Inside an ICDR Arbitration: Who actually does what?
Over the next few weeks, I’ll be looking inside the ICDR process: how an international arbitration moves from filing, through early administration and tribunal constitution, to active case management.
A sensible place to start is with the cast.
The International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR) is one of many divisions of the American Arbitration Association (AAA). It administers international arbitrations and mediations, and has resolved more than 22,000 international disputes since 1996. The ICDR administers disputes under many rulesets, including the ICDR International Dispute Resolution Procedures, various AAA rulesets, and the UNCITRAL Rules.
The ICDR International Arbitration Rules may apply even if the parties have not expressly named them. Article 1 also captures agreements providing for the arbitration of an international dispute (i.e., non-US domestic dispute) by the ICDR or AAA without designating particular rules.
But the institution itself does not decide the merits of the dispute. Its role is to administer the proceedings, and certain institutional decisions are made through the International Administrative Review Council (IARC).
IARC is an internal committee of the AAA-ICDR, not a court of arbitration. Under Article 5, where the Administrator is called upon to act under the Rules, it may do so through IARC. Its functions can include determining challenges to arbitrators, resolving disagreements about the number of arbitrators, deciding whether the administrative requirements for initiating an arbitration have been satisfied, and making an initial determination of the seat where the parties cannot agree.
These are important decisions, but they are not the same as adjudicating the dispute. That responsibility belongs to the arbitral tribunal once constituted. Under Article 21, the tribunal has the power to determine its own jurisdiction, including objections concerning arbitrability and the existence, scope or validity of the arbitration agreement.
The distinction matters because an objection raised at the outset of proceedings may engage different decision-making functions. A question about whether the administrative requirements for filing have been met is not necessarily the same as a question about whether the tribunal has jurisdiction to hear the claims.
Understanding that division of responsibility is a useful starting point for understanding the ICDR process as a whole. The institution and the tribunal have different functions, but both play essential roles in moving an arbitration from commencement to resolution.
And sometimes, before asking who is right, the more immediate question is simply: who decides?
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