenTOuevo 1Cve:up.a 1Cpoxwpd p.ovo uiaco 'rou 1Cap~er'rave:~v xa~ p.ovo np0(J¢eVYOVWC; c' au'ro 4>'rave:~ er'ro erxe:1C'rop.e:VO yvwPt~e:~v xa~

xa'ravoe:~v .

AAAa p.e: 'r"YJ erxe:1C'rop.e:V"YJ e:~E'raer"YJ ytve:'ra~ erunop.a 4>ave:po, o'r~ p.Eera 'r"YJ<; 1Ce:p~Exe:'ra~ "YJ a1Cat'r"YJO""YJ vo: xa'raodxve:'ra~ "YJ avaytcounnu: 'rwv 1Ce:p~e:XOP.EVWV 'r"YJ<;, xa~ p.aA~()'ra vo: anooeirveWI 'roero "YJ u1Cap~"YJ oero xac O~ op~erp.ot 'rwv an~xe:~p.EVWV 'r"YJ<;. Exdv"YJ "YJ o~xe:~o'r"YJ'ra p.e: 'ra an~xdp.e:va 4>ave:pwve:'ra~ E'rer~ w<; ave:1Capx~<;, xa~ ytve:'ra~ ave:1Ckpe:1C'rO »a npotmotletei xa~ vo:

JOYflaTi(eI xa1Cow<;, ~ va. e:m'rpE1Ce:~ vo: ~crxuouv 1Cpou1C06Eere:~<; xa~ ooyuaxiouoi. TO're: op.w<; 1Capouer~a~e:'ra~ xa~ "YJ oU()x'oAta 'rou vo: xave:~<; Eva c;,eKiv'lfla· y~a'rt a4>ou Eva ~e:xtv"YJp.a dva~ xa'r~ oueao, ba~e:~ p.~a 1CPOU1C06e:O""YJ, ~ p.aAAov dva~ au'ro 'r0 tOW p.~a 1CpOU1CO- 6e:er"YJ.

§ 2

IH W~Aoero4>ta p.1Copd xa'r apx~v va. op~er'rd ye:v~xa w<; oxentouevn ec;,tW(J'l 'rwv an~xe:~p.EVWV. AAAa e:av dva~ erwer'r~ "YJ xoubEv'ra (xa~ aer4>aAw<; 6a dva~ erwer'r~) o'r~ p.Eerw 'r"YJ<; vO"YJO""YJ<; o~a4>opo1Co~e:ka~ 0 av6pw1C0<; a1Co -ro ~wo, 'ro're: xa6e: 'r~ av6pwmvo dva~ av6pwmvo p.Eerw 'rou'rou xa~ p.ovo p.Eerw 'rou'rou: o'r~ 1CPOXU-

1. IlepiA1l'/f'1: 0 X£Y)(EA {J-EAE1:a EOW 1:0 EPY(J.Ado 1:YJ~ LAOO"ol:jli(J.~, 7tOU d'l(J.L YJ '1oYJO"YJ (YEp{J-(J.'1t)(a: Denken). A'I(J.1:P£XEt O"1:YJ'I (J.PX(J.tOEAAYJ'It)(~ I:jlLAOO"ol:jlt)(~ (j")(£o/rJ, rtou Opi~EL 1:0'1 a'l6pwreo w~ «~00'l AOYO'l EXO'l», )«(J.t bA£7tEt {J-£O"(J. 0"' (J.U1:0 1:0'1 OPLO"{J-O 1:YJ '1oYJC1YJ w~ OL(J.XWPLO"1:L)(O C1YJ{J-do 1:0U (J.'16pwreou (J.reo 1:(J. ~w(J.. AAAa 1:0 q)/AoaoqJlKlJ'Iod'i Ot(J.I:jl£PEL (J.reo 1:0 YE'It)(a (J.'16pw7tL'I0 »oei»,

7t'tEt a7tO TfJ VOl)cJfj. A~E'tEPOU l) «PtAoO"o~ia dvat EVae, tOtO'tU7tOe, 'tp07tOe, 'tOU vociv, Evae, 'tP07toe, (J.EO"W 'tOU o7toiou 'to vodv (J.E'taba.AAE'tat O"E yvwpi~EtV xat O"E yvwpi~EtV (J.EO"W EVVOtWV. 'Apa 'to ~tAOO"O~tXO vodv 6a 7tPE7tEt va EXEt xat (J.ta owcpopa a7tO 'to U7tOAOt7tO av6pw7ttvo vodv, xat (J.a.AtO"'ta a7tO 'to vodv 7tOU O"uyxpo'td TfJV av6pw7tta. 'twv av6pw7twv, 00"0 xat a» 'tau'ti~E'tat (J.E au'to xat a7to'tEAd Eva Evtaio vosiv. Au't~ l) ota~opa. O"uvoEE'tat (J.E 'to yqovoe, o'tt 'ta (J.EO"W 'tou vodv E(J.~aVt~o(J.Eva av6pw7ttva 7tEPtEXO(J.Eva TfJe, O"uvdol)cJfje, OEV E(J.~avi~onat xa't' apx~v fie 7:11 fiOPCPft uuu; aKelf/1]e;, aAAa. we, ai0"6"f)(J.a, E7to7t'tda, 7tapa.O"'tacJfj, -fiopcpee; 7tOU O~dAOUV va. otaxpt60uv a7to 'to vodv we; fiOPCPft.

~u(J.~wva (J.E (J.ta 7taAta. 7tpOxa'ta.A"f)~"f) 7tOU xa'ta.n"f)O"E 'tE'tPt(J.(J.EV"f) 7tpo'taO""f), 0 a.v6pw7toe, Ota~EpEt a7to 'to ~wo (J.EO"W 'tou vodv' (J.7topd va. ~aivE'tat 'tE'tpt(J.(J.EV"f), aAAa. xa'ta. 7tapa.oo~o 'tp07tO dvat ava.yx"f) va: u7tEv6u(J.i~oU(J.E Xa.7tOtEe, 'tE'tOtEe, 7taAtEe, oo~aO"iEe,. H ava.yx"f) yivE'tat at0"6"f)'t~ EVO~Et (J.tae, 7teOxa'ta.A"f)~l)e, 't"f)S E7tOX~e, (J.ae" "f) o7toia otaXWpi~Et 't00"0 7tOAU 'to aia()1]fia a7to 't"f) V01]a1] , WO"'tE 'ta xa6tO"'ta. ani6E'ta, xat (J.a.AtO"'ta 't00"0 EX6ptxa., WO"'tE 'to a i0"6"f) (J.a , xat toiwe, 'to 6p"f)o"xEU'ttXO a{0"6"f)(J.a, 6Ewpd'tat o'tt AEpwvE'tat, 7tapa7tAaVtE'tat, axo(J.rJ. Xt EX(J."f)oEvi~E'tat a7to 't"f) VO"f)cJfj, xat o'tt l) 6pl)O"xda xat "f) EUO"EbEta OEV EXOUV oUO"taO"'ttxa. 't"f) pi~a 'toue, xat 't"f) 6EO""f) 'toue, (J.EO"a O"'t"f) vO"f)cJfj. ME au'to 'tov OtaxwptO"(J.o A"f)O"(J.oVtE'tat o'tt (J.ovo o a.v6pw7toe, dvat txavoe, yta 6p"f)O"xda, xat o'tt 'to ~wo OEV EXEt 6p"f)O"Xda, 07twe, OEV EXEt OU'tE vO(J.oue, OU'tE "f)6txo't"f)'ta.

Exdvot 7tOU E7tt(J.EVOUV 0"' au'to -rov otaxwptO"(J.o 't"f)e, 6pl)O"Xdae, a7to 't"f) VO"f)O"l), EXOUV O"uv~6we, xa'ta. vou Exdvo 'to dooe, vO"f)cJfje, 7tOU (J.7topd vo: xapax't"f)ptO"'td we, avaAoYlafioe;2 - 7tpOxEt'tat yta 't"f) VOl)cJfj 7tOU avoaxonei, 7tOU EXEt

2. avaAoy~O"p.Oc; (Nachdenken): E1va~ 'Y) uxitjl'Y) 7tOU ava7tapaye:~ VO'Y)'t"~)(a p.~a a~u&tj't"'Y)p~a)(~ 7tpoO"iyy~O"'YJ. /le:v 7tpi7te:~ »o: 't"au't"~O"'t"E:L p.e: 't"'Y)V

w<; m:ptEXO[J-EVO WXnOtE<; mdlflw; ca» 'tE'tOtE<; x.at 'tt<; CPSPVEt cr't"f) cruvdo"f)cr"f). Av 7tapaAd~Et x.avd<; vo: yvWp[crEt x.at vo: 7tpocrS~Et 't"f) otacpopa 't"f)<; VO"f)cr"f)<; YEVtx.a a7tO 't"f) CPtAocrOCPtX.~ VO"f)11"f) , YEwa 'tt<; 7tt0 xovopOEtod<; aV'ttA~~Et<; x.at [J-O[J-CPS<; EvaV'tta cr't"f) <l>tAocrocp[a. Movo 0 avl:lpw7to<; x.a'tSXEt I:lP"f)crx.da, VO[J-ou<; x.at "f)l:ltx.o't"f)'ta, x.at 'ta x.a'tSXEt [J-OVO E7tEtO~ dvat crx.E7t'tO[J-EVO 0'1' apa [J-scra cr'tO I:lP"f)crx.EU'ttX.O, VO[J-tX.O x.at "f)l:ltX.O cr'tOtXdo - d'tE au'to dvat a[crl:l"f)[J-a x.at I:lP"f)crx.EU'ttx.~ 7t[cr't"f) d'tE 7tapacr'tacr"f) - "f) VO'l(J'I OEV dvat OtOAOU aopav~<;' 'ta spya 't"f)<; x.at 'ta 7tpo'ioV'ta 't"f)<; dvat [J-scra 'tou<; napovta w<; nepieroueva. AAAa dvat OtacpopE'ttX.O va. SXEt x.avd<; atcrl:l~[J-a'ta x.at 7tapacr'tacrEt<; 7tOU npoaotopiatntcav x.at blanepa.(J'['IKav a7tO 't"f) VO"f)cr"f) - x.at OtacpopE'ttX.O vo: x.aVEt (JKBlflelr; yvpw a7tO au'ta. Ot crx.S~Et<; 7tOU SXOUV 7tpOX.U~Et [J-E avaA.oyWj10 yvpw a7tO ix.dvou<; 'tou<; 'tp07tOu<; 't"f)<; cruvdo"f)11"f)<; dvat au'to, [J-scra o-ro 07tO[O crU[J-7tEptAa[J-bavE'tat "f) avacrx.07t"f)cr"f), 0 OtaAoytcr[J-O<; X.'tA., 'tSAO<; x.at "f) [Ota "f) <l>tAocrocp[a.

'EXEt 11U[J-bd, x.at [J-aAtcr'ta cruxva E7ttx.pa't"f)crE "f) 7tapE~~y"f)cr"f), va I:lEwp"f)l:ld 0 avasoviouoc W<; a7tapa['t"f)'t"f) cruvl:l~x."f), x.at [J-aAtcr'ta W<; 0 [J-ovaOtx.o<; OpO[J-O<;, [J-scrw 'tou 07tO[OU cp'tavou[J-E 'taxa cr't"f)V 7tapacr'tacr"f) x.at cr't"f) bEbatO't"f)'ta 7tEp[ 'tou atwvtou x.at aA"f)l:ltvoU. 'E'tcrt I:lEwp~I:l"f)x.av 7t. X. ot ('twpa 7tta ¢,enepa(Jj1BVer;) j1emcpV(JlKBr; ano&i¢'elr; inc vnap¢''Ir; [Dasein] LOV Beoi: 'tocro a7tapa['t"f)'tE<;, wcr'tE [J-E

I ~ , , ,

't"f) yvwcr"f) 'tou<; x.at 't"f)v a7tOooX"f) 'tou<; [J-7tOpEt oucrtacr'ttx.a

x.at [J-OVO va: E7tt'tEUXl:ld "f) 7t[cr't"f) x.at "f) 7tE7tO[I:l"f)cr"f) O'tt U7tapXEt I:lEO<;. Mta 'ts'tOta I:lEWP"f)cr"f) tcroouva[J-d [J-E 'to vo: 7tEt x.avd<; O'tt OEV [J-7tOpOU[J-E va. cpa[J-E, Eav 7tpw'tU'tEpa OEV

avoaxonnon (Reflexion), 7tOU dVIXL "YJ OLlXu'WXlXuorLX~ IXVIXOL7tAWUYj EVOC:; UXE7tor0floEVOU U7tOXdfloEVOU. I:XEorLxa floE -rov IXVIXAOYLuflo0 OEC:; 7tlXplXxaorw, §§ 21-2.

£XOU[J.e: a1tOXTYjO"e:t TIl YVWCIT) 't'wv X"Y)[J.txwv, bO'raVtXwv ~ ~woAOYtXWV (J1J(na't'txwv 't'wv 'rpOCP[[J.WV, xat o'rt ocpdAou[J.e: va: [J."Y) xwv£~ou[J.e:, e:av 1tpw'rlhe:pa oe:v oAoxA"Y)pwcrou[J.e: 'r"Y) cr1tOUO~ 'r"Y)C; Ava'ro[J.[ac; xat 'r"Y)C; <l>ucrwAoy[ac;. Eav ~'rav £'rcrt, aU'rEC; Ot e:mcr'r~[J.e:c; [J.Ecra o-ro 1te:o[o 'rouC;, 01tWC; xat "Y) <l>tAocrocp[a srco OtXO 'r"y)C;, 6a xEpOt~aV b£bata xa[J.1tocr"Y) Xp"Y)crt[J.o'r"Y)'ra· xat [J.aAtcr'ra "Y) Xp"Y)crt[J.o'r"Y)'ra 'rOUC; 6a au~avo'rav 'rocro, wcr're: 6a y[vov'rav a1toAu'ra xat xa60Atxa a1tapa['r"y)'re:c;' ~ [J.aAAov av'r[ 1tpay[J.a'rt va. y[vonav a1tapa['r"y)'re:C;, 6a E1taUaV e:ne:Awc; va. u1tapxouv.

§ 3

1'1'0 nepzexofleVO 1tOU ye:[J.[~e:t 'r"Y) cruvdo"Y)~ [J.ac;, 01tOWU doouc; xat a» dvat, cruyxpo'rd -rov npoaotoptauivo xapaKr~pa 'rwv a tcr6"Y)[J.a'rwv , e:1t01t're:twv, e:txovwv, 1tapacr'racre:wv, crx01tWV, xa6"Y)xonwv X'r A., xa6wc; xat 't'wv crx£~e:wv xat evvo twv. 'E'rcrt Aomov -ro a [cr6"Y) [J.a , "Y) e:1to1t't'da, "Y) e:txova x'rA. dvat Ot flOPrptC; e:voc; 'rE'rOWU 1te:pte:x0[J.e:vou, -ro 01to[o 1tapa[J.Eve:t tva tau io omo , acrxe:'ra a1to -ro o» [a'] -ro a tcr6avo[J.acr're: , -ro e:1t01t're:uou[J.e:, -ro 1taptcr'ravou[J.e:, -ro 6EAou[J.e: ~ [b'] anA-a tau flOVO 'r0 atcr6avo[J.acr're: ~ [y'] 'r0 atcr6avo[J.acr't'e: ava[J.e:ty[J.£vo [J.e: crx£~e:tC;, ~ [0'] 'r0 crxe:1t'ro[J.acrn e:ne:Awc; auivcoc, Me: xa1tota a1to aU'rEC; 'rtC; [J.opCP£c; ~ [J.e: 'r"Y)V ava!)"t~"Y) 1te:ptcrcro're:pwv a1to [J.[a, -eo 1te:pte:x0[J.e:vo dvat

1. ilf.pi).l'flfll'f: Eow 7tEPtypa.~E't'at 'Y) C1XEcrYJ 7tOU U7ta.PXEt a\la.fl-Ecra cr't''Y) \lo'Y)crYJ xat cr't'ou<; a.AAOU<; 't'P07tou<; crun'Y)o/rJ<; 't'W\I 7tpaYfl-a.'t'w\I. 0 XEYXEA xa't'a6E't'Et 't''Y)\I 7tE7tot6'Y)cr-fJ 't'ou o't't -ro 7tEptEX0fl-E\lO 't''Y)<; (jU\ldo'Y)crYJ<; 7tapafl-E\lEt ro iJIO d't'E a7tAw<; 't'o atcr6a\l0fl-acr't'E, Ei't'E 't'o atcr6a\l0fl-acr't'E xat cru\la.fl-a -ro crxE7t't'0fl-acr't'E, d't'E -ro crxE7t't'0fl-acr't'E afl-tyw<;.

rta't't 0fl-W<; 't'O't'E 'Y) <l>tAocro~ta 6Ewpe:t't'at oucrxOA'Y) xat axa't'avo'Y)'t''Y); 0 XEYXEA a\la~EpEt ouo at't'tE<;: a) dE\I dfl-il.cr't'E crU\I'Y)6tcrfl-E\lOt vo: crxE7t't'0fl-acr't'E a~'Y)p'Y)fl-E\la. 6) II a\l6pw7tt\l'Y) mJ\ldo'Y)crYJ Epya.~E't'at EUxoAO't'Epa fl-E 't't<; OtXdE<; 7tapacr't'a.crEt<; 7tapa. fl-E xa6apE<; (= fI-'Y) Efl-7tEtptXE<;) EWOtE<;.

avtuceluevo 't"fJe; O"UVELo"fJO""fJe;. MEO"a 0"' au't~ 't"fJ rry_EO""fJ U1tOX.Et[J-Evou-aV'ttx.Et[J-EVOU O"uwi1t'tov'tat x.at 01 npoaotoptauoi turubv rwv flOP<jJWV ue io neprexOfleVO· E'tO"t WO"'tE [J-E x.a6E[J-ta am) aU'tEe; 'tte; [J-Op~Ee; ~atVE'tat va. 1tpOX.U1t'tEt Eva tOta1'tEpo aV'ttx.EL[J-EVO, x.at,

" 6' "~ , ...J... ''I '

EVW EtVat x.a Eau'to 'to tow, [J-1tOpEt va: E[J-'t'avtc,E'tat aa» Eva

Ota~opE'ttX.O 1tEptE'X.O[J-EVO.

Ot 1tpOO"OWPtO"[J-Ot 'tou at0"6~[J-a't0e;, 't"fJe; E1t01t'tELae;, 'tou 1to60u, 't"fJe; 6E'A"fJ0""f)e; x.'t A., x.Ma 'to [J-E'tpO 1tOU [J-ae; ELvat vvoxrtoi, ovo[J-a~oV'tat napoataaeic: E'tO"t [J-1tOPEL YEVtx.a vo:

Et1tw6EL o'tt "fJ <l>tAoO"o~ta 0"'t"fJ 6EO""f) 'twv 1tapaO"'taO"Ewv 6E'tEt aKel{leu;, xoxnvopiec; x.at ax.o[J-a 1tEPtO"O"O'tEPO eVVOlee;;. rEVtx.a Ot 1tapaO"'taO"Ete; [J-1tOPOUV »o: 6EWp"fJ60uv we; flera<jJopee;; [MetaphernJ 'twv crx.E~EWV x.at 'twv EVVOtWV. AAAa 'to »o: E'X.Et x.avELe; 1tapaO"'taO"Ete;, OEV O""fJ[J-atVEt o'tt YVWPt~Et x.tOAae; 't"fJ O""f)[J-aO"ta 'toue; yta 't"fJ VO"fJO""f) , x.at OU'tE 'tte; crx.E~Ete; ~ 'tte; EvvOtEe; [J-E 'tte; 01tOtEe; av'ttO"'tot'X.ouv. Kat aV'ttO"'tpo~a: aAAo 1tpay[J-a dvat va E'X.Et x.a1tOWe; O"x.E~Ete; x.at EVvOtEe;, x.at aAAo va: ~EPEt 1tOtEe; ELvat Ot 1tapaO"'taO"Ete;, Ot E1t01t'tELEe; x.at 'ta at0"6~[J-a'ta 1tOU av'ttO"'tot'X.ouv 0"' au'tEe;. - Mta 1tAEUpa EX.ELVOU, 'to 01tOtO ovo[J-a~E'tat 0 axaiavonto; xapaKr~pae;; 't"fJe; <l>tAoO"o~tae;, rry_E'tt~E'tat [J-' E'tOU'tO. H oucrx.oAta Eyx.Et'tat a~EVOe; O"E [J-ta avtx.avo't"fJ'ta, 1tOU ELvat a1tAWe; tAAell{l1J avv~eerae;; O"'to »o: crx.E1t'to[J-aO"'tE a~"fJP"fJ[J-Eva, O"fJAaO~ vo: O"uyx.pa'tou[J-E x.a6apEe; crx.E~Ete; x.at »o: x.tvou[J-aO"'tE [J-EO"a 'toue;. MEO"a 0"'t"fJ O"uv"fJ6 to"[J-EV"fJ 1tVEU[J-a't tx.~ [J-ae; x.a'taO"'taO""f) Ot crx.E~Ete; dvat V'tU[J-EVEe; x.at EVW[J-EVEe; [J-E 'tpE'X.ouO"a at0"6"fJ't"fJPtax.~ x.at 1tVEU[J-a'ttx.~ UA"fJ· [J-EO"a irio» avaAOYto"[J-o, O"'t"fJV avacrx.o1t"fJO""f) x.at O"'tov OtaAoytO"[J-O avaflelYVDOVfle 'ta atcr6~[J-a'ta, 'tte; E1t01t'tELEe; x.at 'tte; 1tapaO"'tao"Ete; [J-E crx.E~Ete;. (,E'tO"t, [J-EO"a O"E 1tpo'taO"Ete; 1tOU E'X.OUV Eva E~ OAOX.A~pOU atcr6"fJ't"fJptax.o 1tEPtE'X.O[J-EVO, 1t. 'X.. «Au'to 'to ~UAAO eivai 1tpaO"tvo», E'X.OUV ~o"fJ ava[J-Et'X.6EL x.a't"fJyoptEe;, 01tWe; 'to Eivai x.at "fJ oxouucotmai, AAAa ELvat x.a'tt

EV'tEAWC; Ota.4>OPE'ttXO, vo: (J.E'ta.ba.AAEtC; crE a.V'"CtXEt(J.EVO 'ttc; iOtEC; 'ttC; crxE~EtC; a.(J.tyWC;.

TIl ffi ... '" I I I '" I

- 0 1ta.pa.1tOVO, o'tt YJ 'l'tAOcr0'l'ta. EtVa.t a.xa.'ta.voYJ'tYJ, 0'l'Et-

AE'ta.t E1ticrYJC; cr'tYJv a.VU1to(J.ovYJcria., va: 6EAOUV vo: EXOUV (J.1tpocr'ta. 'tOUC; wc; 1ta.pa.cr'ta.crYJ, a.u'to 1tOU bpicrxE'ta.t (J.Ecra. cr't!l cruVEtoYJcrYJ wc; crxE~YJ ~ EvvOta.. AXOU(J.E va: AEVE o'tt OEV ~EPOUV 'ti 1tPE1tEt va. aKe4JroVV (J.E (J.ta. EVVOta. 1tOU cruvEAa.ba.v. AAAa. (J.Ecra. crE (J.ta. EVVOta. OEV U1ta.PXEt 'ti1tO'tE a.AAO vo:

'" I I I I~ I I A I ... I

crxE'I''tEt Xa.VEtC;, 1ta.pa. YJ tota. E'tOU'tYJ EVVOta.. U'tO 1tOU AEVE

a.1tOXa.AU1t'tEt (J.OVO (J.ta. vocr'ta.Ayia. yta. (J.ta. ~OYJ ouceia nopoaiaan. Av E(J.1tooicrEtC; 'tYJ cruVEtOYJcrYJ vo: XPYJcrt(J.01tOtEt 'ttc; 1ta.pa.cr'ta.crEtC; 'tYJC;, a.tcr6a.VE'ta.t co» vo: 'tYJC; EXEtC; a.1t0- 'tpa.b~~Et 'to EOa.4>OC;, 1ta.VW o-ro 01tOiO cruv~6wc; cr'tEptWVE'ta.t xa.t a.tcr6a.VE'ta.t OtXEta.· O'ta.V (J.a.Atcr'ta. YJ cruVEtOYJcrYJ (J.E'ta.'ti- 6E'ta.t cr'tYJV 1tEPtoX~ 'tWV xa.6a.pwv EVVOtWV, OEV ~EPEt ma. crE 1tOto (J.EpOC; 'tOU xocr(J.OU bpicrxE'ta.t. - Nil. yta.'ti Ot tuo «aiavontoi a.1tO

...J... ' , I

'l'E tC; , Ot tEPOXYJpUXEC;, Ot PYJ'tOpEC;

OAOUC; Etva.t Ot cruyypa.x't A., 1tOU AEVE cr'tOUC;

(J.:V(J.:y'Vwcr"tE~ ~ G""t()u<; !XXpOlX'tE<; 'tou<; 1tpay[J.lX'tlX 7tOU lXU'tOt 'ta. ~EPOUV ~oYJ a.7t' E~W, 1tOU dva.t 'tpEXOV'"Ca. xa.t 1tOU «aiavoobvuu ana uova r:ov~.

§ 4

l~E crxEcrYJ 1tpOC; 'tYJV XOtV~ (J.a.c; cruvdoYJcrYJ YJ <PtAocro4>ia. 6a. 04>EtAE xa.'t' a.PX~v va. xa.'ta.Od~Et ~ xa.t vo: a.4>U1tVicrEt r:'7V avaYK'7 yw rov U510/l0p4JO tpono yvcoanc inc, AAAa. crE crxEcrYJ 1tpOC; 'ta. a.V'ttXd(J.EVa. 'tYJC; 6pYJcrxda.c;, crE crxEcrYJ 7tpOC; 'tYJV aA.r,OeW EVYEVEt, 6a. 04>EtAE vo: xa.'ta.Od~Et O'tt EXEt 'tYJV ucavoinia vo: 'ta. yvwpi~Et a.4>' Ea.U't~C;· xa.t a» 4>a.VEPWVO'ta.v (J.ta. ow4Jopa a.1t0 'ttC; Bpnotceoti-

1. JlepiA.Yf'llYf: rta vo: 'YtVEt 1tpOCTt'!:O'!:EP'Y) (1'1;OU~ av6pw1tou~, 'Y) {(ltAOO"Ocpta OCPe:tAEt vo: mXpEt xcl.1tota rU'!:pa a) (IE (ryj;O"'Y) 1tpO~ '!:'Y)V XOtv~ av6pw7ttv'Y) O"Uve:to'Y)O"'Y), 6) O"E UXEo"'Y) 1tpO~ '!:a 6p'Y)O"XEU'!:tXcl. aV'!:txe:ttJ.Eva.

KBC; 7tapa(j"'ta(j"e:te;, 'Y) «fItAO(j"o4>ta Oa 04>e:tAe: va oucoubaet 'toue; ota4>op07totoU(J.e:Voue; opoue; 't'Y)e;.

§ 5

IMe: (j"'toxo (J.ta 7tp0(j"wptv-i) e:~-i)y'Y)()'Y) crxe:'ttxa (J.e: 't'Y)V 7tapa- 7tavw ava4>e:po(J.e:v'Y) ota4>opa xat 't'Y) (j"uva4>-i) e:7ttyvW(j"'Y), o'tt 'to aA'Y)OtVO nepU;XO/.1£VO 't'Y)e; (j"uve:to'Y)cr-i)e; (J.ae; otatnoeitai, o'tav (J.e:'ta'ttOe:'tat [ubersetzen] (J.i(j"a (j"'t'Y) (J.op4>-i) 't'Y)e; crxi~'Y)e; xat 't'Y)e; ivvotae;, xat (J.aAt(j"'ta 'to'te: 7tpw'to'ttOe:'tat [setzen] (J.i(j"a (j"'to tOto'tU7tO 4>we; -rou, (J.7tOpW vo: U7te:vOu(J.t(j"w (J.tav aAA'Y) naAul npoKaraA'1If1Yf: o'tt yta »o: btW(j"e:t xa7totoe;, 'tt aAYf{}lvo u7tap'X.Et (j"'ta aV'ttxe:t(J.e:va xat (j"'ta ye:yovo'ta, xaOwe; xat (j"'ta a t(j"O-i) (J.a'ta , (j"'tte; e:7t07t'te:te:e;, (j"'tte; yvw(J.e:e;, (j"'tte; 7tapa(j"'ta(j"e:te; X'tA., dvat a7tapat't'Y)'toe; 0 avaAoYUJf10C;. AAAa 0 avaAoyt(j"(J.Oe; dyoupa 7te:'tuXatve:t 'touAaXt(j"'tov »o: (J.e:'tabaAAe:t 'ta at(j"O-i)(J.a'ta, 'tte; 7tapa(j"'ta(j"e:te; x't A. (j"e: (JKBIfIGlC;.

E4>o(j"ov (J.ovo 'to atcemeatioi a~twve:t 'Y) «fItAo(j"o4>ta we; tOto'tU7t'Y) f10p<P~ 't'Y)e; opa(j"'t'Y)pto't'Y)'tae; 't'Y)e;, xat xaOe: avOpw- 7tOe; (J.7tOpe:t ex 4>U(j"e:we; va. crxi7t'te:'tat, au't-i) 'Y) a4>atpe:(j"'Y) [Abstraktion] 7te:ptOwpto7tOte:t 't'Y) ota4>opa 7tOU ava4>ipO'Y)xe:

§ 3 ' ,{)."

(j"'t'Y)V xat 7tapaye:t 'to av'ttue:'to a7to au'to 7tOU xapax't'Y)-

Pt(j"'t'Y)xe: we; 7tapa7tovo yta 'tOY oxaiavonio xapax't-i)pa 't'Y)e; «fItAo(j"o4>tae;. Au't-i) 'Y) e:m(j"'t-i)(J.'Y) u4>t(j"'ta'tat 7te:pt4>pov'Y)'ttx-i)

1. IJepiAl1'1117: ~'t1Jv § 3 0 XEYXE:A Otae;dlatwcrE: O'tL 'to 7t:E:flLE:X.0fl-E:VO 't1Je; cruv£io1Jo"y)e; 7t:apafl-EVE:t 'to tOtO, £in 'to atcrBav0fl-acr'tE: (o7t:on X.E:LPLl:;0fl-acrn aLcrB~fl-a'ta) £in 'to vooufl-E: (07t:o'tE: X.E:Lptl:;O!J-CXcr'tE: EVVOLE:e;). ~'t1Jv § 4 Ota7t:Lcr'twcrE: O'tL 1J LAocro4>ta fl-E:'tabaAAE:t 'tte; BP1J(J)(W'tLXEe; 7t:apacr'tacrE:Le; crE:

EVVotE:e;. Eow E:~1JYe:t O'tL aX0fl-a xat 0 avaAoYLcrfl-0e; (Nachdenken), E:av BEAE:L »o: 4>'tacrE:L cr't1JV aA~BE:La 'twv 7t:paYfl-a'twv, e:tvaL avayxacrfl-EVOe; vo: fl-E:'tabaAE:L 'ta atcrB~fl-a'ta crE: EVVOLE:e;.

E7t:E:LO~ 1J tAocro4>ta E:pyal:;E:'taL fl-0VO fl-E: 't1J VO~O"Y) xat xaBEvae; fl-7t:opd va: (J)(E7t:'tE:'taL, EX.OUV 4>'tacrE:t fl-E:ptXOt cr't1JV axpo't1J'ta vo: VOfl-tl:;ouv O'tL x.wpic; E:LOLX~ fl-0p4>wo"y) fl-7t:0POUV »o: 4>tAocro4>ouv xaL vo: xpivouv 'toue; 4>tAocro4>oUe;.

[J.E:'ta'X,dptcr-YJ, E:1tE:tO~ axo[J.a xat a:v6pw1tot 1tOU OE:V [J.o'X,6'YJco» yta va. 't'YJV xa'tax't~crouv, tcrxupt~onat o'tt Karavoovv !J.Ecra cr'trJ <l>tAocrocpta 'ta 1tIxna, x.at o'tt E:tvat tx.avot [J.E: [J.ta

, , A, ~'P" 6 '

[J.E:'tpta [J.0P'!'Wcr-YJ x.at E:totx.a [J.E: Qacr-YJ x.a1tota PrJcrx.e:u'ttx.a

atcr6~[J.a'ta, va. cptAocrOcpouv x.at va. x.ptvouv 'trJ <l>tAocrocpta. IIapaoE'X,onat o'tt OcpdAE:t x.avE:k va: cr1touoacrE:t 'ttC; aAAE:C; E:mcr't~[J.E:C; yta va. 'ttC; yvWPtcrE:t, x.at o'tt [J.ovo ouva[J.E:t [J.tac; 'tE'tOtac; yvwcr-YJc; dvat x.avdc; otx.atw[J.EvoC; va: 'ttC; x.ptVE:t. IIapaoE'X,ov'tat o'tt yta va. cp'tta~E:t x.avdc; Eva 1ta1tou'tcrt, OcpdAE:t va: E'X,E:t otoa'X,'td x.at acrx.rJ6d, [J.OAOVO'tt x.a6Evac; E'X,E:t cr'ta 1toota -rou Eva [J.E'tpO 1tpOC; 'tou'to, x.at x.a6Evac; [J.E: 'ta 'X,Epta 'tou E'X,E:t 'trJ cpucrtx.~ tx.avo'trJ'ta yta 'trJV a1tat'tou!J.E:VrJ opacr'trJpto'trJ'ta. Movo yta 'to cptAocrocpdv OE:V OcpdAE:t 'ta'X,a »o: E'X,E:t x.avdc; cr1touoacrE:t, acrx.rJ6d x.at [J.o'X,6~crE:t.

- Au't~ 'YJ bOAtX.~ yvw[J.rJ E'X,E:t 1tapE:t 1tpocrcpa'ta 'trJV E:mxupwcr~ 'trJC; [J.E: 't'YJ 6E:wpta o'tt 'YJ yvwcr-YJ dvat x.a'tt a[J.E:cro, x.a'tt 1tOU a1tox.'ta'tat [J.E: E:1t01t'te:ucrrJ2 •

§ 6

IAcpE:'tEPOU dvat E:~tcrou cr-YJ[J.antx.o vo: x.a'tavo~crE:t rJ <l>tAOcrocpta, o'tt 'to 1tE:PtE:'X,o[J.E:VO 'trJC; OE:V dvat aAAo a1to au'to 1tOU 1tapaYE:'tat x.at 1tapaYE:t -rov E:au'to -rou [J.Ecra cr'trJV 1tE:Pto'X,~ 'trJC; 1tve:u!J.a'ttx.~c; ~w~c;, E'tcrt wcr'tE: va. ytVE:t 0 xoauoc ; 0 E:~w'tE:Ptx.oc; x.at E:crw'tE:ptx.oc; x.ocr[J.oc; 'trJC; cruvdorJcr-YJc;, - o'tt 'to 1tE:PtE:'X,o[J.E:VO 'trJC;

:2. i\u't~ YJ E\lOpa'tLK~ BEWpta, 1tOU U1tou'tYJpiX.'tYJKE am) -rov F.R.

Jacobi, a1taux_oAd EK'tE'ta[J.E\la 1tapaKa'tw 'to\l XEYKEA, OEe; §§ 61-78.

1. flf.piA'7'11'7: To 1tEPLEX.O[J.E\lO 'tYJe; <J>LAouo~Lae; d\laL YJ 1tpaY[J.a'tLKo'tYJ'ta, aAAa. a1to au't~\I Ba 1tPE1tEL vo: oLaKpLBou\I oo« d\laL a1tAWe; ~aL\lO[J.E\la, oYJAao~ 1tpOuWpL\la KaL a~[J.a'l'ta.

o XEYKEA 'tau'tL~E L 'to 1tpaY[J.a'tLKo [J.E 'to EAAOYO, 1tpaY[J.a [J.E 'to 01tOLO uU[J.~w\ld 'to BpYJUKW'tLKO ooy[J.1X O'tL 0 BEoe; we; Aoyoe; d\laL 'to [J.O\lO aAYJBL\la 1tpaY[J.a'tLKo. A1to 'to 1tpw'tapx.LKo \loYJ[J.a 'tYJe; 1tpaY[J.a'tLKo'tYJ'tae; O~dAOU\I AOmO\l vo: oLax.wPLu'tOU\I 'ta 'tux.aLa o'l'ta, OL 1tapOUuEe; U1tap~ELe;

dva~ "YJ xpayuoiucocmo, A7tox'tOtJ!1-e: cruvdo"YJ1TYJ au'tOtJ -rou 7te:p~e:X0!1-e:vou, xa't' apx~v !1-e: au'to 7tOU ovo!1-a~ou!1-e: eunetpia. AAAa aXO!1-a xa~ "YJ xa't' at(J6"YJ1TYJ e:!1-7te:~pta 'tou xO(J!1-0U dva~ ~xav~ »o: o~axptve:~, o(Ja a7to 'to e:upu xpa'toe; 't"YJe; e:~w'te:p~x~e; xa~ e:(Jw'te:p~x~e; u7tap~"YJe; dva~ a7tAWe; cpa!VOj1eva, dva~ o"YJAao~ 7tpo(Jwp~va xa~ a~!1-av'ta, a7tO oao: a~t~ouv (J't' aA~6e:~a e:v'toe; e:au'twv 'to Ovo!J-IX. 't"YJe; npaYj1aT1KOTl1Tat;. M~a xa~ "YJ <P~Ao(JotPta o~atPEpe:~ p.ovo

, "," '........ !1" ' , ,

xa'ta 't"YJ !1-0P'i'"YJ a7to al\l\e:e; (Juve:to"YJ't07tO~"YJ(Je:~e; au'tou -rou e:voe; xa~

e:~axoAou6"YJ't~xa tOWU 7te:p~e:XO!1-e:vou, dva~ avayxato vo: ~pt(Jxe:'ta~

'" ' , , K

ae (Ju!1-'i'wv~a !1-e: 't"YJV 7tpaY!1-a't~xo't"YJ'ta xa~ 't"YJV e:!1-7te:~p~a. a~

'.... ' "" '6 6 ' , .... '

!1-al\~(J'ta au't"YJ "YJ cru!1-'i'wv~a !1-7tOpe:~ vo: e:wp"YJ e:~ we; svo: 'toul\ax~-

eio» e:~w'te:p~XO xp~'t~pw 't"YJe; aA~ee:~ae; !1-~ae; <P~Ao(JotPtae;2. IIapo!1-0~a 7tPE7te:~ va. 6e:wp"YJ6d we; avw'ta'toe; xa~ 'te:A~XOe; ax07tOe; au't~e; 't"YJe; e:m(J't~!1-"YJe;, yvWpt~ov'tae; au't~ 't"YJ (JU!1-tPwvta v« e:mtPEpe:~ 't"YJ (JU!l-tP~AtWITYJ 't"YJe; au'tocruve:~o"YJ't07tO~"YJ!1-Ev"YJe; Aoy~x~e; ~xavo't"YJ'tae; !1-e: 't"YJv unapKTft AOy~X~ ~xavo't"YJ'ta - o"YJAao~ !1-e: 't"YJv 7tpaY!1-a't~xo't"YJ'ta.

~'tov JlpOAOYO 'tou ~~~AtOu !1-0u <P1AO(Jocpia TOU oixoio» ~Pt(Jxov'ta~ o~ 7tpo'ta(Je:~e;:

'0, tt eivai eAAOYO, eivai npayuatuco, tau 0, ti elva! npaYj1aTlKO eivai eAAOy03.

AU'tEe; ot a7tAEe; 7tpo'ta(Je:~e; aV't~!1-e:'tw7tt(J't"YJxav !1-e: EX7tA"YJ~"YJ xa~ !1-e: e:X6p~xo't"YJ'ta, xa~ !1-aA~(J'ta axo!1-a xa~ a7to av6pw- 7tOUe; 7tOU oe:v 6a ~6e:Aav va. 'toue; a!1-tP~(J~"YJ't"YJ6d "YJ yvw(J"YJ 't"YJe; <P~Ao(JotP{ae; xa~ axo!1-a 7te:p~(J(Jo'te:po 't"YJe; 6p"YJ(Jxdae;.

X't"A. MO'lao~xo aV't"~xdtJ.E'IO TYj<; <J>~Ao(J"o~ta<; d'la~ lJ tJ.ta eAAoyYJ 7tpaYtJ.a't"~xo't"'f)'t"a, lJ ~oea, xa~ oAa 't"a aAAa d'la~ tJ.O'lO E~w't"Ep~xe<; 't"lJ<; a7to<jJE~<;.

2. 0 XeyxEA U7tE'IeUtJ.t~E~ 't"0'l 7tapaoo(J"~axo op~(J"tJ.o 't"lJ<; aA~eE~a<; w<; adaequatio inteIIectus et rei (= (J"UtJ.~WVta 't"lJ<; '10lJO"1)<; tJ.E 't"a 7tpaytJ.a't"a), y~a vo: E7ttXUPW(J"Et 't"lJv a7to~ 't"ou o't"t lJ <J>tAo(J"o~ta W<; '10lJ't"tX~ opa(J"'t"lJP~o't"lJ't"a crxE't"t~E't"at tJ.E 't"a 7tpaytJ.a't"a, OlJAaO~ tJ.E 't"lJ'I 7tpay{J.a't"txo't"lJ't"a.

3. ~E<; Hegels Werke (Suhrkamp), Bd. 7, (J"EA. 24. ~'t"lJ'I EXOOO"1) 't"ou Hoffmeister (1955) (J"EA. 14.

dEV dva~ a1tapa1 .. YJ"0 vo: avaq-Eped EOW YJ epYJaxda, fl-~a xa~ au .. £e; O~ 1tpo .. aaE~e; Exq-pa~ouv fl-E apxE"~ aaq-~VE~a .. 0 epYJaxEU"~XO ooyp.a 1tEp1 "YJe; eEtX~e; xoafl-oxpa .. op1ae;. AAAa oaov aq-opa .. 0 q-~Aoaoq-~xo vOYJfl-a, 1tp£1tE~ va 1tPOu1to .. Eed

, , ",' ''I'" ,

.. oaYJ fl-oP'YwaYJ, wa .. E »o: yvwp~",E~ xaVE~e; o"l} p.ovo o .. ~ 0

eEOe; dva~ 1tpaYfl-a .. ~xoe; - O .. ~ dva~ o, .. ~ rtto 1tpaYfl-a .. ~xo, O .. ~ au .. oe; xa~ fl-OVO dva~ aAYJe~va 1tpaYfl-a .. ~xoe; -, aAAa xa~ O .. ~ (a1t() "YJv a1t04YJ "YJe; Aoy~x~e; fl-opq-~e;) YJ u1tap~YJ dva~ EVIJ.£PE~ duuvousvo xa~ fl-OVO EVfl-£PE~ 1tpaYfl-a"~xo"YJ .. a. M£aa a .. YJv xo~v~ ~w~ xaeE YVWIJ.YJ, xaeE 1tAavYJ, .. 0 xaxo xa~ oaa aAAa av~xouv a' au .. ~ "YJV 1tEPWX~, xaewe; xa~ xaeE E~aeA~Wfl-£VYJ ~ Eq-~fl-EPYJ u1tap~YJ, 1ta1pvouv .. uxap1taa .. a .. 0 Ovofl-a npavuaiucotnta. AAAa axofl-a xa~ y~a .. 0 xo~vo a1aeYJfl-a [= y~a "0'1 xo~vo vou], aE fl-~a .. uxa1a u1tap~YJ OEV a~i~E~ 0 Ef1-tPa"~XOe; .. 1 .. AOe; .. ou 1tpaYfl-a .. ~xou· - .. 0 .. uXa10 dva~ 1J.~a u1tap~YJ, 1tOU OEV £XE~ a~1a fl-qaAu"EpYJ a1to "YJV a~1a fl-~ae; JvvarOr'lWC;, 1tOU fl-1topd vo: eivoi E~1aou xaAa oao xa~ vo: P'lV eivai. AAAa oao» aq-opa "0'1 opo

, Cl' , '" '

(<1tpaYf1-lX"~xo"YJ .. a», va E1tpE1tE ot Xp~"Ee; fl-ou vo: a"XE'Y"OUV

a1to lJ.ovot .. oue;, fl-E 1tOW vOYJfl-a "0'1 XPYJa~fl-01to~w. L.E fl-~a AE1t"Ofl-EpE~aX~ AOYIKr, £Xw 1tpaYfl-anu .. d fl-E .. a~u aAAwv xa~ "YJV 1tpaYfl-a .. ~xo .. YJ .. a, xa~ "YJV £Xw o~axp1vE~ E1taXp~- 6we; OX~ fl-OVO a1to .. 0 .. uXa10, .. 0 01t010 oa £XE~ E1t1aYJe; u1tap~YJ, aAAa xa~ a1to .. 0 1tpoaowp~afl-£vo-E1va~ [Dasein), "YJV u1tap~YJ xa~ aAAOUe; opoue;".

- ~"YJv noavuoiucointa rov elllloyov an~ .. 1eE .. a~ ~oYJ YJ

4. 0 XEYXEA 7tapa7tE(J-7tEt er'tl] (J-EyaAl] AoYtx~ 'tou, 'to 30 xE~aAato 'tou 20u 6dlAtOU 'tl]e; o7totae; ~EPEt 'tov 'thAo: «H 7tpaY(J-a'ttxOTf)'ta». ~Ee; Logik II, ae): 186 X.E. MEera e-ro 7tapov EPYO 0 XEYXEA a~tEpWVEt er'tl]v 7tpaY(J-a'ttxo'tl]'ta (Wirklichkeit) 'tte; §§ 142 x. E. - A7tootoW 'tov XEyxEAtaVO opo Dasein we; cmpoerowpter(J-Evo-Eivam, cr'ta xwpia 07tOU au't~ l] AE~l] a7tox'ta 'to aucr'tl]po opoAoytxo 'tl]e; vOl](J-a. 0 XEYXEA E~l]yd au'to 'to vOl](J-a 7tapaxa'tw, cr'tte; §§ 89 X.E. ~Ee; 'ta EXEt 7tapa'tt6E(J-Eva crxoAta (J-ou.

A(iix~ av't(AYJ~YJ, (h~ O~ ~0Ee:<; xa~ 'til. ~oe:woYJ oe:v dva~ 'ti7to'ta 1te:p~cr(j(he:po a1to x.[[J-a~pe:<; xa~ o't~ YJ <P~AocrOtP(a

, I I I'..h I '0

e:~va~ eve: crucr'tYJ[J-a a1tO 'te:'to~a 't'av'tacr[J-a'ta' av't~'t~ e:'ta~

e:1t(0"y)<; YJ e:V'te:AW<; o~atPope:'t~x~ av't(AYJ~YJ, o't~ O~ ~0Ee:<; xa~ 'til. ~oe:woYJ dva~ xlh~ U1te:p60A~xa e:~a~pe:'t~xo y~a va i.x.e:~ 1tpay[J-a't~xo'tYJ'ta, ~ xlh~ U1te:p60A~xa aouva[J-o y~a v« 1te:'tux.e:~ [J-~a 'ti.'tota. Au'to<; 0 o~ax.wp~cr[J-o<; 'tYJ<; 1tpayp.a't~xo'tYJ'ta<; a1tO 'tYJv ~Oi.a dva~ ~o~a('te:pa aya1tYJ'to<; cr'tYJ o~avo~a [Verstand], YJ 01t0(a e:xAa[J-6ave:~ 't~<; atPa~pi.cre:~<; 'ty)<;, [J-OAOvo't~ 1tpoxe:~'ta~ y~a ove:~pa, ao» xa't~ aAYJO~vo, xa~ xaux.oAoy~lha~ y~a 'to npens«, 'to 01t0(0 e:xtPi.pe:~ wx.ap(cr'tw<; axo[J-a xa~ o-ro 1tOA~'t~XO 1te:o(o, Ae:<; xa~ 0 xocr[J-O<; 1te:p~[J-i.ve:~ a1to au't~v vo: [J-aOe:~ 1tW<; au'to<; npenel va dva~, e:VW axo[J-a oe:v dvaL Eav 0 xocr[J-O<; ~'tav 01tw<; 1tpi.1te:~ va dva~, 't( Oil. a1toy~vo'tav YJ auoao~xYJ e:~u1tvaoa au'tou 'tou «1tpi.1tW);

'0 ~ 1 1 '~ 1

'tav YJ o~avo~a [J-e: 'to (<7tpe:1te:~» cr'tpe:'t'e:'ta~ e:vav't~a crs

1 l: 1 ~' 1 1

'te:'tp~[J-[J-e:va, e:"w'te:p~xa xa~ e:'t'Y)[J-e:pa av't~xe:~[J-e:va, e:vav't~a

cre: Oe:crp.ou<;, xa'tacr'tacre:~<; X'tA., 1tOU y~a xa1tOW x.pov~xo o~acr'tYJ[J-a xa~ y~a e:~o~xou<; XUXAOU<; [J-1tOPOUV e:V'tou'tO~<; va i.x.ouv [J-e:yaAYJ ()1touoa~o'tYJ'ta, (crw<; YJ o~avo~a i.x.e:~ o(XW' cre: [J-~a 'ti.'to~a 1te:p(1t'two"y) 6plcrxe:~ 1tOAAa 1tpay[J-a'ta 1tOU oe:v ~xaV01tOWUV 't~<; ye:v~xi.<; a1ta~'t~cre:~<; -rou opOou' 1tOW<; oe:v dva~ 'tocro i.~U1tVO<;, wcr'te: vo: 6Ai.1te:~ 1tOAAa 1tpayp.a'ta o-ro 1te:p~6aAAOv -rou, 1tOU 1tpay[J-a't~ oe:v dva~ 01tw<; Oil. i.1tpe:1te: va dva~; AAAa au't~ YJ e:~u1tvaoa xave:~ MOo<; o'tav tPaV'ta~e:'ta~, o't~ p.e: 'ti.'to~a aV't~xd[J-e:va xa~ [J-e: 'tYJ OE:OV'tOAoy(a 'tou<; 6p(crxe:'ta~ [J-i.cra cr'ta e:vo~atPi.poV'ta 'ty)<; tP~AOcrOtP~X~<;

1 H it'. "\ ~' 1 1 1 ~I

e:mcr'tYJ[J-YJ<;. 'l'~l\ocr0't'~a e:x.e:~ »o: xave:~ [J-OVO [J-e: 'tYJv we:a'

x~ au't~ oe:v dva~ 'tocro aouva[J-Y), wcr'te: a1tAW<; va 1tpi.1te:~ vo: dva~ xa~ »o: [J-YJv dva~ 1tpay[J-a't~. H <P~AocrOtP(a i.x.e:~ vo: xave:~ [J-e: [J-~a 1tpay[J-a't~xo'tYJ'ta, 'tYJ<; 01t0(a<; e:xdva 'til. av't~xdp.e:va, O~ Oe:crP.O(, O~ xa'tacr'tacre:~<; x't A. oe:v dva~

1 1 ,"\ l: 1 1 ,I.

1tapa [J-OVO YJ e:m1tOl\a~YJ e:"w'te:p~xY) a1t0't'Y).

§ 7

10 avaAoYla/lOr; )'lSv~xa 1tISP~EXIS~ ""0 a~1wll-a (1tOU O"lJll-alvlS~ lS1tlO""Y)e; ""0 ~lSxlvlJll-IX2) ""lJe; «J)~AoO"orplae;. Ka~ arpou au,,"oe; avO~O"IS ~ava Il-EO"a o"""lJV avOvnapc,ia -rou xa,,"a ,,"oue; VISO,,"lSpOUe; xpovoue;

. (1l-1S,,"a am) ""lJV IS1tOX~ ""lJe; Il-IS,,"appuOIl-~O""Y)e; ""ou AouO~pou), xa~ arpou OISV o~a""lJP~OlJXIS ISvnAWe; arplJplJll-EVOe; 01tWe; xa,,"a ""0 rp~AOO"orp~xo ~lSxlvlJll-a ,,"wv EAA~VWV, aAAa p1X""lJxlS IS~ apx~e; 1tavw 0"""0 1tporpavwe; a1tlSp~op~O",,"o UA~XO -rou xOO"ll-ou ""wv rpa~VoIl-EvWV, E,,"o"~ ""0 OV01l-lX lPlAoao<jJia OOOlJXIS O"IS OAlJ ISxdvlJ ""lJ )'vwO"lJ 1tOU acrx.oAlSha~ Il-IS ""0 O",,"aOlSpo xa~ ""0 yevlKo Il-EO"a 0"""0'1 wxwvo ""WV 1S1l-1tIS~p~XWV AIS1t,,"Oll-lSplS~WV, xaOwe; xa~ Il-IS ""0 avayxoio; ,,"oue; VO/lOVr;, Il-EO"a o"""lJV ISmrpavlS~ax~ a,,"a~la ""lJe; a1tEpav""lJe; 1toO"o""lJ,,"ae; -rou ,,"uxa10u. 'E,,"O"~ lJ vlSonplJ «J)~AoO"orp1a 1t~plS ""0 neplexouevo ""lJe; a1to ""lJ (jlKr, tuu; IS1t01t,,"WO"lJ xa~ anlAlJ~lJ -rou IS~W,,"lSp~xou xa~ 1S00W,,"lSp~XOU xOO"ll-ou, ""00"0 a1to ""lJV napoiaa rpuO"lJ 00"0 xa~ IX1tO '1'0 napov 7t\lEu(J.a xat '"t'Y)v xapota '"t'OU av6pw1tou.

To a~lwll-a ""lJe; eunetpioi; O"UIl-1tlSp~Aall-~aVIS~ ""0'1 a1tEpav,,"a o""y)ll-an~xo opo, o""~ )'~a va a1toolSx,,"oull-lS xa~ vo: mO",,"EljJoull-lS Eva OIS00Il-EVO, 1tPE1tIS~ va eiuaaie naoovte; ISll-de; O~ low~, ~ axp~~EO",,"lSpa, vo: ~plO"Xoull-lS ISll-de; O~ 1ow~ on ""0 OIS00Il-EVO O"Uvoua<:lS,,"a~ xa~ O"uvoEIS,,"a~ Il-IS ""lJ BeBazonrra iuu;

1. IIepin,lfIl1: A1to 'tOUe; '1EOnpOUC; xp0'lOUe; xat E~~e; Y) cfltAocro~ia E'l't07ttcrE we; a'l'ttXd(J-E'IO 'tY)e; 'to (r'ta6Epo, YE'ItXO xat a'layxaio cr'totXdo, 'toue; VOJlOVl; 7tOU xpUl'lO'l'tat xa'tw a7to 'ty)'1 E7tt~a'lEtax~ a'ta~ia. A7to 'ty)'1 E(J-7tEtPtX~ (J-e6000 Y) cfltAocro~ia a'l'tAY)crE 'to oioaY(J-a, o'tt crE oao: cruna(J-~a'10U(J-E a7to xo» E~W'tEPtXO ~ EcrW'tEptXO (J-IXe; xocr(J-o, 7tPE7tEt va Ei(J-acr'tE or iotot 7tapO'l'tEe;. To oucrtWOEe; axo(J-a xat cr'tte; E(J-7tEtptXEe; E7ttcr't~(J-Ee; OE'I d'lat Y) E(J-7tEtPtX~ 'toue; a~E'tY)pia, aAAa 'to YEYO'lOe; o'tt xa'taA~You'I ae '1o(J-oue; xat ae 6EWpLEe;.

2. ME'ta~pa~w -rov opo Prinzip (aYYAtXa principle, yantxa principe) we; «a~iw(J-IX». MEcra cr' aU'to'l -rov opo 0 XiyXEA otamcr'tW'IEt E'tU(J-oAoytxa 'to '1oY)(J-IX 'tou ~EXt'l~(J-IX'toe;, 'tY)e; «apx~e;», 7tOU a7tacrx_oAd E7tLO"Y)e; EOW -rov XeYXEA. 0 opoe; d'lat 07twcro~7tO'tE a(J-~iO"Y)(J-oe;.

yt' aura. rrpim:~ »o: d[J-a(ne: O~ (ow~ 7tapone:e;, dn [J-e: .. ~e; e:~w .. e:pn<.ie; iJ-ae; a~cr6~cre:~e; d .. e: [J-e: .. 0 6a6u .. e:po [J-ae; 7tve:u[J-a xa~ [J-e: "YJV oucr~woYJ [J-ae; au .. ocruvdoYJ<rYJ.

- Au .. o .. 0 a~(wiJ-a dva~ .. 0 (ow [J-e: e:xdvo 7tOU cr .. ~e; YJ[J-ipe:e; [J-ae; ovo[J-acr"YJxe: ()PYJ<rXe:u .. ~x~ 7t(cr .. YJ, a[J-e:crYJ yvwcrYJ, a7tOxaAu4YJ cr .. o» e:~w .. e:p~xo xa~ 7tp07tanwv a .. o» ssn» .. e:p~xo [J-ae; xocr[J-o. Exdve:e; ne; e:mcr"~[J-e:e; 7tOU ovo[J-acr"YJxav CP1AOaooia, 6a .. ~e; ovo[J-acrouiJ-e: euneunxe; e:mcr"~[J-e:e;, y~a .. ( YJ a4>e:"YJp(a .. oue; dva~ e:[J-7te:~p~x~. AAAa .. 0 oucr~woe:e;, .. 0 07to(0 au .. ie; cr .. oxe:uouv xa~ 7tapixouv, dva~ vouot, vevixs; npotoaeic, [J-~a Becopia - xa7to~e:e; (JK8Il'elr; y~a ocra u7tapXouv. 'E .. cr~ YJ «J)ucr~x~ .. ou Nd .. wva ovo[J-acr"YJxe: «J)~Aocro4>(a "YJe; 4>ucrYJe;3, e:vw 0 Hugo Grotius anmapa()i .. onae; "YJv

, """ ..' P '6 '

~cr .. op~xYJ crU[J-7te:p~'t'0pa .. wv I\awv xa~ [J-e: "YJ ooYJ e:~a e:voc;

()' .... " """ ,

cruvYJ ~cr[J-e:vou crul\l\oy~cr[J-ou [J-7tOpe:cre: vo: 7tpocr't'e:pe:~ ye:v~xa

a~~w[J-a .. a, [J-~a 6e:wp(a, YJ o7to(a [J-7topd va ovo[J-acr .. d «J)~Aocro4>(a .. ou o~e:()voue; o~xa(ou4.

- 0 .. ( .. AOe; CP1Ao(Jocpia a .. oue; 'AYYAoue; e:~axoAou6d »o: iXe:~ au .. ~ "YJ <rYJiJ-acr(a. 0 Ne:u .. wv cruve:X(~e:~ vo: "~[J-a .. a~ we; o mo [J-e:yaAoe; 4>~Aocro4>oe;, xa~ 0 (owe; .. kAOe; 4> .. ave:~ iwe; .. oue; xa .. aAoyouc; .. wv opyavo7to~wv' oAa .. a opyava, 7tOU oe:v cruyxa .. aAiyona~ ee iva ~o~a( .. e:po dooe; [J-ayvYJ"~xwv ~ YJAe:X"p~xwv e:4>oo(wv, 7t.x ... a ()e:PiJ-0iJ-e: .. pa xa~ -r a 6ap0[J-e:"pa, ovo[J-a~ona~ CP1Ao(JocplKa opyava. ~e:v ()a i7tpe:7te: o[J-wc;

, , if> .. """ , , ()

vo: ovo[J-acr .. e:~ «opyavo "YJC; 'I'~l\ocr0't'~ae;» xa7to~a au» e:crYJ

a7to ~UAO, cr(oe:po X"A., 7tapa !J.ovo YJ vonan",

3. l:UYKP~Ve: -eov 'ti'tAO 'tou EPYOU 'tou Ne:u'twva: Philosophiae natura/is principia mathematica (= "Ma&Y)p.a't~Ka a~~wp.a'ta 'tl]C; ~U(J"~K~C; <IJ~AO(J"O~iac;))), Aovoivo 1687.

4. ~e:c; Hugo Grotius: De jure belli et pacis (= "To oiKato 'tou 7t()Ae:P.OU Kat 'tl]C; E~P~Vl]C;))), IIapi(J"~ 1625.

* [Y1toO"l]p.dwO"l] 'tou XEYKEA:] Ka~ 'to 1te:ptoo~K6 1tOU EKOioE~ 0 Thomson, ovop.a~E'ta~: "Xpov~Ka ct>IAO(Joc/>iw;; ~ IIEptoo~K6 Xmuiac , Iletpo-

- H 7tpocrcpa,,"YJ Emcr,,"~!.I.YJ ""YJ<; 7tOAmX~<; OLxovo!.l.ia<; ovop.a~E,,"aL cr,,"YJV AYYAia E7ticry)<; <PLAocrocpia, EVW cr""y) rEP!.I.avia dvaL yvwcr,,"~ w<; Op()OA.OYIK~ Xpa,,"LX~ OLxovo!.l.ia ~ OLaVOy),,"LX~ Xpa,,"LX~ OLxovo!.l.ia* =.

ypa</>iac;;, M'lXaV1KI]C;;, C/>ValKI]C;; Iotopiac , Oucovopitu; xa~ Teyvcov», [rrpOXE~- 1:a~ y~a 1:0 7tEPWO~XO 1:0U Thomas Thomson: Annals of Philosophy; or, Magazine of Chemistry, Mineralogy, Mechanics, Natural History, Agriculture, and the Arts. 16 1:o!J-o~, AO'lot'lo 1813-1820]. A7to aU1:o 1:0'1 1:11:"1..0 EuxoAa !J-7tOPEt xa'ld~ vo: !J-a'l'tE<jJE~, 1:t doou~ d'la~ 1:0 UA~XO 7tOU EOW O'lo!J-al:E1:a~ </>lAoao</>lKo. - L1:~~ aYYEAtE~ TCpOmpa1:a Exo06E'I1:W'I b~bAtW'I bP~xa (1E !J-~a aYYA~x~ E<pYj!J-EptOa 1:0 E~~~: The Art of preserving the Hair on philosophical principles [= «H 1:EX,'IYj va o~a1:Yjpou'l'tat 1:a !J-aAA~a ba(1Et <p~A0(10<p~xw'I a~~w!J-a1:w'I)), AO'lot'lo 1825], neatly printed in post 8., price 7 shillings. rpa<po'l1:a~ y~a </>IAoao</>lKu a~~w!J-a1:a o~a1:~pYjtrYj~ 1:W'I ~AAtW'I E'I'IOOU'I 7tpo<pa'lw~ x.Yj!J-~xa ~ ~a1:p~xa a~~w!J-a1:a.

* * [Y'7totrYj!J-dwtrYj 1:0U XEYXEA:] 'Orcv O~ aYYAo~ XUbe:P'l~1:e:~ !J-~AOU'I y~a 1:a ye:'1~xa a~~w!J-a1:a 1:Yj~ 7tOA~1:~xlj~ O~xo'lo!J-ta~, axouye:1:a~ (1ux.'1a 0 opo~ «</>lAoao</>lKu a~~w!J-a1:a)), axo!J-a xa~ ae oYj!J-O(1~e:~ O!J-~Ate:~. ~1:Yj'l XO~'10bOUAW1:~xlj trU'IEOptatrYj 1:Yj~ 2/2/1825 a7ta'l'tw'l'ta~ oYj~(1~a (11:Yj'l o!J-~Ata 1:0U 0po'lou 0 Brougham Exljlpa(11:Yjxe: W~ e:~lj~: «1:a a~~a y~a E'Ia'l XUbEP'llj1:Yj </>IAoao</>lKu a~tw!J-a1:a 1:0U EAe:u6e:pou e:!J-7tOptOU - y~a1:t aU1:a d'la~ a'la!J-<ptbOAa <p~AO(1oljltXa -, 1:Yj'l a7tooox.lj 1:W'I 07tOtW'I Yj MEyaAE~o- 1:Yj1:a (1a~ trU'IE(11:Yj(1E (1lj!J-Epa (11:0 XO~'10bOUAW)). - AAAa 1:E1:0ta OE'I axouyo'l'ta~ !J-O'IO a7to !J-EAYj 1:Yj~ a'l'tmOAt1:wtrYj~. L1:0 E1:lj(1W ye:u!J-a, 1:0 07tOtO (xa1:a 1:0'1 tOW !J-lj'la) 7tpO(1IjlEPE Yj E1:a~pda EIjlOTCAt(11:W'I xa1:w a7to 1:Yj'l 7tpoEopda 1:0U 7tp~6u7toupyou Earl Liverpool, Ex.O'l'ta~ (11:0 7tAWPO 1:0U 1:0'1 ypa!J-!J-a1:Ea 1:0U xp(hou~ Canning xat 1:0'1 YE'I~XO 1:a!J-ta (11:pa1:ou Sir Charles Long, 0 ypa!J-!J-a1:Ea~ 1:0U xpa1:ou~ Canning a7ta'l'tw'l'ta~ tr'tYj'l 7tP07totrYj 7tOU 1:0U EY~'1E, d7tE: « 'ApX.~(1E TCpO(1ljla1:a !J-~a TCe:ptOOO~, xa1:a 1:Yj'l o7tota m UTCOUpYOt aTCEX1:Yj(1a'l 1:Yj'l E~OU(1ta vo: Eljlap!J-ol:ou'I (11:Yj'l xpa1:~x~ OWtxYjtrYj aU1:ou 1:0U xpa1:ou~ 1:0U~ op60u~ Y'lW!J-O'lE~ !J-~a~ BaOlUc;; C/>lAoao</>iac;;.» '0(10 xa~ o» o~aIjlEpE~ Yj aYYA~x~ <]i~AO(1oljlta aTCo 1:Yj YEP!J-a'ltXlj, xa~ OEOO!J-E'IOU 01:~ aAAou Yj AE~Yj «~AO(1oljlta)) x.PYj(1~!J-oTCmd1:a~ !J-O'IO oo» TCapa1:(10UXA~ xa~ TCpouboAlj lj ao» xa1:~ !J-~trYj1:0, e:t'la~ TCa'l'ta wx.ap~(11:o vo: bAE7tOU!J-e: 01:~ 1:wa1:a~ !J-Eua aTCo 1:~~ Exljlpa(1E~~ 1:Yj~ aYYA~xlj~ XUbEp'lYjtrYj~.

§ 8

I '00"0 ~xavo7to~rl'nx~ xa~ a» dva~ xa,," a(lx.~v au,,"~ "Y) E!J.7tE~P~X~ yvwo""y) [J.£O"a 0"""0 7tEO[O """y)e;, epavEpwvE,,"a~ ac/>' ev6c; £vae; aAAOe; XUXAOe; aVTlKelj1eVWV, ,,"a o7to[a OEV O"U[J.7tEp~Aa[J.gavona~ !J.£O"a """y)e;: '1 eAevOepia, 'W nvebua tau 0 Oe6c;2. Av~xouv O"E [J.~a o~aepopE,,"~X~ O"epa[pa, ox~ E7tE~O~ OEV av~xouv o""""Y)V E[J.7tE~p[a - dyoupa OEV g~wvona~ [J.E ,,"~e; a~O"e~o"E~e;, aAAa o,,,"~ U7tapXE~ YEv~xa !J.£O"a 0""""Y) O"uvdo"Y)O""Y), dva~ an~xd[J.EvO E[J.7tE~p[ae;· au,,"~ EOW dva~ !J.aA~O",,"a [J.~a ,,"au,,"oAoy~X~ 7tpo,,"ao""y) -, aAAa E7tE~O~ au,,"a ,,"a an~xd[J.Eva epavEpwvona~ we; 7tpOe; ""0 neplex6j1ev6 ,,"oue; we; a7t£pav,,"a.

r7tapXE~ [J.~a apxa['a 7tpo,,"aO""y), """Y)V o7to[a O"uv"Y)e[~ouv vo: a7too[oouv EO"epaA[J.£va 0"""0'1 Ap~O",,"O,,"£A"Y), cc» [J.E au,,"~v vo: Exeppa~o,,"av "Y) gacr~x~ ()£O""Y) """y)e; «fl~AoO"oep[ae; ""ou: «Nihil est in intellectu, quod non fuerit in sensu»: OEV U7tapXE~ ""[7to,,"a [J.£O"a 0""""Y) v o"Y) O""Y) , 7tOU OEV U7t~P~E [J.£O"a o""""Y)v a[O"e"Y)O""Y) xa~ o""""Y)v E[J.7tE~p[a. IIp£7tE~ vo: eEwp"y)()d we; a7tA~ 7tapE~~Y"y)o""y), a» "Y) eEWp"Y)O"~ax~ [spekulative] «fl~AoO"oep[a OEV e£A"Y)o"E v« 7tapaoExn[ au,,"o ""0 a~[w[J.a. AAM au,,"~ "Y) «fl~AoO"oep[a ea ~O"xup~O",,"d xa~ an [O",,"poepa: «Nihil est in sensu, quod non fuerit in intellectu», - [J.E ""0 YEV~XO vO"Y)[J.a o""~ 0 VOUC;;! xa~ [J.E iva gaeunpo opo 'W nvevj1a dva~ "Y) a~,,"[a

1. nCpiAIJIfIIJ: j'mip'X.ouv xa.ito~a av't"~XdiJ-Eva itOU OEV iJ-7tOPOUV »a. 't"a auAAa.60uv o~ EiJ-itE~P~XEC; E7ttO''t"~iJ-EC;: dva~ 1) EAw6Ep1a, -ro itVEUiJ-a xa~ 0 6EOC;. Km 0'X.~ EitE~O~ au't"a. OEV ax.E't"1l:ona~ iJ-E 't"1)v EiJ-itE~p1a, aAAa. EitE~O~ dva~ a7tepana. 'O,'t"~ U7ta.P'X.E~ iJ-Eaa 0''t"1) '101)0'1), U7ta.P'X.E~ xa~ iJ-EO'a O''t"1)v EiJ-7tE~p1a - xa~ iJ-a.A~O''t"a iJ-E -ro v01)iJ-a o't"~ 1) p1l:a 't"1)C; EiJ-itE~p1ac; 6p1=E't"a~ iJ-eaa 0''t"1) '101)0'1), iJ-Eaa O''t"o itVEUiJ-a.

2. A~1l:E~ va itpoaE'X.'t"d o't"~ 0 XEYXEA itapaAAciaO'E~ EOW 't"a 't"pta iJ-E't"atPua~xa. an~XdiJ-EVa (EAEU6Ep1a - ~u'X.~ - 6EOC;), 7tOU o-UiJ-tPwva iJ-E 't"ov Kan dva~ «O~ ~OeEC;», xa~ an' au't"wv iJ-~Aa. y~a EAw6Ep1a - nveoua - 6EO. 3. O~ AE~E~C; 7tOU EiJ-tPav1l:ona~ iJ-E ita'X.~a. iJ-aupa ypa.iJ-iJ-a't"a, 7tapouO'~a.l:ona~ d\A1)V~Xa. O''t"o YEPiJ-aV~Xo itpw't"o't"Uito.

.. ou xocriJ-ou. ME mo crUYXEXP~iJ-EVO vOl]iJ-a (OE<; § 2) au .. ~ l] 7tpo .. aO"l] ~crxupi~E .. a~ o .. ~ .. 0 VOiJ-~XO, l](hxo xa~ 6pl]crXEU"~XO aicr6l]iJ-a dva~ Eva aicr6l]iJ-a xa~ apa iJ-~a EiJ-1tE~pia .. E .. OWU 7tEP~EXOiJ-EVOU, wcr .. E EXE~ "l] pi~a .. ou xa~ "l]V Eopa .. ou iJ-OVO iJ-Ecra cr"l] VOl]O"l].

§ 9

'A<jJ' etepoo l] U1tOXE~iJ-EV~X~ AOY~X~ ~xavo"l] .. a a7ta~ni «at« 7:r1 /10p<jJ~ 7tEp~crcrO"EPl] ~xavo7toil]crl] [a7to ocrl] 1tapEXE~ l] EiJ-7tE~-

I '] I A-. I , , I

p~Xl] yvwO"l] . aU"l] l] iJ-0P't'l] E~va~, iJ-E .. 0 mo EUpU vOl]iJ-a .. ou

opou, l] avaYKaz07:117:a (OE<; § 1). H iJ-E60oo<; .. WV E!J.1tE~P~XWV Emcr"l]iJ-wv EXE~ OUO EAa .... wiJ-a .. a: 'Ocra crUiJ-7tEp~AaiJ-6avona~ iJ-Ecra "l]<; dva~ .. a YeV1Ka, .. 0 YEVO<; X"A., w<; O~' Eau .. a a1tpocro~op~cr .. a, apa acruvoE .. a 7tpO<; .. a etuuepooc, iJ-Ecra ae E~W"EP~X~ xa~ .. uxaia o~acrUvOEO"l] iJ-E .. a~u .. ouc: iJ-a xa~ .. a EmiJ-Epou<; OEOOiJ-EVa 7tOU 1tE .. uxaivouv o~acruvoEcrYJ, dva~ iJ-E .. a~u .. ou<; E~w"Ep~xa xa~ .. uxaia. To OEU .. EpO EAa .... WiJ-a dva~ O .. ~ xa6E ~Exivl]iJ-a yivE .. a~ 7tana iJ-E aueaa EUP~<rXOiJ-EVa OEooiJ-Eva xa~ iJ-E 7tpOU7t06EcrE~<;. OU"E

I 'I- I I '" I

a .. a iJ-EV OU .. E a .. a os ~xaV07tO~E~ .. a~ E7tapxw<; YJ iJ-0P't'l] "YJ<;

avayxa~o"l] .. a<;. 0 avaAoy~criJ-O<;, xa .. a .. 0 iJ-E"PO 1tOU .. dVE~ v« 6Epa7tEucrE~ au .. a .. a EAa .... WiJ-a .. a, dva~ .. 0 au6Ev .. ~xa 4>~Aocro- 4>~xo, 7:0 ()eWPl1azaKo voeiv, 'Apa w<; doo<; avaAoy~criJ-Ou, 7tOU iJ-OAOVO"~ EXE~ xa .. ~ K01VO iJ-E sxcivo .. o» avaAoy~criJ-O y~a .. o» o1toio iJ-~A~craiJ-E 7tapa7tavw, Enou .. o~<; Jza<jJepel a7to au .. ov, 0 4>~Aocr04>~-

1. IJr.piAYfIlfYf: Au'to O"'to 01toio eitiO""y)C; uO"'tepd "Y) e[J.1te~p~x~ [J.Ef:lOOOC;, dvat o't~ 'ta em'teuY[J.a'ta 't"Y)C; oev EXOUV avayxoioinia. 'Ocra o~amcr'twvona~ e[J.itetp~xa, dva~ ao-Uvoe'ta [J.e'ta~u 'touc;, xa~ 'to ~e:xiv"Y)[J.a aito 'ta a[J.e:O"a e:[J.1te~p~xa oeoo[J.Eva, embapu[J.Evo [J.e: [J.ta 1tA"Y)6wpa itPOUit06EO"ewv, oev [J.1topd »o: 1tpObaAe~ a~iwO""YJ avayxa~o't"Y)'tac;. Au't~ 1te:'tuxaive'ta~ [J.ovo [J.EO"a a1to 't"Y) ~~AOO"O~~X~ =E~"Y), itOU o~e:upuve~ 't~c; e[J.1te~p~XEc; xa't"Y)yopie:c; [J.e:'ta[J.op~wvoV'tac; 't~c; 'toO"o, WO"'tE »a. cruAAabouv 'to AitEpano.

x.(k <r'roxacr[J-oe; EXE~ Ex.'t'Oe; a1tO 't'~e; x.O~VEe; x.a~ U)uJrvner; popc/Jer;, Y) mo YEV~X.~ a1tO 't'~e; 01t0ic.e; dva~ Y) eVVOla2•

H crXEO"Y) 't'Y)e; OEWpY)cr~ax.~e; Emcr't'~!J.Y)e; 1tpOe; 't'~e; aAAEe; Emcr't'~[J-Ee; EXE~ we; E~~e;: Y) OEWpY)cr~ax.~ Emcr't'~[J-Y)3 OEV apvd't'a~ 't'a E[J-1tE~p~x.a OEOO[J-e:Va 1tOU a1tO't'EAOUV 't'o 1tEP~EXO[J-EVO 't'WV aAAWV Emcr't'Y)[J-Wv, aAAa 't'a avaYVWp[~E~ x.a~ 't'a xpY)cr~[J-01to~d' avaYVWp[~E~ x.a~ EtPap[J-O~E~ co» O~X.O 't'Y)e; aV't'~x.d[J-EVO x.aOE YEV~X.O cr't'O~XE'[O au't'wv 't'WV Emcr't'Y)[J-Wv, 't'OUe; vO[J-OUe;, 't'a YEVY) X.'t'A.· Em1tAEOV O[J-We; Y) OEWpY)cr~ax.~ Emcr't'~[J-Y) [J-Ecra a' aU't'Ee; 't'~e; x.a't'Y)Yop:S·C; z~craYE~ x.a~ x.aO~E-

, '...... H '" '" ' , ",

pWVE~ aAAEe;. o~a'i'0pa Eyx.E~'t'a~ [J-OVO a au't'Y) 't'Y)V

aAAay~ 't'WV x.a't'Y)Yop~WV. H OEWpY)cr~ax.~ Aoy~x.~ crU[J-1tEP~Aa[J-6aVE~ 't'Y)v 1taAa~O't'Epy) Aoy~x.~ x.a~ ME't'atPucr~x.~, o~a-

, '''' ",' ',t. ,,,,,

't'Y)PE~ 't'~e; W~Ee; [J-0p'i'Ee; crx.E'i'y)e;, 't'OUe; WWUe; VO[J-OUe; x.a~ 't'a

[o~a aV't'~x.d[J-Eva, aAAa cruva[J-a 't'a aVa1t't'ucrcrE~ 1tEP~crcrO't'EpO x.a~ 't'a [J-E't'a[J-OptPWVE~ 1tPOcrOE't'OV't'ae; EUpU't'EpEe; x.a't'Y)yopic.e;.

H evvoia [J-E 't'0 OEwpY)cr~ax.o 't'Y)e; vOY)[J-a 1tPE1tE~ »a o~ax.p~Od a1tO au't'o 1tOU cruv~Owe; OVO[J-a~E't'a~ Evvo~a. To cruVY)O~cr[J-EVO x.a~ [J-OV01tAEUPO vOY)[J-a Eyx.E~'t'a~ ae [J-~a x.ou6e:-

2. II f:lewpta 'wu XEyxeA 7tept 't''YJ~ evvoIa<; (yepll-av. Begrifl) a7to't'EAd -ro 't'Pt't'o xat 't'EAEU't'atO lJ"t'aow 't''YJ~ Aoytx~~ (oe~ 7tapaxa't'w, §§ 160-244). H EVvOta dvat Aomov 't'o a7toxopu,pwll-a 't''YJ~ Aoytx~~ OtaAex't'tx~~ 7topda~, 't'o O''YJll-do 07tOU cruy'X,wvEuoV't'at 't'a 0,)0 7tpo'YJyoull-eva O"t'aota: 't'o Eivoi xat 'YJ oooia. I-I EVVOta co» 't'E't'Ota 'X,apax't''YJPt~E't'at a7to 't'o o't't 7teptE'X,Et 't'a O''t'ot'X,da 't''YJ~ yevtxo't''YJ't'a~, 't''YJ~ ll-eptx6't''YJ't'a~ xat 't''YJ~ a't'0Il-tx6't''YJ't'a~ (oe~ § 163).

3. 8EwP'YJO'tax~ (spekulativ) emO''t''~Il-'YJ eivat 'YJ <l>tAoO'o,pta 't''YJV o7tota u7tepaO'7tt~e't'at 0 XEYXEA. A~ 7tp0O'E'X,'t'd o't't oev 7tpoxet't'at yta f:lewP'YJ't'tx~ (theoretisch) emO''t'~Il-'YJ O'E otaxptO''YJ 7tpO~ xa7tota aAA'YJ 7tpax't'tx~, yta't't O'UIl-7tEptAall-6avet xat eV't'EAW~ 7tpax't'txa aV't'txdll-eva. TeAtxO av't'txetll-evo xat O''t'o'X,o~ 't''YJ~ f:lewP'YJO'tax~~ emO''t'~Il-'YJ~ eivat 'YJ toea' IhO't 0 XEyxeA Il-tAa yta (ff:lEWP'YJO'tax~ ~ a7tOAu't''YJ tOEa», OE~ 7tapaxa't'w §§ 235-7. ~E~ xat 't''YJv 3'YJ u7toO''YJll-dwO''Y) 't''YJ~ § 82.

na 7tOU EXf.~ f.mwOd x~A~aOf.<; tPOPE<; xa~ 'tf.A~Xa EXf.~

, '-..1.' A' ~ ,

xa'tav'tl]O"f.~ 7tpOxa'taAl]'t'l]: o't~ 'to 7tf.pav'to oe» I1-7tOpf.~ vo:

cruAAl]tPOd 11-f. EVVO~f.<;.

§1O

I Au'to 'to vosiv 7tOU av~xf.~ irio» tP~AOO"OtP~xo 'tp07tO YVWO"l]<; EXf.~ avayxl] a7to xa7to~f.<; f.~l]Y~O"f.~<;, 'toO"o o"Xf.'t~xa 11-f. 'tl]V avayxa~o'tl]'ta 'tou 00"0 xa~ O""f..f.'t~xa 11-f. 'tl]v ~xavo'tl]'ta 'tou vo: yvwpt~f.~ 'ta a7tOAu'ta an~xdl1-f.va. AAAa O~ 'tE'tO~f.<; f.~l]y~O"f.~<; dva~ ~Ol] tP~AOO"OtP~X~ YVWO"l], 7tOU apa 11-0'10 ueoa O"'tl] «J)~AoO"otPta 7tf.'tuxatVf.'taL M~a 7rpO(JWPIV~ f.~~yl]O"l] Oa ~'tav Aomov 11-l]tP~AOO"OtP~X~, xa~ Of.V Oa ~'tav 'tt7to'tf. 7tf.P~o"o"O'tf.pO a7to Eva 7tAEYl1-a 7tPOU7tOOEO"f.WV, o~a6f.6a~wO"f.wv xa~ o~aAoY~O"I1-WV, - ol]Aao~ 'tuXatwv ~O""f..UP~O"I1-WV, 'twv 07tOtwV 'ta aV'ttOf.'ta Oa 11-7t0- pouO"av 11-f. 'to tOW OtxW vo: o~a6f.6a~wOouv.

1. JlepiAYflffl7= II 4>~AOO'o4>~x~ !Joe6000<;, 'to !JoYJ-E!Jo7tE~P~XO »oei», 1tp06aAAE~ OUO a~~wO'E~<;: a) o't~ 1tE'tu'X.atVE~ 'tyJV avayxa~o'tYJ'ta, xa~ 6) o't~ !Jo1tOpe:t »o: YVWPtO'E~ 'ta !JoE'ta4>uO'txa aV't~xe:t!JoEva (eov 6EO, 'to 7tVEu!Joa xat 'tYJv EAEU6Epta). IIw<; !Jo7tOPOUV va 0~xawAoYYJ60uv au'tE<; O~ OUO a~~wO'E~<;; IIaV'tw<; 6x~ !JoE Xa1tO~E<; 7tpOO'WP~VE<; E~YJY~O'E~<;, y~a'tt aU'tE<; 6a E7tt6apuvoV'tav !JoE Xa1tOtE<; 1tpOU1t06EO'E~<; xa~ !JoE oOY!Joa't~xE<; 0~a6E6a~WO'E~<;, 1tOU 6a !Jo1topouO'av »o: av't~xpou0'60uv !JoE 'tOU<; axp~6w<; aV'tt6E'toU<; oOY!Joa't~O'!Joou<;.

o XEYXEA E7ttXPtVE~ 'tYJ yvWO'w6Ewpta 'tou Kavr , 0 01tOto<; 1tP~V ao-xoAYJ6d !JoE 'tYJ yvwO'Yj 'twv !JoE'ta4>uO'txwv aV't~xE~!JoEVWV, O~EPEUVYJO'E 'tYJv to~a 'tYJ yvwO'~ax~ ~xavo'tYJ'ta, y~a »o: ~od Eav au't~ dva~ Eva E1tapxE<; opyavo. 0 XEYXEA aV't~'tdvE~ o't~ 'to yvWPtl:E~V OEV !Jo1topd vo: 0~EPEUVYJ6d 1tapa !JoEO'W yvwO'Yj<;, xa~ apa Eav 6EAOU!JoE »o: !Joa60u!JoE XOAU!Jo7tt (= »o:

EAEy~OU!JoE 'to opyavo 'tYJ<; yvwO'Yj<;), 1tPE7tEt 1tpw'ta »o: 1tEO'OU!JoE o-ro VEPO (= vo: EtO'OUO'OU!JoE O''tYJV to~a 'tYJ yvwO'Yj).

OU'tE YJ 1tpo'taO'Yj 'tou K. L. Reinhold xptvE'ta~ W<; op6o E7ttO''tYJ!Joovtxo ~ExtvYJ!Joa: au'to<; 7tpO'tE~VE vo: ~Ex~va xavd<; !JoE Xa1tO~E<; 1tpOO'WP~VE<; U1t06EO'Et<;, 't~<; 07tOtE<; 6a avaAuO'E~ apyo'tEpa' aAAa E'tO'~ E'X.E~ 4>op'tw6d ~oYJ xa'ta 'to ~ExtvYJ!Joa !JoE a1tapaOEX'tE<; 1tpOU1t06EO'E~<; xa~ !JoE ava~pEO'~!JoOU<; oOY!Joa't~O'!JoOU<;.

Mta. 6aO'~x~ a7tol}'Y) 't'Y)C; KPI7:lKftC; <D~AoO'04tac; dva~ o't~ 7tfltV au't~ 7tp06d o-ro vo: 'YVWptcrE~ 'tov 6EO, 't'Y)v oucrta 'twv 7tpa'Y[J.a'twv x'tA., 7tPE7tE~ va. O~EpEUV~O'E~ 't'Y)v to~a 't'Y) yvcootoxn ucavotnta, xa~ va ~od xa'ta 7t00'0 au't~ dva~ ~xav~ vo: 7tE'tU'X.E~ xa't~ 'tE'tOW' 7tPE7tE~ xavdc; vo: 'YVWptcrE~ 'to 6pyavo, 7tP~V avaAa6E~ 't'Y)v EP'YaO'ta 'Y~a 't'Y)v o7tota 7tpOxE~'ta~ au'to va 'X.P'Y)0'~[J.07to~'Y)6d· 'Y~a'tt Eav 'to OP'Yavo dva~ aVE7tapXEC;, xa6E 7tpoO'7ta6E~a 6a O'7ta'taA~O'tav [J.a'ta~a.

- Au't~ 'Y) O'XEI}'Y) 4av'Y)xE 't00'0 eVAOYf'/, WO''tE O~~'YE~PE -rov mo [J.E')'aAO 6au[J.aO'[J.0, 't'Y)V mo [J.E')'aA'Y) EmOox~[J.acrta, xa~ mO'W'Yup~O'E 'to 'YVWPt~EtV a7tO 'to Evo~a4Epov 'tou 'Y~a 'ta avtuceiueva xa~ 't'Y)v EvaO"X,OA 'Y)O"Y) [J.E au'ta - 7ttcrW O''tov

, ~" E" , !1'

Eau'to -rou, o-ro [J.op'I'~xo O''tO~'X.EW. a» 0[J.WC; xa7tOWC; oEV

6EAE~ »a E~a7ta't'Y)6d a7to 'ta AO'Y~a, dva~ EUXOAO va ~od, o't~ aAAa oP'Yava [J.7tOPOUV vo: O~EPEUV'Y)60uv xa~ va xp~60uv [J.E aAAouc; 'tP07tOUC;, xa~ O'X.~ [J.E 't'Y) O~E~a'YW~ 't'Y)C; xa'tE~o'X.~v EP'YaO'tac;, 'Y~a 't'Y)v o7tota au'ta dva~ 7tpOOp~O'[J.Eva. AAAa 'Y) O~EPEUV'Y)O"Y) 'tou 'YVWPt~E~V OEV [J.7topd va 0'U[J.6d 7tapa j1euw YVWUf'/C;' 0" au'to 'to E7tOvo[J.a~O[J.Evo «OP'Yavo» 'to vo: O~EpEUV~O'E~ xa7tOWC;, OEV O"Y)[J.atvE~ 'tt7tO'tE aAAo 7tapa vo: 'to 'YVWPtO'EL AAAa 'to vo: 6EAE~ xa7tOWC; va 'YVWPtO'E~ npOTOV 'YVWptcrE~, dva~ E~tO'OU 7tapaAo'Yo 00'0 xa~ 'Y) 0'04~ O'U[J.60UA~ Exdvou 'tou O"X,oAaO''t~xou 4~AOO'040u, 7tOU 7tpO'tE~VE va [J.a60u[J.E vo: KOAVj1nOVj1e, npOTOV TOAj1ftUOVj1e va unobue UTO vepo,

o Reinhold", 0 07totoC; o~a7ttO''tWO'E 't'Y) O'U'Y'X.uO"Y) 7tOU

2. LlEC; Karl Leonhard Reinhold: Beitriige zur leichtern Ubersicht des Zustandes der Philosophie beim Anfange des 19. lahrhunderts [= «~UVEtO',pope:C; yw. EUXOAO'tEP'Y) E7tt(J){07t'Y)<TI) 't'Y)C; xa'taO''ta<Tl)C; 't'Y)C; tAoO'o,ptac; xa'ta 'to ~EXtv'Y)[Joa 'tou 190u atwva»l, Hamburg 1801, (XUptWC; O''ttC; O'EA. 90 x, E.). 0 Xe:YXEA aaxOAEi'tat [JoE au'to 'to 6t6AtO EX'tE'ta[Joe:va ~O'Y) 0''t0 vEavtXO 'tou 6t6AtO: Differenz des Fichteschen und Schellingschen Systems

U7tafl'X,Et ae EVa 't"how ~Exiv'Y)[1-a, 7tfl(5't"EtVE co» AUcr'Y) »o: ~EXtVa xavde; 7tflocrwfltVa [1-E Eva vnoBerua5 xat npOBA'1lwtuco cptAocrocpdv, xat vo: 7tfl0'X,Wfld [1-Ecra a' au't"o (Evae; 6EOe;

1:' ')' ',t.'" I

"EflEt 7tWe; , wcr7tOU »o: 7tflOXU'fEt Xa7to't"E, o't"t xa't" au't"o -rov

't"flO7tO Ecp't"acrE cr't"'Y)V apxeyov'1 aAr,Beza. Eav 7tflocrE'X,'t"d xaAU't"Efla, au't"~ 'Y) [1-E60ooe; 't"au't"i~E't"at [1-E [1-ta 7tOAU cruV'Y)6tcr[1-EV'Y) 7tflax't"tX~: ~EXtVa a7to Eva E[1-7tEtfltXO OEOO[1-EVO ~ a7to [1-ta 7tflocrwfltV~ Etxacria 7tOU E'X,Et ota't"u7tw6d oe Eva 0fltcr[1-0, xat ucr't"Efla 7tfl0'X,Wfld cr't"'Y)V avaAu~ -rou, dEV 7tflE7tEt va 7taflayvwflicrou[1-E o't"t EOW 6flicrxE't"at [1-ta ofl6~ cruVEto'Y)'t"o7toi'Y)<7'Y): o't"t 'Y) cruV'Y)6tcr[1-EV'Y) 7t0flda [1-Ecrw 7tflOU7t06EcrEwv xat 7tflocrwfltvwv tcrxUfltcr[1-WV dvat [1-E60ooe; U7t06E't"tX~ xat 7tfl06A'Y)[1-a't"tX~. Ana au't"~ 'Y) Ofl6~ otayvwcr'Y) OEV aAM~Et 't"ov

, , 6'>:0 ",''1 '

'X,aflax't"'Y)fla [1-tae; 't"E't"Otae; [1-E coou: EX'ffla"Et [1-0'10 't"'Y)v aVE-

7taflXEta 't"'Y)e;.

§ 11

IH avayx'Y) 't"'Y)e; <DtAocrocpiae; [yta Xa7tOtEe; E~'Y)y~crEte;, OEe; 't"'Y)v 7tflW't"'Y) 7tflo't"a<7'Y) 't"'Y)e; § 10] [1-7t0fld 7tEflat't"Eflw »o: 7tflocroWflt-

, , ",,' I 6' ,

cr't"Et [1-E -ro o't"t, E'f0crOV -ro 7tVEU[1-a atcr aV0[1-Evo xat E7t07t't"Euov't"ae;

6 " '" 'I' , 6'''' '... '

atcr 'Y)'t"a ov't"a, 'fav't"a,,0[1-EVO EtXOVEe;, EAov't"ae; crx07tOUe; X't"A. E'X,Et

E't"ou't"a we; av't"txd[1-EVa, ce avriBea'1 ~ a7tAa crE JUJXpla'1 ana

der Philosoph ie, in Beziehung auf Reinholds Beitrdge zur leiehtern Ubersieht des Zustands der Philosophie zu Anfang des neunzehnten lahrhunderts, ["H Otetq:,op,x etV,x(J.EO"et o-ro q:,tAOO"Oq:,tXO aUo"TY)(J.et 'tou <f>t"X.'tE Xett trto q:,tAOO"Oq:,tXO aUo"TY)(J.et 'tou Schelling, O"E O"uax.e:'ttO"(J.o 7tpo<; 'tt<; Eoveiadrope; 'tou Reinhold yui emcosotepn emaxonnan tnt; «aiaaioanc tnt; lP1AoaoljJiac; Kara TO C;eKivl'ff1a rou J90U auvva»], Jena 1801. ~E<; Hegels Werke (Suhrkamp), Band 2, S. 116-138: "Ober Reinholds Ansicht der Philosophie".

1. flepiAI'fIflI'f: H etv,xyx"Y) 't"Y)<; <f>tAOO"Oq:,tet<; vet OtXetWAoy~O"e:t 'tt<; U<¥"y)AE<; et~twO"e:t<; 't"Y)<; (oe:<; § 10) Oq:,dAE'tett o-ro o'tt EOW 'to 7tVEU(J.et q:,'t,xVEt O"E u<¥tO"'t"Y) EO"W'te:ptxo't"Y)'tet, q:,'t,xVEt 0"'t"Y) vO"Y)O""Y) Xett 't"Y)v xet6tO"'t,x etV'ttXd(J.EVO -rou, AAA,x WO"7tOU vet 7tE'tU"X.Et etu't~ 't"Y)v 7tA"Y)pO't"Y)'tet, "Y) q:,tAO(j"Oq:,tX~ vO"Y)O""Y)

audx; TIC; JlOp¢er; 't""Y]c:; U7tap~~c:; 't"ou xa~ 't"W'V a'V't"~xe:~fI-€'Vw'V 't"ou

, I I I,L I'

7tape:xe:~ e:7tt0l)C:; ~xa'Vo7to~"Y]O""Y] 0"'t""Y]'V u'j'~O"'t""Y] e:O"w't"e:p~xo't""Y]'t"a -rou,

atn vonon, xa~ €'t"0"~ xa't"op6w'Ve:~ va. xa'Ve:~ 't""Y] 'Vo"Y]O""Y] a'V't"~xdfl-e:'Vo 't"ou2. Ka't"' au't"o 't"0'V 't"p07tO -ro 7t'Ve:ufl-a 7tpoO"€pxe:'t"a~ (Jrov eaura rou, fl-e: -ro 7ttO ba6u 'Vo"y]fl-a 't""Y]c:; A€~"Y]C:;, y~a't"t -ro a~twfl-a -rou, "Y] afl-~y~c:; e:au't"o't""Y]'t"a -rou d'Va~ "Y] 'VO"Y]OI). AAAa 0"' au't"~ 't""Y]'V e:pyacr1a 't""Y]c:; "Y] 'Vo"Y]OI) 7te:pmA€xe:'t"a~ ce a'V't"~4>aO"e:~c:;, o"Y]Aao~

, , 6 ' I ',t.'

xa'Ve:'t"a~ fl-e:O"a 0"'t""Y] O"'t"a e:p"Y] fI-"Y]-'t"au't"o't""Y]'t"a 't"w'V crxe:'j'e:w'V, x~ e:'t"0"~

, ,.r...' , , i. I ,

a'V't"~ va 'j''t"a'Ve:~ 0"'t"0'V e:au't"o 't""Y]C:;, 7tapafl-e:'Ve:~ a~Xfl-al\w't"~O"fl-e:'V"Y] a7to

-ro a'V't"t6e:'t"o 't""Y]c:;. Au't"o -ro a7to't"€Ae:O"fl-a, e-ro 07tOtO oo"Y]yd "Y]

~ , , I ",,' I

cna'Vo~a, e:'Va'V't"~w'Ve:'t"a~ 0"'t""Y]'V 7tapa7ta'Vw a'Va'j'e:pofl-e:'V"y] a'Vayx"Y], "Y]

o7tota 6e:fl-e:A~w'Ve:'t"a~ o-ro o't"~ "Y] 'Vo"Y]O""Y] oe:'V e:yxa't"aAd7te:~ 't"0'V ayw'Va, aAAa 7tapafl-€'Ve:~ 7tt0"'t"~ 0"'t"0'V e:au't"o 't""Y]c:; 7tap' OA"Y]'V au't"~ 't""Y]'V O"u'Ve:~o"Y]'t"~ a7tWAe:~a -rou 7tap' -e:au't"o'V-Et'Va~ 't""Y]C:;, «yui va rYJ V1Kl/(JBm3 xa~ vo: 7tpaYfl-a't"wO"e:~ fI-€O"a 0"'t""Y]'V to~a 't""Y] 'Vo"Y]O""Y] 't""Y] O~aAUOl) 't"w'V a'V't"~4>aO"e:w'V 't""Y]c:;.

To vo: ~ooufl-e: o't"~ "Y] 'Vo"Y]O""Y] fI-€O"a 0"'t""Y]'V to~a 't""Y] 4>uOI) 't""Y]c:; d'Va~ o~aAe:x't"~x~ [Dialektik], o't"~ "Y] 'Vo"Y]OI) wc:; o~a'Vo~a

'" '., P " ,

0'j'e:~1\e:~ va fl-e:'t"aoa~'Ve:~ 0"'t""Y]'V ap'V"Y]O""Y] 't"ou e:au't"ou 't""Y]C:;, 0"'t""Y]'V

'", ., " P "6 A ' H '

a'V't"~'j'aOl), a7to't"e:I\e:~ evo: oaO"~xo fl-a "Y]fl-a oy~x"Y]c:;. 'Vo"y]-

7te:pv,x fJ-EO"a a7to av'n4>,xO"e:te;, 'X.,xVEt '1;0'1 e:au'l;o 'l;1)e; xat 'X.pe:t,x~e:'I;at vo: x,xve:t Eva a"(wva Ot,xAUO"1)e; 'l;WV tOtWV 'l;1)e; 'l;WV ant4>,xO"e:wv. IIpoxe:t'l;at "(ta fJ-ta OWAeKTlK~ 7topda, 7tOU fJ-7topd vo: 001)"(~0"e:t '1;1) '1(1)0"1) axofJ-a xat 0"'1;0 vo: fJ-t~O"e:t '1;0'1 tOto '1;0'1 e:au'I;o 'l;1)e;.

2. II 4>tAOO"o4>tX~ 7topda 'l;dve:t AOt7tOV vo: ,,(tve:t au'l;o 7tOU 0 Apto"'I;O'l;EA1)e; !le:w(1)O"e: O'l;t dvat fJ-ta !le:tX~ e:vEp,,(e:ta: vonau; vonoeo»; (oe:e; Apto"'I;O'l;EAOUe; Met« 'fa (j)vaIKa. A9, 1074b 34), 07tOU 0 voue; vod '1;0'1 tOto '1;0'1 e:au'l;o -rou,

3. 0 XE"(Xe:A 7tapa7tEfJ-7te:t e:ow ce fJ-ta ()t()AtX~ Ex4>paO"1) a7to 'l;OUe; 1JI' aAfJ-OUe;, 1) o7tota a7tw!luve:'I;at 0"'1;0'1 !le:o: «07tWe; &'1 otxatw!lne; Ev 'l;oie; A~"(Ote; oou xai vucnonc EV '1;0 Xptve:O"!lat o'e» (= «"(ta vo: a7tooe:t'X.'I;de; otxatoe; o"'I;OUe; Ao"(oue; o"ou xat VtX~O"e:te;, e:av Ot ,xv!lPW7tOt 'l;OAfJ-~O"OUV »o: ae XptVOUV))), oe:e; lPaAf10VC; 50, 6 xat Ilpoc Ptouoioo; 3, 4.

crY), a7te:Am~OtJ.e:VYj a7tO -ro 6"rt tJ.7tOfle:t a¢' eaom; vo: 7te:"ru'X.e:t "rYj OtaAucrYj "rYje; anL4>acrY)e;, tJ.e:cra cr"rYjv 07tOLa au"r~ Yj tota

'6' , '''"'"\''

e:'X.e:t e:cre:t -rov e:au"ro "rYje;, e:mcr"rfle:'t'e:t cr"rte; I\ucre:te; 07tOU -ro

, , '6 ""' ''I' ,"\"\ '

7tve:U!J.a e:'X.e:t tJ.a e:t va e:'t'Yjcru'X.a",e:t tJ.e:cra cre: al\l\oue; "rflO7tOUe;

xat tJ.ofl4>e:e; "rou. Llucr"ru'X.we; Yj vOYjcrY) xa"r' au"r~ "rYjV e:mcr"rflo4>~ xa"ra7te:4>"re:t, xa6we; 7tafla"r~flYjcre: ~oYj 0 lIAa"rwv, cr"rYj tJ.tt:roAoj'ta4, xat crUtJ.7te:flt4>e:fle:"rat 7tOAe:tJ.tXa e:vav"rta axo» LOtO "rov e:au"ro "rYje;' xa"rt "re:"rOtO oe:v 6a e:7tfle:7te: vo: j'Lve:"rat· xat otJ.we; au"ro crutJ.baLve:t, o"rav tCl"X.uflt~Onat o"rt Yj e:7tovotJ.a~otJ.e:vYj aueon yvwal1 'Etvat Yj anotcssunucn tJ.Ofl4>~ cruve:tOYj"r07tOLYjcrY)e; "rYje; aA~6e:tae;.

§ 12

IH WtAocro4>La 7tOU 7tflOXU7t"re:t a7to "rYjV 7tafla7taVW ava4>e:fl6- tJ.e:vYj avaj'xYj, e:'X.e:t we; asbeinpia "rYjV euneipia, "rocro "rYjV atJ.e:crYj Cl'Uve:toYjcrY) ocro xat "rte; cruve:7taj'wj'e:e; "rYje;. Me:crw aU"r~e; "rYje; avayxYje; we; e:fle:6tcrtJ.a"r0e; Yj vOYjcrY) 'X.aflax"rYjflL~e:"rat oucrtacr"rtxa

I , , , , ,;... , ,

a7to -ro O"rt e:ye:tfle:"rat 7tavw a7to "rYj 't'ucrtxYj xa"racr"racrYj "rYje;

cruve:toYjcrYje;, 7tavw a7to "rte; atcr6~cre:te; xat "rte; cruve:7taywye:e; "roue;, tJ.e:cra o-ro atJ.tye:e; cr"rOt'X.e:to -rou e:au"rou "rYje;, xat e:"rcrt 7tatflve:t xa"r'

4. ~E<; lIAa'twvo<; (/)aiowv 89 c-d, Au.X'1C;; 188 c-e , lloA.rrda 411d. 1. llcpiA.'1If1'1: 0 XEYXEA 7tapOU(na~EL EOW 'to ~ExivY)[J-CX xaL HI 6acrLX~ 7topda TYj<; tAoO"o4>ia<;. A4>ETYjpia dvaL Y) euneipia, 'to E[Jo7tELPLXO UALXO [JoE era er'ty)v a[JoEO"o'tY)'ta 'tou. AAAa OEV EXOUV Emw6d 7tOAAa, Eav Emw6d O'tL Y) tAoero4>ia ~ExLva a7to xa'tL E[Jo7tELPLXO (a posteriori) xaL 'tuXaio, YLa'ti Y) vOY)C1Y) avaLpd au'to 'to UALXO avu<¥wvona<; 'to 7tavw a7to 'ta aLer6Y)'ta, [JoE [JoLa apvntucn er'taC1Y) a7tEvani 'tOU, ooy)ywna<; 'to E'terL at: YEVLXO'tY)'ta xaL avayxaLo'tY)'ta.

To O'tL Y) i[>LAoero4>ia ~EXLva [JoE 'ty)v E[Jo7tEtpia, C1Y)[J-CX0EUEL [JoLa E~EAL~~ 'ty)<; as: eruyxpLC1Y) 7tpo<; 'to apxaLXO 4>LAoero4>dv 7tOU OEV 7tpOXWPY)o"E 7tEpa a7tO 'tL<; YC:VLXO'tY)'tE<;. II VEO'tEPy) i[>LAoero4>ia av'tAd 'to UALXO 'ty)<; a7tO 'tL<; E[Jo7tELPLXE<; E7tL0"'t~[JoE<;, a4>ou aU'tE<; 7tpw'tU'tEpa EXOUV voY)'tLxa avaLpEO"EL 'ty)v a[JoEerO'tY)'ta 'tOU, xaL 'to 7tP0O"4>EpOUV <7'!Y) i[>LAoO"o4>ia YLa [JoLa xa6apa VOY)'tLX~ (a priori) 7tEpaL'tEpw E[Joba6uvC1Y).

apx~v fJ-ta a7toG"'t"aG"W7tOWUfJ-e:v'Y), oovmuoi ataon 7tpoe:; sxcivo 't"o ~e:xtv'Y)fJ-a. H vO'Y)O"l) 6ptG"Xe:t 't"o't"e: 't"'Y)V txavo7tot'Y)G"~ 't"'Y)e:; fJ-EG"a oxo» e:au't"o 't"'Y)e:;, fJ-EG"a G"'t"'Y)v tOEa 't"'Y)e:; vevucnc; oUG"tae:; 't"wv xa't"' atG"O'Y)G"'Y) 4>atVOfJ-EvWV' au't"~ 'Y) tOEa ('t"o a7toAu't"o, 0 Oe:oe:;) fJ-7topd va dvat

... ' , , ""' ' A' ""' '

Atronpo 'Y) 7te:ptG"G"o't"e:po a'j''Y)p'Y)fJ-e:v'Y). V't"tG"'t"po'j'a Ot e:fJ-7te:tptxe:e:;

e:mG"'t"~fJ-e:e:; e:pe:Ot~ouv 't"o 7tve:ufJ-a o-ro »o: xa't"avtx~G"e:t r:,! /10P¢r" fJ-EG"a G"'t"'Y)V o7tota 7tapExe:'t"at 0 7tAou't"oe:; 't"ou 7te:pte:XOfJ-EVOU 't"OUe:; we:; Eva a7tAwe:; afJ-e:G"o Oe:OOfJ-EVO, we:; 7tA'Y)Owpa 7tparfJ-a't"wv 7tOU a7tAwe:; G"UfJ-7tape:uptG"Xov't"at xa't"a 't"P07tO toyoio: e:pe:Ot~ouv 't"o 7tve:ufJ-a G"'t"o vo: opOwG"e:t au't"o -ro 7te:pte:X0fJ-e:vo G"e: avarxato't"'Y)'t"a, - Xt au't"oe:; 0 e:pe:OtG"fJ-0e:; a7torr7ta 't"'Y) vO'Y)O"l) a7to e:xdv'Y) 't"'Y) re:VtXo't"'Y)'t"a xat a7to 't"'Y)V Ka(}' eavr:r,v2 7tape:X0fJ-e:v'Y) txavo7tot'Y)G"'Y), xat 't"'Y)V wOd 7tpoe:; fJ-ta a¢' eavr:r,r;; OpfJ-wfJ-e:v'Y) ava7t't"u~'Y). Au't"~ 'Y) ava7t't"u~'Y) dvat a4>' e:voe:; fJ-ta 7tpoG"A'Y)~'Y) -rou 7te:pte:X0fJ-e:vou xat 't"wv 7tapouG"ta~ofJ-e:vwv tOW-

I ,,",' I 0 I I 0 I

't"'Y)'t"wv -rou, a'j' e:'t"e:pou 7tpOW e:t -ro 7te:pte:XofJ-e:VO o-ro vo: fJ-tfJ-'Y) e:t

't"'Y)V apxErOV'Y) vO'Y)O"l), vo: e:~e:AtXOd e:Ae:uOe:pa, xaOopt~ofJ-e:vo fJ-0VO a7to 't"'Y)V avarxato't"'Y)'t"a 't"wv tOtWV 't"wv 7tparfJ-a't"wv.

IIavw G"'t"'Y) G"'J.EO"l) fJ-e:'t"a~u 't"'Y)e:; oueaotnuu; xat 't"'Y)e:; /1woAa6'!u'!r;; fJ-EG"a G"'t"'Y) G"uvdo'Y)O"l) Oa xavw Aoro 7tapaxa't"w

I... ' Ell-I' I I

p'Y)'t"a xat Ae:7t't"OfJ-e:pe:G"'t"e:pa. oro 7tpe:7te:t fJ-OVO »o: e:mG"'t"'Y)G"w

7tpoG"wptva 't"'Y)V 7tpoG"OX~ o-ro o't"t, EG"'t"W xat o» au't"a 't"a OUO G"'t"aota e:fJ-4>avt~oV't"at we:; ~e:XWptG"'t"a, oe:v fJ-7topd Kaveva ana ta 6vo va Xeine«, xat 6ptG"xoV't"at fJ-EG"a G"e: a6zaxwPlUr:'! crUvoe:O"l).

- 'E't"G"t 'Y) rVwO"l) 't"ou Oe:ou, 07twe:; xat xaOe: vnepatG"O'Y)'t"ou e:VrEVe:t, 7te:ptEXe:t oUG"taG"'t"txa fJ-ta avinpox»: 7tavw a7to 't"o atG"O'Y)fJ-a ~ 't"'Y)V atG"O'Y)'t"'Y)ptax~ e:7to7t't"da' 7te:ptEXe:t apa fJ-ta apv'!r:lKr, G"'J.EG"'Y) a7tEvaV't"t G"'t"a apXtxa Oe:oOfJ-EVa 't"wv atG"O~aeio», xat fJ-a~t 't"'Y)e:; 7te:ptAafJ-6ave:t 't"'Y) /1euOAa6'!u'!. l'ta't"t 'Y)

2. an sich - {Joe: 'to '1orwa: xa'ta 4>anaaLa'l ~ oU'Ia{Joe:t, o"/.) 7tpay{Joa'tL o XiYXe:A anmapa6i'te:t au'to 'to «xa6' e:au'to)) a'to «a4>' e:au'tOl))) (von sich aus) 7tOU 7tapouata~e:'tat a{Joiaw<; 7tapaxa'tw.

l. 'I? I , t:' " , I

[J-EcrONl.O'Y)cr'Y) Etvat EVa <,EXtV'Y)[J-a a7to xa'tt xat Eva 7tpOXW-

p'Y)[J-a ae eva OEU"t"EPO ';"pay[J-a, €'tcrt wcr'tE au'to 'to OEU'tEPO umipXEt IJ.OVO, xa'ta 'to [J-€'tpo 7tOU 'to €XOU[J-E 7tpocrEyyicrEt EPXO[J-EVOt a7to xa'tt aAAtw'ttXO a7tO au'to3• AAAa'Y) yvwcr'Y)

6 ' " , ",' ~ ,

'tou EOU EVant EXEtV'Y)<; 't'Y)<; E[J-7tEtptX'Y)<; 'faCl"'Y)<; oEV EtVat

Atyonpo au6u7tapx't'Y), xat [J-aAtcr'ta 'Y) au6u7tap~ia 't'Y)<; 7tap€XE'tat oucrtacr'ttxa [J-€crw au't~<; 't'Y)<; apv'Y)Cl"'Y)<; xat avuIjJwcr'Y)<;.

- Eav 'Y) [J-EcroAa6'Y)cr'Y) avuljJw6d [J-OV07tAWpa xat 7tapoucrtacr'td w<; xa'tt E~ap't'Y)IJ.€VO", 'to'tE [J-7topd vo: Et7tw6d - a» xat· IJ.E au'to OEV 6a €XOUV Et7tw6d 7tOAAa - O'tt 'Y) <PtAocrocpia YEVVt€'tat xa't' apx~v a7to 't'Y)V E[J-7tEtpia, a7to 'to a posteriori. (Kat 7tpay[J-a'tt 'Y) vO'Y)cr'Y) dvat oucrtacr'ttxa 'Y) apv'Y)cr'Y) ocrwv €XOU[J-E a[J-Ecra [J-7tpocr'ta [J-a<;.) Enou'tot<; E~icrou ope6.

, 6 " ",',> ' '",

[J-7tOpEt vo: Et7tW Et o'tt O'fEtAOU[J-E 'to 'tpwyEtV cr'ta 'tp0'ft[J-a,

, , , , ~ 6 ' ","

yta'tt XWpt<; au'ta xaVEt<; oEV a [J-7tOpOucrE va 'faEt· E'tcrt

tow[J-€VO 'to 'tPWYEtV 7taptcr'tavE'tat xwpi<; WYVW[J-ocrUV'Y),

, f' 6''1' , ",',> '

yta'tt xa'taopox t"Et EXEtVO, o-ro 07tOLO 0'fEtAEt -rov Eau'to

'tou. 'E'tcrt tow[J-€v'Y) 'Y) vO'Y)cr'Y) dvat E~icrou ayvw[J-wv.

Ana U7taPXEt xat [J-ta a priori a7toljJ'Y) 't'Y)<; vO'Y)Cl"'Y)<;, 07tOU [J-E [J-ta [J-EcroAa6'Y)Cl"'Y) 7tOU 7tpay[J-a'twvE'tat [J-E avacrxo- 7t'Y)cr'Y) [J-€cra cr'tov Eau'to, 7tap€XE'tat [J-ta a[J-Ecro't'Y)'ta 7tOU dvat yevucotnta, 'to 7tap' -Eau'tov-Eivat 't'Y)<; vO'Y)cr'Y)<;' [J-€cra c' au't~v 'Y) vO'Y)cr'Y) 'tocro txaw);";otEi'tat EV'tO<; Eau't~<;, wcr'tE aOtacpopd yta [J-ta xa6000 cr'ta etuuipooc; €'tcrt o[J-w<; aota-

3. ~e:<; eva rcrx.pO(J-OLO OPLcr(J-O 't"Y)<; «(J-e:croAcilly)CTY)<;» (Vermittlung), rcou rcPOcr4>Epe:'t"rx.L cr't"Y)V § 86 l:Y)(J-.

4. II (J-e:crOAli(ly)CTY) dVrx.L (J-Lrx. xivY)CTY) rcpo<; 't"Y) VOY)'t"LX~ rx.ve:~rx.p't"Y)crirx., YL' rx.u't"o (J-ovo rx.rco EVrx. (J-ovorcAe:upo rcpicr(J-rx. (J-rcopd Y) (J-e:croM.6Y)CTY) vo: !le:wpY)!ld w<; XthL e:~rx.P't"Y)(J-EVO. 'E't"crL Xrx.L oAoxAY)pY) Y) iJ>LAocro4>irx. w<; xivY)CTY) 7tpo<; 't"Y)v Xrx.L (J-Ecrrx. cr't"Y)v VOY)'t"LX~ rx.ve:~rx.p't"Y)crirx., (J-ovo (J-ovorcAwprx. (J-rcope:i »« !le:wpY)!ld w<; e:~rx.P't"w(J-e:vY) rx.rco ro e:(J-rce:LPLXO UALXO rcou dVrx.L Y) rx.P'X.LX~ 't"Y)<; 't"po4>~.

40pd xat yta "rl]V awi7t"ru~~ "rl]e:;. '07t(IlC:; xat 'YJ 6p'YJGxda, d"rE E~EAty[l-EV'YJ d"rE 'X,OVOpOEtO~e:;, d"rE E'X,Et ota[l-op4w6d crE Emcr"rl][l-OVtX~ cruvdo'YJcr'Y) Et..E ota"r'YJpd"rat [l-Ecra cr"r'YJV a7tAOr.X~ 7ttcr"r'YJ "rl]e:; xapOtae:;, 'YJ VOl]crl] Xa"rE'X,Et "rl]V tota Enov'YJ 4ucr'Y) "r'YJe:; txavo7tot'YJcr'Y)e:; xat EUOat[l-Ovtae:;. AAAa o"rav 'YJ VOl]cr'Y) OEV 7tpo'X,wpd 7tEpa a7to "rl] Y[;V1KOUI1:a "rwv tOEWV, 07twe:; au"ro cru[l-batVEt xa"r' avayx'YJv [l-Ecra cr"rte:; 7tPW"rEe:; <PtAocr041e:e:; (7t.'X,. Ot EAEa"rEe:; OEV 7tpo'X,wpl]crav 7tEpa a7to -ro Etvat, 0 HpaXAEt"roe:; OEV 7tpO'X,WP'YJcrE 7tEpa a7to -ro ytyvEcr6at), "r'YJe:; Emppt7t"rE"rat 7tOAU crwcr"ra ¢OpfJ,aAlufJ,Oc;. Axo[l-a xat crE [l-ta E~EAty[l-EVl] <PtAocr04ta [l-7topd vo: cru[l-bd,

"I "I I' I I '" I I I

vo: cruAAa[l-oaVOnat [l-ovo Ot a'l'l]P'YJ[l-EVEe:; 7tpO"racrEte:; l] Ot

'" I I M' A '"1 I I

a'l'l]P'YJ[l-EVOt OPOt, 7t.'X,. « Ecra o-ro 7tOAU"rO "ra 7tav"ra EtVat

EVa», «To U7tOXEt[l-EVtXO xat -ro antXEt[l-EVtXO "rau"rt~ov"ram - xat va E7taVaAa[l-baVOnat "ra tota 7tpay[l-a"ra o"rav

"" ' , ,., I ,

'I'''ravouv cr"ra Em[l-Epoue:;. ",",E cruyxPtcr'Y) 7tpoe:; "r'YJV 7tpW"rl]

7tEptOOO "r'YJe:; <PtAocr04tae:;, "rl]V 7tEptOOO "r'YJe:; a4'YJpl][l-EV'YJe:; YEVtXo"r'YJ"rae:;, E'X,Et Eva op60 xat ba6u vO'YJ[l-a -eo va Emw6d o"rt l] av6.n7:v~YJ "r'YJe:; <PtAocr04tae:; 04dAE"rat cr"rl]V E[l-7tEtpta.

O I I '" I !I' I

t E[l-7tEtptXEe:; Emcr"r'YJ[l-Ee:; a'l'Evoe:; oEV 7tapa[l-EVOUV cr"r'YJV

atcr6'YJ"r~pta aV"rtAl]IJi'YJ "rwv atouuabv cr"rot'X,dwv EVOe:; 4atvo[l-EVOU, aAAa crxE7t"rO[l-EVEe:; 7tpoE"rOt[l-a~ouv -ro UAtXO yta "rl]

iF. "I ",' I I' I I I

'l'tAocr0'l'ta, [l-E -ro O"rt optcrxouv "roue:; YEVtXOUe:; opoue:;, "ra

YEVl] xat "roue:; VO!J.oue:;. 'E"rcrt 7tpoE"rOt[l-a~ouv "ra Em[l-Epoue:; OEOO[l-EVa yta va ytvouv a7tOOEx"ra [l-Ecra cr"rl] <PtAocr04ta. A4E"rEPOU Ot E[l-7tEtptXEe:; Emcr"r~[l-Ee:; acrxouv cr"r'YJ VOl]cr'Y) [l-ta 7ttEcr'Y), va 7tpO'X,Wp~crEt xat au"r~ 7tpoe:; Exdvoue:; "roue:; crUYXE-

I I H '"1 .I, I I

XPt[l-EVOUe:; opouc. 7tPOcrA'YJ'I'l] au"rou "rou 7tEPtE'X,O[l-EVOU,

"rwpa 7tOU 'YJ VOl]cr'YJ E'X,Et aVatpEcrEt "rl]V a[l-Ecro"rl]"ra "rou xat

I I,f. 1'"1 I '!I'!I' I I I

E'X,Et 7ta'l'Et vo: -ro QAE7tEt we:; xa"rt OEOO[l-EVO, EtVat cruva[l-a

p.ta av6.n7:V~YJ "r'YJe:; VOl]cr'Y)e:; a4' Eau"r~e:;. H <PtAocr04ta 04dAEt Aomov "rl]V ava7t"ru~~ "rl]e:; cr"rte:; E[l-7tEtptXEe:; Emcr"r~[l-Ee:;. ~E aV"ra7tooocrl] 7tapE'X,Et cr"ra 7tEPtE'X,O[l-Eva "r'YJe:; o,"rt mo

oucrtWOEe;: "rlJV EAEU6Epta. "rlJe; VOlJcrlJe;, EVa.V a priori Xa.pa.x"r~pa.. AU"ra "ra. 7tEptEXOfl-EVa. a.va.yvwpt~ona.t "rwpa. we; avaytcaia xa.t OEV E~a.p"rwna.t ma. a.7tO -ro yqovoe; o"rt a.7tAWe; 7ta.PEUptcrxov"ra.t xa.t o"rt dva.t Efl-7tEtptXa OEOOfl-EVa..

'E"rcrt -ro Efl-7tEtptXO OEOOfl-EVO fl-E"ra.6aAAE"ra.t ce 7ta.poucrta.crlJ xa.t a.7tOfl-tfl-lJ<'1lJ "rlJe; a.PxEYOVlJe; xa.t "rEAEta. a.u6u7ta.px"rlJe; Opa.cr"rlJP to"rlJ"ra.e; "rlJe; VOlJ<'1lJe;.

§ 13

IH Icr"ropta. "rlJe; <PtAocrOcpta.e; 7ta.poucrta~Et "rlJ YEVE<'1lJ xa.t "rlJV a.va7t"ru~lJ "rlJe; <PtAocrOcpta.e; fl-E l(n:oplOypa</>IK~ xa.t e~wreP1K~ fl-opCP~. O. 6a.6fl-tOEe; E~EAt~lJe; cpa.tvona.t Exd co» va Ota.oExona.t rvxaia lJ fl-ta. "rlJV aAAlJ, xa.t 7ta.pEXOUV fl-ta. 7tAlJ6wpa. JW</>OperlKWV a.~twfl-a"rwv xa.t xa."ra.ypa.cpwv "roue; fl-Ecra. cr"ra. 7tOtXtAa. cptAocro-

~' , K' , ''\'~,

'l'txa. crucr"rlJfl-a."ra.. a.t ofl-we; a.U"rlJ "rlJV Epya.crta. XtAta.OWV XPOVWV

o tOWe; a.PXt"rEX"rova.e; "rlJ OtlJU6UVE: a.u"roe; 0 a.PXt"rEX"rOVa.e; dva.t -ro tva ~wna.vo 7tVEUfl-a., -rou 07tOtOU lJ cpu<'1lJ EYXEt"ra.t o-ro vo: tJ'XE7t"rE"ra.t, va cruVEtolJ"ro7totd avro nov eivoi, xa.t, xavov"rae; -ro

I , ,t. I , ,

E"rcrt a.V"rtXEtfl-EVO, »o: a.VU'I'WVE"ra.t crUva.fl-a. U7tEpa.VW -rou xa.t va

cp"raVEt crE fl-ta. a.vwnplJ 6a.6fl-toa. "rou Etva.t -rou. Ta. Ota.CPopE"rtXa cptAocrocptxa crucr"r~fl-a."ra. 7tOU 7ta.poucrta~Et lJ Iatopia Ute; (/J1Aoao-

1. llcpiAI'fIflI'f: II iE'IEaYj xat 1) E~D.t~1) '!1)e; <PtAoO'otjlicte; 1tapouO't,x~E'!at [J.EO'a 0''!1)'1 IO''!opia '!1)e; <PtAoO'otjliae;, aAA,x tOW[J.E'I1) a1to E~W'!EPtX~ xat E1tmOAa(1) ,x1tOt¥1) (xat O"l) [J.E '!O'l €)ct6u '!P01tO 1tOU EX'!E61)XE 0''!1)'1 § 12). T« tjltAOO'otjltX&' O'uO''!~[J.a'!a 1tapouO't,x~onat acrU'IOE'!a, co» vo: 1tpOXEt,!ctt ita 1tOAA&' (jw¢OperlKrJ. O'uO''!~[J.a'!a, Xct6E'Ict a1to '!a o1toia O''!1)pi~E,!ctt O'E (jw¢openKo a~iw[J.a. AAA&' 1tpOXEt'!at ita [J.ia xat '!1)'1 au'!~ <PtAoO'otjlia, atjlou -ro E'lct ~wna'lo 1t'lEu[J.a '!1)'1 OtW6U'IEt EOW xat X,tAtE'!iEe;, xat x&.6E E1tO[J.E'IO O'uO''!1)[J.ct O'U[J.1tEptAa[J.€),x'lEt oAa '!a 1t(01)you[J.E'Ia.

IIpE1tEt vo: 1tp0O'Ex,'!d 1) otatjlop&. a'la[J.EO'a O''!O YE'ItXO xat srto E1tt[J.Epoue;, yta'!i Ea'l au'!&. '!a 000 O'u[J.1tapa'!i6E'I'!at, '!O'!E -ro YE'ItXO xa'!an&' x,x'!t E1tt[J.EpoUe;. 'E'!O't [J.ta <PtAoO'otjlict 1tOU EX,Et we; 6E[J.EAW E'lct yevlKo a~iw[J.a, OE'I Ei'lat [J.ta E1tt[J.EpOUe; <PtAoO'otjlia, ctAA&' 1) <PtAoO'otjlia evyevel.

dno; dva.t AOt7tOV "YJ uia WtAocrocpia. ce 7tOtXiAOUe; ba.OfJ-OUe; WptfJ-O't"YJ'ta.e;' 'ta. E7ttfJ-€pOUe; aC;IWj1ara, a.7t0 'ta. o7toia. eva. xaOE cpopa cr'tEXO'ta.V cr'ta. OEfJ-€Ata. EVOe; crucr't~fJ-a.'toe;, OEV dva.t aAAo a.7t0 KAaOui EVOe; xa.t 'tou a.u'tOU cruvOAOU. H 'X,povtxa 'tEAEU'ta.ia.

if> '\ "," ',\',\ ' ,

'l'tAOcr0'fta. EtVa.t 'to a.7tO'tEAEcrfJ-a. OAWV 'tWV 7tPW'tU'tEPWV crucr't"YJfJ-a.-

'tWV, xa.t yt' a.u'tO OcpdAEt vo: crUfJ-7tEptAa.fJ-baVEt 'ta. a.~twfJ-a.'ta. OAWV' Eav AOt7tOV "YJ 'tEAEU'ta.ia. WtAocrocpia. a.~i~Et vo: oVOfJ-a~E'ta.t WtAocrocpia., dva.t "YJ 7ttO E~EAtYfJ-€V"YJ, "YJ 7ttO 7tAoUcrta. xa.t 7ttO crUYXExptfJ-€V"YJ a.7t0 OAEe;.

Ka.'ta 't"YJV 7ta.poucria.O""Yj 'twv 'tocro 7tOAAWV xa.t 'tocro OWcjJOpe7:lKWV WtAocrOcptWV 7tP€7tEt vo: 7tpocrOtopi~E'ta.t a.xptb€cr'tEPa. "YJ Ota.cpopa a.vafJ-Ecra. o-ro YeVIKO xa.t o-ro etuuipooc, Eav 'to YEVtXO EXAa.fJ-baVE'ta.t fJ-opcptxa xa.t crUfJ-7ta.pa.'tiOE'ta.t !J.E 'to E7ttfJ-€pOUe;, Y iVE'ta. t xa. t a.u'tO xa't t E7ttfJ-€pOue;. Eav fJ-ta. 't€'tOta. crufJ-7ta.paOEcr"YJ ytVO'ta.v crE a.ntXdfJ-Eva. 't"YJe; Xa.O"YJfJ-E-

, 't' ' 0 '" ' "", ,

ptV"YJe; "'W"YJe;, a. 'fa.VEPWVO'ta.v a.'f Ea.U't"YJe; we; a.'ta.tpta.cr't"YJ

<:"1: ' " 0',\ ",'

xa.t a.OE",ta.· 07tWe; Ea.V xa.7tOtoe; 7t.'X,. 7tOU EAEt »a 'fa.Et

CPPOU'ta., a.PVt€'ta.t vo: cpaEt xEpacrta., a.'X,AaOta. ~ cr'ta.cpUAta., E7tEtO~ a.u'ta dva.t xEpacrta., a.'X,AaOta. ~ cr'ta.cpUAta. xa.t 0Xl CPPOU'ta.. 'Occv a.cpopa OfJ-we; 't"YJ WtAocrocpia. OtXa.toAOYOUV 't"YJV

"," ,\' , , , s- '"

7tEpt'fpOV"YJO""Yj 'toue; AEyona.e; o'tt U7ta.p'X,OUV 'tocro ota.'fOpE'tt-

X€e; WtAocrocpiEe; xa.t xa.OEfJ-ia. dva.t fJ-OVO uia WtAocrocpia. xa.t

, if> '\ ",' , ,

o'X,t " 'l'tAOcr0'fta., - co» vo: fJ-"YJV "YJ'ta.v xa.t 'ta. XEpa.crta.

",' '\' " , if> '\ '" ' ,

'fpou'ta.. ,"-,u'X,va. ofl-We; fJ-ta. 'tE'tOta. 'l'tAOcr0'fta., 't"YJe; 07tOta.e;

a.~iwp.a. dva.t 'to YEVtXO, crufJ-7ta.pa.'tiOE'ta.t (J.a.~i fJ-E aAAEe;, 'tWV o7toiwv 'to a.~iwfJ-a. dva.t xa'tt E7ttfJ-€pOUe;, xa.t fJ-a.~i fJ-E OEwpiEe; 7tOU a.PVOUV'ta.t EV'tEAWe; 't"YJV U7ta.p~"YJ 't"YJe; WtAOcro-

",' '0 ", I ,

'fta.e;· crufJ-7ta.pa.'tt Ena.t fJ-E 'to VO"YJfJ-a. O'tt a.U'tEe; EtVa.t fJ-OVO

oracjJOpe7:lKCc;; a.7tO~Ete; 't"YJe; WtAOcrOCPia.e;, 07tWe; Eav 'to cpwe; xa.t 'to crxo'taOt OVOfJ-a~ov'ta.v OWcjJOpe7:lKa do"YJ 'tou cpw'toe;.

KIl.L [J-ovo EVil. qnAoO'oqnxo O'uO''t'YJ[J-1l. 7tOU OEV !k[J-EALWVE'tIl.L O'E YEVLXO ll.~tW[J-Il., Oq:,EtAEL vo: Il.7tOXAELO'ed Il.7tO 't'YJ [J-tll. EVLll.tll. <lhAOO'Oq:, til. , YLIl.'tt 'YJ OLIl.q:,OP,x 'tOU<; dVIl.L O'Il.V 't'YJ OLIl.q:,OP,x Il.V,x[J-EO'Il. o-ro q:,W<; XIl.L .0''t0 O'XO't,xOL.

§ 14

IH tO~a. E~EA~~"f) 't""f)e:; vO"f)cr-t]e:;, "f) 07tOta. Ex't"t6E't"a.~ tJ-Ecra. cr't""f)V Icr't"otlta. 't""f)e:; <lhAocrOtPta.e:;, 7ta.tlOucr~a~E't"a.~ xa.~ tJ-Ecra. cr't""f)V tO~a. 't""f) <P~AocrOtPta., a.AAa a.7tEAEU6EtlWtJ-EV"f) a.7t0 Exdv"f) 't""f)V ~cr't"otl~x~ E~W't"Etl~xo't""f)'t"a. [= Em7tOAa.~o't""f)'t"a], «anop« ueoa am m;OIXelO !rIC; vonanc. H EAEU6Etl"f) xa.~ a.A"f)6~v~ o"xEIjJ"f) dva.~ E'V't"Oe:; Ea.U't"~e:; aVYKIXplj1tV'l' a.u't"~ "f) O"XEIjJ"f) dva.~ Iota, xa.~ tJ-aA~cr't"a. ~OWtJ-EV"f) tJ-Ecra. cr't""f)V 7tA~tl"f) YEV~xo't""f)'t"a 't""f)e:; dva.~ 'I ~OEa. ~ ro anOAvro. H Emcr't"~tJ-"f) a.u't"~e:; 't""f)e:; aXEIjJ"f)e:; dva.~ xa.'t"' oucrta.v aiotnua. r~a.'t"t -ro a.A"f)6~vo we:; xa't"~ ooyxexptuivo U7tatlXE~ tJ-ovo we:; xa't"~ 7tOU ava- 7t't"ucrcrE't"a.~ EV't"Oe:; Ea.U't"OU, a.u't"ocrUYXE'V't"tlWVE't"a.~ xa.~ a.u't"oo~a.'t""f)tld't"a.~ tJ-Ecra. at: EVO't""f)'t"a.. H a.A~6E~a. U7tatlXE~ 't"O't"E tJ-ovo we:; osotnra

',t. -, 6' '-,' ,

O"XE't'"f)e:;, xa.~ "f) EAEU Etl~a. -rou OAOU 07twe:; xa.~ "f) a.va.yxa.w't""f)'t"a. 't"wv

U7tOO~a.~tlEcrEwv, 't"~e:; 07tOtEe:; 7tEtl~EXE~ -ro OAO, tJ-7t0tl0UV vo: u7tatlXouv tJ-ovo o't"a.v o~a.Xtltvo'V't"a.~ xa.~ Otlt~o'V't"a.~.

'Eva. tP~AocrotPdv xwpic; oiainua OEV tJ-7totld »o: dva.~ Emcr't""f)tJ-ov~xo. 'Eva. 't"E't"OW tP~Aocro~dv EX~tla~E~ 7tEtl~crcro't"EtlO tJ-~a. U7tOXE~tJ-EV~X~ o~a6Ecr-t], xa.~ -ro 7tEtl~EXOtJ-EVO 't"ou dva.~ Otlya.VWtJ-EVO 't"uXa.ta.. 'Eva. 7tEtl~EXOtJ-EVO EXE~ 't""f) o~xa.tw~ 'tou ~ovo we; (j''taoto "tou OAOU, 'Yta'tt E~W a1tD ~ au'!o

1. IlcpiAI'/I/1I1: MEC1a C1E [J-ta (j1JC1'tY)[J-CX'ttX~ tAoC1otjlia OE'I umipXEt Y) tC1'tOptX~ E7tt1toAato'tY)'ta 1tOU a'latjlEp6'f)XE C1't'f)'1 § 13. Eow Y) '10'f)0"'fJ d'lat [J-EC1a C1't0'l Eau'to 't'Y]e;, au'toC1u')'XE'I'tPW[J-E'I'f) xat O'U')'XEXPt[J-E'I'f)' Irzo» E'tC1t Y) '10'f)0"'fJ tjl'ta'lEt C1't'f)'1 aA~6Eta 't'f)e; xat C1'ty) ')'E'ItXo't'f)'ta 'ty)e;, d'lat 'f) iota 'f) tOEa xat 'to A1toAu'to. 0 XE')'xEA Opi~Et 't'f)'1 E'I'IOta «C1uC1'tY)[J-a)) we; [J-ta 'tE'tOta aA~6Eta: C1U')'XEXPt[J-E'IY), au'toC1u')'XE'l'tPW[J-E'I'f) xat ota't'f)pou[J-E'IY) C1E E'Io't'f)'ta, 1tOU E'I01totEi 'ty)'1 EAw6Epia -rou oAou [J-E 't'f)'1 a'la,),xato't'f)'ta 'tW'I [J-EPW'l.

MEC1a C1E Eva C1uC1't'Y][J-a xa6E E7tt[J-EpOUe; 1tEPtEXO[J-E'IO u1t'f)pE'td 'to 0'1.0, aAAtWe; 1tpOXEt'tat ')'ta axop7tta atC16~[J-a'ta xat ')''1W[J-Ee;. 'Eva tjltAOC1otjltXO mJC1't'f)[J-a OE'I d'lat Ilia tAoC1otjlia [J-E'ta~u aAAw'I OtatjlopE'ttXW'I a1to au't~'1, aAAa Y) tAoC1otjlia evyevel, ,),ta'ti 'to a~iw[J-a 'tY)e; d'lat xa'tt yevlKo 1tOU C1u[J-itEptAa[J-€la'lEt xa6E E7tt[J-EpoUe; a~iw[J-a.

U7tapXEt fJ-OVO we; a6EfJ-EAtW'tYJ 7tPOU7t06EO"Y] ~ we; U7tOXEtfJ-EVtx~ 7tE7tot6YJ()YJ' 7toAM ~tAO()O~txa ~t~Ata 7tEptOpt~OV'tat' E't()t c-eo va Ex~pa~ouv fJ-OVO aza(J~f1ara xat YVWf1ec;.

- ME 'tov opo aiotnua EWOOUV Aa6EfJ-EVa fJ-ta IltAO()O~ta, 'tYJe; o7totae; 'to a~twfJ-a ELvat 7tEptOpt()fJ-EVO xat Ota~opE'ttXO a7tO ana. To a~twfJ-a fJ-tae; aAYJ6tv~e; IltAO()O~tae; xapaX'tYJpi~E'tat aV'ti6E'ta a7to 'to o'tt 7tEPtEXEt fJ-E()a 'tou oAa 'ta E7ttfJ-EpOUe; a~t(J)fJ-a'ta.

§ 15

tKa6E fJ-Epoe; 'tYJe; IltAo()o~iae; ELvat Eva ~tAO()O~tXO OAO, Evae; XUXAOe; 7tOU XAELVE'tat fJ-E()a ()'tov Eau'to 'tou' EV'tOU'tOte; xa6Eva a7to au'ta 'ta fJ-EPYJ 7tEpt'YPa~Et 'tYJ ~tAO()O~tx~ tOEa fJ-E Eva E7ttfJ-EpOUe; opo ~ ()'tOtXELo. 0 xa6E a'tofJ-tXOe; XUXAOe;, E7tEtO~ EV'tOe; Eau'tou a7tO'tEAEL oAo'tYJ'ta, ota()7ta -rov ~paYfJ-o 'tou ()'tOtXELOU -rou xat 6EfJ-EAtWVEt fJ-ta 7tEpat'tEpw ()~aipa' 'to ~tAO()O~tXO OAO 7tapOU()ta~E'tat AOt7tOV we; Evae; XUXAOe; a7tO XUXAoue;, xa6Evae; a7tO 'toue; 07toioue; ELvat Eva avayxaio ()'taotO, E't()t W()'tE 'to crU()'tYJfJ-a 'twv

'1" ..1,' ", '1" "

totat'tEpwv 't'a()EWV ()UyXpO'tEt 'tYJV OAYJ toEa, YJ 07tOta ofJ-we;

EfJ-~avi~E'tat E7tiO"Y]e; fJ-E()a ()E xa6E a'tOfJ-txo ()'tOtXdo.

§ 16

ME 'tYJ fJ-Op~~ EYKVKAOnaiOewc; YJ E7tt()'t~fJ-YJ OEV EXEt xwpo yta fJ-ta AE7t'tOfJ-EP~ 7tapou()ia()YJ 'twv E7ttfJ-EpOUe;' O~ELAEt va 7tEptOpt()'tEL ()'to ~ExivYJfJ-a 'tWV E7ttfJ-EpOUe; E7tt()'tYJfJ-WV xat ()'tte; ~a()tXEe; 'toue; EWOtEe;.

1. JlepiAI1I!fI1: 0 XEYXEA 1tEptypa~Et EOW 't1)\1 oAo't1)'ta E\lOC; ~tA0C10~txou (j\)C1't~{J.a'toc; {J.EC1a C1E JzaAeKrlK~ (ryJ:C11J -rou ~tA0C10~tXOu OAOU 1tpOC; 'ta {J.Ep1) -rcu. Ka6E {J.EpOC; d\lat E\lac; au'toE)'xAEtO{J.E\lOC; C1'tO\l Eau'to 'tou XUXAOC;, 1tOU Ex~pal;Et {J.E 'to\l 'tP01tO 'tou 'to OAO. 'E'tC1t xa6E {J.EpOC; d\lat a\layxato C1'taOtO 'tou OAOU, 1tOU Ex~pal;Et E~tcrOU xaAa 't1)\1 OA1) tOEa 0C10 xat 'to 1tA~PEC; crUC1't1){J.a.

'IIocra areo 't'a fJ-Ep1] xpe:taC:oV't'at yta vo: cruyxpo't'~crouv fJ-ta e:mfJ-EpOUe; e:mcr't'~fJ-1], e:ivat axal:loptcr't'o, e:cpocrov -ro fJ-EpOe;, yta vo: e:ivat xa't't aA1]l:ltVO, oe:v Ocpe:iAe:t vo: e:ivat areAWe; Eva areofJ-ovwfJ-EVO cr't'aoto, aAAa va e:ivat au't'o 't'ou't'o fJ-ta oAo't'1]'t'a. Na yta't'i -eo OAO 't'1]e; ~tAocrocpiae; cruyxpo't'e:i cr't" aA~I:le:ta uia e:mcr't'~fJ-1], aAAa fJ-reope:i e:rei<r1je; vo: l:le:wp1]I:le:i we; Eva OAO areo't'e:AOufJ-e:VO areo reoAAEe; e:mfJ-EpOUe; e:mcr't'~fJ-e:e;.

- H CPtAocrOCPtx~ EyxuxAoreaioe:ta oe:v repEree:t »a cruYXEe:'t'at fJ-e: fJ-ta cruV1]l:ltcrfJ-EV1] EyxuxAoreaioe:ta. Mta cruV1]l:ltcrfJ-EV1] EyxuxAoreaioe:ta e:ivat Eva avvoVOVAeVj1a 't'wv e:mcr't'1]fJ-wv, Ot oreoie:e; reapaAafJ-6avoV't'at xa't'a 't'poreo 't'uXaio xat e:fJ-ree:tptxo· avafJ-e:cra ce ocre:e; reapaAafJ-6avov't'at, ureapxouv xareote:e; rtou areAWe; CPEPOUV 't'o ovofJ-a 't'1]e; e:mcr't'~fJ-1]e;, e:vw oe:v e:ivat reapa fJ-ta cruAAoy~ yvwcre:wv. ~e: Eva 't'E't'Oto cruvovl:luAe:ufJ-a ot otacpope:e; e:mcr't'~fJ-e:e; e:tcrayoV't'at fJ-e: e:~w't'e:ptxO [= e:ret7tOAato] 't'poreo, yt' au't'o xat 1] e:vo't'1]'t'a 't'oue; e:ivat 't'e:xv1]'t'~ - e:ivat areo't'EAe:crfJ-a fJ-tae; 't'a~tvofJ-1]cr1]e;. rta 't'ov ioto AOYO, xt e:ree:to~ e:mreAEov 't'a uAtxa EXOUV 't'uxaia cpU<r1j, au't'~ 1] 't'a~tvofJ-1]<r1j reapafJ-Eve:t xa't" avayx1]v Eva

1. IlepiAI'/I!fI'/: Ka6E tJ-EPOC:; 't"rJC:; <l>LAOO"O~(IXC:; OEV dVIXL EVIX 1X7WtJ-OVWtJ-EVO O"1:aOLO, IXAAa tJ-LIX lXu6u7tlXpx1:1] OA01:1]1:IX· hO"L 1] <l>LAOO"O~(1X 7tEPLEXEL tJ-LIX 7tA1]6wplX E7tLiJ-EPOUC:; E7tL0"1:1]~V. Ana 1] ~LAOO"O~LX~ EYXUXA07tIX(OELIX OEV OEXE1:IXL IXVE~IX(pE1:1X OAEC:; 1:LC:; E7tL0"1:~tJ-EC:; XIXL 1:LC:; YVWO"ELC:; 07tWC:; iJ-LIX auV1]6LO"iJ-EV1] EyxUXA07tIX(OELIX, 7tOU 7tEPLEXEL EVIX (Jvvov(JvAeV/la (Aggregat) YVWo"EWV.

II ~LAOO"O~LX~ EYXUXA07tIX(OELIX IX7tOXAdEL OO"EC:; E7tL0"1:~tJ-EC:; IX7t01:EAOUV EVIX auvov6UAEUiJ-IX YVWO"EWV, ~ 61X0"(~0V1:IXL o"1:1]V lXu6IXLPEO"(1X ~ EXOUV Xa7tOLO «6E1:LXO» (01]A. iJ-1] Op60AOYLXO) XIXPIXX1:~plX. 'EvlX 1:E1:0LO 6E1:LXO XIXPIXX1:~PIX EXOUV OL E7tL0"1:~tJ-EC:; 1:WV 07tO(WV eoxe 1:0 VAlKO d1:E 1] /lOp4>~ du 1:0 yv(t)(J/aKO opyavo EXEL 7tE7tEPIXO"iJ-EVO XlXL EiJ-7tELPLXO XIXPIXX1:~plX. AxotJ-1X XIXL IXV dVIXL EtJ-7tELPLX~ tJ-OVO 1] /lOp4>~ inc; eniainuovnoic nopooaiaanc , IXU1:0C:; dVIXL IXPXE1:0C:; AOYOC:; yLIX VIX IX7tOXAELO"1:d tJ-LIX E7tL0"1:~tJ-1] IXm) 1:1] ~LAOO"O~LX~ EyxUXA07t1X (OE LIX.

neipoua xat fJ-e:ptXE~ 7tAe:uPE~ "t'1]~ odxvouv a"t'aiptacr"t'e:~.

- Mta qHAocrOCPtX~ EyxuXA07taioe:ta a7toxAde:t "t'pia d01] e:mcr"t'1]fJ-wv: 1) A7tOXAde:t 07tOWO~7t0"t'e: oovovdoseoua yvwaeio» - 07tW~ 7t.x. e:fJ-cpavi~e:"t'at xa"t" apx~v 1] tAoAoyia. 2) A7tOXAde:t e:mcr"t'~fJ-e:~ 7tOU ee:fJ-e:AtWvoV"t'at fJ-ovo cr"t'1]V aueatpe:cria, 07tW~ 7t.x. 1] EpaAOtxN' Ot e:mcr"t'~fJ-e:~ au"t'OtJ "t'ou doou~ dvat nepa yta nepa Betuce«. 3) Ka7tote:~ aAAe:~ e:mcr"t'~fJ-e:~ ovofJ-a~oV"t'at e:7tiG"1]~ (JeW<:8C;, aAAa EXOUV Eva opeoAoytxO ee:fJ-EAW xat ~e:xiv1]fJ-a3. Au"t'o -to crucr"t'a"t'txo av~xe:t cr"t'1] tAocrOCPia' aAAa 1] (JerlK~ nAevpa 7tapafJ-Eve:t toto"t'1]"t'a au"t'wv "t'wv e:mcr"t'1]fJ-wv. To ee:"t'txO cr"t'OtXdo au"t'wv "t'wv e:mcr"t'1]fJ-wv dvat otacpopwv e:towv. 1) To xa"t'a f)acr1] opeoAoytXO "t'ou~ ~e:xiv1]fJ-a fJ-e:"t'a"t'pE7te:"t'at cre: xa"t't "t'uXaio, e:7te:tO~ au"t'E~ ot e:mcr"t'~fJ-e:~ OcpdAOUV vo: u7tayayouv -ro ye:v txO cr"t'1]V ej1neZpZK~ Aenroj1epeza xat npayuaiucoima. MEcra a' au"t'o -ro 7te:oio "t'1]~ fJ-e:"t'af)A1]"t'o"t'1]"t'a~ xat "t'uXato"t'1]"t'a~ oe:v fJ-7topd va tcrxucre:t 1] evvOIa' fJ-7tOPOUV va tcrxucrouv fJ-OVO xa7tota (Jej1eAza. II. X. 1] NOfl.tx~ e:mcr"t'~fJ-1] ~ -ro crucr"t'1]fJ-a "t'wv afJ-e:crwv xat EfJ-fJ-e:crwv cpopwv a7tat"t'ouv xa7tOte:~ reAZKec; «ai aKpz6oAOyeC; a7tocpacre:t~ 7tOU f)picrxov"t'at E~W a7to "t'a Ka(J'-eaVra-Kal-(jz '-eavra-npo(J(jlOpZ(Jj1eVa opui inc eVVOIas' yt' au"t'o e:m"t'pE7tOUV fl.ta e:upu"t'1]"t'a opwv, Ot

2. EPIXAOtX.~ EtVlXt 'YJ EmC1't~(J-'YJ 1tOU IX<TX.OAEt'tlXt (J-E 't1X OtxoC1'YJ(J-a (OtX.OC1Y)(J-oAoyta), o'YJAao~ (J-E 'ta ~(J-a'tlX xat 'ta E(J-6A~(J-IX'ta 1tOU 'X.p'YJC1L(J-O- 1tOtOUC1IXV a1to 1tavap'X.atoue:; 'X.povoue:; Ot <j>UAEe:;, Ot OtXOYEVW:e:; ~ Ot "y)yEne:;. II AE~"Y) 1tPOEP'X.E'tlXt a1to 't"Y) Aa'tLVtx~ AE~'YJ heraldus, 1tOU C1Y)(J-atvEL 'to'! Kr,PVKU (0 01totoe:; aV~YYEAAE xa'ta 'to'! MEC1atwva 'tOUe:; m1tone:;, aplX xat 'ta E(J-6A~(J-a'ta roue}.

3. 0 opoe:; «6E'ttX.~ EmC1't~(J-'YJ» YtVE'tlXt EOW C1a<j>~e:; a1to 't"Y)V a'l'tt6EC1~ 'tou 1tpoe:; 't"Y)V EmC1't~(J-'YJ 1tOU E'X.Et Eva 0p(}OAOYIKO 6E(J-EAW xat ~EXt'!'YJ(J-IX. 8E'ttX.~ Etvat Aomov 'YJ efl7re1pIKr, EmC1't~(J-'YJ, 't"Y)e:; o1totae:; 'to UAtxO ~ "Y) (J-E60ooe:; E'X.Et «1tE1tEpaC1(J-Evo 'X.apax't~·plX» (01twe:; AEEt 0 XEYX.EA 1tapax.a'tw) C1E a'l'tt6EC1Y) 1tpoe:; 't'YJV a1tEplXv'tocrUV'YJ C1't'YJV o1tota oO'YJYEt'tat 'YJ AOYtX~ Lx.avo't"Y)'ta.

07tOtOt [J-7tOPOUV »« e:XA1]<peOUV 6aCl'Et xa7totQu a~tw[J-a'to~ E'tCl't xat 6aCl'Et xa7towu aAAou aAAtW~, xat OEV dvat txavot yta xa'tt Cl'tyoupa 'tEAtxO. IIapo[J-ota 1] tOEa 't1]~ ¢va'1r;, o'tav E7tt[J-e:pt~E'tat, OtaCl'7ta'tat Cl'E 'tu'X,ate:~ 7tpay[J-a'ttxo't1]'tE~. H ¢ValKr, Iatopia. '1 Teoryposbia, '1 /arplKr, x'tA. o01]younat ae OptCl'[J-OU~ 't1]~ U7tap~1]~, Cl'E d01] xat Ota<popE~, 7tOU xaeOpt~ov'tat a7tO E~W'tEPtX~ Cl'U[J-7t'tWCl'"Y] xat a7tO 'to 7tat'X,vtOt, O'X,t a7tO 't1] AOytX~ txavo't1]'ta. H Iatopia aV~XEt e:7ttCl'"Y]~ EOW' 1] oUCl'ta 't1]~ dvat 1] tOEa, 1] E[J-<paVtCl'1] O[J-W~ 't1]~ tOEa~ ytve:'tat [J-ECl'a Cl''t1]v 'tu'X,ato't1]'ta xat [J-ECl'a c-ro 7tEOtO 't1]~ aueatpECl'ta~. 2) AU'tE~ Ot E7ttCl''t~[J-E~ dvat E7ttCl'"Y]~ Beincec; E<pOCl'OV oe:v avayvwpt~OUv o'tt ot xa't1]yopte:~ 'tou~ dvat nenepaauivec, xat OU'tE od'X,vouv 7tW~ ytVE'tat 1] [J-E'ta6aCl'"Y] 'twv xa't1]yoptWV 'tou~ xat 't1]~ OA1]~ Cl'<patpa~ 'tou~ Cl'e: [J-ta avw'tEp1] Cl'<patpa, aAAa 'tt~ a7tOoE'X,onat w~ anOAvra eYKvper;. Eow 'to EAa't'tw[J-a EyxEt'tat irto» 7tE7tEpaCl'[J-EVO 'X,apax't~pa 't1]~ j10p¢r,r;, 07tW~ axpt6w~ 7tpw'tu'tEpa EYXEt'tO srco» 7tE7tEpaCl'[J-Evo 'X,apax't~pa 't1]~ VA'1r;. ME au'ta Cl'UvOEE'tat 3) 0 7tE7te:paCl'[J-Evo~ 'X,apax't~pa~ -eou yvcoouucob ()ej1eAIOV, 'to 07tOtO dvat EV[J-EPEt 0 OtaAoytCl'[J-O~, EV[J-Epe:t 'to a tCl'e1][J-a, 1] ep1]Cl'XEU'ttX~ 7ttCl''t1] xat 1] auee:nta, YEVtxa 1] auee:nta 't1]~ ECl'W'tEPtx~~ ~ E~W'tEPtx~~ E7to7t'tda~. H <PtAOCl'o<pta 7tOU eEAEt va eE[J-EAtWvE'tat Cl''t1]V AVepW7tOAoyta, Cl''ta Cl'u[J-6ana 't1]~ Cl'uvdo1]Cl'"Y]~, Cl''t1]V e:Cl'w'te:ptX~ E7to7t'tda ~ Cl''t1]V E~W'tEPtX~ e:[J-7tEtpta, av~xEt E7ttCl'"Y]~ EOW. [4)] M7topd axo[J-1] va dvat E[J-7tEtPtx~ [J-ovo 1] j10p¢r, inc enurtnuovucnc; napooaioanc, EVW 1] atCl'e1]'t1]ptax~ E7to7t'tda 'ta~tvo[J-d oao. dvat [J-ovo <patVo[J-Eva, Cl'u[J-<pwva [J-e: 't1]V e:Cl'w'te:ptx~ aXOAOueta 't1]~ EVVOta~. ~e: [J-ta 'tE'tOta E[J-7tEtpta ot anteECl'Et~ ava[J-e:Cl'a Cl''ta 7tOAuapte[J-a Cl'UAAqo[J-e:va <patvo[J-e:va avatpouv 'tt~ el:,wreplKer; teat toraie; nepiauiaeu; 'twv Cl'Uve1]XWV 'tou~, xt E'tCl't 'to'tE xave:t 't1]V e:[J-<pavt~ -rou 'to yevuco, H 7tEtpa[J-a'ttx~ <PUCl'tx~, 1] ICl''topta x'tA. ea 7tapouCl'taCl'ouv E'tCl't 't1]V

Op60AO'Y~X~ e:mcr't'~!J-1] 't'1]e; QH)cr1]e; xa~ 't'WV av6pwmvwv crU!J-baV't'WV xa~ 1tpa~e:wv !J-icra cre: !J-~a e:~w't'e:p~x~ e:~xova, 1tOU a1te:~xovi~e:~ 't'1] Cp~AOcrOCP~X~ ivvo~a.

§ 17

1 'Ocov acpopa -ro C,eKiv'Ij1a 1tOU OcpdAe:~ va xave:~ 1] <P~AOcrocpia, au't'~ cpaive:'t'a~ va apxi~e:~ !J-e: !J-~a u1toxe:~!J-e:v~x~ 1tpOU1to6e:0"1] 01tWe; xa~ O~ aAAe:e; e:mcr't'~!J-e:e;, 01]AaO~ !J-e: iva e:m!J-ipoue; aV't'~xd!J-e:vo' 01tWe; aAAou 0 xwpoe;, 0 ap~6!J-oe; X't'A., i't'cr~ e:ow 1tpi1te:~ vo: 'Yive:'t'a~ aV't'~xd!J-e:vo 't'1]e; v01]O"1]e; 1] vonan. AAAa au't'~ dva~ !J-~a e:Ae:u6e:p1] 1tpa~1] 't'1]e; V01]cr!]e;, 01tOU 1] V01]O"1] xa't'aAa!J-bave:~ !J-~a cr't'a6e:p~ a1to~1] [Standpunkt], !J-icra cr't'1]V o1toia 1] V01]O"1] u1tapxe:~ 'Y~a 't'ov e:au't'o 't'1]e; [= o~' e:au't'~v] xa~ i't'cr~ napayel xa~ napeXel a'Wv cavro tn; 'W avtuceiuevo tnc: H cr't'a6e:p~ au't'~ a1to~1], 1tOU e:!J-cpavi~e:'t'a~ i't'cr~ we; aueon, OcpdAe:~ xa't'a 't'1]V 1topda 't'1]e; e:mcr't'~!J-1]e; va xa6~cr't'a -rov e:au't'o 't'1]e; iva anoieseaua, xa~ p.aA~cr't'a iva 't'e:A~XO a1to't'iAe:cr!J-a, !J-icra e-ro o1toio 1] e:mcr't'~!J-1] o01]'Yd't'a~ o-ro ~e:xiv1]!J-a 't'1]e; xa~ e:1tavipxe:'t'a~ !J-icra 't'1]e;. Ka't" au't'o -eov 't'P01tO 1] <P~Aocrocpia cpave:pwve:'t'a~ we; ivae; XUXAOe;2 1tOU e:1tavipxe:'t'a~ cr't'ov e:au't'o 't'ou xa~ oe:v iXe:~ iva ~e:xiv1]!J-a !J-e: -ro

1. IlcpiA'lIfl'l: To ll.V'ttXEtfJ-EVO 'tYJc; <PtAOO'otjltll.C;, YJ vonan, 1t0U tjlll.tVE'tll.t 'Ill. dVll.t fJ-tll. U1t0xEtfJ-EVtX~ 1tPOU1t06EO'"YJ, 01tWC; ytll. cX.AAEC; EmO''t~fJ-EC; dVll.t 0 xwpoc;, 0 Il.pt6fJ-0C; xr A., EOW 1l.1tO'tEAd oXt fJ-OVO 'tYJv Il.tjlE'tYJptll. Il.AAcX. XIl.t 'to 1l.1tO'tEAEO'fJ-Il.: H to til. YJ vOYJO'"YJ 7t1l.pcX.YEt 'tov EIl.U'tO 'tYJC; XIl.t «o» XIl.6tO''tcX. ll.V'ttXdfJ-EVO 'tYJc;' fJ-E<11l. 1l.1tO 'tYJ tjltAOO'otjltx~ 1topdll. ytVE'tll.t EmO''tpotjl~ <1'tYJv Il.tjl E'tYJ P til. , 01tOU U1tcX.pXEt fJ-0VO YJ vOYJO'"YJ <1E <l"'X,EO'"YJ 1tpOC; (= fJ-EO'Il. O'E) EVil. VOOUV U1t0XdfJ-EVO. AfJ-EO'WC; fJ-0AtC; YJ <PtA0<10tjltll. VO~O'Et 'to ll.V'ttXdfJ-EVO 'tYJC;, ouO'tll.O''ttxa vod Xll.t 'to tjlt),O<1otjlouv U1t0XdfJ-EVO, E1tIl.VEPXOfJ-EVYJ hO't 0" Il.u'to 1t0U EtVll.t w6uc; E~Il.PX~C; 'to 'tEAtxo Xll.t 'to 1tpw't0 'tYJC; Il.t'ttO.

2. 0 XEYXEA xavEt O'll.tjl~ U1tIl.tVtYfJ-0 XIl.t EfJ-bcX.6uvO'"YJ O''tYJ AE~YJ «EvXUXAO-1tIl.tOEtll.», fJ-E 'tYJV 01t0til. 'tt'tAotjlopd 'to 1tll.POV EPYO -rou. I-I EYXUXAO- 1tll.iOEtil. Xll.t OAOXAYJPYJ YJ <PtAOO'otjltll. dVll.t EVIl.C; KVKAo~: YJ vOYJ'ttx~ 1t0pEtil. E7tIl.VEPXE'tll.t O''tYJV Il.tjlE'tYJptll. 1t0U dVll.t YJ vOYJO'"YJ Xll.t cX.PIl. 0 EIl.U'tOC; 'tYJC;.

VOYlfJ.a 'twv aAAWV Emcr'ty]fJ.wv. To tjltAocrotjltxO ~Exivy]fJ.a vod'tat fJ.ovo crE crxEcry] 1tpOe; Eva U1tOXdfJ.EVO, xa8ocrov au'to 1tpo'ti8E'tat vo: tjltAocrOtjl~crEt, xat oXt crE crXEcry] 1tpOe; 'ty]v Emcr't~fJ.y] co» 'tE'tOta.

T ''>'' '",' 1:' H'

- 0 toto 1tpa")1J.a fJ.1tOpEt va EX't'pacr'tEt we; Ec.,Y]e;: EVVOta 'tY]e;

Emcr't~fJ.Y]e; xat apa Y] EVVOta fJ.E 'ty]v o1toia ~ExtVOUfJ.E - 1tOU E1tEtO~ dvat Y] 1tPw'ty] , G"UfJ.1tEptAafJ.bavEt Eva otaxwptcrfJ.O avafJ.Ecra cr'ty] vOY]G"Y) 1tOU dvat aV'ttXdfJ.EVO xat ce Eva ('tP01tOV 'ttva E~W'tEPtxO) tjltAocrotjlouv U1tOXdfJ.EVO -, 1tPE1tEt vo: cruAAY]tjl8d a1to 'ty]v iota 'ty]v Emcr't~fJ.y]. Au'to fJ.aAtcr'ta dvat 0 fJ.ovaotxoe; crxo1toe;, a8AOe; xat cr'toxoe; 'tY]e; {(ltAocrotjliae;: va tjI'tacrEt cr'ty]v EVVOta 'tY]e; EVVOtae; 'tY]e; xat E'tcrt cr'ty]v E1taVOOO xat cr'ty]v txavo1toiY]cr~ 'tY]e;.

§ 18

IA1tO fJ.ta {(ltAocrotjlia OEV fJ.1topd va o08d fJ.E 1tpocrwptVO 'tP01tO fJ.ta 'YEVtx~ 1tapacr'tacry], 'Yta'ti fJ.OVO 'to GAO 'tY]e; Emcr't~fJ.Y]e; fJ.1topd vo: 1tapoucrtacrEt 'ty]v tOEa' OU'tE xat Y] ozaipe(J'7 'tY]e; {(ltAocrotjliae; fJ.1topd va xa'tavoy]8d, 1tapa fJ.ovo fJ.E bacrY] au't~ 'ty]V 1tapoucriaG"Y)2. Y] OtaipEG"Y) dvat 01tWe; xat Y] 1tapoucriaG"Y), a1to 'ty]V o1toia fJ.EAAEt va AY]tjl8d, xa'tt 1tpoxa'tapx'ttxo. AAAa Y] tOEa avaodxvE'tat we; Y] vOY]G"Y) 1tOU 'tau'ti~E'tat a1tOAu'ta fJ.E 'tov Eau'to 'ty]e;, xat

1. flepiA11If111: Eow 1tll.pEXE'ta.t YJ 't'1l.~tvotJ-YJCTrJ OAoXAYJpYJe; 't'YJe; EYXUXAO- 1tll.iOEtll.e;, OYJAIl.O~ 't'1l. tJ-EPYJ srto: 01toill. U1tootll.tpd't'll.t YJ <litAOCl'ocpill. XIl.'t'a. 't'ov XEYXEA. Ecpt(j't'a.'t'll.t YJ 1tpo(jOX~ (j't'o o't't 't'1l. 't'ptll. tJ-EPYJ 't'YJe; <litAOCl'Ocptll.e; EXOUV we; tJ-0VIl.OtXO Il.V't'tXdtJ-EVO 't'YJV laea tJ-ECl'1l. Cl"t'te; 't'pEte; EXcpa.VCl'Ete; 't'YJe;:

Aoyoe; - cpuCTrJ - 1tVEUtJ-Il.. AU't'Ee; or EXcpa.V(jEte; dVll.t arMra Cl''t'YJ OtIl.AEX't'tX~ 1topdll. 't'YJe; tOEIl.e; 1tpOe; 't'ov EIl.U't'O 't'YJe;, yt' Il.U't'O Xll.t 't'1l. 't'pill. tJ-EPYJ EXOUV PWCl''to Xll.t tJ-E't'Il.~Il.'ttXO XIl.Pll.x't'~PIl..

2. A~il;,Et vo: 1tpoCl'EX'td YJ Ota.xptCTrJ Il.va.tJ-ECl'1l. (j'tYJV 1tpo(jwPtv~ 1tIl.Pa.Cl''tIl.CTrJ (Vorstellung) 't'YJe; <litAo(jocpill.e; Xll.t Cl''t'YJV 1tll.poUCl'ill.Cl'YJ (Darstellung) 't'YJe; tOEIl.e;. Mtll. 1tpOCl'WPtv~ 1tIl.Pa.Cl''t'Il.CTrJ dVll.t EAAt1t~e;, E1tEtO~ OEV XIl.'tEXEt ro OAO 'tYJe; EmCl''t~tJ-YJe;, 1tIl.Pa. tJ-ovo tJ-tll. EtxOVIl., 't'YJe; o1toill.e; 't'1l. tJ-EPYJ Ex't'i6EV't'll.t Cl''t'Il.'ttxa. Xll.t U1tOCl''tci.Cl'to1totYJtJ-EVIl. Cl'Il.V doYJ (Arten}, o1twe; 61l. Et7tw6d 1tIl.Pll.xa.'tw.

't"au"d~E't"at oXt [1-0',10 acp1)p1)[l-c:va, aAArY. xat [l-c:cra cr't"1)V npa~1) xa't"a 't"1)V onoia, yta vo: dvat Ot' Eau't"ljv, av't"mapa8c:'t"Et xo» Eau't"o 't"1)e; cr't"ov Eau't"o 't"1)e;, xat EVW dvat [l-c:cra c' au't"o 't"o aAAO, dvat [1-0',10 nap' Eau't"ljv. 'E't"crt, 1) <l>tAocrocpia xa't"avC:[l-E't"at crE 't"pia [l-C:p1):

I. Tn AOY1Kr" t5f/Aat5r, tnv emarr,f.1f/ tnc; lt5ear; KaO' eaotnv Kat 151' eavrr,v3•

II. Tn cP1Aoao</Jia tnc </Jvaf/r;, I5f/Aaor, tnv emarr,f.1f/ tnc ioea; uiaa atnv eteoomto. inc,

III. Tn cP1Aoao</Jia rov nveuuatoc, t5f/Aat5r, tnv emarr,f.1f/ tnc; lt5ear; nov ana tnv etepotnta inc; enavepxerat awv eaoto inc.

'Onwe; avacpc:p81)xE cr't"1)v § 15, Ot otacpopc:e; 't"wv E7tt[l-C:poue; cptAocrOcptxWV E7ttcr't"1)[l-wv dvat anAWe; xat [1-0',10 npocrotoptcr[l-oi au't"lje; 't"ou't"1)e; 't"1)e; toc:ae;, xat avrr, [1-0',10 dvat Exdvo nou napoucrta~E't"at [l-c:cra a' au't"a 't"a OtacpopE't"txa cr't"OtXda. Mc:cra cr't"1) cpuO""Yj OEV Aa6aivou[l-E yvwO""Yj xanotQu aAAou npay[l-a't"oe;, napa [1-0',10 't"1)e; tUae;' aAAa 1) toc:a Exd C:XEt aneKt5vOei 't"ov Eau't"o 't"1)e;. Mc:cra cr't"o nVEU[l-a dvat naAt 1) tOEa, we; xa't"t reou eivai 151' eaoio xat rrou yiveuu KaO' eavro Kat 151' eavro4• Ka8E 't"c:'t"ota [l-Opcplj, [l-c:cra cr't"1)v onoia

3. H tOEa bptaxE'tat xa't ap"/..~v fl-EO"a O"E YEVtXo't'Y)'ta xat xa6apo't'Y)'ta' dvat xa6apoe; «Aoyoe;)), yt' au'to 'Y) E7tt<l"'t~fl-'Y) 1t0U fl-EAE'ta. au'to 'to <l"'ta.Oto OVOfl-a.~E'tat «Aoytx~)). l:' au'to 'to <l"'ta.OtO 'Y) tOEa 'tau'tt~E'tat fl-E 'tov Eau'to 't'Y)e; (dvat «xa6' Eau't~V))), aAAa. axofl-ll. x.a'ta. 'tP01t0 a<p'Y)p'Y)fl-EVO - OEV E"/..Et axofl-a 'tE6d a1tEVav'tt irtov Eau'to 't'Y)e; we; xa.'tt a.AAO, yta vo: apv'Y)6e:t 't'Y)V E'tEpo't'Y)'ta xat 'Ill. E7tt<l"'tPEIjiEt irtov Eau'to 't'Y)e; we; O"UYXEXptfl-EV'Y). n<l"'tO<l"O xat <l"' au'to 'to O"'ta.OtO 't'Y)e; Aoytx~e; 'Y) tOEa aV't"tfl-E'tW1tt~Et 'tov Eau'to 't'Y)e; (= e:tvat «Ot' Eau't~V))) fl-E<l"a oe vO'Y)'ttx~ xa6apo't'Y)'ta xat oAo't'Y)'ta.

4. H tUa fl-E<l"a O"'to 1tVEUfl-a OEV aV't"tfl-E'tW1tt~Et a1tAWe; -rov Eau'to 't'Y)e; (we; x.a.'tt «Ot' Eau'tO))), aAAIi xat 1tpo"/..wpe:t ae 1tA~P'Y) xat O"UYXEXptfl-EV'Y) 'tau'ttO"'Y) fl-E 'tOV Eau'to 't'Y)e; (we; xa.'tt «xa6' Eau'tO))). ME'tabatVov'rae; <l"'to

Efl.tjJaVt~E'ta~ 'YJ ~OEa, dva~ (Juvafl.a EVa peoato (J'taow· y~ au'to xa6EfI.~a a1to au'tE~ 't~~ u1tOO~a~pE(JE~~ OtjJdAE~ oX~ fl.OVO va YVWPt(JE~ 'to 1tEP~EXOfl.EVO 't'YJ~ w~ aV't~xdfl.EVO E't(J~ xa6w~ eivai, aAAa xa~ va av~xvEu(JE~ afl.E(Ja 't'YJ !J.E'ta6acr-r] 'tou (JE Eva avwupo XUXAO. H 7tapa(J'taO"'Y) 't'YJ~ 1tapa1tavw oioipeonc xapax't'YJPt~E'ta~ Aomov a1to 'to (JtjJaAfl.a, o't~ 1tapa6EU~ 'ta o~atjJopa fl.Ep'YJ ~ 't~~ Emfl.EpOu~ Em(J't~fl.E~ rtf uia oinAa atnv clAAtf, co» au'tE~ vo: ~'tav aXtv'YJ'tE~ xa~ fl.E(Ja (J't'YJ o~atjJopE't~xo't'YJ'ta 'tou~ u1t0(J'ta(JW1t0~'YJfl.EVE~, 01tW~ dva~ 'ta ei0tf.

(OW.e' W.U"t'o KIl.~ O~' EIl.U"t'O» "t] ~0E1l. E7tt(j"t'pE.pE~ o-ro ~lxiv1'/f1a "t'"t]t; ("t'o 07totO iJ.EAE"t'a"t'll.~ 1l.7t() "t'"t]1I E7tt(j"t'~iJ."t] "t'"t]t; AOY~K~t;), KAd1l0V"t'1l.t; E"t'(j~ "t'01l KUKAO.

MEPO~ flPOTO

H EIII~THMH TH~ AOrIKH~

llPOKATAPKTIKH EllI~KOllH~H

§ 19

H Aoyrx~ d'lIXt 'YJ E7ttO""~[J.'YJ inc; Ka()apr,c; loeac;!, O'YJAIXO~ "'YJe; tUIXe; [J.EO"IX 0""0 IX~'YJP'YJ[J.E'IO cr'rOt'X.do "'YJe; vononc,

T'r' IXU"O'l "0'1 GpO 07tWe; )cIXt ytIX "OUe; aAAOUe;, OO"OUe; 7tEPtE'X.O'l"IXt [J.EO"IX O""'YJ'I 7tIXPOUO"IX «llpo)cIX"lXp)C"t)C~ E7ttcrx.O- 1t'YJO"'YJ», tcrx_UEt o'''t )cIXt ytIX "te; 7tpOOt[J.tIX)CEe; E'I'IOtEe; 7tOU IX~OpOU'I "'YJ «ItAOO"O~tIX YE'It)Ca: d'lIXt oPOt 7tOU IX'I"AOU""IXt ono )cIXt (JI)pcpwva ue [J.tIX E7ttcrx.07t'YJO"'YJ -rou OAOU O"Uo""~[J.IX"oe;.

M7topd '1IX Et7tw6d o"t 'YJ Aoyt)C~ d'lIXt 'YJ E7ttO""~[J.'YJ "'YJe; VO'l(J'lC;, "W'I OpWV Kat rwv VopWV "'YJe;. AAAa 'YJ '10'YJ0"'YJ O"IX'I "E"OtIX OE'I IX7tO"EAd 7tIXpa [J.O'lO rov vevuco opo ~ "0 oioireio, [J.EO"IX 0""0 07tOtO U7tap'X.Et 'YJ tOE IX We; Aoyt)C~ [logische] tUIX. H tUIX d'lIXt 'YJ '10'YJO"'YJ o'X.t We; [J.op~t)C~2, IXAAa We; 'YJ IXU"OIX'IIX7t"UO"O"O[J.E'I'YJ OAO"'YJ"IX "W'I OPW'I "'YJe; )cIXt "W'I '10[J.W'I "'YJe;, "OUe; 07totoue; Ot'lEt 'YJ tOtIX 'YJ '10'YJO"'YJ 0""0'1 EIXU"O "'YJe;, )cIXt OE'I d'lIXt E'IIX OEOO[J.E'IO 7tOU ~o'YJ ''0 KareXGl ~ ''0 6ptcrx.Et [J.EO"IX "'YJe;.

H Aoyt)C~ d'lIXt 'YJ 7T.lO OV(JKOA'l E7ttO""~[J.'YJ, ytIX"t OE'I E'X.Et '1IX )Ca'iEt [J.E E7t07t"Eke;, OU'rE 07tWe; 'YJ rEW[J.E"ptIX [J.E

1. H Aoytx~, 7tOU 0''t1)\1 § 18 OptO''t1)xe: w<; «e:7ttO''t~fl-YJ 'tYJ<; tOEa<; xa6' e:au't~\I xat Ot' e:au't~\I)), e:OW opt'L;e:'tat w<; «e:7tt0''t'ijfl-1) 'tYJ<; xa6ap~<; tOEa<;)). I1poxe:t'tat xat O''tt<; ouo ota'tu7twO'e:t<; yta 'to\l aCP'lP'lfJ.evo xat xa6apa. VO'lTlKO 'X,apax't'ijpa 't1)<; Aoytx'ij<;, 07tw<; 'to\lt'L;e:'tat afl-EO'w<; 7tapaxa.'tw.

2. II Aoytx~ -rou XEYXe:A 0e:\I 7tapE'X,e:t 'tt<; fJ.opcpe<; 'tou \loe:t\l, 0e:\I fl-7tOpe:t AOt7tO\l va: 'tau'ttO''te:t fl-e: 't1)\1 7tapaooO'tax~ fl-Opcptx'ij (formal' (l'lJ\I~6w<; e:7tO\lor=~Ofl-e:\l1): rvlllK~) Aoytx'ij. To Aoytxo 0''t0t'X,e:to, fl-OAO\lo'tt a\le:~a.p'tYJ'to a7to 't1)\1 e:p.7te:tpta, a.pa «xa6apa.)) Aoytxo, 0e:\I O''te:pe:i't'at 7te:pte:'X,Ofl-E\IOU. Ant6e:'ta fl-EO'a 'tou 7te:ptE'X,e:'tat OAO<; 0 7tAOU'tO<; 'tYJ<; a7tOAu'tYJ<; aA~- 6e:ta<;, 1) ~w'ij xat YJ xt\lYJO'1J 't1)<; \l01)0'1J<; 1tOU O'XE7t'te:'tat 'to\l e:au'to 'tYJ<;.

acp'Y)p'Y)(J-EVEe; a!O"O'Y)'t'Y)p!aXEe; 7tapaO"'ta.O"E!e;, aAAa. (J-E XaOapEe;

...h ' I' ~I ,

a't'a!pEO"E!e;' Xa! y!a't! a7ta!'tE! ouva(J-'Y) Xa! acrx'Y)O"'YJ, y!a »a

O ' " 0 ".'~ '"

a7toO"up E! XaVE!e; (J-EO"a O"'t'Y)V xa ap'Y) crxE't"j, vo: 't'Y) O"'t'!'X.'to-

xpa't~o"E! xa! vo: x!v'Y)Od (J-EO"a 't'Y)e;. A7to a.AA'Y) 7tAWPa. !OW(J-EV'Y) 'Y) Aoy!x~ Oa (J-7tOpOUo"E »a OEwp'Y)Od we; 'Y) nio eI)KOA1J, y!a'ti 'to 7tEP!E'X.O(J-EVO 't'Y)e; OEV dva! a.AAO a7tO 't'Y) O!X~ (J-ae; VO'Y)O"'Y) xa! 'toue; o"uV'Y)O!O"(J-EvoUe; 't'Y)e; opoue;' xa! au'tot dva! O"uva.(J-a O! tao anloi xa! o,'t! rno atotreuooec, Au'toi O! OPO! dva! E7ttO"'YJe; o,'t! 7l1O ouceio: 'to 'dva!' xa! 'to 'OEV dva!':l. 'Y) 7to!o't'Y)'ta xa! 'to (J-EYEOOe;' 'to OUVa.(J-E! xa! 'to, EVEpydq: 'to Eva, 'ta 7tOAAa. x'tA. AAAa. au't~ 'Y) E~o!xdwO"'Y) (J-a.nov oucrxoAEUE! 't'Y) O"7tOUO~ 't'Y)e; Aoy!x~e;' acpEVOe; y!a'ti OEV OEwpd'ta! a.~!a y!a v' acrx.oA'Y)Od xavde; (J-E xa.'t! 't00"0

, ",' ''1 1: 0 " ,

O!XEW, a't'E'tEpoU 'X.pE!ac,E'ta! va E"O!XE!W E! XaVE!e; (J-E au'to

xa'ta. Evav a.AAo 'tP07tO, EV'tEAWe; av'tiOE'tO a7to au'tov 7tOU ~o'Y) O!aOE'tEL

H XP1J(JlJ1or:1Jr:a 't'Y)e; Aoy!x~e; EyxE!'ta! O"E oO"a 7tPOO"CPEpEt o-rov O"7touoaO"'t~, xaOoO"ov au'toe; 7tapE'X.E! e-rov Eau'tO 'tou (J-!a (J-OPCPWO"'Y) y!a a.AAOue; crx07tOUe;. H (J-OPCPWO"'Y) (J-Eo"W 't'Y)e; Aoy!x~e; EyxE!'ta! o-ro O't! 0 O"7touoaO"'t~e; acrxd'ta! (J-EO"a 0"'t'Y) VO'Y)O"'YJ, y!a'ti au't~ 'Y) EmO"'t~(J-'Y) dva! VO'Y)O"'YJ 't'Y)e; VO'Y)O"'YJe;' EyxE!'ta! E7t!7tAEOV o-ro O't! 0 O"7touoaO"'t~e; 7tpoO"Aa(J-ba.vE! o-ro XEcpa.A! -rou 't!e; crxE~E!e; axo(J-a xa! we; crxE~E!e;.

- AAAa. xa'ta. 'to (J-E'tpO 7tOU 'to Aoy!xo O"'tO!'X.do [das Logische] dva! 'Y) a7tOAu't'Y) (J-opcp~ 't'Y)e; aA~OE!ae; xa! - axo(J-a 7tEp!O"O"onpo - 'Y) iota 'Y) xaOap~ aA~OE!a/', 'Y) Aoy!x~

3. 0 XEYKEA ypacpEt EOW: «ro Et'llat Kat -ro fJ-1)OE'II)) (Sein, Nichts).

AAAa E7tEtO~ OE'II Et'llat aKOfJ-a cracpE~ ryn au·tot Ot XEYXEAta'llOt OPOt "antcr·totXOu'll 7tpO~ 'tt~ Kae1)fJ-Ept'lle:~ EKcppacrEt~ «Et'llat - OE'II d'llat)) , 7tpo'ttfJ-YJcra EOW (aKoAOUewna~ 'tYJ'II ayyAtK~ fJ-E'tacppaO""t) 'tou W. Wallace} 'IIa 6aAw avre<; 'tt~ EKcppacrEt~, Ot 07tOtE~ d'llat 7tpaYfJ-a'tt «O,'tt 7tto otxdo)).

4. Me:cra ae fJ-ta 7tpocpoptX~ 7tpOcr~K1) -rou Xe:YXEA cr' au't~ 't1)'11 7tapaypacpo yt'llE'tat cracpe:~, O'tt 0 Xe:YKEA e:XEt EOW Ka'ta 'IIOU -rov OeD, -rov

dvat xa'tt EV'tEAWe; aAAtW'ttxO arr:.o xa'tt arr:.AWe; XPr,(JlflO. AAAa orr:.we; 'to rno 'tEAEW, 'to rno EAEU8EPO xat rno au8urr:.apx'to dvat Err:.LcrYje; 'to mo 'X.p~(n[J.o, 'YJ Aoytx~ [J.rr:.opd mLcrYj<; vo: EXA'YJ4>8d E'tO'L TO'tE o[J.we; 'YJ 'X.p'YJO't[J.o't'YJ'ta 't'YJe; rr:.pErr:.Et va. Ex'tt[J.'YJ8d EV'tEAWe; aAAtw'ttxa, arr:.o [J.ta aO'X'YJcrYj 't'YJe; vO'YJcrYje; rcou yivE'tat [J.ovo [J.op4>txa xat [J.ovo yta 'X.ap'YJ 't'YJe; aO'X'YJcrYje;.

§ 20

I Av rr:.apou[J.E 't'YJV rr:.A'YJO'tEO''tEP~ [J.a<; av'tLA'YJ~'YJ yta 't'YJ vO'YJcrYj, au't~ E[J.4>avi~E'tat a) xa't' ap'X.~v [J.EO'a 0''t'YJ O'uV'YJ8tO'[J.EV'YJ Urr:.OXEt[J.EVtX~ 't'YJe; crYj[J.acr1a we; [J.La arr:.o 'tt<; rr:.vEU[J.a'ttxEe; EVEPYEtE<; ~

07tOtO 'Ca.U .. d~Et iJ.E 'CYJV a.A~6Eta.. AeEt xa.'Ca Ae~YJ: «To 7tpw'Co EPW'CYJiJ.a. dva.t: IIow dva.t 'Co a.V'CtXdiJ.EVO 'CYJC; E7tter'C~iJ.YJC; iJ.a.c;; H mo a.7tA~ xa.t 7tW EUVOYJ'CYJ a.7tav'CYJCl"Y) er' a.u'Co 'Co EPW'CYJiJ.a. dva.t: a.u'Co 'Co a.ntXdiJ.EVO dva.t YJ aA~(Jeza ... AiJ.eerwc; OiJ.WC; 7tPOXU7t'CEt YJ ever'Ca.Cl"Y): diJ.a.er'CE txa.VOt vo: yvwpterOuiJ.E 'CYJV a.A~6Eta.; <1ia.tVE'Ca.t »o: U7tapXEt iJ.ta. ouera.va.Aoyta. a.vaiJ.Eera. er' EiJ.ac; wc; 7tE7tEpa.eriJ.eVouc; a.v6pw7touC; xa.t er'CYJv a.A~6Eta. 7tOU dva.t a.7tOAU'CYJ' xa.t 'Ct6E'Ca.t 'Co EPW'CYJiJ.a., xa.'Ca 7toero U7tapXEt iJ.ta. ye,pupa. a.vaiJ.Eera. o-ro 7tE7tEpa.eriJ.eVo xa.t o-ro a.7tepa.no. 0 6EOC; dva.t YJ a.A~6Eta.· 7tWC; 6a. 'Cov yvwpterouiJ.E;)). Ka.t ae iJ.ta. OEU'CEPYJ 7tpoer6~xYJ: «Au'Co 'Co 7tEptEXOiJ.EVO, ° tOWC; ° 6EOC;, U7tapXEt er'CYJv a.A~6Eta. -rou iJ.0VO iJ.eera. er'CYJ VOYJCl"Y) xa.t wc; VOYJCl"Y). Eav Aomov e'Cert exouv 'Ca. 7tpayiJ.a.'Ca., YJ crxetjlYJ OEV dva.t a.7tAWC; xa.t iJ.0VO crxetJiYJ, a.AAa dva.t ° a.VW'Ca.'COC;, xa.t o» tow6d a.xpt6eernpa., ° iJ.0VOC; 'CP07tOC; iJ.E -rov 07tOtO iJ.7topd »o: eruAAYJ,p6d 'Co a.tWvtO xa.t 'Co a.7tOAu'CO)). Meera. a.7tO a.u'CO 'Co 7tpteriJ.a. 'CYJC; xa.6a.p~c; VOYJCl"Y)C;, xa.t iJ.aAter'Ca. xa.6oerov YJ Ioea. OEV eXEt a.XO!J.ll. E~W'CEPtxEU'Cd iJ.eera. er'CYJ ,pUCl"Y) ~ a.va.omAw6d wc; 7tVEUiJ.a. (OEC; § 18), 7tpe7tEt vo: xa.'Ca.voYJ6d xa.t YJ 7tEpt6oYJ'CYJ Ota.'CU7twCl"Y) 'Cou XeyxEA, o'Ct 'Co 7tEptEXOiJ.EVO 'CYJC; Aoytx~c; dva.t «YJ 7ta.pouerta.Cl"Y) 'Cou 6EOU, e'Cert 07tWC; a.u'Coc; dva.t iJ.eera. er'CYJv a.twvta. ouerta. 'Cou 7tptv a.7tO 'CYJ oYJiJ.wupyta. 'CYJC; ,puCl"Y)C; xa.t XcX7tOtou 7tE7tEpa.eriJ.evou 7tVEUiJ.a.'COC;)) (Logik I, «e): 44).

1. flepiAI1If1I1: Tt dva.t vOYJCl"Y); l'ta. vo: 7tpoerowpter'Cd E'COU'CYJ, EtVa.t xa.'C' a.PX~v a.7ta.pa.t'CYJ'Co vo: ota.xpt6d a.7tO cXAAEC; 7tVEUiJ.a.'Ctxec; txa.VO'CYJ'CEC;, 07tWC; YJ a.ter6YJCl"Y), YJ 7ta.paer'Ca.Cl"Y), YJ otavota. x'CA. Ka6E 'Ct a.ter6YJ'Co dva.t xa'Ct a.'C0iJ.txo· 7ta.p0iJ.0ta. YJ 7ta.paer'Ca.Cl"Y) xa.t YJ otavota. exouv vo: xavouv

tXIl:\lo't'Y)'tEe; Oi71Aa O"E aAAEe;: 0"'t'Y)\I Il:t0"6'Y)0"'Y), 0"'t'Y)\I E7t07t'te:tIl:, 0"'t'Y) CPIl:\I't"ll:crtll:, 0"'t'Y)\I Em6u(J-tll:, 0"'t'Y) 6EA'Y)O"'YJ X'tA. To ttpoiov Il:u't~e; 't'Y)e; E\lEpYEtll:e;, 0 'X.Il:Pll:x't~pll:e; ~ 'Y) (J-opcp~ 't'Y)e; crx.E~'Y)e;, e:t\lll:t 'to yevlK6, 'to Il:CP'Y)P'Y)(J-E\lO E\lyE\lEt. 'Apll: 'Y) vonon we; evepveta e:t\lll:t 'to evepyntix» YE\ltxo, Xll:t (J-aAtO"'t1l: Il:u'to 7tOU E\lEpY07tOte:t -rev EIl:U'tO 'tOU, ytll:'tt 'to EPYO, 'to 7tIl:Pll:yO(J.E\lO, e:t\lll:t Il:xpt6we; 'to YE\ltXO. H \lo'Y)O"'YJ 6EWpOU(J-E\I'Y) we; V710Kelf.1eVO e:t\lll:t xa'tt (JKe717:0f.1evo, Xll:t 0 rno Il:7tAOe; opoe; 7tOU O'Y)AW\lEt 'to u7tap'X.o\l U7tOXe:t(J-E\lO we; crx.E7t'tO(J-E\lO, e:t\lll:t: Eyw.

O ':0" " 'A-,

t EoW Xll:t (J-Eo"ll: O"'tte; Il:(J-Eo"We; E7tO(J-E\lEe; 7tll:pll:ypll:'t'0ue;

(§§) 7tIl:PE'X.O(J-E\lOt OptO"(J-Ot OE\I 7tPE7tEt vo: EXA'Y)cp60u\I we; tcrxuptO"(J-ot ~ we; OtxEe; (J-OU yvtou»; crxE'ttxa (J-E 't'Y) \lo'Y)O"'Y). AAAa 0"' Il:U'tEe; 'He; 7tpOXIl:'tll:pX'ttXEe; 7tll:pll:ypacpOUe; OE\I (J-7t0- pe:t va. yt\lEt xa7tOtll: 7tIl:PIl:YWY~ [1l:7tO YE\ltXO'tEpEe; E\I\lOtEe;] ~ »« o06e:t xa7tOtll: Il:7tOOEt~'Y), yt' Il:u'to ot optO"(J-Ot (J-7tOpOU\I vo:

EXA'Y)cp60U\I we; OEOO(J-E\lOt [Facta]. MEO"Il: 0"'t'Y) O"U\le:to'Y)O"'YJ XIl:6E\lOe;, 0 07tOtoe; crx.E7t'tE'tll:t Xll:t E~E'ta~Et, 61l: 6PE6e:t E(J-7tEtptXa o'tt ll:u'tOt Ot optO"(J-Ot ExOU\I -rov 'X.Il:Pll:x't~PIl: 't'Y)e; yE\Itxo't'Y)'tIl:e;, 'to tOto Xll:t Ot OptO"(J-ot 7tOU 61l: Il:xoAou6~0"0u\I. rtll: »a 7tIl:PIl:'t'Y)P~o"E t XIl:\le:te; 'til: OEOO(J-E\l1l: 't'Y)e; O"U\le:to'Y)~e; 'tou Xll:t 'tW\l 7tll:pIl:O"'taO"EW\I -tou, 1l:7tll:t'tEt'tll:t 6E61l:tll: (J-tll: 7tPW'tU'tEP'Y) E~acrx.'Y)O"'YJ 't'Y)e; 7tpoO"o'X.~e; Xll:t 't'Y)e; Il:CPll:tpEO"'Y)e;.

'Ho'Y) (J-Eo"ll: 0"'t'Y)\I 7tll:pouo"ll: 7tpOXIl:'tll:px't tx~ Ex6EO"'YJ

, .... ' ':0 A-, , 1:' 6' ,

yt\lE'tll:t Aoyoe; ytll: 't'Y) otll:'t'0PIl: (J-E'tIl:o,U Il:tO" 'Y)'tOU, 7tIl:PIl:O"'tIl:-

0"'YJe; Xll:t o"XE~'Y)e;. Au't~ 'Y) otll:cpopa e:t\lll:t E~ll:tpE'ttxa O"'Y)(J-Il:\I'ttx~ ytll: va xll:'tIl:\l0'Y)6e:t 'Y) cpuO"'YJ Xll:t 'til: e:to'Y) -rou y\lwPt~Et\l' 61l: e:t\lll:t AOmO\l 'X.p~O"t(J-o »o: E7tE~'Y)y'Y)6e:t EOW Il:u't~ 'Y) otll:cpopa.

xupiw<; fl-E a'tofl-txa (= E~a'tofl-tXWfl-Eva, fl-Efl-OVWfl-Eva) xat E7ttfl-EPOU<; 7tpay[l-IX'ta. Ani6E'ta EPYO 'tYJC; VOYJ<Tt)C; dvat 'to YEvtxO, yt' au'to xat YJ YAwcrcra (Sprache), 7tOU dvat EPYO 'tYJ<; (1)(Et¥YJ<;, Excppat;Et 7tav'ta xa'tt YEVtxO. 0 XEYXEA Otal)E6atWvEt O'tt aXOfl-a xat o'tav AEfl-E «eyw» Evvownac; 'tov wu'tO fl-aC;, Excppat;oufl-E fl-ta YEvtxO'tYJ'ta, Yta'ti Eyw dvat xa6Eva<; fl-ac;.

- r~a va. €~"YJY"YJed 'to aioilmo, yiv€'ta~ (l'UV~ew<; ava~optl. (l''t"YJV €~w't€p~X~ 'tou 7t"YJY~: (l''t~<; a~ae~(l'€~<; ~ aAA~W<; a~(l'e"YJ't~p~a opyava. AAAtl. 'to va ava~€ped 'to opyavo, O€V bO"YJetl. o-ro »o: €~"YJY"YJed 'ti dva~ €xdvo 7tOU (l'UAAa(Jobtl.V€'ta~ (Jo€ au'to. H 7tpay(Joa't~x~ o~a~optl. 'tou alaOytrov a7to 't"YJ (l'XEt¥"YJ EYX€~'ta~ o-ro o't~ 'to OU(l'~Wo€<; 'X.apax't"YJP~(l''t~xo 'tou a~(l'e"YJ'tOt) dva~ 'to aiouuco: xa~ €7t€~O~ 'to a'to(Jo~xo «(Jo€ €V't€AW<; a7tAO opo: 'to tl.'to(Joo) bpi(l'X€'ta~ €7ti(l'"Yj<; (l'€ (l'Uvtl.~€~a (Jo€ Xtl.'t~ tl.AAO, 'ta a~(l'e"YJ'ttl. dva~ etcco; aAAI]AWV' o~ xtl.7tw<; mo a~"YJP"YJ(JoEV€<; €X~ptl.(l'€~<; au't~<; 't"YJ<; €~w't€p~xo't"YJ'ta<; dva~ 'to napanAevpa aAAI]AWV [="YJ 7tap€up€(l'"Yj o-rov 'X.Wpo] xa~ 'to ue:' aAAytAa [="YJ 'X.pov~x~ o~aoo'X.~].

- H napaaiaan E'X.€~ Eva 'tE'tOtO a~(l'e"YJ'to UA~XO w<; 7t€P~€'X.o(Jo€VO, aAAtl. (Jo€ -rov opo o't~ 7tpox€~'ta~ y~a Xtl.'t~ OIKO uoo (o"YJAao~ au'to 'to 7t€P~€'X.o(Jo€VO dva~ (JoE(l'a a ej1eva) x~ E'X.€~ 'teed (JoE(l'a (l'€ vevucotnta xa~ anAorytTa, (JoE(l'a (l'€ au'toax_€'t~(l'(Joo.

- AAAtl. €x'to<; a7tO 'ta a~(l'e"YJ'ttl. "YJ 7taptl.(l''ta(l'"Yj E'X.€~ w<; 7t€P~€'X.o(Jo€VO xa~ uA~xo 7tOU 7t"YJYtl.'(,€~ a7to 't"YJV au'to(l'uv€~o"YJ't07tO~"YJ(JoEV"YJ vO"YJ(l'"Yj' 'tE'tO~€<; dva~ o~ 7tapa(l''ttl.(l'€~<; 7t€pi o~xaiou, "YJe~xou, ep"YJ(l'X€u't~xou, aAAtl. xa~ 7t€pi 't"YJ<; io~a<;

I 'I' I I I... ,0 e I I

't"YJ<; VO"YJ(l'"Yj<;, xa~ oev €~va~ 'to(l'O €UXOAO va. ope sr, 7tOU

EYX€~'ta~ "YJ o~a~optl. 'tE'tO~WV napaaiaaecov a7to 't~<; atceu/e«; 7ttl.VW a au'ttl. 'ta 7t€P~€'X.o(Jo€va. r~a'ti €OW 'to 7t€P~€'X.o(Jo€VO dva~ (Jo~a (l'XEt¥"YJ, xa~ €m7tAEOV U7ttl.p'X.€~ "YJ (Joop~~ 't"YJ<;

, , I I , ~

y€V~xo't"YJ'ta<;, 'X.wp~<; 't"YJv o7to~a xav€va 7t€P~€'X.0(Jo€VO osv ea

(Jo7tOpOU(l'€ »a. dva~ (JoE(l'a a eueva, ~ €VYEV€~ »a dva~ 7taptl.(l''ta(l'"Yj. AAAtl. "YJ ~otO(Joop~ia 't"YJ<; 7taptl.(l''ta(l'"YJ<; EYX€~'ta~ Y€V~Xtl. o-ro o't~ (JoE(l'a 't"YJ<; 'to 7t€P~€'X.o(Jo€VO (l''tEX€'ta~ €~a'to!.J.t-

I I 0 I 'I' I I

X€U(JO€VO, (JO€(JOOVW(JO€VO. VO(JOO<;,"YJ o~xatO(l'Uv"YJ xa~ or 7tapo-

I 'I' I pIp I I e I

(JoOtO~ opo~ oe» (l''t€xov'ta~ o€oa~a (Jo€(l'a (l'€ xa7to~a a~(l' "YJ't"YJ

€~w't€P~xo't'YJ'ta, (JoE(l'a o-ro €x'to<; aAA~Awv -rou XWpov. M()AOVO't~ w<; 7tpo<; 'tov 'X.povo €(Jo~avi'(,oV'ta~ Xtl.7tW<; o~aoo-

x~xa., 'to 7tEP~EXOfl-EVO 'tOUe; OEV U7tOXE~'tCU (]'tOV XpOv.o, OU'tE 7tap~O"'ta.VE'ta~ we; 7tapEPXOfl-EVO xa~ fl-E'ta6aAAofl-Evo fl-EO"a O"'tOV XPOVO. AAAa. 'tE'tOW~ OpO~, a» xa~ xa'ta. 6a.CJY] 7tvwfl-a't~xo[, O"'tEXOna~ E7t[O"y)e; Cc:,aWfllICWflBVOI fl-EO"a O"'ty)V wpda 7tEPWX~ 'tY)e; 7tapa.O"'taCJY]e;, fl-E 'ty)V Eo"W'tEP~X~ xa~ acpY)pY)fl-EVY) 'tY)e; YEV~XO'tY)'ta. MEO"a 0"' au't~ 'ty)v E~a'tO!J.[xWo"Y) O~ OpO~ dva~ onkoi: o[xaw, xae~XOv, eEOe;. H 7tapa.O"'taO"y) dn Efl-fl-EVE~ 0"' au'tov 'tOV OpO, AEyov'tae; o't~: «To o[xaw dva~ o[xaw», «0 eEOe; dva~ 0 eEOe;»' d'tE 7tapEXE~ Xa.7tOWUe; rno xaAA~EpYy)fl-Evoue; opoue;, 7t. X. «0 eEOe; dva~ oY)fl-Wupyoe; 'tou xOO"fl-ou, 7ta.vO"ocpoe;, 7tanoouvafl-Oe; x'tA.». AAAa. xa~ EOW a7tap~efl-Ouv'ta~ 7tOAAo[ fl-Efl-OVWfl-EVO~ a7tAo[ opo~, O~ 07t0[0~ 7tap' 01..0 'tov O"UVOEO"fl-O 7tOU 'toue; EVWVE~ fl-E 'to U7tOXdfl-EVO, 7tapafl-EVOuV EX'tOe; aAA~Awv. Eow cpavEpwvE'ta~ Y) Ofl-O~O'tY)'ta 'tY)e; 7tapa.O"'taO"y)e; fl-E 'ty) i5uivOia' Y) fl-ovY) o~acpopa. ava.fl-EO"a. 'toue; dva~ o't~ Y) o~a.vo~a O"UO"XE't[~E~ 'to YEV~XO fl-E 'to fl-EP~XO, 'ty)v a~'t[a fl-E 'to a7to'tEAEO"fl-a x'tA., xa~ a.pa eE'tE~ xa.7to~a crxEo"Y) avayxa~o'tY)'tae; ava.fl-EO"a O"'toue; fl-Efl-OVWfl-EVOUe; opoue; 'tY)e; 7tapa.O"'taO"y)e;, EVW Y) 7tapa.O"'taO"y) apxd'tat vo: 'tou~ 't01t08E'tEi napa1lAeVpa aAA.1lAWv !J-Ecra O'E Eva aop~O"'to xwpo, xa~ »a 'toue; O"UVUE~ fl-E Eva O"XE'tO teat,

- H o~acpopa. fl-E'ta~u 7tapa.O"'taCJY]e; xa~ o"xE~Y)e; dva~ O"Y)fl-an~xo'ta'ty), y~a't[ fl-7topd »o: Emwed o't~ Y) <l>~AoO"ocp[a OEV Xa.VE~ 't[7ton a.AAo, 7tapa. va. fl-E'tafl-OpcpwvE~ 't~e;. 7tapaO"'ta.o"E~e; O"E o"xE~E~e;, - aAAa. 6E6a~a 7tEpa~'tEpw xa~ 'ty) o"xE'ty)

'.1. '

O"XE't'Y) O"E Evvo~a.

Ta a~O"eY)'ta. xapax'tY)p[O"'tY)xav fl-E 'toue; opoue;: atout«otnta xa~ CICiOr; aAA~Awv [= E~W'tEp~xo'tY)'ta]- 7tPE7tE~ vo:

()." , 1 I,L ' 1

7tPOO"VEO"OUfl-E O't~ xa~ au'to~ E~va~ o"xE't'E~e; xa~ yEV~xO~ OpOL

MEO"a O"'ty) Aoy~x~ ea OE~X'td o't~ Y) o"xE~Y) 07tWe; xa~ 'to YEV~XO dva~ axp~6we; E'tOU'tO: dva~ 0 Eau'tOe; 'tou xa~ 'to a.AAo 'tou, O"uAAafl-6a.vE~ au'to 'to a.AAo xa~ 'to ~E7tEPVa. - xa~ OEV -rou ~ECPEUYE~ 't[7to'ta. E7tE~O~ Y) YAwaaa dva~ 'to EPYO

T'le; aXE!.jJlJe;, o€V f1-7topd f1-€ (J..U'1;~V V(J.. €t7twOd '1;t7tO'1;(J.., 7tOU o€V dV(J..t y€vtxo. 'O,'1;t f1-0VO qw vOJ1i(w, dV(J..t Jl1<:O J10V2: (J..V~X€t a' €f1-EV(J.., a' (J..U'1;O '1;0 €7ttf1-EpOUe; rl.'1;0f1-0· £AArl. €rl.V lJ yAwaa(J.. €X~prl.~€t f1-0VO Xrl.'1;t Y€Vtxo, o€V f1-7tOPW V(J.. AEW O,'1;t dV(J..t f1-0VO Jl1C17 J10V YVWJ1YJ. K(J..t '1;0 aveinano, '1;0 auv(J..taOlJf1-(J.. ~ '1;0 (J..taOlJf1-(J.., o€V dV(J..t O,'1;t 7tt0 (J..AlJOtVO, (J..AArl. dV(J..t O,'1;t 7tto (J..~~V'T;O X(J..t (J..V(J..AlJOEe;. 'O'1;(J..V AEW: «'1;0 a 7:0J1 0» , «e7:067:0 '1;0 rl.'1;0f1-0», «€oW», «'1;WP(J..», OA(J.. (J..U'1;rl. dV(J..t Y€Vtxo'1;lJ'1;€e;' '1;(J.. 7trl.V'1;(J.. X(J..t Xrl.O€ '1;t dV(J..t EV(J.. rl.'1;0f1-0, EV(J.. «€'1;OU'1;O», (J..XOf1-(J.. X(J..t (J..V (J..U'1;O dV(J..t (J..taOlJ'1;O, €OW X(J..t '1;WP(J... II(J..pof1-ot(J.. O'1;(J..v AEW: «qW», €VVOW '1;OV €(J..U'1;O f1-0U we; (J..U'1;OV €OW, f1-€ (J..7tOXA€taf1-0 OAWV '1;WV rl.AAwv· (J..AA' (J..U'1;O 7tOU AEW, '1;0 «€YW», dV(J..t 0 X(J..OEV(J..e; f1-(J..e;' X(J..OEV(J..e; f1-(J..e; dV(J..t EV(J.. Eyw 7tOU (J..7toxAd€t (J..7t0 '1;OV €(J..U'1;O '1;OU OAOUe; '1;OUe; rl.nOue;.

- ° K(J..V'T; 'X.PlJatf1-o7totlJa€ '1;lJV (J..OE~t(J.. EX~P(J..(l'lj, O'1;t '1;0 Eyw oovooeiei OA€e; '1;te; 7t(J..p(J..(l"T;rl.a€te; f1-0u, (J..AArl. X(J..t '1;(J.. (J..taO~f1-(J..'1;(J.., '1;OUe; 7toOOUe;, '1;te; 7tprl.~€te; X'1;A.:! To Eyw dV(J..t '1;0 x(J..O' €(J..U'1;O X(J..t ot' €(J..U'1;O Y€Vtxo we; Xrl.'1;t XOtvo a€ OAOUe;'" lJ

2. "Was ieh nur meine, ist mein". 0 XE')'Kf;A KIi\lf;t f;OW E\I(J. Af;K'ttKO 7t(J.t1.\liot fJ-f; 'ttt; AE~f;tt; meine (= \lofJ-il:w) - mein (= OtKO fJ-OU) , 7tOU OfJ-oCPW\lOU\I, 1.wpit; OfJ-wt; \I(J. E1.0U\I Kli7tot(J. f;'tufJ-OAo')'tK~ (]U,),,),E\lf;t(J.. A\I(J.OUf;'t(J.t W(]'tO(]O ~f;Klie(J.p(J. 'to (]'Y)fJ-(J.\I'ttKO CPtAO(]oCPtKO \l0'Y)iJ-(1.., o'tt Klief; ')'\lWfJ-'Y) E1.f;t E\I(J.\I U7tOKf;tfJ-f;\ltKO K(J.t lip(J. (J.'tOfJ-tKO 1.(J.p(J.K't~p(J..

3. ~f;t; 1fJ-. K(J.\I't, Kptt: t: Ka8. AOy. B 131: «To "eyw oxixtoiuu" ocpdAf;t \I(J. unopei \I(J. (]U\lOOf;uf;t OAf;t; 'ttt; 7t(J.P(J.(]'tIi(]f;tt; fJ-0U». E\I't(J.')'fJ-E\lOt; fJ-E(](J. (]'t'Y) fJ-(J.Kp(J.iw\lYI CPtAO(]ocptK~ 7t(J.paoo(]'Yj, 7tOU (J.\I(J.\lf;W\lf;'t(J.t K(J.'ta 'tout; \If;O'tf;POut; 1.pO\lout; 1.ap'Y) (]'to ego eogito (= «f;')'W (])(E7t'tOfJ-(J.t») 'tou K(J.p'tEotou, 0 K(J.\I't 7tPO(]OtOpil:f;t (J.U't~ 't'Y)\I EKCPp(J.(]'Y) Wt;: «K(J.e(J.p~ K(J.'t(J.\lO'Y)(]'Yj» (reine Apperzeption) K(J.t Wt; (J.u'to(]U\ldo'Y)(]'Y). IIpoKf;t't(J.t bEb(J.t(J. ')'t(J. 'to (J.U'tO(]U\lf;tO'Y)'t07tOtOUfJ-f;\lO K(J.t (])(f;7t't0fJ-f;\l0 u7toKdfJ-f;\lO.

4. 0 XE,),Kf;A f;'tufJ-oAo,),d 't'Y) AE~'Y) Allgemeines (= ,),f;\ltKO), K(J.t h(]t b,),al:f;t (J.7t0 (J.u't~\I 'to \l0'Y)fJ-(J.: «Kot\lO ae OAout;)). I'r' (J.u'to K(J.t fJ-tAa (J.fJ-E(]Wt; 7t(J.p(J.Ka'tw ')'t(J. 'to \l0'Y)fJ-(J. 't'Y)t; «KOt\lO't'Y)'t(J.t;».

xmvo'tlJ't('l. dv('l.~ [J-~('l. [J-op<p~ 'tlJe; YEV~XO'tlJ't('l.e;, ('l.AAU. [J-~('l. E~W'tEP~X~ 'tlJe; [J-Op<p~. 'OAO~ m U.AAO~ u.vOPW7tO~ EXOUV [J-E E[J-EV('l. E'tOU'tO 'to XO~VO, O't~ dv('l.~ Eyw, 07tWe; X('l.~ CIE OA('l. 't('l. OIKa uoo ('l.~CIO~[J-('l.'t('l., 't~e; 7t('l.p('l.CI'tu.CIE~e; X'tA. dv('l.~ xo~vo, o't~ ('l.u'tu. dv('l.~ OIKa uoo. AAAu. 'to Eyca, ('l.<PlJPlJ[J-EVO CI('l.V 'tE'tOW, dV('l.~ 0 X('l.O('l.pOe; ('l.U'tOcrxE't~CI[J-Oe;, [J-ECI('l. CI'tOV 07tO[O EXE~ Y[VE~ ('l.<p('l.[pECIlJ ('l.7tO 'tlJV 7tpu.~lJ 'tlJe; 7t('l.pu.CI't('l.CIlJe; )(('l.~ 'tlJe; ('l.[CIOlJCIlJe;, ('l.7tO XU.OE X('l.'tU.CI't('l.CIlJ 07tWe; X('l.~ ('l.7tO XU.OE ~O~('l.~'tEPO'tlJ't('l. 'tlJe; <puCIlJe;, 'tOU 't('l.AEV'tOU, 'tlJe; E[J-7tE~p[('l.e; X'tA. 'E'tCI~ Aomov 'to Eyw dv('l.~ lJ U7t('l.P~lJ [J-~('l.e; EV'tEAWe; a<P1'!P1'!fl8W'fC; YEV~XO'tlJ't('l.e;, xu.'t~ ('l.<PlJPlJ[J-EV('l. eAeVOePO. Nu. y~('l.'t[ 'to Eyw dv('l.~ lJ V01'!(J1'! We; V7WKeifleVO, X('l.~ X('l.'tu. 'to [J-E'tpO 7tOU Eyw d[J-('l.~ CIUVU.[J-('l. CIE OA('l. 't('l. ('l.~cre~[J-('l.'tu. [J-OU, CI't~e; 7t('l.p('l.cr'tu.CIE~e;

, i '.1.' ,

[J-OU, CI't~e; X('l.'t('l.CI't('l.CIE~e; [J-OU X'tA., lJ CIXE't'lJ E~V('l.~ 7t('l.V'tOU

7t('l.POUCI('l. X('l.~ O~('l.7tEpVU. We; X('l.'tlJYOp[('l. OAOUe; ('l.U'tOUe; 'tOue; opoue;.

§ 21

16) H VOlJCIlJ 7tEp~ypU.<p'tlJXE we; EVEPYlJ't~X~· dv 'twp('l.

E~E'tU.CIOU[J-E ('l.u't~ 'tlJV EVEPYE~('l. CIE CIXECIlJ 7tpOe; 't('l. ('l.V't~Xd[J-EV('l., we; avasovtouo navw ae «cu, 'to YEV~XO we; 7tpo·iov ('l.u't~e; 'tlJe; EVEpYE~('l.e; 7tEP~EXE~ 'tlJV ('l.~[('l. -rou JIpayflaroc;2 - dv('l.~ 'to onauboec; 'to eooneptxo, 'to aA1'!Olvo.

~'tlJv § 5 ('l.V('l.<pEpOlJXE lJ ('l.PX('l.[('l. 7t[CI'tlJ, CIU[J-<PWV('l. [J-E

1. nepiA.l1lf11J: ~E fJ-ta OEU"t"EP"y) 7tpOerEyyt<Tt) "t""Y)t; vo"Y)er"Y)t; 0 XEYKEA aVWpEpEt rov avaAoyterfJ-O (Nachdenken) wt; EVEpy"Y)"t"tK~ VO"Y)"t"tK~ 7tpa.~"Y) 7tOU h7tEPVa. "t""Y)v a.fJ-Eer"y), ater6"Y)"t""Y)ptaK~ E7tatj>~ fJ-E "t"a av"t"tKdfJ-EVa, Kat oo"Y)yd"t"at er"t""Y)v ouerta "t"out; Kat er"t""Y)v aA"Y)6tv~ "t"out; utj>~.

2. A7tootow "t""Y) AE~"Y) Sache Wt;: TIpa.yfJ-a (fJ-E KEtj>aAatO TI) ae aV"t"tOtaer"t"oA~ 7tpOt; "t""Y) AE~"Y) Ding (= 7tpa.yfJ-a). 0 XEyKEA EVana.ererEt er"t"tt; EOW 7tapaypa.tj>out; (OEt; § 24) aU"t"Et; "t"tt; ouo AE~Ett;, ana. EXEt Ka"t"a. vou fJ-ta EvvOtOAOytK~ "t"out; Ota.Kpt<Tt) 7tOU EK"t"t6E"t"at 7tapaKa."t"w, OEt; §§ 124-5 Kat 147-8.

'ty)v 07tOta 6,'t~ U7tap'X.E~ aAY)6~v6 (l''ta an~xd[J.Eva, (l''t~c; 7t0~6'tY)'tEC; xa~ (l''ta (l'U[J.6ana, 'to E(l'w'tEp~x6 xa~ OU(l'~WOEC; 'tOUC;, 'to IIpaY[J.a, OEV 6pt(l'XE'ta~ oueoo: [J.E(l'a (l''ty) (l'uvdOY)(l'Y) , OEV dva~ 6,'t~ 7tpO(l'(PEPE~ Y) 7tPW'ty) E[J.cpaV~(l'Y) xa~ EnU7tW(l'y)' ant6E'ta 7tPE7tE~ 7tpw'ta vo: avaAOYUJrovpe 7taVW a au'to, y~a vo: (l'UAAa60u[J.E 'ty)v aAY)6~v~ ucp~ 'tou an~xdIJ.EVOU - xa~ m(l''tEUE'ta~ on au't~ 7tE'tu'X.atVE'ta~ [J.Ww avaAoy~(l'[J.oU:I.

§ 22

y) ME(l'W 'tou avaAoy~(l'[J.Ou xa't~ pera6aAAHal o-rov 'tP07tO, xa'ta 'tov 07tOtO 'to 7tEP~E'X.O[J.EVO U7tap'X.E~ xa't' ap'X.~v [J.E(l'a (l''ty)v at(l'6y)(l'y), (l''ty)v E7to7t'tda ~ (l''ty)v 7tapa(l''ta(l'Y). 'Apa [J.ovo ue peaoAa61'WYJ [J.~ac; [J.E'ta60A~c; cp'tavE~ (l''ty) (l'uvdoY)(l'Y) Y) aAYJOlvfJ CPU(l'y) 'tou an ~XE ~[J.EVOU I .

:3. ~E (J.ta 7tpO~OptX~ 7tpo0"6~)(lJ 'tou XEYXEA 0"' au't~ 'tlJV 7tapaypa~o, E7ttXEtpEi'tat tJ.ta 7tEpat'tEpw E7tE~~YlJO""YJ 'tou avaAoytO"(J.Ou. AEYE'tat xa'ta AE~lJ: "Til. at0"6lJ'ta ov'ta Eivat a'to(J.txa xat E~a~avtL;o(J.Eva· 'to 0"'ta6Epo O"'tOtXEio tJ.EO"a 'tou<; aVaXaAu7t'tE'tat (J.E a\laAOYtO"(J.O. II ~uO""YJ (J.a<; OEiX\lEt E\la a7tEpanO apt6(J.o E7tt(J.EpOU<; (J.Op~wv xat ~atvO(J.E\lWV. 'EXOU(J.E 'tlJv avayxlJ »o: EtO"ayayou(J.E E\lO'tlJ'ta 0"' au't~ 'tlJ\I 7tOAAa7tAO'tlJ'ta' yt' au'to O"uyxpiVOU(J.E xat 7tpoO"7ta60u(J.E »o: bPOU(J.E 'to YEvtxO [~: XOt\lO] xa6Evo<; E7tt(J.EpOU<; .... A7to oAa au'ta 'til. 7tapaoEiY~'ta (J.7tOpEi vo: yivEt xa'tavolJ'to, o'tt 0 a\laAoytO"(J.O<; L;lJ'ta 7tav'ta 'to 0"'ta6Epo, 'to (J.ovt(J.o, 'to Eno<; Eau'tou 7tpoO"OtoptO"(J.EVO xat au'to 7tOU xUbEpva 'til. E7tt(J.EpOU<;. Au't~ lJ YEvtxO'tlJ'tll. OEV (J.7tOpEi 'Ill. O"UAAlJ~6Ei (J.E 'tt<; at0"6~o"Et<;».

1. ToviL;ona<; 'tlJV 7tE7toiOlJO"~ 'tou o'tt (J.ovo vOlJ'ttxa (J.7tOpOU(J.E vo:

OOlJYlJ60U(J.E O"'tlJv aA~6Eta, AEEt 0 XEYXEA O"E (J.ta 7tpO~OptX~ 7tpo0"6~xlJ:

"MEO"a O"'tlJv Xa6lJ(J.Ept\l~ L;w~ avaAOytL;o(J.aO"'tE, xwpi<; vo: u7tE\l6u(J.iL;ou(J.E tOtai'tEpa srto» Eau'to (J.a<; o'tt (J.EO"W 'tou'tou ~'ta\lOu(J.E O"'tlJV aA~6Eta' O"xE7t'to(J.aO"'tE xwpi<; OtO"'tay(J.o, xat (J.E 'tlJ O"'tEpElJ 7tiO"'tlJ O'tt lJ =E~lJ O"u(J.~w\lEi (J.E 'to IIpay~. Au't~ lJ 7tiO"'tlJ Eivat E~atpE'ttxa O""YJ(J.antx~. II appwO"'tta 'tlJ<; E7tOX~<; (J.a<; o~EiAE'tat O"'tlJV a7tEA7ttO"(J.EVlJ ~lJ<; 7tE7toi6lJO""YJ, o'tt lJ yvwO"lJ (J.a<; dvat (J.ovo U7tOXEt(J.EVtx~ xat O'tt OE\I (J.7tOpOU(J.E vo:

100

Download or Print

Add To Collection

2.9K

Reads

Likes

186

Embed Views

TIP Press Ctrl-F⌘F to search anywhere in the document.

Read without ads and support Scribd by becoming a subscriber.

See Premium Plans

Get Scribd Mobile

To get Scribd mobile enter your number and we'll send you a link to the Scribd app for iPhone & Android.We've sent a link to the Scribd app. If you didn't receive it, try again.

Text me

We'll never share your phone number.

Info and Rating

Category:	Uncategorized.
Rating:	5.0 (1 Rating)
Added to Scribd:	Jun 17, 2010
Copyright:	Attribution Non-commercial
Tags:	No tags

Flag for inappropriate content

Download and print this document

Read offline in your PDF viewer
Edit this document in Adobe Acrobat, Notepad
Keep a copy in case this version is deleted from Scribd
Read and print without ads
Email the file

Choose a format to download in

Download

Read without ads and support Scribd by becoming a subscriber.

See Premium Plans

Aug	SEP	Oct
	07
2012	2013	2014

Χέγκελ - Επιστήμη της Λογικής (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

rKEoprK XErKEA

Get Scribd Mobile

Info and Rating

Download and print this document

Choose a format to download in

Recommended

Recommended

Χέγκελ - Επιστήμη της Λογικής (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

﻿rKEoprK XErKEA

Get Scribd Mobile

Info and Rating

Download and print this document

Choose a format to download in

Recommended

Recommended

You're Reading a Free Preview

Why Sign Up?

Login Successful

Sign Up Successful

rKEoprK XErKEA