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Tibetan numerals

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tibetan numerals is the numeral system of the Tibetan script and a variety of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. It is used in the Tibetan language[1][2] and has a base-10 counting system.[3] The Mongolian numerals were also developed from the Tibetan numerals.[4][5]

Cardinal numbers

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Arabic numeralTibetan numeralTibetan wordRomanisation
0༠ཀླད་ཀོར་laykor
1༡གཅིག་chigk [t͡ɕi˥˩]
2༢གཉིས་nyi [ȵiː˥]
3༣གསུམ་sum [sum˥]
4༤བཞི་shi [ɕi˩˧]
5༥ལྔ་nga [ŋa˥]
6༦དྲུག་trug [ʈ͡ʂʰu˩˧˨]
7༧བདུན་dün [tỹ˩˧]
8༨བརྒྱད་gyay [cɛː˩˧˨]
9༩དགུ་gu [ku˩˧]

Extended numbers

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Arabic numeralTibetan numeralTibetan wordRomanisation
10༡༠བཅུ་chu
11༡༡བཅུ་གཅིག་chu chigk
12༡༢བཅུ་གཉིས་chu nyi
13༡༣བཅུ་གསུམ་chuk sum
14༡༤བཅུ་བཞི་chu shi
15༡༥བཅོ་ལྔ་cho nga
16༡༦བཅུ་དྲུག་chu druk
17༡༧བཅུ་བདུན་chup dün
18༡༨བཅོ་བརྒྱདcho gyay
19༡༩བཅུ་དགུ་chu gu
20༢༠ཉི་ཤུ་nyi shu
21 ༢༡ ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་གཅིག nyi shu tsa chigk
30༣༠སུམ་ཅུsum ju
31 ༣༡ སུམ་བུ་སོ་གཅིག sum ju so chigk
40༤༠བཞི་བཅུship ju
41 ༤༡ བཞི་བཅུ་ཞེ་གཅིག ship ju shey chigk
50༥༠ལྔ་བཅུngap ju
51 ༥༡ ལྔ་བཅུ་ང་གཅིག ngap ju nga chigk
60༦༠དྲུག་ཅུtrug chu
61 ༦༡ དྲུག་ཅུ་རེ་གཅིག trug chu rey chigk
70༧༠བདུན་ཅུdün ju
71 ༧༡ བདུན་ཅུ་དོན་གཅིག dün ju dön chigk
80༨༠བརྒྱད་ཅུgyay ju
81 ༨༡ བརྒྱད་ཅུ་གྱ་གཅིག gyay ju gya chigk
90༩༠དགུ་བཅུgup ju
91 ༩༡ དགུ་བཅུ་གོ་གཅིག gup ju go chigk
100༡༠༠བརྒྱ་gya
282 ༢༨༢ ཉིས་བརྒྱ་དང་བརྒྱད་ཅུ་གྱ་གཉིས nyi gya dang gyay ju gya nyi
1,000༡༠༠༠སྟོང་tong
3,047 ༣༠༤༧ སུམ་སྟོང་བརྒྱ་མེད་དང་བཞི་བཅུ་ཞེ་བདུན sum tong gya mey dang ship ju shey dün
10,000༡༠༠༠༠ཁྲི་thri
1,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠ས་ཡ་sa ya
10,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠བྱེ་བ་che wa
100,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠དུང་ཕྱུར་dung chur
1,000,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ཐེར་འབུམ་ther pum
10,000,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ཐེར་འབུམ་ཆེན་པོ་ther pum chen po
100,000,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ཁྲག་ཁྲིག་thrag trig
1,000,000,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ཁྲག་ཁྲིག་ཆེན་པོ་thrag trig chen po

Tibetan numbers greater than 20 use a numerical interfix to connect the first and second digit. These particles are unique for each set of 10: རྩ for 21-29, སོ for 31-39 , ཞེ for 41-49 , ང for 51-59 , རེ for 61-69 , དོན for 71-79, གྱ for 81-89, and གོ for 91-99. In written Tibetan, ཉེར may be used in place of རྩ. Since each particle corresponds to a unique value of ten, the interfix can be used in place of using the full name of the second digit (e.g. སོ་གཉིས for 32 instead of སུམ་བཅུ་སོ་གཉིས). Interfixes are not used for numbers that end in 0. Additionally, one may emphasize that a number ends in zero by appending ཐམ་པ to the end (e.g. བཞི་བཅུ་ཐམ་པ, བརྒྱ་ཐམ་པ). Numbers in the third digit are separated from second or first digit using the particle དང when written and ར when spoken (e.g ཉིས་བརྒྱ་དང་བརྒྱད་ཅུ་གྱ་གཉིས or ཉིས་བརྒྱ་ར་བརྒྱད་ཅུ་གྱ་གཉིས for 282). If the third digit is zero in a four digit or larger number, this is represented with the phrase བརྒྱ་མེད, literally "without hundred" (e.g. ཉིས་སྟོང་བརྒྱ་མེད་དང་ཉི་ཤུ་ཉེར་ལྔ).

Ordinals

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Arabic numeralTibetan numeralTibetan ordinal wordRomanisation
1༡དང་པོ་dang po [tʰaŋ˩˧ko˥]
2༢གཉིས་པ་nyi pa
3༣གསུམ་པ་sum pa
4༤བཞི་པ་shi pa
5༥ལྔ་པ་nga pa
6༦དྲུག་པ་trug pa
7༧བདུན་པ་dün pa
8༨བརྒྱད་པ་gyay pa
9༩དགུ་པ་gu pa
10༡༠བཅུ་པ་chu pa

Fractions

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Image
7½-skar postage stamp, the evidence for the ༱ symbol being used for 7.5.[6]

Several slashed forms of Tibetan numerals are included in Unicode to represent fractions. However, their exact meaning and authenticity are unclear.[6]

Tibetan fractions ༳༪༫༬༭༮༯༰༱༲
Values -0.50.51.52.53.54.55.56.57.58.5

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ "Tibetan (བོད་སྐད)". Omniglot. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  2. ↑ "Numbers in Tibetan". Omniglot. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  3. ↑ Tournadre, Nicolas; Dorje, Sangda (2003). Manual of Standard Tibetan: Language and civilization. Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1559391898. OCLC 53477676.
  4. ↑ Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010). Numerical Notation: A Comparative History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521878180.
  5. ↑ "The Unicode® Standard Version 10.0 – Core Specification: South and Central Asia-II" (PDF). Unicode.org. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  6. 1 2 "Numbers that Don't Add up – Tibetan Half Digits". BabelStone. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
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