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Foreign relations of Hungary

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hungary wields considerable influence in Central and Eastern Europe and is a middle power in international affairs.[1][2] The foreign policy of Hungary includes commitments to international development, international law, European integration, Atlantic co-operation and increased co-operation within the Global East.[3] The Hungarian economy is fairly open and relies strongly on international trade.

Hungary has been a member of the United Nations since December 1955 and holds current membership with the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, the WTO, the World Bank, the AIIB and the IMF. Hungary took on the presidency of the Council of the European Union for half a year in 2011 and the next will be in 2024. In 2015, Hungary was the fifth largest OECD Non-DAC donor of development aid in the world, which represents 0.13% of its Gross National Income. In this regard, Hungary stands before Spain, Israel or Russia.

Hungary's capital city, Budapest is home to more than 100 embassies and foreign representative bodies.[4] Hungary hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organizations as well, including European Institute of Innovation and Technology, European Police College, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Centre for Democratic Transition, Institute of International Education, International Labour Organization, International Organization for Migration, International Red Cross, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Danube Commission and even others.[5]

From 1989, Hungary's top foreign policy goal was achieving integration into Western economic and security organizations. It joined the Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has actively supported the IFOR and SFOR missions in Bosnia. It also improved its often frosty neighborly relations by signing basic treaties with Ukraine, Slovakia, and Romania. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of ethnic Hungarian minority rights in Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine periodically causes bilateral tensions to flare up. Hungary since 1989 has signed all of the OSCE documents, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Hungary's record of implementing CSCE Helsinki Final Act provisions, including those on the reunification of divided families, remains among the best in Central and Eastern Europe.

Except for the short-lived neutrality declared by the anti-Soviet leader Imre Nagy in November 1956, Hungary's foreign policy generally followed the Soviet lead from 1947 to 1989. During the Communist period, Hungary maintained treaties of friendship, cooperation, and mutual assistance with the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria. It was one of the founding members of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact and Comecon, and it was the first country to withdraw from those organizations. After 1989, it began to orient more towards the West, joining NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. In 2010, Hungary initiated its Eastern Opening Policy, marking a commitment to enhancing its relations with other nations within the Global East.[3]

Image
Meeting of Visegrád Group leaders, plus Germany and France in 2013
Image
United Nations conference in the assembly hall of House of Magnates in the Hungarian Parliament

Overview

[edit]

As with any country, Hungarian security attitudes are shaped largely by history and geography. For Hungary, this is a history of more than 400 years of domination by great powers—the Ottomans, the Habsburg dynasty, the Germans during World War II, and the Soviets during the Cold War—and a geography of regional instability and separation from Hungarian minorities living in neighboring countries. Hungary's foreign policy priorities, largely consistent since 1990, represent a direct response to these factors. From 1990, Hungary's top foreign policy goal was achieving integration into Western economic and security organizations. Hungary joined the Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has actively supported the IFOR and SFOR missions in Bosnia. The Horn government achieved Hungary's most important foreign policy successes of the post-communist era by securing invitations to join both NATO and the European Union in 1997. Hungary became a member of NATO in 1999,[6] and a member of the EU in 2004.[7]

Hungary also has improved its often frosty neighborly relations by signing basic treaties with Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of ethnic Hungarian minority rights in Slovakia and Romania periodically causes bilateral tensions to flare up. Hungary was a signatory to the Helsinki Final Act in 1975, has signed all of the CSCE/OSCE follow-on documents since 1989, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Hungary's record of implementing CSCE Helsinki Final Act provisions, including those on the reunification of divided families, remains among the best in eastern Europe. Hungary has been a member of the United Nations since December 1955.

The Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros Dams project

This involves Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and was agreed on September 16, 1977 ("Budapest Treaty"). The treaty envisioned a cross-border barrage system between the towns Gabčíkovo, Czechoslovakia and Nagymaros, Hungary. After an intensive campaign, the project became widely hated as a symbol of the old communist regime. In 1989 the Hungarian government decided to suspend it. In its sentence from September 1997, the International Court of Justice stated that both sides breached their obligation and that the 1977 Budapest Treaty is still valid. In 1998 the Slovak government turned to the International Court, demanding the Nagymaros part to be built. The international dispute was partially solved in 2017.

On March 19, 2008, Hungary recognized Kosovo as an independent country.[8]

Relations between Hungary and its Western partners have strained, because Orban's government has maintained relations with Russia despite sanctions against Russia after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[9]

Illicit drugs: Major trans-shipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and transit point for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamines and methamphetamines

Refugee protection: The Hungarian border barrier was built in 2015, and Hungary was criticized by other European countries for using tear gas and water cannons on refugees of the Syrian Civil War as they were trying to pass the country.[10][11]

Since 2017, Hungary–Ukraine relations have rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine.[12][13]

The U.S. election on 5 November 2024 resulted in a landslide Republican victory. Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán loudly and consistently proclaimed that he not only expected Trump to take back the presidency but heartfully wished him to do so. Thanks to Orbán's unwavering support towards Trump, the personal relationship between the two statesmen has become impeccable, especially during the Biden administration when U.S.-Hungarian relations hit rock bottom.[14]

Hungary and Turkic States

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Image
Viktor Orbán at the 8th Summit of the Organization of Turkic States

A number of Hungarian anthropologists and linguists have long had an interest in the Turkic peoples, fueled by the eastern origin of the Hungarians' ancestors.[15] The Hungarian ethnomusicologist Bence Szabolcsi explained this motivation as follows: "Hungarians are the outermost branch leaning this way from age-old tree of the great Asian musical culture rooted in the souls of a variety of peoples living from China through Central Asia to the Black Sea".[16]

Since the political transformation in 1990, Hungary has prioritized its diplomatic engagements with the Turkic world.[17] In 2018, Hungary became an observer within the Organisation of Turkic States, underscoring a deepened engagement in regional cooperation.[18] Today, Türkiye and Azerbaijan constitute two of Hungary’s key strategic partners.[19][20]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Hungary maintains diplomatic relations with:

Image
# Country Date
1 Image Austria 20 November 1918[21]
2 Image  Switzerland February 1919[22]
3 Image France 8 January 1920[23]
4 Image Norway 12 February 1920[24]
5 Image Bulgaria 9 August 1920[25]
— Image Holy See 10 August 1920[26][27]
6 Image Romania 21 August 1920[28]
7 Image Denmark 12 November 1920[29]
8 Image Sweden 12 November 1920[30]
9 Image Japan 9 February 1921[31]
10 Image Netherlands 14 January 1921[32]
11 Image United Kingdom 22 May 1921[33]
12 Image Serbia June 1921[34]
13 Image Poland 17 November 1921[35]
14 Image United States 17 December 1921[36]
15 Image Czech Republic 6 February 1922[37]
16 Image Belgium 20 February 1922[38]
17 Image Finland 12 April 1922[39]
18 Image Albania 23 May 1922[40]
19 Image Luxembourg 17 July 1923[41]
20 Image Turkey 7 May 1924[42]
21 Image Argentina 25 June 1924[43]
22 Image Spain 12 July 1924[44]
23 Image Chile 7 August 1925[45]
24 Image Iran 1925[46]
25 Image Mexico 13 January 1926[47]
26 Image Italy 15 April 1927[48]
27 Image Brazil 1927[49]
28 Image Russia 6 February 1934[50]
29 Image Ecuador 3 January 1946[51]
30 Image North Korea 11 November 1948[52]
31 Image India 18 November 1948[53]
32 Image Israel 6 February 1949[54]
33 Image China 6 October 1949[55]
34 Image Vietnam 3 February 1950[56]
35 Image Mongolia 28 April 1950[57]
36 Image Bolivia 17 October 1952[58]
37 Image Syria 13 May 1954[59]
38 Image Egypt 13 October 1954[60]
39 Image Indonesia 26 June 1955[61]
40 Image Iceland 17 July 1955[62]
41 Image Myanmar 5 March 1956[63]
42 Image Sudan 7 March 1956[64]
43 Image Afghanistan 18 May 1956[65]
44 Image Uruguay 14 June 1956[66]
45 Image Greece 23 July 1956[67]
46 Image Tunisia 31 August 1956[60]
47 Image Iraq 30 August 1958[68]
48 Image Sri Lanka 15 February 1959[69]
49 Image Guinea 26 February 1959[70]
50 Image Yemen 21 March 1959[71]
51 Image Morocco 23 October 1959[72]
52 Image Ethiopia 17 November 1959[73]
53 Image Cuba 15 September 1960[74]
54 Image Somalia 14 October 1960[75]
55 Image Cyprus 18 October 1960[76]
56 Image   Nepal 15 January 1961[77]
57 Image Mali 12 March 1961[78]
58 Image Ghana 29 July 1961[79]
59 Image Algeria 7 April 1962[80]
60 Image Benin 18 June 1962[81]
61 Image Laos 12 September 1962[82]
62 Image Tanzania 23 November 1962[83]
63 Image Cambodia 22 July 1963[84]
64 Image Kenya 21 March 1964[85]
65 Image Nigeria 4 April 1964[86]
66 Image Kuwait 7 May 1964[87]
67 Image Jordan 16 May 1964[88]
68 Image Canada 11 June 1964[89]
69 Image Pakistan 26 February 1965[90]
70 Image Uganda 23 August 1965[91]
71 Image Lebanon 1 December 1965[78]
72 Image Mauritania 1 December 1965[92]
73 Image Zambia 13 August 1966[93]
74 Image Libya 2 July 1967[94]
75 Image Senegal 24 January 1968[95]
76 Image Ivory Coast 22 February 1968[96]
77 Image Burundi 29 May 1968[97]
78 Image Burkina Faso 8 June 1968[98]
79 Image New Zealand 30 March 1969[99]
80 Image Peru 16 April 1969[100]
81 Image Venezuela 30 April 1969[101]
82 Image Sierra Leone 10 November 1969[102]
83 Image Malaysia 29 December 1969[103]
84 Image Central African Republic 10 February 1970[104]
85 Image Republic of the Congo 14 February 1970[105]
86 Image Equatorial Guinea 18 February 1970[106]
87 Image Costa Rica 14 May 1970[58]
88 Image Togo 20 June 1970[107]
89 Image Singapore 24 August 1970[108]
90 Image Malta 12 December 1970[109]
91 Image Bangladesh 29 February 1972[110]
92 Image Australia 6 April 1972[111]
93 Image Gambia 14 June 1972[112]
94 Image Rwanda 31 July 1972[113]
95 Image Chad 1 November 1972[114]
96 Image Niger 3 February 1973[115]
97 Image Colombia 28 March 1973[116]
98 Image Guinea-Bissau 15 June 1973[117]
99 Image Democratic Republic of the Congo 16 June 1973[117]
100 Image Honduras 2 July 1973[58]
101 Image Philippines 28 September 1973[118]
102 Image Thailand 24 October 1973[119]
103 Image Germany 21 December 1973[120]
104 Image Portugal 1 July 1974[121]
105 Image Jamaica 8 February 1975[122]
106 Image Maldives 25 May 1975[122]
107 Image Trinidad and Tobago 7 June 1975[122]
108 Image Mozambique 25 June 1975[122]
109 Image Guyana 9 July 1975[122]
110 Image Cape Verde 16 July 1975[122]
111 Image Panama 4 September 1975[122]
112 Image Madagascar 1 December 1975[122]
113 Image Angola 23 December 1975[122]
114 Image Liberia 15 July 1976[123]
115 Image Fiji 12 August 1976[123]
116 Image Ireland 1 October 1976[123]
117 Image São Tomé and Príncipe 2 November 1976[123]
118 Image Papua New Guinea 15 January 1977[124]
119 Image Djibouti 28 June 1977[124]
120 Image Suriname 14 July 1977[124]
121 Image Grenada 30 July 1977[124]
122 Image Seychelles 30 November 1977[124]
123 Image Comoros 30 November 1977[124]
124 Image Barbados 8 March 1978[125]
125 Image Nicaragua 1 October 1979[126]
126 Image Botswana 30 April 1980[127]
127 Image Zimbabwe 22 December 1980[128]
128 Image Lesotho 29 March 1983[129]
129 Image Cameroon 21 January 1987[130]
130 Image Gabon 24 October 1988[131]
— Image State of Palestine 23 November 1988[132]
131 Image South Korea 1 February 1989[133]
132 Image United Arab Emirates 2 August 1989[134]
133 Image Bahrain 3 March 1990[135]
134 Image Namibia 23 March 1990[136]
135 Image Mauritius 24 April 1990[95]
136 Image Eswatini 9 May 1990[131]
— Image Sovereign Military Order of Malta 15 June 1990[137]
137 Image Oman 20 June 1990[138]
138 Image Guatemala 11 October 1990[131]
139 Image Qatar 18 October 1990[139]
140 Image Malawi 26 December 1990[95]
141 Image Paraguay 2 May 1991[131]
142 Image San Marino 24 May 1991[140]
143 Image South Africa 24 July 1991[141]
144 Image Estonia 2 September 1991[142]
145 Image Latvia 2 September 1991[143]
146 Image Lithuania 2 September 1991[144]
147 Image El Salvador 26 September 1991[131]
148 Image Ukraine 3 December 1991[145]
149 Image Moldova 16 January 1992[146]
150 Image Slovenia 16 January 1992[147]
151 Image Croatia 18 January 1992[148]
152 Image Brunei 21 January 1992[131]
153 Image Belarus 12 February 1992[149]
154 Image Armenia 26 February 1992[150]
155 Image Uzbekistan 3 March 1992[151]
156 Image Kazakhstan 23 March 1992[152]
157 Image Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 April 1992[153]
158 Image Kyrgyzstan 16 April 1992[154]
159 Image Azerbaijan 27 April 1992[155]
160 Image Turkmenistan 11 May 1992[156]
161 Image Georgia 14 May 1992[157]
162 Image Tajikistan 2 July 1992[158]
163 Image Slovakia 1 January 1993[159]
164 Image Liechtenstein 14 June 1993[160]
165 Image Eritrea 24 August 1993[161]
166 Image North Macedonia 29 August 1994[162]
167 Image Andorra 1 March 1995[163]
168 Image Saudi Arabia 4 April 1995[164]
169 Image Dominican Republic 7 March 2003[165]
170 Image Timor-Leste 24 January 2003[166]
171 Image Bahamas 29 April 2005[131]
172 Image Antigua and Barbuda 16 May 2005[131]
173 Image Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 23 May 2005[167]
174 Image Belize 10 June 2005[131]
175 Image Haiti 11 July 2005[131]
176 Image Saint Lucia 7 October 2005[131]
177 Image Montenegro 14 June 2006[168]
178 Image Dominica 2 June 2008[131]
— Image Kosovo 27 June 2008[169]
179 Image Saint Kitts and Nevis 11 May 2011[131]
180 Image Vanuatu 6 June 2011[170]
181 Image Solomon Islands 21 June 2011[171]
182 Image Tuvalu 11 July 2011[172]
183 Image Nauru 12 July 2011[131]
184 Image Samoa 7 September 2011[131]
185 Image South Sudan 23 September 2011[131]
186 Image Tonga 23 September 2011[131]
187 Image Federated States of Micronesia 7 September 2012[131]
188 Image Monaco 2 May 2016[173]
189 Image Kiribati 17 June 2016[131]
190 Image Palau 18 September 2017[174]
— Image Cook Islands 20 September 2018[175]
191 Image Marshall Islands 27 September 2019[131]

Relations by region and country

[edit]

Multilateral

[edit]
Organization Formal Relations Began Notes
Image European Union (See Hungary in the European Union)
Image NATO (See Hungary in NATO)
  • Hungary joined NATO as a full member on 12 March 1999.

Africa

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Image Cape Verde
  • Cape Verde is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Hungary is accredited to Cape Verde from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal[176][177] and maintains an honorary consulate in Praia.[178]
Image Ethiopia
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Hungary from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
Image Ghana(See Ghana–Hungary relations)
  • Ghana is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Accra.
Image Guinea-Bissau
  • Guinea-Bissau is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Hungary is accredited to Guinea-Bissau from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.[178]
Image Mauritania
  • Hungary is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.[179][180]
Image Morocco
  • Hungary has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Latifa Akharbach, Morocco's under-secretary of Minister of Foreign Affairs visited Hungary in 2007.
Image Uganda
  • Hungary is represented in Uganda by its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya[179] and an honorary consulate in Kampala.[179]
  • Hungary is realizing the largest foreign development program in its history in Uganda.[181]

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Image Argentina(See Argentina–Hungary relations)
  • Argentina has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
Image Belize
  • Belize does not have an accreditation to Hungary.
  • Hungary does not have an accreditation to Belize.
Image Brazil1927(See Brazil–Hungary relations)
  • Brazil has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo.
Image Canada1964(See Canada–Hungary relations)
Image Colombia28 March 1973(See Colombia–Hungary relations)
  • Colombia has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Bogotá.
Image Dominica
  • Hungary is accredited to Dominica from its embassy in Havana, Cuba.[184][179]
Image Mexico1925(See Hungary–Mexico relations)

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1864, during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Diplomatic relations were established between Hungary and Mexico in 1925 and were suspended in 1941. They were re-established on 14 May 1974.

Image United States1922(See Hungary–United States relations)
Image
Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán with U.S. President Donald Trump in the Oval Office of the White House on 7 November 2025

Normal bilateral relations between Hungary and the U.S. were resumed in December 1945 when a U.S. ambassador was appointed and the embassy was re-opened.

Image Uruguay(See Hungary–Uruguay relations)
  • Hungary is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and has an embassy office in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.

Asia

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Image Armenia2022-12-02(See Armenia–Hungary relations)

On 31 August 2012, Armenia severed relations with Hungary following the extradition of Ramil Safarov.[189] On 2 December 2022, Armenia and Hungary restored diplomatic relations.[190]

Image Azerbaijan(See Azerbaijan–Hungary relations)
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Baku.
Image China1949-10-04(See Hungary-China relations)
  • China has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Hong Kong and Shanghai.
  • Officials from Hungary regularly visit China on trade missions, a factor that helped enable the buyout of distressed Hungarian chemical maker Borsodchem by the Chinese company Wanhua Industrial Group.[191]
Image Georgia
  • Georgia has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Tbilisi.
Image India (See Hungary–India relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy in New Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Budapest.
Image Indonesia1955 (See Hungary–Indonesia relations)
Image Iran1939(See Hungary–Iran relations)
  • Since 1951, Hungary has an embassy in Tehran.[194]
  • Iran has an embassy in Budapest.[195]
  • Hungary is committed to expand cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Iran.[196]
Image Iraq(See Hungary–Kurdistan Region relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy in Baghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Between August 2003 and March 2005, Hungary had contributed to more than 300 soldiers to the Multinational force in Iraq.
Image Israel(See Hungary–Israel relations)
Image Japan(See Hungary–Japan relations)
Image Kazakhstan(See Hungary–Kazakhstan relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy in Astana and a consulate-general in Almaty.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Budapest.
Image Malaysia1969(See Hungary–Malaysia relations)
Image Mongolia1959-05-29
Image North Korea (See Hungary–North Korea relations)
  • Relations between the two countries existed since the Korean War, but however have evolved into conflicts.
Image Pakistan1965-11-26 (See Hungary–Pakistan relations)
  • Since 1970, Hungary has an embassy in Islamabad and an honorary consulate in Karachi.[201]
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Budapest[202]
Image Palestine1988-11-23 (See Hungary–Palestine relations)
  • Hungary has a representative office in Ramallah.
  • Palestine has an embassy in Budapest.
Image Qatar 18 October 1990[139]
Image Saudi Arabia
  • Hungary has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Budapest.
Image South Korea1 February 1989[208] (See Hungary–South Korea relations)

The establishment of diplomatic relations between Hungary and the Republic of Korea began on 1 February 1989.

Image Sri Lanka(See Hungary–Sri Lanka relations)

Sri Lanka has an embassy in Vienna, Austria that is accredited to Hungary[211] and has an honorary consulate in Budapest[212] Hungary maintains an honorary consulate in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[213] Hungary contributed to relief after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and has since stepped up aid to Sri Lanka.[214]

Image Thailand1973-10-24
Image Turkey(See Hungary–Turkey relations)
Image
Memorial to Hungarian freedom fighters of 1848–1849 at Protestant Cemetery in Şişli, Istanbul.
Image United Arab Emirates
  • Hungary has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Budapest.
Image Vietnam1950-02-03 (See Hungary–Vietnam relations)

Europe

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Image Albania(See Albania–Hungary relations)

Austria-Hungary supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.

  • Albania has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
  • Albania is an candidate and Hungary is an EU member.
Image Austria(See Austria–Hungary relations)

Austrian-Hungarian relations are the neighborly relations between Austria and Hungary, two member states of the European Union. Both countries have a long common history since the ruling dynasty of Austria, the Habsburgs, inherited the Hungarian throne in the 16th century. Both have been part of the now-defunct Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1921, after their separation.

  • Austria has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Vienna and a consulate-general in Innsbruck.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Image Belgium
Image Bosnia and Herzegovina1992-04-10
  • Hungary recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence on April 9, 1992.
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Sarajevo.[224]
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina is an candidate and Hungary is an EU member.
Image Bulgaria1920(See Bulgaria–Hungary relations)
Image Croatia(See Croatia–Hungary relations)
  • Croatia has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Image Cyprus
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Nicosia.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Image Czech Republic(See Czech Republic–Hungary relations)
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Prague.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Image Denmark(See Denmark–Hungary relations)
Image Estonia1924-02-24(See Estonia–Hungary relations)
  • Estonia has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Tallinn and two honorary consulates (in Tallinn and Tartu).[227]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Image Finland20 May 1947 (See Finland–Hungary relations)
  • Hungary recognised Finland on August 23, 1920. Finland recognised Hungary on September 10, 1920.
  • Finland broke off diplomatic relations on September 20, 1944.
  • Diplomatic relations were re-established on May 20, 1947.
  • Both national languages, Finnish and Hungarian, are Uralic languages, which has led to cultural exchange albeit at a much smaller scale compared to the third major Uralic-speaking country, Estonia.
  • Finland has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Pécs.[228]
  • Hungary has an embassy in Helsinki and four honorary consulates (in Turku, Mariehamn, Tampere and Joensuu).[229]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Image France(See France–Hungary relations)
  • France has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Paris.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Image Germany(See Germany–Hungary relations)
  • Germany has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Image Greece(See Greece–Hungary relations)
  • Greece has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Athens.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Image Ireland1976
Image Italy
Image Kosovo (See Hungary–Kosovo relations)

Hungary recognized Kosovo on 19 March 2008.[236]

  • Hungary has an embassy in Pristina.[237]
  • Kosovo has an embassy in Budapest.
Image Latvia1921-07-21
Image Lithuania
Image Luxembourg
Image Malta1964
Image Montenegro

Hungary recognized Montenegro shortly after their declaration of independence.

Image Netherlands (See Hungary–Netherlands relations)
Image North Macedonia
Image Norway1920
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1920, but diplomatic representations were set up only in 1947–1948.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Oslo and 2 honorary consulates (in Stavanger and Sarpsborg).[244]
  • Norway has an embassy in Budapest.[245]
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
Image Poland(See Hungary-Poland relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy in Warsaw, a consulate-general in Kraków and a vice-consulate in Wrocław.
  • Poland has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Image Portugal1974-07-01
Image Romania1920 (See Hungary–Romania relations)
Image Russia (See Hungary–Russia relations)
Image Serbia1882-11-21(See Hungary–Serbia relations)
Image Slovakia1993(See Hungary–Slovakia relations)
Image Slovenia(See Hungary–Slovenia relations)
Image Spain1938-01-13 (See Hungary–Spain relations)
Image Sweden1945-12-28 (See Hungary–Sweden relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Image  Switzerland
  • Hungary has an embassy in Bern and consulate in Geneva.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Image Ukraine (See Hungary–Ukraine relations)
Image United Kingdom22 May 1921(See Hungary–United Kingdom relations)
Image
British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt with Hungarian Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó at a NATO summit in Chevening, October 2018.

Hungary established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 22 May 1921.[33]

  • Hungary maintains an embassy in London.[254]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Hungary through its embassy in Budapest.[255]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, the European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[256]

Oceania

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Image Australia1972
Image New Zealand
  • Hungary has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consulate in Budapest.

Foreign criticism

[edit]

In December 2010, the Fidesz government adopted a press and media law which threatens fines on media that engage in "unbalanced coverage".[258] The law aroused criticism in the European Union as possibly "a direct threat to democracy".[258]

In 2013, the government adopted a new constitution that modified several aspects of the institutional and legal framework in Hungary. These changes have been criticized by the Council of Europe, the European Union and Human Rights Watch as possibly undermining the rule of law and human rights protection.[259]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Solomon S (1997) South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership Archived at the Wayback Machine (archived 26 April 2015), ISS
  2. ↑ Higgott, Richard A.; Cooper, Andrew Fenton (1990). "Middle power leadership and coalition building: Canada, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations". International Organization. 44 (4): 589–632. doi:10.1017/S0020818300035414. JSTOR 2706854. S2CID 153563278.
  3. 1 2 Péter, Dániel (2015). "The Eastern Opening - An Element of Hungary's Trade Policy". Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  4. ↑ "Embassies in Budapest". 123embassy.com. 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  5. ↑ "International organizations in Hungary". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  6. ↑ "THE ACCESSION OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC, HUNGARY AND POLAND" (PDF). nato.int.
  7. ↑ "Hungary". europa.eu.
  8. ↑ "Croatia and Hungary recognize Kosovo". The Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
  9. ↑ "Hungary's loyalties tested as Russia's war in Ukraine grinds on". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 14 Apr 2023.
  10. ↑ Hungary border crackdown, The Guardian 16 September 2015
  11. ↑ Hungarian police spray tear gas water cannons at migrants, CBS News 16 September 2015
  12. ↑ "Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain'". The Irish Times. 27 September 2017.
  13. ↑ "Hungary-Ukraine relations hit new low over troop deployment". New Europe. March 26, 2018. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019.
  14. ↑ Szitás, Péter (2024). "Hungary, Trump, and the Rule of Law". Danube Institute. Retrieved 2025-07-22.
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  231. ↑ "Irish embassy in Budapest". Archived from the original on October 24, 2010.
  232. ↑ "CSO Emigration" (PDF). Census Office Ireland. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  233. ↑ "Hungarian embassy in Rome (in Hungarian and Italian only)". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  234. ↑ "Hungarian general consulate in Milan (in Hungarian and Italian only)". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  235. ↑ "Ambasciata d'Italia – Budapest". Ambbudapest.esteri.it. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  236. ↑ "Hungary recognizes Kosovo's Independence". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary. 2008-03-19. Archived from the original on 2008-03-23. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
  237. ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Hungary in Pristina". Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  238. ↑ "Hungarian embassy in Riga (in Hungarian and Latvian only)". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  239. ↑ "Főoldal". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  240. ↑ Dizaino Kryptis. "Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija – Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija". Hu.mfa.lt. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  241. ↑ "Montenegro office and relation with Hungary". Kulugyminiszterium.hu. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  242. ↑ Dutch embassy in Budapest Archived September 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  243. ↑ "Hungarian embassy in The Hague". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  244. ↑ "Hungarian embassy in Oslo". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  245. ↑ "Norvégia – hivatalos honlapja Magyarországon". Norvegia.hu. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  246. ↑ "Hungarian embassy in Lisbon". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  247. ↑ "Jay E. Peterson". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  248. ↑ "Romanian Missions in Hungary". mae.ro. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  249. ↑ "Hungarian embassy in Ljubljana (in Hungarian and Slovenian only)". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  250. ↑ "Embassy of the RS Budapest". Budimpesta.veleposlanistvo.si. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  251. ↑ "Hungarian embassy in Kiev". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  252. ↑ "Hungarian consulate general in Uzhhorod (in Hungarian and Ukrainian only)". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  253. ↑ "Посольство України в Угорщині". Mfa.gov.hu. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  254. ↑ Diplomat Magazine (18 September 2018). "Hungary". Diplomat Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
  255. ↑ "British Embassy Budapest". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 26 December 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  256. ↑ HM Revenue and Customs (5 March 2012). "Hungary: tax treaties". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
  257. ↑ "Hungarian consulate general in Sydney". Archived from the original on January 25, 2010.
  258. 1 2 ‘The New Press and Media Act in Hungary’ (concerning the December 2010 law), by Kai Ekholm and Tarja Svärd-Ylilehto. ifla.org, 5 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  259. ↑ "Hungary: Constitutional Change Falls Short". hrw.org. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Borhi, László, "In the Power Arena: U.S.-Hungarian Relations, 1942–1989," The Hungarian Quarterly (Budapest), 51 (Summer 2010), pp 67–81.
  • Glant, Tibor, "Ninety Years of United States-Hungarian Relations," Eger Journal of American Studies, 13 (2012), pp 163–83.
  • Hornyak, Arpad. Hungarian-Yugoslav Diplomatic Relations, 1918–1927 (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press; 2013) 426 pages.
  • Niklasson, Tomas. "Regime stability and foreign policy change: interaction between domestic and foreign policy in Hungary 1956-1994" (PhD dissertation Lund University, 2006) online.
  • Váli, Ferenc A, "The Foreign Policy of Hungary" in Kuhlman, James A (ed.), The Foreign Policies of Eastern Europe: Domestic and International Determinants (Sijthoff, Leyden, 1978).
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