Among Africa’s smallest militaries, Liberia’s armed forces continue rebuilding despite limited resources, chronic underfunding, and dependence on international partners.

Facing growing insurgent threats, Togo’s military is modernising cautiously while balancing limited resources, ageing equipment, and evolving defence partnerships.

Benin’s small armed forces are adapting to rising Islamist and maritime threats amid limited resources and gradual military modernisation efforts.

Rebuilt after years of instability, Côte d’Ivoire’s armed forces are strengthening professionalism and expanding their regional security responsibilities.